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vi

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) (
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) . . . . . . . . . . . ( JFET
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xi
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. . . . .

. . . . . . .
.- RC .
nJFET -
.
..- . . .
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. .
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LC
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xii

( SI )




VDD , VCC , VEE , VBB
VBE , VCE , VBC ) (
ID , IC , IE , IB

) (

VBEQ , VCEQ , VBCQ ) (

) (

IDQ , ICQ , IEQ , IBQ

vd , vbe , vce , vbc ) (

id , ic , ie , ib ) (
Id , Ic , Ie , Ib

)(rms

Vdm , Vbem , Vcem , Vbcm

Idm , Icm , Iem , Ibm
v D , v BE , vCE , v BC
i D , iC , i E , i B

. .

xiii

iC
iC = I C + I cm sin t
i c = I cm sin t

I cm
ic
iC

IC

I C I CQ

:.

iC
iC = I C +ic

ic
iC

IC

I C I CQ

:.

xiv

voltage
current
resistance
capacitor
inductor
impedance
voltage source
current source
dependent voltage source
independent voltage source
OPAMP
dierence pair
input
output
signal
signal generator
frequency
BJT transistor
diode
AM signal














transistor
silicon chip
integrated chip (IC)
H2 O

operational amplier (OPAMP)

SiO2

)(

)(

:.

.
.





.

VCC
VEE VCC = 12 V VEE = 12 V
.





voltage source

.

vd vd
Ad vo vd

vo = Ad vd

)(.

. Ad
.


vo
VCC VEE
vo VCC 1 3
vo VEE 1 3

) (VEE + ) < vo < (VCC +

)(.

+
+ vo
VCC VEE
..
power supply
dierential voltage signal
dierential voltage gain
dierence amplier
linear relation

.

+
-

+
-

:.
vd .
vo .
. vo
. vo
) (VCC +
vo ) (VCC |vd |
vo

:.
Ad 100 000 V/V

v1 = 0 V . v2 = 10 V
v1 = 10 V . v2 = 0 V
saturation

v1 = 2.000 03 V . v2 = 2.000 05 V
v1 = 2.0003 V . v2 = 2.0005 V
v1 = 2.05 V . v2 = 2.03 V
v1 = 2.03 V . v2 = 2.03 V
VCC = 12 V VEE = 12 V + = = 0
vo
: vo .

v0 = A d v d
.
) = A d ( v2 v1
(
)
= 100000 10 106 0

= 1V
v0 = A d v d
.
) = A d ( v2 v1
(
)
6
= 100000 0 10 10

= 1 V
v0 = A d v d
.
) = A d ( v2 v1
)= 100000 (2.00005 2.00003
= 2V

v0 = Ad vd vo
.
) = A d ( v2 v1
)= 100000 (2.0005 2.0003
= 20 V
.

vo
VCC
+ = = 0 vo
vo = +12V vo
VCC

v0 = Ad vd vo .
.
) = A d ( v2 v1
)= 100000 (2.03 2.05
= 2000 V
vo
VEE + = = 0
vo = 12 V
v0 = A d v d
.
) = A d ( v2 v1
)= 100000 (2.03 2.03
= 0V



common mode voltage

vCM
vd v1 = 2.05 V
2.05+2.03
v2 = 2.03 V = 2.04 V
2
2.03 2.05 = 0.02 V

70 mV

.
Ri

Ro vd
dierential mode voltage
V
non-inverting input
inverting input

controlled voltage source

:.


Ri Ro
Ad
.
.
:.
Ri
Ro
Ad

1012
100
100 000 V/V

..

vd vo .
VCC = 12 V VEE = 12 V vo
12 V 12 V
vo = 12 V . vd = 120 V
vo = 12 V vd = 120 V

|vd | < 120 V .

|vd | = |v2 v1 | < 120 V

)(.

120 V

| v2 v1 | 0
v2 v1

)(.

v2 v1 0
v2 v1 2 V

v2 v1
20 mV

..
|vd | < 120 V
Ri = 1012 . Ri
i



 6
120

10


v
)(.
= i= d
= 1.2 1016 A
Ri
1012

.

i 0A

)(.

..
Ri

Ri

)(.

..
. Ad = 100 000 V/V

AD

)(.

..

k Ro
Ro
feedback signal

Ro 0

)(.

.

. . . .

= v1
=0
=
=0

v2
i
Ri
Ro

).(
).(
).(
).(

=


.
. .

:.
.
vs = 1 V . vo
R1 = 1 k R1 = 10 k
ideal

.
+

:.
)(

)(
-

:.
. Ad
vo

: .
.

v1 v s
v
v vo
+ 1+ 1
=0
R1
Ri
R2
v o v1 v o A d v d
+
=0
R2
Ro
v1 = vd

vd 1
vd
vd vo
+
+
=0
12
1000
10 000
10 10
vo + vd vo 100 000vd
+
=0
10 000
100
vd
1012

1 + 0.1vo
1.1
10 000 001
= vo
vd
101
= vd

vo = 10.001 11 V V

.

v1 v s v1 A d v d
+
=0
R1
R2
vd vs vd Ad vd
+
=0
R1
R2
vs
= vd
R1
) 1 + R2 (1 + A d
vo = Ad vd

Ad vs
) 1 + (1 + A d
R1
R2

= vo

)(.

100 000vs
= 9.9989 V/V
1+
)(1 + 100 000
1000
10 000

= vo



  10.00111 + 9.9989

 100 = 0.0221 %


10.00111

. Ad  1 (1 + Ad )  1

Ad vs
A vs
R
R d = 2 vs
1
R1
) (1 + A d
) R2 ( A d

R1
R2

R1
R2

Ad vs

) 1 + (1 + A d
R1
R2

= vo

1
R ) (
Ad  1 R2 (1 + Ad )  1
Ad
R1 R2
Ri
Ro Ad

Ri
Ro

Ad

<< RiR
>> RoR
Ad

)(.

.
.

:. .

: .
vo =
Ad vd vo = Ad v1
v1 v s v1 v o
+
=0
R1
R2
v1 v s v1 + A d v1
+
=0
R1
R2
(
)
1
1 + Ad
vs
+
= v1
=
R1
R
R1
2

vs
1

= v1
1+ A d
1
R1
+
R2

R1

vs v1 is

v s v1
vs
vs
1

=
2 1
1+ A d
R1
R1 R1
+
R1
R2

= is

vs
R2
= R1 +
is
1 + Ad

= R

)(.

..
.

vk vn vo


vn
i2 i1 i3
feedback signal
inverting amplier
Kirchos laws
node
Kirchos current law

vo

:.



i1 + i2 + i3 = 0

)(.

.
i3
i3 = 0

)(.

i1 i2
vn vs
R1
nn vo
= i2
R2

= i1

).(
).(

. . .
vn vs vn vo
+
+0 = 0
R1
R2

)(.

vn .
vk
vn vk

vk = 0

)(.

. .
vk . vn
0 vs 0 vo
+
=0
R1
R2
vs
vo

=0
R1 R2
R2
vo = vs
R1

)(.

vo
R
= 2
vs
R1

= Av

)(.

. vo
vs vo vs
Av

180

ground
voltage gain
gain

:.
. R1 = 1 k R2 = 10 k
vs
vo
VCC = 15 V VEE = 15 V
vs = 0.2 V .
vs = 0.31 V .
vs = 0.52 V .
vs = 0.1 sin (t) .
vs = 2 sin (t) .
: vo .
. vo

) (
(
)
R2
10000
vo =
vs =
vs = 10vs
R1
1000
vo = 10 0.2 = 2 V .
vo = 10 0.31 = 3.1 V .
vo = 10 (0.52) = 5.2 V .
vo = 10 0.1 sin(t) = sin(t) .
)vo = 10 2 sin(t) = 20 sin(t
| {z } .

:.
.
vo

t
vo ) vo = 20 sin(t
.
vo VCC vo = VCC
vo VEE vo = VEE
.
VEE VCC


vs vo
vs vo
vs

vo vs 10

10 .
inverting amplier

:.

:. .

vs = 0.52 V vs = 2 V vn
: vo = 5.2 V vo = 15 V
vn
vn vs vn vo
+
=0
R1
R2
v s R2 + v o R1
= vn
R1 + R2
vn = 0 V vn = 0.45 V
vk = 0 V

vn = vk

.
vn 6= vk

{ |} z
vd = 0
vd 6= 0
} | {z

)(.
)(.

R .
vt
it
vt
it

= R

vk vk = 0 vn
R1
vt it = Rvt1

= R1R

)(.

R1 it
vn R2 R2 it
it R2
R2 vo
it R2
vt
R2
R1

v o = i t R2 =

vo
R
= 2
vt
R1

= Av

)(.

R2
Av = R R1
R1
1
R2 R2

:. .
vk = 0 : vn = 0 i1 = Rvs1 i1
vn R2 i2 = i1 v1 = i1 R2

R2
vs
R1

v1 =

0 v1
R2
=
vs
R3
R1 R3
i4 = i2 + i3
)
R2 v s
1+
R3 R1

= i3

R2
vs
+
= vs
R1 R1 R3

= i4

R4 i4 R4
(
)
R2 R4 v s
v1 v o = i4 R4 = 1 +
R3
R1
v1
)
R2 R4 v s
1+
R3
R1

R2
= vs vo
R1

:.

[
(
] )
1
vo
R2
1
1+
= Av
=
+
R4
vs
R1
R2 R3

)(.

R1

R1
R2 R3 R4
R3
R1

:. . 300 k Av = 100 V/V

: R1 = 300 k
R2 R4 300 k R3
. 3061

1 k
1 k 5 %
1 k 5 %
0.95 k 1.05 k 1 k
5 %
5
R 5 % R
100 (1 + 0.05) R
R 5 % (1 0.05) R
(1 + e) R (1 e) R
e = 0.05

:. R2 = 47 k R1 = 1 k
5 %

2
A = R
: R1
R2 5 % (1 e) R2
R1 5 % (1 + e) R2 e = 0.05

nominal value
tolerance

R2 5 % R1 5 %
) (
(
)
1 e R2
0.95 47000
=
=
= 42.524
1 + e R1
1.05 1000
) (
(
)
1 + e R2
1.05 47000
=
=
= 51.947
1 e R1
0.95 1000

A
A

47 V/V 42.524 V/V
51.947 V/V



 51.947 47


 10 %

100


47

:. .
Rm = viso
is vo
: vk vk = 0 vn = 0
is vn
vn
0
= = 0
is
is

transconductance gain

= R

:.
.
vd = 0

= 0 R

Rm
vn is R
is R
vo = is R
vo
= Rm
= R
is

.

vo

)(

)(

)(

:.


Ad



vs
vs
)( vo )(
vs )(
vo

vn vs vn vo
+
=0
R1
R2
R2
vs
= v0
R1

)(.
)(.

vk = 0 vn = 0
vo
vd = 0 vk = vn
feedback circuits
fedback signals

vk = 0 vo vn = 0
. vn vn = 0
.
:. R2 = 5 k R1 = 1 k
vs = 1.5 V vs = 1 V vs = 2 V vo
. vn
:
(
)
5000
vo =
1 = 5 V
1000
)
(
5000
vo =
1.5 = 7.5 V
1000
(
)
5000
vo =
2 = 10 V
1000

. vn
vn vs vn vo
+
=0
R1
R2
R2 v s + R1 v o
= vn
R1 + R2

)5000 1 + 1000 (5
= 0V
1000 + 5000
)5000 1.5 + 1000 (7.5
= 0V
= vn
1000 + 5000
)5000 2 + 1000 (10
= vn
= 0V
1000 + 5000
= vn

)(

)(

:.

vo
vk vn vd



. vs
vs vd vo
vs vo
vk vo
vs vk vd vo
vk vd



.
vs = 0 vo = 0
negative feedback circuit
positive feedback circuit

R2 v s + R1 v o
=0
R1 + R2

= vk

vd = vk vn

vs vs = v
vo = 0
(
)
R2 v + R1 0
R2
=
= vk
v
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
(
)
R2
= vd = vk vn
v
R1 + R2
vd Ad vo
vo = vo1
R2 v + R1 vo1
= vd
R1 + R2

= vk

vd
vo vd vo
vo = VCC
(
)
R1
R2 v + R1 VCC

VCC = vd
= vk
R1 + R2
R1 + R2

vk 6= vn

)(.

vk vn vk = vn
vo

) (

:. .
VEE = 12 V

VCC = 12 V

R2 = 9 k

R1 = 1 k

vs
vs

: vo = 12 V
vs = 0
9000 0 + 1000 12
= 1.2 V
1000 + 9000

= vk = vd

vo vd
vd = 0 vs
9000 vs + 1000 12
1000 + 9000
vs = 1.333 V

=0

V 1.333

vs
vo = 12 V
vo = 12 V

)9000 vs + 1000 (12
1000 + 9000
vs = 1.333 V

=0

vs > 1.333 V

.
vs1 vo1
R2
Av1 = R vs2

1

4
Av2 = R
vo2 R3
vs2 = vo1

vo1 = Av1 vs1

vo2 = Av2 vs2

= Av2 vo1
vo1
vo2 = Av2 Av1 vs1
vs1
vo2
Av = vvo2
s1

vo2
= Av1 Av2
vs1

= Av

)(.

:.

:.

..
.
vn
i2 i1 i3 i3
.

non-inverting amplier

vn
R1
vn vo
= i2
R2
i3 = 0
= i1

).(
).(
).(

vk vs

vk = vs

)(.

.

i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
vn vo
vn
+
+0 = 0
R1
R2

)(.

. vk vn
. vk . vn
.

=0
=0
= vo
= vo

vs
vs vo
+
R1
R2
vs
vo
vs
+

R
R2 R2
(1
)
vs
vs
+
R2
R1 R2
(
)
R2
vs
1+
R1

)(.

.

(
)
vo
R2
= Av
= 1+
vs
R1

)(.

vo vs Av

vs is
is = 0
vs
vs
=

is
0

= R

)(.

:.
. R1 = 2 k R2 = 15 k
vs
vo
VCC = 15 V VEE = 15 V
vs = 1.2 V .
vs = 0.25 V .
vs = 0.33 cos(t) .
: .
(
)
15000
= 8.5 V/V
Av = 1 +
2

voltage gain

vo = Av vs = 8.5 1.2 = 10.2 V .

vo = Av vs = 8.5 (0.25) = 2.125 V .

vo = Av vs = 8.5 0.33 cos(t) = 2.805 cos(t) .

..

R2
R1

Av = 1 +

)(.

R1 R2

0
=1

Av = 1 +

)(.

.

vs

vo = vs vvos = 1

non-inverting amplier
buer

:.

.
vs RS


R M

vs
vm
)
(
RM
vs
= vm
R M + RS
vs
variables
transducer
measuring instrument
Thevenin circuit

)(

)(

+
-

:.

= 10 M RS = 5 M
vs = 100 mV

R M

10 106 100 103

= 66.66 mV
10 106 + 5 106

= vm

RS
R M
R M >> RS vm vs


R M

load

.

RS
vk = vs vo = vs R M
vm = vo = vs
R M




...

.
C1 C2
R1 R2
C1

C2
R1 + R2
C2
vS vs vn = vs
vn = vk = vs vo = vs C2
R1 R2 vs

R1 vs
..

:.
vs


Av 1

R1
R1

..

) d (v v

i1 = C ndt s
vn vo
= i2
R
i3 = 0

dierentiator

)(.

:.
vk
)(.

vk = 0
vn

)(.

i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
. .
vn vo
+0 = 0
R
vn = vk vn = 0
vo
s
C dv
dt R = 0

) d (vn vs
dt

s
vo = RC dv
dt

)(.

vs
vo
dierentiator

:.

..

.
vn vs
R
) d (vn vo
i2 = C dt

).(

i3 = 0

).(

= i1

).(

vk = 0
integral
integrator

)(.

vn vk )
(
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
vn vs
+ C d (vndtvo ) + 0 = 0
R
vs
o
C dv
dt = 0
R

vs
RC
vs
dvo =
dt
RC

vs
dvo =
dt
RC

dvo
dt

vs dt

1
RC

vo =

)(.

vo
vo vs

:.

