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Chapter 4 Wtrscreen
Chapter 4 Wtrscreen
Definition:
Screening is a unit operation that separates
materials in and/or on water (found in different
sizes) from water and from entering water
treatment facilities and mains.
The unit involved is called a screen.
Legend
Sluice Gate
Bar Screen
Motor
Waste Sludge
Pump
Belt Filter Press
Classification of Screens
Opening size [Coarse, Medium and Fine]
Configuration [Bar Screens and Mesh
Screens]
Method used to clean the entrapped materials
(manually, mechanically, raked or water-jet
cleaned)
Fixed or moving screen surface.
Classifications
Coarse Bar Racks
remove coarse debris (twigs, branches, rags,
etc)
- Spacing
coarse 2 6 in
medium 0.8 2in
Fine Screens
- 3/8 to in. (up to 10 mm or less,
- book < 6 mm (1/4 in.))
Types of Screens
hand clean coarse screens-
mechanically cleaned bar screens-
Types of Screens
Moving. 1
Fixed. 2
Types of Screens
There are many types of screens that can be used in water and
:wastewater treatment processes of which
Bar or rack screens: Bar screens composed of parallel bars. Bars 1
usually vertical or inclined
Band screens: Consists of a perforated belt passes over an upper 2
and lower roller
Perforated plate screen: Consists of a fixed band of perforated 3
screens
Wing screens: It has radial vanes which rotate on a horizontal axis 4
Disk screens: Circular perforated disk with or without supporting bars 5
.Grating screens: Consists of two sets of parallel bars 6
Mesh screens: Mesh screens composed of a fabric with mesh size 7
.depend on floating and suspending matter
Bar Screens
Disposal of Screenings
Screenings is the waste materials collected from screens.
Screenings should be properly disposed. Various methods of
screening disposal were used such as:
- burning,
- burying,
- digestion,
- dumping into large bodies of water,
- and shredding and returning it to wastewater collection or treatment
system.
Bar Screens
Coarse screens or bar racks (< 2.5 inch openings) :
(1) removes large objects, rags, debris ;
(2) protects downstream pumps, valves, pipelines ;
(3) cleaning may be accomplished manually or
mechanically ;
(4) mechanically cleaned bar racks (5/8 inch - 1-3/4 inch)
typically used instead of coarse manually cleaned
screens ;
(5) bar rack is inclined to facilitate , cleaning ;
(6) approach velocities should ensure self-cleaning, but
not dislodge solids ;
(7) typical design : maximum velocity of 2.5 ft/sec through
bar rack opening.
Head loss calculations determine the hydraulic head requirements for screen
installation :
2 v2
V
1
H H L
C
2g
C =0.7 for clean and 0.6 for clogged : empirical discharge coefficient to account
for turbulence and eddy losses
V : velocity of flow through openings in rack (m/s)
v : approach velocity in upstream channel (m/s)
g : acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Or
V12=V22 + 2g(h2 h1)
Example
A bar screen measuring 2 m by 5 m of surficial
flow area is used to protect the pump in a
shoreline intake of a water treatment plant. The
plant is drawing raw water from the river at a
rate of 8 m3/sec . The bar width is 20 mm and
the bar spacing is 70 mm. If the screen is 30%
clogged, calculate the head loss through the
screen. Assume Cd = 0.60.
Solution:
For screens used in
shoreline intakes, the
velocity of approach is
practically zero. Thus,
From the previous figure,
the number of spacings is
equal to one more than
the number of bars. Let x
number of bars,
Example
Design a bar screen chamber through
which maximum, average, and minimum
rates of flow are respectively 15, 7.5, and
3.0 cfs; the screen is such that there is
one more space than there are bars; the
outlet is controlled by a proportional weir
such that depth of flow is directly
proportional to rate of flow ?.
Solution
A schematic diagram of the proposed screen is given
in previous slide. A number of assumption need to be
made by the designer engineer concerning screen
incline angel, a, flow velocity through screen, Vs,
number of bars, Nb, bar's diameter, db, and space
between bars, Sb. In this case we assume;
= 30o,
Vs = 1.0 fps,
Nb = 20
db = 0.25 inch,
Sb = 1.0 in
Width of the screen, Ws, is equal to
Ws = Number of Spaces x Space Distance
= (20 +1) x 1 = 21 inch = 1.75 ft
Qmax
dc =
= 4.61 ft
Wc x Vc
Maximum depth of the screen chamber, dc, is
maximum dc = dc + (0.67 to 1.00) = 5.28 ft
Length of the screen Ls = dc/sin = 9.22 ft
Maximum flow velocity through the screen chamber, Vc,
is
Qmax
Maximum Vc =
= 1.62 fps
Wc x maxdc
= acceptable
Comminutors
Shredding devices (communitor
or grinder) : shreds material to
. 1/4 inch - 3/8 inch
Comminutor Design
For comminutor design, environmental engineer
or designer need to supply manufacturer with
the size of suspended and floating materials
present in water to be treated and that after
treatment along with its density and hydraulic
and organic loadings. Accordingly manufacturer
decides on the equipment needed to achieve
the objective.