R = 1 k C = 6.8 F vs = Vp sin t

integrator

:
.
147Vp
cos t

= Vp sin t dt

1
vo =
1000 6.8 106

147Vp
= Vp

= 147
147
= 23.396 Hz
2

= f

) vs = Vp sin t = Vp cos (t 90
90

leading

)(

)(

:.
R = 1 k :. C = 10 F vs = 0.1 V
vo
:

0.1 dt = 10t

1
vo =
1000 10 106

..

.
vs1 vs2 vs1 R1
vn vs2 R2
adder

:.
vn

vn vs1
R1
vn vs2
= i2
R2
i3 = 0
vn vo
= io
R0

= i1
)(.

vk
)(.

vk = 0
vn
i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0
vn vs2
vn vo
+
+0+
=0
R2
R0

vn vs1
R1

.
vn = vk vn = 0
v
v
vo
s1 s2
=0
R1
R2
R0

vs1 vs2
+
R1
R2

(
v o = R0

)(.

R1 R0 R2

(
)
vs1 vs2
)(.
vo = R
+
) = (vs1 + vs2
R
R
vo

..

.
vn vs1
R1
vn vo
=
R2
v vs2
= k
R3
vk
=
R4
=0
=0

= i1

adder

i2
i3
i4
i5
i6

)(.

:.

vn

i1 + i2 + i5 = 0
vn vs1 vn vo
+
+0 = 0
R1
R2
)
(
1
vo
1
v
vn
+
= s1 +
R1 R2
R1
R2
vs1
vo
R1 + R2
vn = 1
1
R1 + R2

)(.

vk

i3 + i4 + i6 = 0
vk vs2
v
+ k +0 = 0
R3
R4
)
(
1
v
1
+
= s2
vk
R3 R4
R3
vs2
R3
1
R4

1
R3

)(.

= vk

. vk vn .
.
vn = vk
vs2
R3
1
R4

1
R3

vo
R2
1
R2

+
+

vs1
R1
1
R1

(
)
R4 R1 + R2
R2
vs1
= vo
vs2
R1 R3 + R4
R1

R2
1+ R
R2
1
vs1
=
vs2
R3
R1
1 + R4

)(.

R1 = R3 = R a
R2 = R4 = Rb
Rb
) (vs2 vs1
Ra

= vo

)(.

:.
R a Rb
R a Rb

:.

:
vs i a ib


vs
i a + ib

= R

R
subtractor

.

v0 = 0
vs
= vk
2
vs
= vn
2

vs
vs vn
=
R
2R
vs vk
vs
= ib
=
R
2R
vs
= i a + ib
R

= ia

= RR


vk
R3 R4 vs
vo = 0 V
vn
R1 R2 vs

R1 R2 R3 R4

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
R1 + R2 R3 + R4
2R 2R
R

1
R

= RR

.

([
]
)
R1 + R2 R4 R2
= vo

vs
R3 + R4 R1 R1
R1
R2 i a R3 R4 ib

v s v0
R1 + R2
]
[
R4
R2
1
= vs

+
) R1 + R2 R1 ( R3 + R4 ) R1 ( R1 + R2

= ia

R3 v s
) R1 ( R3 + R4
vs
= ib
R3 + R4

vs
) R ( R + R4
= 1 3
i a + ib
R1 + R3

= R

R3 R4
vs

R4 v s
R3 + R4

= vk

.

vs
R3 + R4

= ib

vk = vn vn R1

4 vs
vs RR3 +
vs vn
R4
=
= ia
R1
R1

vn vk
vk R3 R4 i a
vn R1 i a ib R2
R2

:.
vs v0 = 0 V
6.8 k 5 %


: . ) = vs2 = vs1
( vs
(
)
vo
R1 + R2 R4 R2

=
vs
R3 + R4 R1 R1
R R R2 R3
= 1 4
) R1 ( R3 + R4
R2 R3
R1 R4
3
1+ R
R4

vo
R3
R3
2 R3
R
R
R4 R1 R4
4
R3 R4
R2 R3
R
R3 = 6.46 k R4 = 7.14 k
1 R4
R2 = 6.46 k R1 = 7.14 k

6.466.46
1 7.14
vo
7.14
=
= 0.095 238 V/V
6.46
vs
1 + 7.14

:. .

:
2 R3
1 R
vo
R1 R4
=
3
vs
1+ R
R4

R2 R3
(1 e) R2 (1 e) R3 R1 R4
(1 + e) R1 (1 + e) R4
R2 R3
R1 R4
R3
R4

)2
)

1 e
1+ e

1 e
1+ e

1+

vo
=
vs

.

2e
vo
=
vs
1+e

..
. v j1
v js vm1 vmn
vn
vn vm1 vn vm2
vn vmn vn vo
+
+
=0
+
Rm1
Rm2
Rmn
R0
(
)
1
1
v
1
1
v
vmn
vo
vn
+
+
+
= m1 + m2 +
+
Rm1 Rm2
Rmn
R0
Rm1 Rm2
Rmn
R0

1
1
1
1
+
+
=
Rm1 Rm2
Rmn
Rm

1
v
v
vmn
vo
1
+
= m1 + m2 +
+
R
R0
Rm1 Rm2
Rmn
R0
( m
()
)
R m R0
vm1
vm2
vmn
vo
= vn
+
+
+
R m + R0
Rm1 Rm2
Rmn
R0
vn

OPAMP

vk

vk v j1 vk v j2
vk v js
+
+
=0
R j1
R j2
R js
(
)
v j1
v j2
v js
1
1
1
vk
+
+
=
+
+
R j1 R j2
R js
R j1 R j2
R js

1
1
1
1
+
+
=
R j1 R j2
R js
Rj

Rj
Rj
Rj
v j1 +
v j2 +
v
R j1
R j2
R js js

= vk

vn = vk vo

Rj
Rj
v j1 +
v
R j1
R j2 j2
)

R0
R0
R0
vm1 +
vm2 +
vmn
Rm1
Rm2
Rmn

..

()

R0
1+
Rm

)(.
= v0
)(.

Rj
v
+
R js js

instrumentation amplier

:.





.
v1 v2
vn1 = vk1 = v1
vn2 = vk2 = v2 R1
v2 v1
R1 ) (v2 v1
v2 v1
R1

= i R1

)(.

ecg
21 2014

input impedance

:.
vn1
R2 i R1
vn2
R2 i R1
i R1 R1 R2 R2

) vo2 vo1 = i R1 ( R2 + R1 + R2
) ( v v1
= 2
) ( R1 + 2R2
R1
(
)
2R2
= 1+
) ( v2 v1
R1

(
)
R4
R4
2R2
1+
= vo
= ) (vo2 vo1
) ( v2 v1
R3
R3
R1

)(.

)(.

:.
R1 = 500 R2 = 50 k
R3 = 10 k R4 = 10 k
v2 = 4 + 0.003 sin t
v1 = 4 0.003 sin t

CMRR
:


= 4 Vv
= 0.06 sin tv

v
2
v
v1 = v
2
+v2 = v

vn1 v1

vn2 v2 R1

)(4 + 0.003 sin t) (4 0.003 sin t

= 12 106 sin t
500

= IR1

R2
12 106 sin t 50 103 = 0.6 sin t
R2

vo2 vn2
vo2 vn2 = 0.6 sin t
vo2 = 4 + 0.003 sin t + 0.6 sin t
= 4 + 0.603 sin t
R2 vn1 vo1

vn1 vo1 = 0.6 sin t

vo1 = 4 0.003 sin t 0.6 sin t
= 4 0.603 sin t

vo2 vo1
vk
vk vo2
v
+ k =0
R3
R4
(
)
R4
= vk
vo2
R3 + R4
= 2 + 0.2015 sin t
vn vk vn
R3 R4 vo2

.

R4
) (vo2 vo1
R3
]
[ 10000
=
)(4 + 0.603 sin t) (4 0.603 sin t
10000
= 1.206 sin t

= vo

Am = 0

vo
1.206 sin t
= 201
=
vd
0.06 sin t

= Ad

Ad
=
Am

= CMRR

201
vo2 vo1

vo2 vo1


R2
(1 e) R2

:.
(1 + e) R2 1 %
e = 0.01 .
R2 R20
R3 R4

:.
. Am
Ad
Am = 0
= CMRR 1 %
CMRR

R2 = R20 = 100 k
R4 = R40 = 10 k

R1 = 10 k

R3 = R30 = 10 k

.
R1 = 1 k

CMRR

R2 = R20 = 10 k

R4 = R40 = 100 k

R1 = 10 k

R3 = R30 = 10 k

vc vd

vd
2
v2
v1 = v c
2

v2 = v c +

v v1
vn2 vn1
= 2
R1
R
(1

)
R20
R20
= 1+
v2
v1
R1
R1
(
()
(
)
)
R20
R20
v2
vd
1+
vc
vc +

R1
2
R1
2
(
)
1 R20
vc +
+
vd
2 R1
(
)
R2
R2
vn 1 i R1 R2 = v2 + 1 +
v1
R1
R1
(
( )
()
)
R2
vd
R2
v2

vc +
+ 1+
vc
R1
2
R1
2
(
)
1 R2
vc
+
vd
2 R1
vn2 + i R1 R20

= i R1
= vo2

=
=

)(.

= vo1

=
=

R4

vo1
vo2
R3

R4
R3
R30
R40

1 +
vo =
1+

.
.

(
)
[
] )
(
0
1
+
1 R2
R
1
R

2
4
vo =
+
+
vd
vd
vc
vc +
2
R
R3
2 R1
1
1+

(
)
(
)
R4
R4
1 + R3 1 R20
R4 1 R2
R4
1 + R3

vd
=
v
+
+

+
+

c
0
0

R3
R3
R
2
R
R
2
R
3
3
1
1
1 + R0
1 + R0
4

R4
R3
R30
R40

= Ac vc + Ad vd

R0 R

R0 R

R4
3 4
4
1 R30 R4
1+ R
R3 R3 R40 R3
R4
4 3
= Ac

=
=
0
0
R
R
R3
1+
1 + R30
1 + R30
4
4

)
(
(
)
R4
0
R
1 R2
1 + R3 1 R 2
+ 4
Ad =
+
+

0
R3
2 R1
R3 2 R1
1 + R0
R4
R3
R30
R40

1+

CMRR



  Ad

 =
 Ac

CMRR

Ac

R30 R4
R40 R3

R40 = (1 + 0.01) 10000 = 10100

R30 = (1 0.01) 10000 = 9900
R4 = (1 0.01) 10000 = 9900
R3 = (1 + 0.01) 10000 = 10100

Ad
R1 = (1 + 0.01)10000 = 10100
R20 = (1 0.01)100000 = 99000
R2 = (1 0.01)100000 = 99000

= 1030CMRR

R1 = 1 k
= 9852CMRR


R40 = (1 + 0.01) 100000 = 101000

R30 = (1 0.01) 10000 = 9900

R4 = (1 0.01) 100000 = 99000
R3 = (1 + 0.01) 10000 = 10100
R1 = (1 + 0.01)10000 = 10100

R2 = R20 = (1 0.01)10000 = 9900

= 814CMRR

Ad CMRR
Ad

..
vo .
vo

.

..



.
saturation

:.

:.




V/s
 
  v
  =
t
slew rate

)(.

Vp sin t t = 0







 dvs
= Vp cos t
= Vp
 dt


t =0

t =0

Vp

=
2Vp

=
f

)(.
)(.

Vp
V0

V0

)(.

.


:. 100 V/s
5 V

full power band width
pulses

:.
t p
5 V
t p 5 V
0 V

:

50 ns
50 ns


100 V/s
5 V 0 V
50 ns 5 V
50 ns 0 V

:. 0.1 sin t
1000 V/s

: 3 sin t t = 0

|3cost|t=0 = 3

1000 106
= 53 MHz
23

= f

.
.
do d3
0 V 5 V
d2 = 0 V d1 d0 d3 5 V

vk = 0
v n d3 v n d2 v n d1 v n d0 v n v o
+
+
+
+
=0
R
2R
4R
8R
R0
R0
v0 =
) (8d3 + 4d2 + 2d1 + d0
8R
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

:.

)
R0 ( 3
2
1
0
v0 =
2 d3 + 2 d2 + 2 d1 + 2 d0
8R

)(.

) 0 ( ) 1( 0 0 V 1 5 V
d0 d3 d3 d2 d1 d0

d3 d2 d1 d0 = 10112

digital
analog
binary number system
bit
decimal number system

1110

.
vo = 0 V
5 V
)
R0 ( 3
2
1
0

2 5+2 5+2 5+2 5

8R
)
R0 ( 3
2 + 22 + 21 + 20 5

8R
R0

(8 + 4 + 2 + 1) 5
8R
R0

75
8R

= v0

=
=
=

0
R0 = 8R
R R 15
vo = 5 V
do d3 1610

R0 = 8R d3 d2 d1 d0 10102
:.
15

)
R0 ( 3
2 5 + 22 0 + 21 5 + 20 0
8R
)
R0 ( 3
=
2 + 21 5
8R
= 3.333 V

v0 =

..

vk = vn = 0
vo = Ad vd = 0

vo
VOS



VOS VOS

VOS

.



..
input oset voltage

:.
1 mV 5 mV


.
R2 R1
VOS

VOS

)
(
R2
) ( R1 + R2
)(.
VOS
= VOS
Vo = 1 +
R1
R1
VOS VOS

R1
Vo
R1 + R2

= VOS

)(.

.
R3 R5 k
R4

:.

)(

)(

:.

VOS
Vo

:.

.
.
VOS = 2 mV

VEE = 12 V

VCC = 12 V

R4 R3 R5

:
R4
2 mV 2 mV 4 mV
R3 = R5 = 100 k R4
(

)
R4
)+12 (12
= 0.004
R3 + R4 + R5
(
)
R4
24
= 0.004
200000 + R4
R4 = 33
)

R4 = 100
vk R4


vk VCC vk VEE
+
=0
R3
R4 + R5
vk 12
vk + 12
+
=0
100000 100 + 100000
vk = 5.99 mV

)(

)(

:.
R4
vk VCC vk VEE
+
=0
R3 + R4
R5
v + 12
vk 12
+ k
=0
100000 + 100 100000
vk = 5.99 mV

2 mV
2 mV vs = 0
vo R4
vo = 0 R4
.
V+ = 12 V R5 = 50 k R4 = 150 k R3 = 100
V = 12 V 8 mV

)(

)(

:.

..
IB
IB
IB
IB


IB





.
IB1 IB2
VS

input bias current
constant current source

VS = 0 VO = 0

VK = IB2 R
VN = VK
VO = IB2 R

)(.

VO = 0
. R1

VK = IB2 R

VN = VK = IB2 R
R1
VO VN = IB1 R1

VO = VN + IB1 R1

R1

V N I B1

VO

VK
I B2

:.
) IB1 = IB2 = IB
(
VO = IB R + IB R1

R1 = R

)(.

VO = 0
VO = IB R + IB R = 0


R1 = R

VO = IB2 R + IB1 R = ( IB1 IB2 ) R
VO = 0

| IB1 IB2 | << IB

)(.

I R2 = I B1

R2

I B1

VO

I B2

)(

I R1 =0

I R2= I B1 I R1
=I B1 R I B2
R1

R1
V N =0

R2

I B1

VO

V K =0

I B2

)(

0 V N
R1
R
= I B2
R1

=I R1

R1
V N =V K =I B2 R
V K =I B2 R

R
I R=I B2

:.
. VO .
VO ) (
:.


: .
.
VK = 0 VN = VK = 0
VN = 0 IR1 = 0
R2 IR2 = IB1 R2
VO
VO VN = IR2 R2
VO = VN + IR2 R2
VO = 0 + IB1 R2
VO = IB1 R2

)(.

. R

IR = IB2 VK = IB2 R
)( VN = VK = IB2 R R1


R
IB2
R1

= IR1

IR2

IR1 + IR2 = IB1
R
IB2 + IR2 = IB1
R1
R
IR2 = IB1
IB2
R1
R2 VO
VO VN = IR2 R2
VO = VN + IR2 R2
(
)
R
VO = IB2 R + IB1
IB2 R2
R1

)(.

IB1 = IB2

(
)
R
VO = IB + IB
IB R2
R1
(
)
)(.
RR2
VO = IB R + R2
R1

VO = 0 R

R1 R2
R1 + R2

=R

)(.

R1
R2
.
R1 R2
R1 + R2

=R

VO = ( IB1 IB2 ) R2

)(.

. ) | IB1 >> | IB1 IB2
( VO



.

.

R2 R = R2
.

)(

)(

:.



R1 R2


R1 R2
R1 + R2

=R

.
. v2 > v1 vo
VCC v2 < v1 vo
VEE VCC VEE

)(

)(

:.




0 V VEE

0 V v2 > v1
v2 < v1
VCC R
vo = VCC

:.


5 V
vo = 0 V

comparator

TMP37

:.
.
TMP37
TMP37
0 C 0 V 100 C 1 V
5 V

0 V 5 V
0.5 V 50 C
TMP37 0.5 V

50 C
vo = 0 V

vo
0 V
Analog Devices

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

:. .
VCC = 12 V VEE = 12 V vs = 0.5 V
R1 = 10 k R2 = 200 k R3 = 10 k

Ro = 200

Ri = 100 M

A = 60 000

:
0 10 k 10 k 10 k 10 k : 10 k
12 V 10 V 10 V 10 V 10 V : 0 V

)(

)(

:.
:. 10 M
.
Av = 25 V/V R2 R1

Av = 1000 V/V

= 400 k R2 = 10 M R1 = 400 k : R = R
10 k
200 k :. Av = 1000 V/V
200
.

R4
R4
= 200 k :R2 + R3 = 1000 R1 = R2 = 200 k R
:. .

Vo = 1.2 V Vo = 1.21 V
IB1
IB2

IB1 IB1
100 nA


vo = 1.5 V
201.66 nA 200 nA : 15 M
:.
.
R2 = 2.5 k R1 = 250 R3 = R4 = 39 k
v1 v2


50 Hz
50 Hz

vo 0.6 V
v2 v1

:.
.
R1 = 1 k R2 = 100 k
0.1 V
10 V
ecg
co-axial cable
oscilloscope

10 mV 1 V

1.2 V 0.8 V
vs = 0 V vo


vs = 0 V
vo = 0.19 V
10 mV
vo = 0.19 V
VOS

|VOS | = 1.88 mV IB = 100 nA 990 0.2 V :

:.

.
R
R + R
V1 V2
V2 V1
vo
..
load cell
Wheatstone bridge

:.
:
) Vr

R
R
2

4 R+

= V2 V1

)
Vr

2R2
1+
R1

()

R4
R3

(
)

R
R
2

4 R+

= vo

:. R1 = 1 k R2 = 14.7 k
vs = 0.5 V vo = 7.85 V
5 %
vo

5 %

: 7.15 V 8.623 68 V vo
R2 5 % R1 5 %
18.77 % 1.33 %
:.
R1 = 5 k R2 = 50 k
vvos = 9.99 V/V
Ad
Ad = 10 989 V/V :
:. Ad
viso = R Ad
viso

Ad R
vo
R
= A +1 is = A +1 :R
d
d
:. Ad = 60 000 V/V
12 V
Ad = 1000 V/V

12 mV 200 V :
R2
:. Ad Av = R1

Ad .
Av
Ad Av
Ad = 10 000 V/V
Av 0.1 %

R2
R1

Ad = 10 000 V/V R2 = 9 k R1
Av 50 V/V

R1 = 180 R1
R1
(
)
A d R2
R1 + R2
R2
1
R1 = 0.111 9.009 100 R1 A + R2 Av = 1+ R ( A +1) :
d

Av = 9 V/V 0.1 %
1.8 M R1 = 179.9819
:. R = 14.7 k
C = 0.01 F VOS = 2 mV
VCC = 12 V
VEE = 12 V C = 0.1 F

8.82 s 0.882 s :
vs = 0
RC
vo


VOS

VCC VEE

:. 1510
12 V R0 910

0
1510 : 11112 R = 1.28R
910 vo = 7.2 V
:.


vs1

vs2 Vt cos t t
Vd cos d t

vs2 = Vt cos t t + Vd cos d t

vs1 = Vt cos t t


:
:. .

vs2 = Vt cos t t + Vd cos d t
vs1 = 1.2Vt cos t t

) R4 ( R1 + R2
= 1.2 RR21 :
) R (R +R
4

:. 3 kV
3 kV
.
R2 < R1 3 kV 6 V
30 mW :
R1 = 6R = 500R2 R = 8.33 M
VCC = 12 V R1 = 2 k R2 = 10 k :. VEE = 12 V



2.4 V : 2 V
:.
pulses
rise time

:.

10 % 90 %
90 % 10 %
5 V 1 s
5 %

160 V/s :
:.
v j1 v js R j1 R js
vom
voj
voj + vom
.
:. Ad
Ad = 10 000 V/V Ad = 1000 V/V

: 0.0999 % 9.999 103 %
:. v1
v2
v2 v1
fall time
time period
square wave

R R 2R: R
:. .

vf
2
vf
= vm
2

vs2 = vm +
vs2

vm
v f
v f vm + Avo = A

)(.

CMRR
(
)
R3
1 R1
1 + 2 R2 + R4
A
= CMRR
=
R1
A
R3
R4

R2

:.
R2
R
= RR34
1

.

R2
1+ e
A = R
A+4e = RR43

1
5 % e = 0.05
2

common mode signal

dierential mode signal
common mode rejection ratio CMRR

R1 = R3 = 1 k R2 = R4 = 21 k
5 %
0.1 %
5500 110 :

12 V :. 10.5 V
10.5 V Av = 40 V/V
Vp


 
Vp  > 0.2625 V :

.





v D i D
v D i D

( qvD
)
nkT
)(.
i D = IS e
1

VT
kT
q

= VT

diode
thermal voltage

)(.

.

:.

)
( v
D
i D = IS e nVT 1

)(.

IS

q 1.6 1019 C
k 1.38 1023 J/K
T

VT
n
n = 1 n = 2
n = 1
saturation current
Boltzmann constant
Kelvin
emission coecient


n = 1

vD
VT

(
)(.

i D = IS e

:. VT
. 100 C
. 0 C
. 23 C
:
. 100 C
C K
K = C + 273 VT
373 K
kT
1.38 1023 373
=
= 0.032 17 V
q
1.6 1019

= VT

. 273 K
kT
1.38 1023 273
=
= 0.0237 V
q
1.6 1019
23.7 mV

= VT

.

1.38 1023 300
kT
=
= 0.0258 V
q
1.6 1019

= VT

25.8 mV
25 mV

)(.

VT = 25 mV

:. IS = 5.1 fA v D
i D
i D = 1 mA .
i D = 10 mA .
i D = 100 mA .
: . n = 1 VT = 25 mV
(
)
(
)
1103
v D = VT ln iIDS + 1 = 0.025 ln 5.1
+
1
= 0.65 V .
1015
)
(
)
10103
+ 1 = 0.025 ln 5.1
+
1
= 0.707 V .

15
10

iD
IS

)
)
(
100103
+
1
= 0.767 V .
+ 1 = 0.025 ln 5.1
1015

iD
IS

(
v D = VT ln
(
v D = VT ln

i D
v D 0.65 V 0.767 V

0.7 V

v D = 0.7 V

)(.

0.2 V
. IS = 5.1 1015 A
. v D
i D 0.5V > v D > 0V
v D > 0V
v D > 0.5V
v = 0.5V
D

vD

e VT >> 1

vD

i D IS e VT

)(.

. 0.7 V
v D 0.7 V

germinium diode
forward biased
cut-in voltage

:.

0.7 V

:.

i D

v D = 10 V .
v D = 1 V .
v D = 0.1 V .
:
(
)
(
)
10
= IS e 0.025 = IS e400 1 IS .

vD
VT

(
i D = IS e


(
)
(
)
1
= IS e 0.025 = IS e40 1 IS .
) ( 0.1
(
)
= IS e 0.025 = IS e4 1 IS .

vD
VT

vD
VT

(
i D = IS e
(

i D = IS e

IS :. 15 % 5 C
IS

: 1 C 1.15IS 1 C
IS 15 % 1.15 1.15IS 1.152 IS
5 C
1.155 IS 2IS

5 C IS
25 C IS = 1015 A 30 C
IS = 2 1015 A 35 C IS = 4 1015 A
25 C IS = 1015 A 125 C IS

:.

220 IS 1 nA :

. v D
IS

:.
| | IS IS
IS
IS = 1015 A
109 A


pn IS pn
5 C
IS 10 C




. ) (v D i D

.
reverse leakage current
reverse biased
forward biased
breakdown region



.







VBR

.
0 < v D

VBR < v D < 0

v D < VBR
VT IS


. VT
.
1 C 2 mV
IS IS
VT
reverse breakdown voltage

.
T 2 >T 1

T1

T2

iD
ID

vD

:.

:.
100 kW 1.5 MW

1000 A VD = 0.724 V
0.708 V

thermometer
Atta group of industries
power electronics
induction furnaces

:
VD 0.708 0.724 0.016 V
1 C VD 2 mV
0.016
0.002 8 C

1000 0.708 = 708 W

= 0.011 C/W

8
708

thermal resistance
ideal diode
valve
switch
switch OFF

:.

:.

.
.
0.7 V

. v I
i

:.

)(

+
-

)(

)(

:.
i .
i
i
i v I

v I

forward biased

v I = v D + iR

)(.

:.
. 1 k v D
0.7 V

v I = 22.9 V .
v I = 1.2 V .
v D : .

= 22.9 mA .
= 1.2 mA .

22.9
1000

1.2
1000

vI
R

vI
R

=i

=i

v D = 0.7 V

= 22.2 mA .
= 0.5 mA .

22.90.7
1000

1.20.7
1000

=
vI
R

vI
R

=i

=i

v I = 22.9 V v D
i v I = 1.2 V

v D
reverse biased

 . ) (

:.

. ) (
..
. vi = Vp sin t

vo = vi v D Vp sin t 0.7
0.7 V
vi
vo = 0 V . vi vo
vo vi 0.7 V
vi 0.7 V vo
vi



.

half wave rectication
half wave positive rectier

.
+

+
-

:.


.
vi

:. 50 Hz 15 V

R L = 100 C = 100 F

1 V
: .

C
half wave rectier

half wave negative rectier
ripple

 . ) (

)(

)(

:.

t = 0
vC
vC = Vp e RC
t

Vp = 15 V vC = 5.5 V

= 15 5.5 = 9.5 VV

1 V vC = 15 1 = 14

14 = 15e 100C
C = 1449 F
0.01

1500 F 25 V


time period

.
iB

R
VB

iB
)(

vi

VB

vi

0.03 A

)(

:.

:.
.

VB = 12 V R = 100 vi = 15 sin t = 100
i B R
:
vi vi

vi 12 V
v D

vi VB
15 sin 100t 12
=
= 0.15 sin 100t 0.12
R
100
voltage supply

= iR = iB

 . ) (

- . i B vi VB

t
vi > VB

30 mA

0.12 = 0.15 0.12 = 0.03 A

2

0.15 sin

..
.
vi
- . vi
) (+
D2
D4 D2
D1 R

) (
D3 D1
D2
D4 D1 D3


- .
full wave rectier

)(

D2

D1

D4

D3

)(

:.

:.

D1 D4 D2 D3

. vi
vo vo

:.

.
.

0.7 V
t = 0 v I t0 t = 0
v I vO t0
t1
vO t1 t2 vO
v I

dvO
dt

i=C

t2 v I t2 t3
v I < vO

t3 v I

t3 vO t4 v I t4

peak detector
t0

+
-

:.

:.

vO

.

. Vp

AM demodulator

C
R

vO = Vp e RC
t

)(.

t = 0
vO v I
v I vO


RC v I
vs
vs
vc

vs vc
vc vs
vs = 0.5 cos s t
vs vc
v I = (1 + 0.5 cos s t) cos c t = Vp cos t
.
v I

)(.

v I
f1c .
AM modulator
AM signal

.

(
)
1
1

vO = Vp e RC fc Vp 1
+
RC f c

)(.

Vp
RC f c

= | |vO

Vp
RC

| |vO

)(.

1
fc

RC vs
vs

= 0.5s sin s t

1, 3, 5,

n
2

dvs
dt

= s t = n

 
  dvs
 dt  = 0.5s

s t = n . Vp = 1
2
.
1
= 0.5s
RC




)(.

ripple

)(
)(

:.

.

.
R L

V


V

50 Hz vi
C vi
1
= 20 ms
) 50 ( R L C

:. 12 V 6 k

0.5 V C
power supply

:.

: . t1
t1
t1 = 20 ms

.

12.5 V 11.5 V
11.5 = 12.5e 6000C
C = 39.98 F
0.02

.
0.5 V 0.5 V 1 V
12.5 V 11.5 V
12.5
12
R L 6000 = 2 mA 6000 = 2.083 33 mA
11.5
6000
= 1.9167 mA
ripple

R L 2 mA

Q
t

=I

t1
Q
(
( )
)
Q = I t = 2 103 20 103 = 40 106
Q = CV Q = CV V = 1 V

Q = I t = CV

C 1 = 40 106
C = 40 F

10 mA :. 5 V
0.1 V

1000 F :
.


10 ms
. . t1 = 10 ms
C = 20 F
Vp
V
V
2

= Vp V

)(.

..

+
-

:.



. v I

.
Vr



R
v I v p Vr

vO
Vr vO Vr
vO Vr

v I = vC + v D + Vr
clamping circuit

.
+

:.
v D v I v p

vC = v I v D Vr v p Vr
Vr



R

.

.


Vr

clipper

:.
R
Vr v I > Vr

Vr

v I Vr
R

= iR

Vr
.
v I D2

Vr1
D1
Vr2

 .
)(

)(

)(

:.

.
..

0.7 V .

-.
vo


vi = 0 V vo1

vk = vn vk = vi
vo = vi
vo1 = vi + v D

vo1 vk = vn vo1

vk
vo1 = VEE
R

I
vk = IR = 0 vo = 0 V

vo = vi
vo = 0 V

..
.
vi = 0 V vo = 0 V

vo1 vk = vn vo = vi
Vp vk = Vp vn = Vp
Vp vk = vn
vo1 = VP + v D

vo1 vk = vn
Vp vo1
Vp

Vp vo = Vp

vo
v D

..
.

..
.
vi vo
D1 D2 vi vo
D1 D2

D1

vi
vk vn

vn vi
+ iD = 0
R
i D D1 vn = 0
i D
vn vo
v n vi
+ IS e VT = 0
R
vo
v
i + IS e VT = 0
R
vo
vi
= e VT
IS R

vn vo

(
)
vi
vo = VT ln
IS R
log amplier
natural log

)(

)(

:.

vi D1

vi v n
VT

i D = IS e

vi

= IS e VT

vn vo
R

vi

= IS e VT

vi

vo = IS Re VT

..
v A v B ln v A + ln v B = ln v A v B
v A v B
natural anti-log

.

vi1
IS R
v
= VT ln i1
IS R

vo1 = VT ln
vo2

) vo3 = (vo1 + vo2
v
v
= VT ln i1 + VT ln i2
IS R
IS R
vi1 vi2
= VT ln 2 2
IS R

vo3

v0 = IS Re VT

vi1 vi2
I 2 R2
S

ln

= IS Re
v v
= i1 i2
IS R
1
IS R

multiplier
divider

-

:.

..

.
vi
vi vo1 D1
D2 D2 U1
vn = vk D1 U1
.
vo = vi
. v1
v1 = 0 V
. vi vo v1
vi vo1 D2
D1 U1 .

:.

)(

)(

)( )(

:.

vk = 0
v n v i v k v1
+
=0
R
R

v1 = v i

vo1 = v1 + v D v D
D1 v1 .

vo = vi 2v1
. vi v1 vo

:.

)( V1 V2 VO

) (0 V ) (5 V


V1 = 0 V2 = 0



VO 0
V1 V2 V1 =
0 V V2 = 5 V
D2
D1 D2 D1
VO = 5 V
D1 D2
VO = 5

:.
VO = 5

.
)(5 V

VO = 5

.


OR gate
AND gate
transistor

:.

.

VB = v D + i D R

)(.

i D v D

vS

IS e VT

vD
VT

(
i D = IS e

)(.

i D v D

..

. . . )
(
VDQ , IDQ

Q

. .


i D
1
=
v D
R
( ) (VB , 0
) v D
VB
0, R
i D
VB
VB1

) (VB1 , 0 ) (0, VRB1

. VB VB1
VB

VB R1
) (VB , 0
)
(
B

0, V .
R1
R1 R

DC bias point
R
DC load line
gradient

:.

:.

..

:.
. VB = 15 V R = 15 k
VD = 0.6 V ID = 2 mA
: .

= 7.550 269 1014 A

2 103
0.6
0.025

= )

iD
vD
VT

( = IS

2 mA ID0 ) ( ID0 = 2 mA 0.6 V VD0
) ( VD0 = 0.6 V
VD0
. ID1
. ID1
VD1
VD0 ID0
ID1 ID1
VD1
iteration method

VD1 .
VD1 ID2
. ID2 VD2
VD1


. VD0 = 0.6 V
VB VD0
15 0.6
=
= 0.96 mA
R
15000

= ID1

. ID1
(
)
0.96 103
= 0.025 ln
= 0.581 650 77 V
7.550269 1014

ID1
IS

VD1 = VT ln

.
15 0.58165
= 0.961 223 3 mA
15000

= ID2

0.961 223 3 mA 0.581 650 77 V

0.961 223 3 mA ID2 VD2
(
)
ID2
0.9612233 103
= 0.025 ln
VD2 = VT ln
= 0.581 682 61 V
IS
7.550269 1014

VB VD2
15 0.58168261
=
= 0.961 221 1 mA
R
15000

= ID3

Q
)(

)(

) :.( )(
ID2 = 0.961 223 3 mA
ID3 = 0.961 221 1 mA
ID4 = 0.961 22 mA

..

. ) ( x y
) P(6, 8 ) Q(4, 6 ) ( x 0 y0
) P0 (2, 2 ) Q0 (0, 0

..
.

..
. x ) y( x
.
y( x )
:.
x 0
1
2
3
4
5
4.99

1.49

0.44

0.12

0 0.03

) x (t
) y(t ) x (t
. x (t)

. t0 , t1 , t2 , . . . tn x0 , x1 , x2 . . . xn
x0 t0 x x (t0 )
t0 tn (n + 1)

t2 = t3 t2

t5 = t6 t5

)x ( t

)y ( x

x3
x1

y3
y1

t
t3

)(

t1

x3

x1

)(

) y (t
y3

)(
y1

t1

t3

:.

t8 = t9 t8
.
x (t) :. t
t0 t1 t2 t n
xn

x2

x1

x0

. x . y
y0 , y1 , y2 , . . . yn
) y(t t . .
) y( x
curved

.
y(t) :. t
t0 t1 t2 t n
yn

y2

y1

y0

) x (t ) y(t ) x (t
) y(t

.
) x (t . ) x (t
) y( x
y( x ) = mx

)(.

) y( x
. m . Q


 y
)(.
=m
x Q
. tm tn
) x (tm ) x (tn

x
x x (tm )
) x (tn
) y(tm ) y(tn
y = mx + c c y
) (0, 0 c = 0 y = mx

)y ( x

) y (t
x

)y( t n
)y( t m

)(

tm tn

)(

) x (t n

) x (t m

)x ( t

tm

tn
)(

:.

y
y
) y(tm ) y(tn
tm tn
.
. y( x ) ) (



) x (t


. . x (t) ) ( y(t)

:.
) ( ) y( x

.




. x (t)

)y[ x (t)] = mx (t
)y(t) = mx (t

)(.

) y(t ) x (t m m
image
mirror

v i
) x (t ) y(t .
R

r g
. ) ( m
g .

)i (t) = gv(t
.

 i
=g
v Q
r

i 1
=r
v Q

)(.

)(.

)(.

.
. v I v I

v I VI
vi
v I = VI + vi

)(.

iD

) Q( I Q ,V Q
vD

:.

)(

)(

:.

a
c
b

:.

) vi << VI
(
.
vi
v I


) (VDQ , IDQ
. t0 = 90 t0 = 0 t0 = 270
v I (t1 ) = VI + Vp v I (t0 ) = VI v I (t2 ) = VI Vp

. 90
small signal

+
vR
-

:.
.

..
.

.
vs ) ( | XC | 0

R L

R1+1R2 R L

Rt
R L R2
R L + R2

= Rt

)(.

Rt
AC load line

a
b

:.
R1t

R1t

.



.




Q a b

vd id vd

id
vd id
. vs = 0
ID R2 ID R2
a R L C
1
R L + jC R2

R L R2 Z
1
1
1
+
=
1
Z
R2 R L + jC
(
)
1
R2 R L + jC
=Z
1
R2 + R L + jC

)(.

)(.

R L

C a
VC = ID R2

VB = ID R1 + VD + ID R2

)(.

. VB vs
vs  VB VB + vs
i D = ID + id ID id
id R1 a

id R2

(
)
RL
)(.
i
= i R2
R L + R2 d

R2 ID + i R2

] )
i d R2

RL
R L + R2

VB + vs = i D R1 + v D + ( ID + i R2 ) R2

= ( ID + id ) R1 + (VD + vd ) + ID +

i D = ID + id v D = VD + vd

VB = ID R1 + VD + ID R2
(
)
R L R2
v s = i d R1 + v d + i d
R L + R2

)(.
)(.

. .
.
VB
ID
. .
vs
id vd

.
rd
vd = id rd id

(
)
R L R2
v s = i d R1 + i d r d + i d
R L + R2
vs
(
)
= id
R L R2
R1 + r d + R L + R2

)(

)(

)(

:.
vd = id rd vd

) (

..

. c
a b

v i
d
c d
a b
-. Q

..
..

)(

)(

:.
rd
vd
id

= rd

)(.

. ) (i D v D .
) (id vd
rd
) vd (t )id (t

c ) (VDQ , IDQ
a ) (VDQ + VDQ , IDQ + IDQ b
) (VDQ VDQ , IDQ IDQ c
rd

VDQ
 v D
= rd
=

i D IDQ
IDQ

)(.

. .

:.

rd

..

.
rd
rd ) ( .

i D = IDQ
rd
vD

IS e VT

vD
VT

(
i D = IS e
vD

I e VT
= S
VT

small signal resistance

tangent
dierenciation

di D
dv D

)(.

vD

i D = IS e VT
vD

I e VT
i
= S
= D
VT
VT
IDQ
=
VT

di D
dv D

)(.

DQ

 di D
dv D  I

 )1
(
V
di D

= T
rd = dv

D
I
DQ

IDQ

)(.

:.
= IS = 25 A

15 mA
: . i D = 15mA
9.32 1014 A

25 103
= 1.666
= rd
15 103

iD

)(.

i D = 25 A
25 103
= 1000
25 106

= rd

)(.

semiconductor

C
Si Ge

+4 4

99.9999999




28 %
SiO2
14


periodic table
group
carbon
silicon
germinium
elements
atomic model
shell
electrons
covalent bond
covalent bond
doping
conductance
semiconductor
atomic number
crystal

Si

)(

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

)(

:.
. 0 K

free electron
mobile electron

) (
) (











n
p
E

p2i = n2i = BT 3 e kT

free hole
mobile hole
thermal electron
thermal hole
minority electrons
minority hole
thermal generation
thermal generation rate
recombination
recombination rate
number density

)(.

ni

pi

5.4 1031

T K
8.62 105 eV/K

EG
1.12 eV

ni = pi

)(.

N P

.
ND
nn0

nn0 ND

)(.

nn0 pn0

nn0 pn0 = n2i

)(.

n2i .

n2i
n2
i
nn0
ND

= pn0

)(.

bond
free electron
majority electrons
minority holes

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

-------------

:.













mobile negative charge
N-type semiconductor

)
(






)(

B Al






.
electron gas
immobile charges
mobile charges
majority electrons

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Al

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

:.




.

) (
free hole

) (



. )(+





Al

NA

pn0
p p0 = NA

)(.

n2i
n2
i
p p0
NA

= n p0

)(.

P-type semiconductor
hole gas
majority holes
majority holes
minority electrons

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Al

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

+++++++
+++++++
+++++++

:.

..

) (
) (
diusion
drift
transportation

:.
) (

)(
.





.
A
) ( p x
p + p x
pAx ( p + p) Ax
pAx/2

diusion current

( p + p) Ax/2

pAx ( p + p) Ax
pAx

=
2
2
2
q

qpAx
2

Q p =

t
I p = Q p /t
Q p
qpAx
=
t
2t

= Ip

J p
Ip
qpx
=
A
2t

= Jp

y

dp
dx x

dy
dx x

= p

)(.
= y
)(.

Ip
x2
= q ddxp
A
2t

= Jp

)(.

x2
= Dp
2t

)(.

.
p A x
2
dp
p= x
dx
Q p
q dp A x 2
=I p
=
t
2 dx t
I
q dp x 2
dp
J p = p =
=qD p
A
2 dx t
dx

p+ p

Q p =q

x2
2 t

)(

)(
p Ax
2

( p+ p ) A x
2

=D p

:.

dp

J p = qD p dx

Jp

)(.

q 1.6 1019 C
D p

p

D p = 12 cm2 /s

Jn = qDn dn
dx

diusion current density

Fick Adolf
diusion current density
holes diusion constant

)(.

Dn
34 cm2 /s

..

L
V E
V
L

=E

electrons diusion constant
drift
drift current
electric eld intensity
drift speed
drift velocity

E F = qE
a
F = mn a
qE
mn

a=

tn
vtn
qEtn
mn

v tn = a t n =

tn
v tn
qEtn
=
2
2mn

qtn
2mn

= vn

= n
vn = n E

instantaneous drift velocity

Newton law

)(.

:.
n cm/s
V/cm
n 1350 cm2 /Vs
vp = pE

)(.

p 480 cm2 /Vs

.
p
E v p
v p
L A L
p A L Q = qpAL
v p
Q = qpAv p A qpAv p
I p qpAv p
electron mobility

.
J p
Ip
= qpv p = qp p E
A

)(.

= Jp

) (q vn = n E

In
= (q)nvn = (q)n(n ) E = qnn E
A

= Jn

)(.

J = qnn E + qp p E = q(nn + p p ) E

)(.

) = (nn + p p

)(.

J = qE

)(.

.
conductivity
Ohm law

)(

)(

:.

.


.

.
-

)(

- --n
- -- -

)(

ID

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+++++
+++++
+++++
+++++
+++++
+++++

E
I

V0

)(

+++++++
+++++++
+ + + p+ + +
+++++++
+++++++
+++++++

:.
.

ID D





neutral
depletion region

E
V0 E


F = qE



F = qE

IS

IS
ID

V0 ID V0

ID
E V0 ID IS
)
electric eld intensity
voltage

depletion region
IS
IS

( ID = IS
ID
E V0
ID
ID
IS
E V0 ID

V0
0.6 V 0.8 V
0.7 V

:.

:

IS

blocking voltage

:.
V0 :

.



.
I
I
IS
. I IS

I






volt meter
cut o
current source

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

++++++++++++++++++++++++-

:.

VR
ID
VR


I = IS ID

)(.

ID

I IS

)(.

IS
. IS

IS

IS

IS


IS 1015 A
109 A

..

) (+q

(q)
V0
VR
VR
qi VR .


reverse recovery time
voltage source
cut o

:.

Q = CV

)(.

C .
Cj

VQ

 dq j

 dVR

= Cj

)(.

Cj .
.
capacitor

)m

Cj0
VR
V0

1+

( = Cj

)(.

n
p
m m m
13 21 Cj

Cj . VR
VDQ

Cj = 2Cj0

)(.

.


VBR




E
junction capacitance
break down voltage
avalanche
Zener Melvin Clarence

:.
E














VZ

avalanche breakdown
zener diode
zener voltage

..
6 V


1 %/C
1 C 7 V 7.07 V

.
I I






ID
current source

+
+
+
+
+
+

++++++
++++++
++++++
++++++
++++++
++++++

:.

I = ID IS

)(.

VF
VF
VF
VF
VF
.

..

..


volt meter

ID = Q Q


VD
Q
= IS e VT

dQ
dVD

= ID

)(.

= Cd

ID
VT

= Cd

)(.

= 1 s ID = 1 mA Cd = 40 pF

.

.

..

diusion capacitance
digital circuits
schottky diode

:.
S

0.12 V
0.45 V 0.3 V



10 ps pn
ID = 1 ms .
Cd = 0.4 pF

platinum

..

Cj VR
VR Cj


Cj

..








ohmic contact
varactor diode
photon
covalent bond
photo diode
solar panel

..

..
.












light emitting diode LED
optocoupler
electrical noise
digital circuits
power electronics

)(

)(

:.

..

optical communication
optical cable
optical cable

..

.

) (0, 0 ) (VD0 , 0
) (VD0 , 0
r1D ) (VD0 , 0

v D < VD0
0
)(.
i D = v D VD0

v D VD0

rD

.

i D v D

. Q
rd1
piece wise linear model

:.

:.

:.
rd1
.
:.
. .
.
: m

y y0
x x0

=m

) ( x 0 , y0 ( X0 , 0)

y0
x X0
small signal piece wise linear model

=m

m
x

)( X 0 ,0

y y ' y 0
=
x x ' x X 0
) y=m ( x X 0
y
x= +X 0
m
=m

:.

) y = m ( x X0
y
x = + X0
m

)(.

. x y v D
i D r1D )(VD0 , 0
.
1
v VD0
(v D VD0 ) = D
rD
rD

= iD

:.
.
VD0 = 0.58 V = r D
100

)(

)(

:.
:
5 0.58
VB VD0
=
= 4.018 mA
R + rD
1000 + 100

= ID

VD = VD0 + ID r D = 0.58 + 4.018 103 100 = 0.9818 V

..

v D
v D
v D v D = 0 V

ideal diode

:.
. VB = 200 V R = 100 k

:
VB VD0
200 0.58
=
= 1.9922 mA
R + rD
100000 + 100

= ID

VB
200
=
= 2 mA
R
100000

= ID

..
. rd
. VD
vd
v D = VD + vd

)(.

i D = ID + i d

)(.

VD ID VDQ IDQ
vd = 0 V v D = VD

+
-

)(

)(

:.

VD

)(.

i D = IS e VT = IDQ

vd

= IDQ e VT

VD +vd
VT

.

]

)2

vd
VT

vD

i D IS e VT = IS e

1 vd
1
1+
+
!1! VT 2

)(.

[
i D = IDQ

)(.

vd VT )
( vd << VT
Maclaurins series

x2
!2

x
!1

ex = 1 +

v
1+ d
VT

(
i D IDQ

)(.

vd
rd

)
vd = IDQ +

IDQ
VT

(
i D IDQ +

)(.
VT
IDQ

= rd

i D = IDQ + id .
IDQ vd
id
vd
rd

= id

)(.

.
id .
vd
rd

..



Cj

Cd
rd

V DQ <0

C j Cd

rd

V DQ >0

V
r d= T
I DQ
C j0
=C j
V DQ
1
VO
C j2 C j0
I DQ
= Cd
VT

:.
.
C J CD

.
Z





VZK
IZK
.
diode high frequency small signal model

knee

+
VZ
-

IZ

V Z0 V i
ZK
v

I ZK

I ZT

V Z

1
=
rz

:.
30 V
VZK = 30 V
VZ
IZT
VZ = 10 V
VZ IZ
P
P = VZ IZ

)(.

5.6 V 0.25 W 10 mA
5.6 0.01 = 56 mW
0.25 W
100 mA
5.6 0.1 = 0.56 W 0.25 W

power loss
design engineer

22 mA 22 mA
5.6 0.022 = 0.123 W 0.25 W

1
=
rz

rz

)(.

Z
rz = v
i Z

v Z = i Z rz

)(.

rz

) (VZ , IZ
r1z
VZ0
v Z = VZ0 + i Z rz

)(.

V Z0
rz

+ iZ
vZ
-

:.
.
)IZ >> IZK
(


rz = 0

.
- .




rz = 0
- .


| 0 |v Z | < |VZ
|i Z | = 0

)(.

.
i
v

V Z

v
)(

)(

:.
VZ

| |v Z | = |VZ
| 0 |i Z | | IZmax

)(.

IZmax

- .
- .
) (
VZ
R2

:.
. VZ 5.6 V = R1
1 k VS

VS = 3 V .
VS = 8 V .

+
V2
-

+V 1
R1
I1
)(

I1 R
1
VS

I2

+
V2
-

IZ
R2

VS

)(

:.
VS = 20 V .
: .
. VS = 3 V
VZ
. IZ = 0
R1
V1 = VS V2 = I1 R1 = 0
V2 = VS
V2 = 3 V
3 V

.
. VZ 5.6 V

V1 = VS VZ = I1 R1
= 8 5.6 = I1 1000
I1 = 2.4 mA

IZ = 2.4 mA

.
V1 = VS VZ = I1 R1
= 20 5.6 = I1 1000
I1 = 14.4 mA
IZ = 14.4 mA

:.
. R2 = 1 k
. .
V2
:
. VS = 3 V
IZ = 0

3 1000
VS R2
=
= 1.5 V
R1 + R2
1000 + 1000

= V2

VS
3
=
= 1.5 mA
R1 + R2
2000

= I1 = I2

. VS = 8 V


.
. .



VS R2
8 1000
=
= 4V
R1 + R2
1000 + 1000

= V2

V2 = 4 V
IZ = 0

VS
8
=
= 4 mA
R1 + R2
2000

= I1 = I2

V2 = 4 V



V2 = VZ = 5.6 V . V2 = 5.6 V

VS V2
8 5.6
=
= 2.4 mA
R1
1000
5.6
V2
= I2
=
= 5.6 mA
R2
1000

= I1

I1 = I2 + IZ
IZ = I1 I2 = 2.4 mA 5.6 mA = 3.2 mA

.

.
V2 = VZ = 5.6 V

VS V2
20 5.6
=
= 14.4 mA
R1
1000
V2
5.6
= I2
=
= 5.6 mA
R2
1000
= I1

I1 = I2 + IZ
14.4 mA = 5.6 mA + IZ
IZ = 8.8 mA


I1 I2
IZ = I1 I2

I1 = I2 IZ = 0
I1 I2
.
.
vs
VS

:. . vs = 1.2 sin t VS = 15 V
R1 = 1 k VZ0 = 5.6 V rz = 10
V2
: . .
VZ


VS + vs VZ0
R1 + r z
15 + 1.2 sin t 5.6
1000 + 10
= (9.3 + 1.18811 sin t) 103 A

= iZ

VZ = VZ0 + i Z rz

= 5.6 + (9.3 + 1.18811 sin t) 103 10

= 5.693 + 0.01188 sin t

+
)(

)(

:.

100 = 8%
0.01188
5.693 100 = 0.2086%

1.2
15

:. . R L

VZ0 = 9 V
rz = 20 V 2 k 9 k
v L
:
9 k

15 9
= 6 mA
1000

= iS

R L = 2 k
9
= 4.5 mA
2000

= iL

+
-

)(

)(

:.

i Z = 6 mA 4.5 mA = 1.5 mA

= VZ0 + i Z rz = 9 + 1.5 103 20 = 9.03 V

R L =2 k




 v L


)(.

= iS
i L = 4.515 mA 5.97 mA i Z = 1.455 mA
v L = 9.0291 V .

2 k
9.03 V
6 k iS

9
= 1.5 mA
6000

= iL

i Z = 6 mA 1.5 mA = 4.5 mA

= VZ0 + i Z rz = 9 + 4.5 103 20 = 9.09 V

R L =6 k




 v L


)(.

2 k 2 k
4.5 mA 1.5 mA 9.03 V
9.09 V 60 mV

9.09 9.03
100 = 0.66 %
9


.

.
) ( . .

) VSS + vs = VD0 + i D ( R + rd
) = VD0 + ( ID + id )( R + rd
= VD0 + ID R + ID rd + id R + id rd

)(.

) vd id (

VSS = VD0 + ID R + ID rd

)(.

.
{|}z
z
|}
{
VSS +vs = VD0 + ID R + ID rd +id R + id rd
vs = id R + id rd

)(.

.

. . .
.
id vd

rd vs
R + rd

vs
R + rd

= id

= vd = id rd

)(.

) (

+
+
-

)(

rd
)(

:.

+
)(

)(

:.

) (

:.
. vs = 0.5 sin t VSS = 12 V R = 5 k
id vd

: .
rd
.
.
VSS 0.7
12 0.7
=
= 2.26 mA
R
5000

= ID = IDQ

)(.

0.025
VT
=
= 11.062
IDQ
0.00226

= rd

)(.

.
.
vs
R + rd
0.5 sin t
=
5000 + 11
= 9.978 105 sin t
vd = id rd
= id

)(.

= (9.978 105 sin t) 11

= 1.0976 103 sin t

. RS vi
RS
RS 50
Vp cos t
communication systems
rms

V
p
2

= Vrms

:.
RS
2
Vp2
Vrms
=
RS
2RS

=P

)(.

RS
R L R L
RS



) f ( x
f ( x ) = c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x 3 +
R L
vi = Vp cos t

i L = c1 vi + c2 v2i + c3 v3i +

= c1 Vp cos t + c2 Vp2 cos2 t +

power series

2t
cos2 t = 1+cos

2
(
)
1 + cos 2t
i L = c1 Vp cos t + c2 Vp2
+
2
c2 Vp2
c2 Vp2
=
+ c1 Vp cos t +
cos 2t +
2
2
R L
v L = i L R L

c2 Vp2 R L

c2 Vp2 R L

+ c1 Vp R L cos t +
cos 2t +
2
2

R L

c2 Vp2 R L

= vL

= vL

)(.

2



.
. .
v L = c2 R L RS P = cP

)(.

c = c2 R L RS
R L RS



diode square law
diode square law detector

:.

.
RS


i D v D
CD
i D v D CD
rd
Cd Cj
.

.
spice

.
:.

IS
RS
n
T
Cj0
m
VZK
IZK
V0

IS
RS
N
TT
CJ0
M
BV
IBV
VJ

1014 A
0
1
0s
0F
0.5
V
1019 A
1V

:. n = 1 1 mA
0.61 V 0.66 V
IS
IS = 2.53 1014 A 7.389 mA :
:. 0.57 mA 8.167 mA
0.65 V 0.72 V n IS

14
IS = 10
A n = 1.05 :
:. .

30 C Vo = 0.2 V
60 C 0 C R = 500 k
0.025 V 1.6 V :
:. . n = 1

)(

)(

:.
ID = 10 mA VD = 0.62 V 25 C Vo = 0.11 V

IS
81.45 13.8 pA:
:. n = 1 n = 2

34.657 mV 17.328 mV:
:. n = 1 n = 2

115 mV 57.56 mV:
:. 2 A VD = 0.69 V
0.64 V

1.28 W 25 C : 19.53 C/W

:. .
vi vo 1 V
thermal resistance

 .
)(

)(
+

)(
+

:.
:( 0.5 V ( 0.5 V
( 1 V
:. . 0.7 V
vi vo
1 V
:( 0.15 V
( 0.5 V 0.7 V
( 0.3 V
:. .
vi vo
1 V
:. . 0.7 V
vi
vo 1 V
:. . 15 V

:( vo = 7.5 V
vo = 5 V (
vi D1 vo = 15 V vi
D2 vo = 7.5 V ( vi
vo = 5 V vi vo = 7.5 V
:. .
10 V RC = T2

)(

)(

)(
+
-

:.

)(

+
-

)(
+
-

)(

:.

: 0 V
vC = 10 V
20 V T/2 7.36 V

:. . rd

10 V RC = T2 rd C  T

: vC = 10 V

.
)( )(

:.
20 V T2 7.36 V = vC
2.64 V vo = 12.64 V
rd C  T
rd 10 V vo = 0 V

:. .
R L = 1.2 k
1 V n : 1

50 Hz 2 220 cos t

220 V
n = 23.93 100 F :
:. .

220 V


R = 50 C = 4700 F VR

: 27.68 V 0.6 V
WAPDA
rms

+
-

:.
IS = 5 fA :.

:. 50 mV i D1 i D2
200 mV 100 mV 500 mV

:.

115 mV 57 mV:
vD

:. i D = Io e VT
v D  VT
i D ID + vr d rd = VIDT
d

:. . IS = 10 fA VT
25 mV

VD = 0.7 V : 11.3 mA
VD 0.693 83 V
11.306 mA 0.693 84 V 11.306 mA

6
:. o = 5 10 rad/s
Maclaurins series
iteration methed

+
-

:.
o = 5 108 rad/s o = 5 1010 rad/s
v L
:
rd = 2.2
)0.000044 cos(5 106 t + 1.55
)0.0018 cos(5 108 t + 0.42
)0.00198 cos(5 1010 t + 0.0045
:.
y = x2
i D = v2D .
Vo
Vo = 10 600Io :
:. . VD = 0.68 V ID = 30 mA

.
. rd
. vo
.

+
-

:.

+
-

:.
0.0019 cos t 36.7 (0.68 V, 33 mA) :
:. . 12 V
2 mA 200 mA
R L = 60
ri . 20 V 25 V
12 V
.
i L = 12
: 60 = 0.2 A
20 V
2 mA iri = 0.202 A ri = 39.6

12
iri = 2539.6
30 V = 0.3282 A
i Z = 0.3282 0.2 = 0.1282 A 1.5384 W
:. . R L
v L R L
150 1200 20.2 V 20.2 V

. ri
. ri 150 20.2 V
iri i L i Z
. ri 150 25 V
iri i L i Z
. ri 1200 20.2 V
iri i L i Z
. ri 1200 25 V
iri i L i Z
:
ri = 100 .
i Z = 2 mA .

iri = 82 mA,

i Z = 50 mA .

iri = 130 mA,

i Z = 72 mA .

iri = 82 mA,

i Z = 120 mA .

i L = 80 mA,

iri = 130 mA,

i L = 80 mA,
i L = 10 mA,
i L = 10 mA,

:.
:. . ri = 100
20.2 V R L = 50 i L v L
i Z
134.666 mA 6.7333 V :
0 A
:. . vi = 310 cos t
1 A

:
R = 98.676

Vp
R


) (

.
.

npn
inactive
transistor
active
eld eect transistor

. ) (

npn

)(

CB

EB

C
pnp

)(

n
B

:.-- --


pnp
npn
E C B n
p p n BE
BC
emitter
base
collector
emitter
collector
base

--

npn
--

pnp

:.
:.

.

npn i E
pnp


.



digital circuits

. ) (

+++---+++---+++---+++---+++---+++---+++----

-+++++++--------+++++++--------+++++++--------+++++++--------+++++++--------+++++++--------+++++++--------

--------+
--------+
--------+
--------+
--------+
--------+
--------+

:.- -

-- npn

. npn
BE BC
BE
BC
npn
npn
n
m .



injected electrons

 . -- npn

npn :.

ND
NA
ND NA
. npn


x
q IE
IE = xq

)(.

x
injected holes
number density

. ) (

npn :.


B

VI
B


x
IC
x
0.9 0.99 IC
IC = xq

)(.

 . -- npn

(1 ) x
IB
IB = (1 ) xq

)(.

= xq
= xq = IE
= (1 ) xq = (1 ) IE
= IB + IC

IE
IC
IB
IE

)(.

IB = IB
1
IE = IC + IB = ( + 1) IB

= IC = IE

)(.

)(.

.
IC = IE
I
= C
IB
IE = ( + 1 ) I B

)(.
)(.
)(.

1 . IC IE
.
current gain

. ) (
.

+1

:.

= 0.9 .
= 0.99 .
= 0.999 .
:

= 9 .

0.9
10.9

= 99 .

0.99
10.99

= 999 .

0.999
10.999

:.
= 74

= +1 = 7474+1 = 0.986 :

)(.

. -- npn

:.
6 1015
= 0.993
: 1.6 1019 C
IE = nq = 6 1015 1.6 1019 = 9.6 104 = 0.96 mA
IC = IE = 0.995 0.96 104 = 0.9552 mA
IB = IE IC = 4.8 A

)(.

. IC = IB

35
35



npn IC



IS
IS
ICB0
ICB0
ICB0

IC = IE + ICB0
gain
current gain

)(.

. ) (

ICB0 10 C
ICB0 ICB0

npn

VBE
VBC
0.5 V
0.7 V


iC .
iC



iC

IC IB h FE

IC
IB

= = h FE

)(.

ic

i

iC
i B

h f e
iC
ic
=
i B
ib

= hfe

)(.

:.
h FE h f e
h FE h f e
h FE h f e

. VBE = 0.7 V
VBC = 0.5 V
VCE 0.2 V
) ( VCE
0.2 V
VCE 0.2 V VCE
VCE
= 0.2 VVCE

VCEsat

)(.

. ) (

+
-

:.

-- pnp

. pnp
pnp
npn npn
pnp

V1








IC

pnp :.

pnp

..

pnp VEB VEC

npn VBE = 0.7 V

= 0.2 V VCE pnp
pnp
VEB = 0.7 V = 0.2 V VEC

.
) ( ) (

) ( IC IB

 . ) (

)(

)(

:.
IE VBC VBE VCE
VCEQ IEQ ICQ IBQ

ICQ IC

..
. .
. . V1
VBB ) (V1 + V2 VCC

:.
. V1 V2
. VBB VCC

:
VBB = V1 = 3 V
VCC = V1 + V2 = 3 + 8 = 11 V

)(.
)(.

VBB VCC
.
IC
VBB = VBE + ( IB + IC ) R E
VBB = VBE + IE R E
VBB VBE
= IE
RE
IC = IE
IE
= IB
+1

)(.

IB + IC = IE
IC IE
VBE
0.7 V
VBE = 0.7 V

)(.

. ) (

+
-

+
-

:.
VCE

= IC RC + VCE + ( IB + IC ) R E
= IC RC + VCE + IE R E
= VCC IC RC IE R E
) VCC IC ( RC + R E

VCC
VCC
VCE
VCE

)(.

IE IC VCE VCE

:.
.

= 12 V
= 1.2 V
= 10 k
= 1 k

VCC
VBB
RC
RE

IC VCE
: .
VBB VBE
1.2 0.7
=
= 0.5 mA
RE
1000
IC IE = 0.5 mA
= IE

.
) VCE VCC IC ( RC + R E

)= 12 0.5 103 (10000 + 1000

= 6.5 V
VCE VCE

:.
. = 99 IC
VCE

99
: . = +1 = 99+1 = 0.99
IC = IE = 0.99 0.5 mA = 0.495 mA .
VCE = VCC IC RC IE R E

= 12 0.495 103 10000 0.5 103 1000

= 6.55 V
VCE VCE

. ) (

) ( 1
IC 0.495 mA 0.5 mA
1.01 %
0.495 103 0.5 103
100 = 1.01 %
0.495 103
VCE 0.76



  6.55 6.5


 6.55  100 = 0.76 %

) ( 1

IE IC
IC IE IB
:. .

= 12 V
= 1.2 V
= 10 k
= 1 k

VCC
VBB
RC
RE

IC VEC
:
VBB = ( IB + IC ) R E + VEB
= IER E + VEB

:.
IB + IC IE
VBB VEB
1.2 0.7
=
= 0.5 mA
RE
1000
IC IE = 0.5 mA
= IE

VCC = ( IB + IC ) R E + VEC + IC RC
= IE RE + IC RC + VEC
IE IC
) VEC = VCC IC ( R E + RC

)= 12 0.5 103 (1000 + 10000

= 6.5 V
.

. ) (
:.
.

= 15 V
= 1.1 V
= 5.6 k
= 900
= 36

VCC
VBB
RC
RE

: IE

VBB = VBE + IE R E
VBB VBE
= IE
RE
1.1 0.7
=
900
= 0.44 mA

IC IE

+1
36
=
36 + 1
= 0.972 97
IC = IE
=

= 0.97297 0.4444 103

= 0.432 mA
IE
= IB
+1
0.4444 103
=
36 + 1
= 12.01 A
IC IE



VC = VCC IC RC

= 15 0.432 103 5.6 103

= 12.581 V
VE = IE R E

= 0.4444 103 900

= 0.4 V

. ) (

+
V BE

:.
VB = VE + VBE
= 0.4 + 0.7
= 1.1 V
VCE = VC VE
= 12.581 0.4
= 12.181 V
1.1 V

VE = VB VBE = 1.1 0.7 = 0.4 V

:.

.
.

= 15 V
= 1.1 V
= 5.6 k
= 900
= 36

VCC
VBB
RC
RE

: IE

VBB = IE R E + VEB
VBB VEB
= IE
RE
1.1 0.7
=
900
= 0.44 mA

. ) (
IC IE

+1
36
=
36 + 1
= 0.972 97
IC = IE
=

= 0.97297 0.4444 103

= 0.432 mA
IE
= IB
+1
0.4444 103
=
36 + 1
= 12.01 A

VC = VCC + IC RC

= 15 + 0.432 103 5.6 103

= 12.581 V
VE = IE R E

= 0.4444 103 900

= 0.4 V
VB = VE VEB
= 0.4 0.7
= 1.1 V

:.
VEC = VE VC
= 0.4 + 12.581
= 12.181 V
1.1 V VE = VB + VEB

VE = VB + VEB = 1.1 + 0.7 = 0.4 V

. R B

( ) .

(.)

VBB = IB R B + VBE + ( IB + IC ) R E
IE
VBB =
R B + VBE + IE R E
+1
VBB VBE
IE = R
IC
B
+
R
E
+1

(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)

VCC
VCC
VCE
VCE

= IC RC + VCE + ( IB + IC ) R E
= IC RC + VCE + IE R E
= VCC IC RC IE R E
VCC IC ( RC + R E )

:.
.
VCC
VBB
RC
RE
RB

= 15 V
= 1.1 V
= 5.6 k
= 900
= 3.3 k
= 36

VCE IC

:.
:

VBB = IB R B + VBE + IE R E
(
)
IE
=
R B + VBE + IE R E
+1
(
)
RB
=
IE + VBE
+1

1.1 0.7
= 0.404 mA IC
+ 900

3300
36+1

= IE

VCC = IC RC + VCE + IE R E
( RC + R E ) IC + VCE

. ) (

VCE = 15 4.04 104 (5600 + 900) = 12.374 V

< VCE VCE

VCE

:.
.

= 12 V
= 1.2 V
= 4.7 k
= 1.2 k
= 2.8 k
= 27

VCC
VBB
RC
RE
RB

IC VEC
:
VBB = IE R E + VEB + IB R B
(
)
IE
= IE R E + VEB +
RB
+1
(
)
RB
= VEB + R E +
IE
+1

:.

VBB VEB
RB
+1

RE +

1.2 0.7
2800
1200 + 27
+1

= IE

= 0.385 mA

VCC = IE R E + VEC + IC RC
) VEB + IC ( R E + RC

) VEC = VCC IC ( R E + RC

)= 12 0.385 103 (1200 + 4700

= 9.73 V

. ) (

VEC 0.2 V



VCC VBB


. R1 R2
.


Rth Vth


Vth
. Rth

.

R1 VCC
R1 + R2
1
1
1
=
+
Rth
R1 R2
R1 R2
= Rth
R1 + R2
= Vth

)(.

.
.
. .
VBB Vth R B Rth
.

:.
.

= 12 V
= 5.6 k
= 820
= 8.9 k
= 99 k
= 100

VCC
RC
RE
R1
R2

IC VCE
: .
.
12 8900
= 0.9898 V
8900 + 99000
8900 99000
=
= 8166
8900 + 99000

= Vth
Rth

.
IC = 0.3214 mA VCE = 9.9366 V
VCE VCE

 . ) (

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

:.

:.

:. .
RC = 10 k, R B = 200 k
R E = 100 , = 99

VCC = 20 V,

:
IRC = IB + IC
IB + IC = IE IRC = IE

VCC = IE RC + IB R B + VBE + IE R E

 . ) (

IE
+1

= i B
VCC VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

RC +

= IE

20 0.7
10000 + 200000
99+1 + 100

= IE

= 641 A

VCC = IE RC + VCE + IE R E

) VCE = VCC IE ( RC + R E

)= 20 641 106 (10000 + 100

= 13.5 V

:. .
RC = 1 k, R B = 600 k
R E = 1 k, = 99

VCC = 20 V,

)(

)(

)(

:.
:

VCC = IB R B + VBE + IE R E
I
= E R B + VBE + IE R E
+1
(
)
RB
= VBE + IE
+ RE
+1

VCC VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

20 0.7
+ 1000

500000
99+1

= IE

= 3.21 mA

VCC = IC RC + VCE + IE R E

. ) (

)(

)(

:.
IC IE
) VCE = VCC IC ( RC + R E

)= 20 3.21 103 (1000 + 1000

= 13.58 V

:. . IC VEC
: .

10 8900
= 1.511 V
8900 + 50000
8900 50000
= Rth
= 7.555 k
8900 + 50000
= Vth

1.511 = 680 IE + 0.7 + 7555 IB
IE
99 + 1

= 680 IE + 0.7 + 7555

:.

IC IE = 1.07 mA

10 IC (680 + 5100) + VEC

= 1.07 103 (680 + 5100) + VEC

VEC = 3.81 V
VEC 0.2 V

:. .
:
12 8 = IB R B + VEB + IE R E

 . ) (

IE
+1

= IB

IE
2000 + 0.7 + IE 560
37 + 1
IE = 5.39 mA
=4

VE = 12 IE R E = 12 5.39 103 560 = 8.98 V
VB = VE VEB = 8.98 0.7 = 8.28 V
VC = 10 + IC RC 10 + 5.39 103 2000 = 0.78 V

:. .

: R E 0.3214 mA
PRE = IE2 R E 84.7 W IC = IE RC
578 W
VE IE R E = 0.26 V
0.26 + 0.7 = 0.96 V R1
(120.96)2

0.96
0.968900 104 W R2
1.23 mW
99000
VC = 12 0.3214 5.6 = 10.2 V
VC VB = 10.2 0.96 = 9.26 V
9.26 0.3214 = 2.98 mW IC
IE 0.7 V
0.7 0.3214 = 0.22 mW

..
.
VCE 29 V
VCE

VCE VCE


VCE VCE
0.2 V . .

0
heat sink

. ) (

:.
VBE = 0.7 V VCE = 0.2 V
.
IC = 0.8486 mA IB = 0.314 mA
= 2.7
0 = 99

:.

= 10 V
= 9 k
= 10 k
= 1 k
= 99

VCC
RC
RB
RE
0

VBB

:
0
. . VCE = 0.2 V

0
99
=
= 0.99
0 + 1
99 + 1
= IB R B + VBE + ( IB + IC ) R E
(
)
RB
= VBE + IE
+ RE
0 + 1

= 0.7 + IE 1100
= IC RC + VCE + ( IB + IC ) R E
) = VCE + IE (RC + R E
= 0.2 + IE 99100

VBB

VCC

VCC = 10 V IE = 0.9889 mA
VBB = 1.787 79 V

. ) (

:.
.

= 10 V
= 5V
= 9 k
= 1 k
= 90

VCC
VBB
RC
RE
0

R B
= 30
0

30
= 0.9677
31
VCC = IC RC + VCE + IE R E
VCC = IE RC + VCE + IE R E
10 = 0.2 + 9709 IE
IE = 1.009 mA
=

VBB = IB R B + VBE + IE R E
(
)
RB
VBB = VBE + IE
+ RE
+ 1
(
)
RB
3
+ 1000
5 = 0.7 + 1.009 10
30 + 1
R B = 101.111 k

..







.
IB
IB
VCE = VCC

:.

. ) (

:. -
.

VBE = 0.7 V

VBB = VBE + IB R B + IE R E
VBB VBE
IE = R
B
+1 + R E

3 0.7
10000
100 + 1000
= 3.36 mA

VBB = 3 V

+
V BE

:.

VCE = 10 V

. npn
npn pnp

Q2 IE
E
2I+ Q2
2 IE 1
Q1

IE
Q1 2 +1
IE
E
1 2I+
1
)( 1 +1)( 2 +1

Q1

npn darlington pair

. ) (

)(

)(

:.

:.
1IE2
1 2
1 2 3

:. .

:
5 = IB1 100000 + VBE1 + VBE2 + IE2 3600
VBE = 0.7 V

IE2
1 2

IB1

IE2
100000 + 0.7 + 0.7 + IE2 3600
39 79
= 0.917 mA

=5
IE2

VE2 = IE2 R E 2 = 0.917 103 3600 = 3.3 V
VB2 = VE2 + VBE2 = 3.3 + 0.7 = 4 V
VB1 = VE1 + VBE1 = VB2 + VBE1 = 4.7 V
VC2 20 0.917 103 8200 = 12.48 V

0.917 103
IE2
=
= 11.5 A
2 + 1
79 + 1
I
11.5 106
= = E1
= 288 nA
1 + 1
39 + 1

= IB2 = IE1
IB1

.
..
.

. ) (

0

3

)(.

= 3

)(.

:.
.

= 12 V
= 2.7 V
= 10 k
= 1 k
= 100 k

VCC
VBB
RC
RE
RB

0 )( 0 = 100
. ICQ VCQ

. IC VCE
:

. . .

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
0 +1

2.7 0.7
+ 1000

100000
100+1

= IEQ ICQ

= 1.004 975 mA
) VCC ICQ ( RC + R E

VCEQ

)12 1.004975 103 (9000 + 1000

= 1.95 V
VCE VCE

. = 50 = 150
100
+
150 + 50
=
= 100
2
2

= 0

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

2.7 0.7
100000
50+1 + 1000

= IEQ ICQ

= 0.6755 mA

. ) (
32.78 %
1.004975 0.6755
100 = 32.78 %
1.004975

) VCEQ VCC ICQ ( RC + R E

)= 12 0.6755 103 (9000 + 1000

= 5.245 V

VCE VCE

= 150
VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

2.7 0.7
+ 1000

100000
150+1

= IEQ ICQ

= 1.2032 mA

) VCE VCC ICQ ( RC + R E

)= 12 1.203 103 (9000 + 1000

= 0.032 V

= 0.2 V

VCE VCE

:.

.
0

.
. .

. ) (
VBB = IB R B + VBE + ( IB + IC ) R E
I
= E R B + VBE + IE R E
+1
VBB VBE
IE = R
IC
B
+
R
E
+1

)(.

VCC = IC RC + VCE + ( IB + IC ) R E
= IC RC + VCE + IE R E
VCE = VCC IC RC IE R E
) VCC IC ( RC + R E

)(.

. IC
R E R+B1

RB
+1

 RE

)(.

.
R E R+B1
10R B
0 + 1

= RE

)(.

R E R+B1
.
. .

:.
.

= 12 V
= 1.8 V
= 9 k
= 1 k
= 10.1 k

VCC
VBB
RC
RE
RB

0 100 IC VCE

: R E R B .
. = 50 = 150

0 = 100 .
VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
0 +1

= IEQ ICQ

1.8 0.7
+ 1000

10100
100+1

= 1 mA
) VCC ICQ ( RC + R E
)= 12 1 103 (9000 + 1000
= 2V

VCE

. ) (
. = 50
1.8 0.7
= 0.918 mA
+ 1000

10100
50+1

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

= IEQ ICQ

) VCE VCC ICQ ( RC + R E

)= 12 0.918 103 (9000 + 1000

= 2.82 V
8.2 %
1 103 0.918 103
100 = 8.2 %
1 103
. = 150
1.8 0.7
= 1.031 mA
+ 1000

10100
150+1

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

= IEQ ICQ

) VCE VCC ICQ ( RC + R E

)= 12 1.031 103 (9000 + 1000

= 1.69 V
3.1 %
1.031 103 1 103
100 = 3.1 %
1 103

. .

8.2

:.

.


.
.

:. . Rb = 150 k VCC = 12 V
50 ICQ VCEQ
:

VCC = IB Rb + VBE + IE Re
(
)
Rb
= VBE + IE
+ Re
+1
(
)
IE = + 1 IB ICQ IEQ

. ) (

VCC VBE

+ Re

Rb
+1

12 0.7
+ 1000

150000
49+1

= IE IC

= 2.825 mA

VCC = ICQ Rc + VCEQ + IEQ Re
) VCEQ + ICQ ( Rc + Re

VCEQ = 6.35 V

VBE
..

.
VD .
VBE
. VBE
IC

T1 T2 VBE1 VBE2
. IC1 IC2
VBB VBE1

+ RE

RB
+1

+ RE

RB
+1

VBB VBE2

= IC1

)(.

= IC2

)(.

V
VBE2
V
= BE1
= R BE
RB
B
+1 + R E
+1 + R E

IC = IC2 IC1

)(.

) (VBE2 VBE1 VBE

. R E R+B1

VBE
IC = R
B
+1 + R E
(
)
VBE

RE

)(.

. VBE
R E IC

..
.. ..

. ) (

IC ( , VBE , ) VBE
. . . VBE

IC
IC
+
VBE +

VBE

= IC

)(.

IC
VBE
IC
= SVBE
VBE
..
.
= S

)(.
)(.

IC = S + SVBE VBE +
SVBE S

.

)(.

1
RE
+ RE

RB
+1

SVBE =

)(.

.

stability factors

S
IC IC
S

S . 1 2

) 1 (VBB VBE
(
)
RB + 1 + 1 RE

) 2 (VBB VBE
(
)
RB + 2 + 1 RE

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
1 +1

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
2 +1

= IC1

)(.

= IC2

)(.

IC


) (1
(
( )
)
) 2 (VBB VBE
R B + ( 1 + 1) R E
IC2
=

IC1
R B + ( 2 + 1) R E
) 1 (VBB VBE
] 2 [ R B + ( 1 + 1) R E
] 1 [ R B + ( 2 + 1) R E
] 2 [ R B + ( 1 + 1) R E ] 1 [ R B + ( 2 + 1) R E
] 1 [ R B + ( 2 + 1) R E
2 RB + 2 1 RE + 2 RE 1 RB 1 2 RE 1 RE
] 1 [ R B + ( 2 + 1) R E
(
)
) 2 1 ( RB + RE
] 1 [ R B + ( 2 + 1) R E
) ( RB + RE

] 1 [ R B + ( 2 + 1) R E

=
IC2
= 1
IC1
IC2 IC1
I
= = C
IC1
IC1
IC
=
IC1

 . ) (

)
]

2 1

RB + RE
(
)
RB + 2 + 1 RE

I
I
S = C = C1

)(.

VBB SVBB
. . .

[
]
1
IC1
RB + RE
(
)
)(.
= IC

VBE +
1 RB + 2 + 1 RE
RE
IC

.
. ICa
VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

)(.

= ICa

ICb
R0B R E
R00E ) ( R0B + R E
.
V VBE
VBB VBE
= BB0
00
RE
RB + RE

= ICb

)(.

+
-

)(

)(

)(

:.
R0B .
ICa ICb
RB
+1

= R0B

RB
+1

)(.

ICa = ICb

)(.

VCE
) VCEa = VCC IC ( RC + R E
VCEb = VCC IC RC
VCEa 6= VCEb ICc
R B R0E

. ) (

R00B ) ( R B + R0E
.
VBB VBE
V VBE
(
) = ( BB
)
00
RB
R0E
RB
+1
+1 + +1

R0E
+1

= ICc

)(.

. R E

R0E
= RE
+1

)(.

ICc = ICa

)(.

VCEb 6= VCEc .

(
)
)(.
R0E = + 1 R E

:.
.
= 99
VCC = 15 V
VBB = 6.2 V
RC = 5 k
R E = 5 k
R B = 50 k

)(

)(

:.

. . IC
. R0B

. R0E

:
.
6.2 0.7
= 1 mA
+ 5000

50000
99+1

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

= ICa

.
RB
50000
=
= 500
+1
99 + 1

= R0B

. ) (

. R00E
R0B + R E = 500 + 5000 = 5500

VBB VBE
6.2 0.7
= 1 mA
=
0
RB + RE
500 + 5000

= ICb

.
R0E = ( + 1) R E = (99 + 1) 5000 = 500 k
.
R00B = R B + R0E = 50k + 500k = 550 k

6.2 0.7
VBB VBE
(
( = )
) = 1 mA
550000
99+1

R00B
+1

= ICc

. .
R E R0E
R E
R0E R0E R E

:.

R B

R0B R0B R B
IC

:. . R E
:

VBB = IB1 R B + VBE1 + VBE2 + IE2 R E

. ) (

IB1
1 2

= IE2

IB1
RE
1 2
R
= IB1 R B + VBE1 + VBE2 + E IB1
1 2
= IB1 R B + VBE1 + VBE2 + IB1 R0E

VBB = IB1 R B + VBE1 + VBE2 +

R0E
IB1 R B R0E
R0E R E
RE
1 2

..

iC v BE

. npn iC v BE
npn iC v BE pnp
iC v EB
)
npn
pnp

v BE
VT 1

iC = IS e
( v
)
EB
VT 1
iC = IS e

)(.
)(.

)(

)(

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

:.

 1



  v BE
 V
T

e
v BE

iC IS e VT

)(.

iC IS e VT

)(.

v EB

iC = i E iC = i B i E v BE
i B v BE
IS vVBE
e T

I vBE
i B = S e VT

= iE

)(.
)(.

.
v BE
i B iC i E v BE
V iC i E mA i B A
= 100 P v BE = 0.61 V
i B = 2 A iC = 0.2 mA i E = 0.202 mA

. ) (

P
0.6

6 0.6

0.606

4 0.4

0.404

2 0.2

0.202

0.2

:.

v BE 0.7 V
v BE = 0.5 V iC

0.5 V
iC
v BE 2 mV
v BE
= 2 mV/C
T

)(.

pnp v EB

.. iC vCE
. npn iC vCE
i B IB
.
VBB IB

)(

)(
+
-

+
-

npn :. iC vCE
i B IB VBB
VCC
0 V iC vCE
iC vCE
IB IB
i B iC vCE
.
vCE
iC
vCE
vCE

iC vCE
vCE
vCE = VA
VA
saturation region
active region

. ) (

npn :.

. m


 iC
=m
vCE  IB3

Early voltage

ro

 vCE
= ro
iC  IB
1
=
m

iC 1
=
vCE  IB
iC vCE

VA + VCE
IC

= ro

)(.

) (

VA
IC

ro

)(.

vCE IC

ro
. pnp iC v EC
= 0.2 V VEC v EC

:.
npn = VA
50 V 1 mA 100 A 10 mA

. ) (

pnp :. iC v EC
:
.
IC
50
=
= 500 k
VA
100 106
.
50
= 50 k
103

= ro

.
50
= 5 k
10 103

= ro

ro

:.

.


.

..
. vs

VBB = i B R B + v BE

)(.

v BE i B
VBEQ
IBQ .
.

. ) (

+
-

+
-

:.

)(.

VCC = iC RC + vCE

(
iC vCE )
) (VCC , 0

0, VRCC
C

R1C

iC vCE i B = IBQ
IBQ . iC
vCE
iC vCE

Q
) (VCEQ , ICQ
VCEQ

..
. vs
) (VBB + vs

VBB + vs = i B R B + v BE

)(.

i B v BE .

vs = Vp sin t

)(.

i B v BE Q a b
i B IBQ
i B
i B = IBQ + I p sin t

)(.

i B v BE .
vs ic vbe ib vce
vbe ib vs ic vce 180

.. VCC RC
. RC RC1
RC2 RC2 RC1
. RC1
iC vCE Q1

. ) (

:.

:.

)( )(

:.
vCE VCEQ1 RC2
iC vCE Q2
vCE VCEQ2
) ( .

VCC
. VCC
VCCa VCCb VCC VCCb
VCCa Qb Q a

..
. IB iC vCE
IB IB
Q Q2 ICQ ICQ2
VCEQ VCEQ2 IB

 . ) (

:.

IB
vCE VCE 0.2 V IB
iC vCE

IB
VCC
ICQ
RC
IB

.

IB
ICQ IB

ICQ = 0 A VCEQ = VCC

)(

)(

:.

..

IB


.
IBQ

vce
vs vce
vce
a
b vce
c
vce
. vCE

. ) (

VCE VCC
A B vCE
Q A
B
vce

..
VBE
R E .
R E

R E
R E
. R E

R E
R E



..

.

bypass capacitor

VCC = iC RC + vCE + i E R E
) vCE + iC ( RC + R E

)(.

i E iC

. i E IEQ ie

. IEQ R E
VEQ = IEQ R E

.
1
jC ie
= 0
E

ie IE
VEQ = IEQ R E

(
)
(
)
VCC = ICQ + ic RC + VCEQ + vce + IEQ R E

)(.

) VCC VCEQ + ICQ ( RC + R E

)(.

IEQ ICQ
.
.
. . .
.
vi

.
DC load line

 . ) (

)(

)(

)(
+

:.

)(

)(

)(

:.

ic RC + vce = VCC ICQ RC VCEQ IEQ R E
|
{z
}

)(.

. VCC ICQ RC VCEQ ICQ R E = 0

ic RC + vce = 0

)(.

.


. = RC + R E R
. = R E R



. Q1

1
R

m = R1

iC
iC
iC
) (VCEQ , IC Q ICQ

AC load line

. ) (

)(

)(

:.
. Q2
iC VCE 0.2 V
P
VCE iC
IP iC
IP ICQ2
( x y m
)
0
0
0
0
) y y = m(( x x
x y

)
iC vCE VCEQ , ICQ
R1c
)
( 1
vCE VCEQ
Rc

iC ICQ =

)(.

. Q1 Q2
iC
iC .
.

VCE
2ICQ iC ICQ
. vCE = 0 iC = 2ICQ
)
( 1
0 VCEQ
RC

2ICQ ICQ =

VCEQ = ICQ RC

)(.

.
ICQ IEQ .

VCC
2RC + R E

= ICQ

= RC + R E R = RC R

VCC
+ RR

= ICQ

)(.

.
VCCR
+ RR

= VCEQ

)(.

. .

. ) (

:.
:. . R E = 200 RC = 1 k = VCC
12 V

: . . = 1000 + 200 = 1200 R
= 200 R
12
= 8.57 mA
1200 + 200
12 1000
=
= 8.57 V
1200 + 200

= ICQ
VCEQ

8.57 mA

:. = 37 R B VBB

10R B
R E = +1 : R B = 760

:.

(

)
RB
= VBE + IE
+ RE
+1
(
)
760
3
= 0.7 + 8.57 10
+ 200 = 2.58 V
37 + 1

VBB

:. . RC = 1.2 k VCC = 17 V
50 150 VBE
0.6 0.8 VCE 0.2 V R B VBB R E
iC 4 mA
: .
CC
RCV+
VCC R E

R1C Q1 Q2
iC 4 mA Q1

. ) (

Q2 iC
4 mA
Q1 iC ICQ1
ICQ1 4 mA iC 4 mA

)(.

ICQ1 = 4 mA

Q2 VCE
P VCE
iC IP ICQ2 Q2
ICQ2 P ICQ2 + 4 mA iC 4 mA

y
0
0
) y y = m( x x m = x
y x
Q2 P
ICQ2 + 4 mA ICQ2
1
=
1200
VCEQ2VCE

VCEQ2 0.2 = 4 103 1200

VCEQ2 = 5 V

)(.

.

) VCC = VCEQ2 + ICQ2 ( RC + R E

)(.

:.
.
) VCC = 5 + ICQ2 ( RC + R E
ICQ2
12
VCC 5
=
RC + R E
1200 + R E

= ICQ2

)(.

Q1 Q2 ICQ

ICQ1 < ICQ < ICQ2
12
< 4 mA < ICQ
1200 + R E

)(.

R E < 1.8 k
VBE .

(
)
RB
)(.
VBB = VBE + ICQ
+ RE
+1

. ) (

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

)(.

= ICQ

. R E
R E = 1 k = 50
R B = 5.1 k ICQ1 = 4 mA
VBE = 0.8 V = 50

(
)
5100
3
VBB = 0.8 + 4 10
+ 1000 = 5.2 V
50 + 1
VBE = 0.6 V = 150 .
5.2 0.6
= 4.45 mA
+ 1000

5100
150+1

= ICQ

R E = 1 k . ICQ2 = 5.45 mA
4.45 mA
R E = 1 k
R B = 5.1 k
VBB = 5.2 V

:. . CC R L

+
-

)(

)(

:.

iC

:

VCC = iC RC + vCE + i E R E
) vCE + iC ( RC + R E

)(.
)(.

) VCC VCEQ + ICQ ( RC + R E

)(.

VBB VCC
RC
R L
)

coupling capacitor

RC R L
RC + R L

(
vce + ic

)(.

. ) (

iC = ICQ + ic vCE = VCEQ + vce

(
)
)
( RC + R L
)(.

iC ICQ =
vCE VCEQ
RC R L
.
. .
RC R L
RC + R L

)(.

= ICQVCEQ = ICQ R

RC R L
) + ICQ ( RC + R E
RC + R L

VCC
+ RR

VCC = ICQ

VCC
RC R L
RC + R L

)(.

= ICQ

+ RC + R E
VCC
= = ICQ R
R
1 + R

)(.

VCEQ

. iC
ICQ ic
R L RC R L i RL
R I

R LC+CQ
RC

RC
VCC
RC

= ICQ
=
R
R
C L
R L + RC
R L + RC
+ RC + R E
RC + R L

i RL

)(.

:. . RC = R L = 2 k VCC = 12 V
R E = 400 iC

: =2.4 k R =1 k R .

12
= 3.529 mA
2400 + 1000
= 3.529 103 1000 = 3.529 V

= ICQ
VCEQ

ic 3.529 mA R L
i RL 1.765 mA

..

. ) (

npn
( F )

npn

( V
)
BE
VT
iCF = IS e
1
)(.
i EF i BF
)

VBE
VT

1
)
( V
)
( V
BE
BE
IS
=
e VT 1 IS e VT 1
F
e

I
i
= CF = S
F
F

i EF

)(.

i BF = i EF iCF

)(.

. .

)( V
(
)
( V
)
BE
BE
1
I
S
1
= e VT 1
)(.
i BF = IS
e VT 1
F
F

1 F
1
=
F
F

1
1
F

(
)(.

iCF = F i EF iCF = F i BF
.

)(

)(

npn :. -
npn . .
) . ( .


.

)

v BE
VT

(
i F = IS e

)(.

DBE .
ISBE
spice

 . ) (

v BE
VT

(
i D = ISBE e

)(.

ISBE

IS
F

= ISBE

)(.

ISBE

. iCF
i F
( v
)
BE
VT
)(.
iCF = IS e
1
i EF DBE IDBE

)
( v
BE
IS
VT
)(.
= i EF
1
e
F
) (i BF = i EF iCF

( v
)
( v
)
BE
BE
IS
= i BF
e VT 1 IS e VT 1
)(.
F
. . .
. . . .

i BR iCR i ER R
) ( R

E E

ISBC

IS
R

)(.

= ISBC

( v
)
BC
IS
VT
e
1
= i DBC
R

)(.

i R

( v
)
BC
)(.
i R = IS e VT 1

iCR
( v
)
BC
IS
VT
= iCR
e
1
R
i ER i R
( v
)
BC
VT
= IS e
1

i ER

)(.

)(.

. ) (

i BR
( v
)
( v
)
BC
BC
IS
VT
VT
)(.
= i BR = iCR i ER
e
1 IS e
1
R
. .

)
)
(
)( v
( v
BC
BC
I
1
S
)(.
i BR = IS
1
= e VT 1
e VT 1
R
R

1
R

1 R
R

1
1
R

(
)(.

npn
.
. npn
) ( v BE 0 V
) ( v BC 0.5 V v BE = 0.65 V
v BC = 0.5 V IS = 1014 A i F = 1.957 mA
i R IS i R
.
npn



i F i R

npn :. -
R = 0.01 F = 0.99 IS = 1014 A

VBE = 0.65 V

IF = 1.9573 mA

IC = 1.9573 mA
IE = 1.9771 mA
IB = 19.573 A

VBC = 0.65 V

. ) (
iC
i CR

i CF

) ( I
S

iF

) ( I
S

i EF

i CR

i CF

) ( I

iB

iF

B
iR

) ( I
S

i ER

)(

iC

i EF

B
iR

i ER

)(

iE

iB

E
iE

npn :.

IR = 1.9573 mA
) (
IE = 1.9573 mA
IC = 195.73 mA
IB = 197.76 mA


i F i R
.
i E = i EF i ER = i EF R iCR
iC = iCF iCR = F i EF iCR
i B = i E iC

)(.
)(.
)(.

. . .

( v
)
( v
)
BC
BE
IS
VT
VT
)(.
iC = IS e
1
e
1
R
v BE
I vBC
)(.
IS e VT S e VT
R
.
v BC
IS vVBE
e T IS e VT
F

iE

)(.

.
(

) ( v
)
v BC
BE
IS vVBE
IS vVBC
V
V
e T IS e T IS e T
e T
iB
F
R
)
)
(
(
v BC
v BE
1
1
VT
1 IS e
1 IS e VT
=
+
F
R
v BC
v BE
I
I
= S e VT + S e VT
F
R
.

)(.

v BC

e VT
( v v
)
v BC
BE BC
1
VT
VT
iC = IS e
)(.
e

.
vCE = v BE v BC

)(.

. ) (
-

+
+

:.
)

vCE
VT

(
e

v BC
VT

iC = IS e

)(.

v BE v BC
VT

vCE
VT

v BC
VT

i B = IS e

1
e
+
F
R

v BC
VT

= IS e

. .
( v
)
)
( v
v BC
CE
CE
1
1
VT
VT
VT
IS e
e
R
R
e
iC
)
( v
) = F ( v
=
CE
CE
v BC
iB

V
F
V
e T + R
IS e VT e T + 1
R

)(.

)(.

)(.

vCE

) (iC /i B
1
+

vCE = VT ln R (i /iR )
1 C F B

)(.

iC

F i B
0.9 F i B
F
)
R

V T (2.2+ln

v CE

v CE

:.-

F 1
R 0.01 F R

. .
vCE iC
) ( F i B

iC )
iC = 0.9 F i B( .

 . ) (
vCE

1+ R
0.9 F
+

= VT ln R
1 0.9

VCE = VCE

)(.

VCE F R

)
F
R

0.9 F
R

= VT ln 9 F = VT 2.2 + ln
1 0.9
R

)(.

VT ln VCE

F = 180 R = 0.01 = 0.2995 V VCE

F = 100 R = 0.15 = 0.217 56 VVCE
= 0.2 VVCE

..

pnp -

.
pnp

pnp
pnp ) ( E B pnp
v EB
)
( v
EB
VT
1
i F = IS e
( v
)
CB
VT
i R = IS e
1

)(

)(

)(

pnp :. -

..

. ) ( npn
i EF iCF ) ( F

) (
i F
i F



DBE .
ISBE ISBE
IS
F

= ISBE

)(.

 . ) (

i CF

i BF

C
iF

i EF
)(

i CR

) ( I

iF
F
D BE

D BC

iR

iR
R

) ( I
S

E
i BR

i ER

)(

npn :.
DBE ISBE

IS
F

DBE

( v
)
BE
IS
VT
= i DF
)(.
e
1
F

)

v BE
VT

1
( v
)
BE
IS
iF
VT
=
e
1
= = i DF
F
F
( v
)
BE
iCF
IS
= = i BF + iCF
=
e VT 1
F
F

iCF = i F = IS e

)(.

i BF

)(.

i EF

)(.

.
) (

DBC
ISBC
IS
R

= ISBC

)(.

)(
i R

i R
)

v BC
VT

(
i R = IS e

)(.

v BC
VT

i ER = i R = IS e
1
( v
)
BC
IS
iR
VT
=
e
1
= i BR
R
R
( v
)
BC
IS
iR
VT
=
= iCR = i BR + i ER
e
1
R
R

)(.
)(.
)(.

( R)
) (
i R i R

npn
. .
npn i F

. ) (

v BC
VT

v BE
VT

i =i i = I ( e
S

iC
IS
R

) (

IR
R

iT
IS
F

) (

iE
E

iF
F

iB
B

D BE

npn :.
i R i T
iT = iF iR
( v
)
( v
)
BC
BE
VT
VT
= IS e
1 IS e
1
)
( v
v BC
BE
VT
VT
e
= IS e

)(.

i T
.
. .

i EF i ER
iCF iCR

iC = iCF iCR
i E = i EF i ER
i B = i BF i BR

)(.
)(.
)(.

)
( v
BC
IS
VT
1
e
1
R
(
()
)
)
v BC
1
VT
1 IS 1 +
1
e
R
)
( v
)
BC
IS
VT
1 IS
1
e
R
)
)
( v
BC
IS
VT
1
e
1
R

1

1+

v BE
VT

(
iC = IS e

v BE

= IS e VT

v BE

)(.

= IS e VT
( v
BE
IS e VT

IS

= 1 + 1

( v
)
( v
)
BC
BE
IS
VT
VT
e
1 IS e
1
= iE
F
(
()
)
( v
)
v BE
BC
1
VT
VT
= IS 1 +
e
1 IS e
1
F
)
( v
)
( v
v BC
BE
BE
IS
VT
VT
VT
e
+
e
1
IS e
F

= 1 + 1
IS
)
( v
)
BC
IS
1 +
e VT 1
R
1

1+

)(.

v BE

e VT

I
iB = S
F

)(.

. .
i T .

. ) (

)

v BC
VT

v BE
VT

(
i T = i F i R = IS e

)(.

. .
( v
)
BC
IS
VT
e
1
iC = i T
R
( v
)
BE
IS
VT
iE = iT +
e
1
F

)(.
)(.

:.
npn iC i B i E

: .
)
( v
BE
IS
VT
=
1
e
F
( v
)
BC
IS
VT
=
e
1
R

i DBE
i DBC

i B
i B = i DBE + i DBC
( v
)
( v
)
BC
BE
IS
I
S
=
e VT 1 +
e VT 1
F
R

)(.
)(.

i ER

i EF
E

iF

iF
F

) ( I
S

D CB

) ( I

iR

iR
R

C
)(

i BR

i CF

i CR

i BF

D EB

)(

pnp :.

)

( v
)
BC
IS
VT
e

e
1
R
)
( v
)
v BC
BE
IS
VT
VT
e

e
1
F
v BC
VT

v BE
VT

iC = i T i DBC = IS e
( v
BE
i E = i T + i DBE = IS e VT

)(.
)(.

. .

:. : . pnp
.
v EB 0V
pnp
v EB vCB

. ) (

pnp :.


)

v EB
VT

i F = IS e
1
( v
)
CB
i R = IS e VT 1

)(.
)(.

.



..

+
-

+
-

+
-

)(

)(

:.
)(

)(

:. -

..
.
VBE .
Q . VBE
vbe vbe

iC v BE .
vbe ic

. ) (

.
.
ic = gm vbe

)(.


 iC
= gm
v BE Q

)(.

. . .
. ic (t) ) vbe (t ic vbe
t
. ic
vbe gm gm


gm


gm gm
A/V

.. rbe re
v BE
i B i E .
small signal transconductance gain
transconductance gain
transconductance
Siemens

i B v BE i B v BE
rbe

 v BE
= rbe
)(.
i B Q
m
1
m

= rbe


i B 1
=
v BE Q

rbe

)(.

rbe r
i B i E
re

 v BE
= re
)(.
i E Q
i E v BE m1
1
m1

= re

)(.


i E 1
= re
v BE Q

)(.

. ) (

..
VA vCE iC
.
.
VBE

IC = IS e VT
VCE = VCC IC RC

)(.
)(.

v BE = VBE + vbe

)(.

iC = IC + ic

)(.

v BE

iC = IS e VT

VBE +vbe
VT
vbe

= IS e

)(.

VBE

= IS e VT e VT

.
vbe
VT

iC = IC e

)(.

vbe << VT

[
]
) (
) (
1 vbe
1 vbe 2
)(.
iC = IC 1 +
+
+
1! VT
2! VT

.

) (
1 vbe

1! VT
 2 VT

)2

vbe
VT

1
!2

)(.

vbe

v
1 + be
VT

(
iC IC

)(.

.
2 VT = 2 0.025 = 0.05 V
vbe
) 0.05 V ( vbe
10 mV .

:.
. . IC = 1 mA = vbe
10 mV iC

: .
]

1.48 mA

)2

0.01
0.025

1
+
!2

0.01
0.025

1
1+
!1

[
iC = 103

. ) (
.

= 1.4 mA

0.01
0.025

iC = 103 1 +

1.48 1.4
100 = 5.4 %
1.4
10 mV

.
IC
v
VT be

iC = IC +

)(.

. iC
IC .
) ( VICT vbe

IC
v
VT be

= ic

)(.

ic = gm vbe

)(.

IC
VT

= gm

)(.

. ic
vbe gm gm

S .
. .
IC IC
gm

:.
1 mA 0.1 mA 10 mA

: . IC = 0.1 mA
0.1 103
IC
=
= 4 mS
VT
25 103

= gm

IC = 1 mA
1 103
IC
=
= 40 mS
VT
25 103

= gm

IC = 10 mA
10 103
IC
=
= 0.4 S
VT
25 103

transconductance
siemens

= gm

. ) (
.
ic
vbe

= gm

)(.

ic vbe . vbe
vbe
v BE = VBE + v BE

)(.

IC
v BE
VT

iC = IC +

iC = IC + iC

)(.

)(.

IC
v BE
VT

= iC

iC = gm v BE

)(.
)(.

iC
v BE

= gm

)(.

. gm
iC v BE


 iC
= gm
)(.
v BE Q

. gm
. iC v BE
gm
. ) ( Q

. .


v BE

iC = IS e VT
iC
I vBE
= S e VT
v BE
VT

)(.

. gm
v BE = VBE
) (VBE , IC

 i
 gm = C
VT vBE =VBE
VBE

I e VT
= S
VT

.
IC
VT

= gm

)(.

. i B v BE
rbe

i B 1
= rbe
)(.
v BE Q

. ) (
iC = i B
iC
I vBE
= S e VT

= iB

)(.

rbe
.
v BE
i B
I
= S e VT
v BE
VT

= vbe
VBE

 i B
IS VVBE
=
e T
v BE vBE =VBE
VT
.

 i B
I
= C

v BE vBE =VBE
VT


i B 1
=
v BE vBE =VBE

rbe

VT
IC

= rbe

)(.

gm
= rbe gm
= rbe

)(.

rbe
.
IC gm
rbe
rbe i E v BE
re

i E 1
)(.
= re
v BE Q

v BE
VT

IS
e

v BE
i E
I
= S e VT
v BE
VT

 i E
IS VVBE
e T
=
v BE Q
VT
I
= C
VT

= iE

VT
IC

= re

)(.

)(.

gm
gm

+1

= re

)(.

= .
rbe
+1

= re

)(.

. ) (

)(

)(

:.

(
)
rbe = + 1 re

)(.

rbe re
R E
(
)
+ 1 R E R B
) ( R+B1
rbe
re
rbe
rbe ( r+be1)

. re
re
(
)
+ 1 re .
.
:.

pnp re rbe gm ro

: .


 iC
= gm
 v EB
Q

VEB
VT

IS e
VT

IC
VT

iC

)(.

= gm

= i B


 1


VT

 v EB
 i B
=
=
=
=
 i B
 v EB
IC
gm
Q

iC

rbe

)(.

= i E
VT
r

1
= = be
=
IC
+1
gm
gm

= re

)(.

ro


V
 v EC
V + VEC
)(.
= ro
A
= A

 iC
IC
IC
Q

. ) (

.

gm rbe

iC
ic
=
v BE
vbe
v BE
v
=
= be
i B
ib

= gm

)(.

rbe

)(.

ic = gm vbe
v
ib = be
rbe

)(.
)(.

vbe
ib
ic
. ic vbe
ic vCE
ic vCE


.
vbe = ib rbe
ic = gm vbe
. .

+
)(

)(

:.

) (
. .
.
vbe
= gm vbe
rbe

ib =

.
. pnp
. vbe veb

pnp veb vbe

.
pnp .

:. . B E 0.1 V
C E 10 k gm = 0.4 S
low frequency small signal model

. ) (

+
)(

)(

pnp :.

:.
rbe = 1 k .


: .
0.1
= 0.1 mA
1000
= 0.1 V

= iB
v BE

iC = 0.04 0.1 = 4 m

:.

v L = iC 10000 = 0.004 10000 = 4 V
E
i E = i B + iC = 4.1 mA

. .

0.1
= 0.1 mA
1000
= 0.1 V

= iB
veb

iC gm veb iC = gm veb

iC = 0.04 (0.1) = 4 mA

v L = iC 10000 = 0.004 10000 = 4 V

. ) (

i E = i B + iC = 4.1 mA

pnp
.

.. T
)
. ( .


T
T
ro
npn T . C
E ro ro
. C
ic = gm vbe re vbe
ie = vrbee ib = ie ic

T
.

+
)(

)(

)(

:.

VT
IC
r
VT
= re = be
+1
IC
I
gm = C
VT
= rbe

. ) (

ib = ie ic
v
= be gm vbe
re
(
)
IC
IC
= vbe

VT VT
(
)
IC
1
=
v
VT be

1
I
= C vbe
VT

vbe
=
rbe

T

ic = ie

. pnp T veb
vbe
. pnp .

.. ro
. ro iC vce
ro .
ro

+
)(

)(

)(

pnp :. T

+
)(

)(

:. ro

. ) (

+
-

+
+

+
-

)(

)(

:.

. VBE
VBE
vbe iC v BE
iC IC
v BE VBE .

VBE

IC = IS e VT
VCE = VCC IC RC

iC = IC + ic
v BE

= IS e VT

VBE +vbe
VT
vbe
VT

VBE
VT
vbe
VT

= IS e
= IS e
= IC e

)(.
)(.

.

[
]
) (
) (
1 vbe
1 vbe 2
iC = IC 1 +
+
+
1! VT
2! VT

IC
v
VT be

iC IC +

=
.
IC
v
VT be
IC + ic = IC + gm vbe
iC = IC +

)(.

ic = gm vbe
.

= VCC iC RC
= VCC ( IC + ic ) RC
= VCC IC RC ic RC
= ic RC

vCE
VCE + vce
VCE + vce
VCE VCC + IC RC +vce
|
{z
}
=0

. .

vce = gm Rc vbe

)(.

. ) (

:.
Av
vce
= Av
= gm R C
vbe

)(.

. . . IC
VCE . .
ic vce

.
vbe RC .

ic = gm vbe

)(.

.

VRC
R
I VR


v RC = i c R C
= gm RC vbe

)(.

vce v RC
) ( vce = v RC
vce = gm RC vbe

)(.

Av
vce
= gm R C
vbe

= Av

)(.

. .


. .
.








.


vbe
)
vbe vbe
(

. ) (

)(
+
-

)(
)(

)(

) :.( )( )(

)(

VCC
VBE





rbe gm

.
) (

.
IC VCE
. )
( VCE > VCE
.

IC

. ) (

IC
VT

= rbe
gm
VT
1
= re

IE
gm

= gm

.


.
) Av Ri Ro
(
.
) vo (
) vo
(

. R B
0

IC VCE
VBB = IB R B + VBE
VBB VBE
= IB
RB

+
)(

+
)(

)(

) :.( )( )(

)(

 . ) (

VBB VBE
RB

(
IC = 0 IB = 0

)(.

R B

VBB VBE
) (
RB
0

RB
0

= IC

VCE = VCC IC RC

)(.

VCE VCE


IC gm rbe
Av
) vs = ib ( R B + rbe
vs
= ib
R B + rbe
vbe = ib rbe
vs rbe
R B + rbe

= vbe

ic = gm vbe
vo = ic RC

vo
(
)
(
)
vs rbe
vo = ic RC = gm vbe RC = gm RC
R B + rbe
Av
vo
gm rbe RC
=
vs
R B + rbe

= Av

)(.

vo

:.
.

= 100
= 15 V
= 2.5 V
= 7.5 k
= 180 k

0
VCC
VBB
RC
RB

Av

:
(
)
(
)
VBB VBE
2.5 0.7
IC = 0
= 100
= 1 mA
RB
180000
VCE = VCC IC RC = 15 103 7.5 103 = 7.5 V

. ) (

VCE ) VCE ( 0.2 V

IC
1 103
=
= 40 mS
VT
25 103
0
100
= rbe
=
= 2.5 k
gm
40 103
1
1
= 25
re
=
gm
40 103

= gm

Av
vo
gm rbe RC
0.04 2500 7.5 103
=
=
= 4.109 V/V
vs
R B + rbe
180 103 + 2500

= Av

vs 4.109
Av


180
.



vo
.
7.5 V
7.3 V 7.3 V
7.3 V
1.777 V

  
  vo   7.3
 = 1.777 V
 =   = | |vs
Av
 4.109

vs
1V

4.109 V
vo

v o=4.109 v s

:.-

1.5

vs

)(

)(

0.5
0
7

-0.5
-1

4
2

vo

0
-2
-4
-6

:. -

v o=4.109v s

. ) (

:.

:. . VA = 200 V
. Av
ro : .
.
VA
200
=
= 200 k
IC
1 103

= ro

.
RC ro roro+RRCC

:.
ro k RC
(
)
(
)
ro RC
200000 7500
vo = ic
= ic
= 7229ic
ro + RC
200000 + 7500

ic = gm vbe = 40 103 vbe

(
)
(
)
rbe
2500
= vbe
= vs
vs = 0.0137vs
R B + rbe
180000 + 2500

vo = 7229 40 103 0.0137vs = 3.96vs

vo
= 3.96 V/V
vs

= Av

. Av = 4.109 V/V ro



  3.96 4.109

 100 = 3.76 %


3.96

. ) (

ro

ro
ro
ro RC
RC ro
RC ro

:. . R E
Av ri
:

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

= IC

VCE = VCC IC RC IE R E
) VCC IC ( RC + R E
VCE VCE

IC
IC
VT

= rbe
gm

1
= re

gm
gm

= gm

)(

ic

)(

:. R E

)(

. ) (

re gm


ro

ib
ic = ib

(
)
ie = ib + ic = + 1 ib

(
)
vs = ib R B + ib r + + 1 ib R E
(
(
) )
= ib R B + r + + 1 R E

vs
(
)
R B + r + + 1 R E

= ib

(
)
vs
= R B + r + + 1 R E
ib

= ri

ic = ib vo = ic RC
RC vs
(
)
R B + r + + 1 R E

vo = RC ib =

vo
RC
(
)
=
vs
R B + r + + 1 R E

= Av

)(.

RC

+ re + R E

RB
+1

+1

RC

+ re + R E

RB
+1

RC

+ re + R E
= re

r
+1

RB
+1

Av =

)(.

)
. + 1 R E
) (
v E = + 1 ib ( R E
E . )
. ib + 1 R E

(
)
(
)
v E = + 1 ib R E = ib + 1 R E

.
)

vs = ib R B + ib r + ib + 1 R E


(
)
vs
= ri
= R B + r + + 1 R E
ib

. ) (
ic = ib vo = ic RC
RC vs
(
)
R B + r + + 1 R E

vo = RC ib =

RC
vo
(
)
=
vs
R B + r + + 1 R E

= Av

R E


(
)
+ 1 R E



RC
(
)
R B + rbe + + 1 R E

(
)

RC

=
rbe
R
B
+1
+1 + +1 + R E

RC

= R
B
+
r
+
R
e
E
+1

Av =

r+be1 re

.

RC R E
rbe R B r+be1 R+B1 r+be1
re R E

RB
+ re + R E
+1

= RE

R B vs
RC

RC
RE

(
Av =

)(.

.
) (1 .
VBB
vs R B .

. ) (

.
gm rbe RC
R B + rbe
RC
=
R B + rbe

Av =

rbe
+1

RC
) ( RB

+1 +

+1

(=

RC
)

+ re

RB
+1

RC
RE

:.
.

= 12 V
= 2.35 V
= 99
= 150 k
= 75 k
= 15 k

vs
ib

VCC
VBB

RB
RC
RE

= ri Av

.
:
2.35 0.7
= 0.1 mA
150000
+
15000
99+1

VBB VBE

+ RE

RB
+1

= IC

) VCE VCC IC ( RC + R E

= 12 0.1 103 (75000 + 15000) = 3 V

VCE VCE 0.2 V


3 0.2 = 2.8 V 12 3 = 9 V
2.8 V
IC
0.1 103
IC
=
= 4 mS
VT
25 103

99
= rbe
=
= 24.75 k
gm
0.004

0.99
VT
=
=
= 247.5
= re
IE
gm
0.004

= gm

(
)
vs
= R B + rbe + + 1 R E
ib
= 150000 + 24750 + (99 + 1) 15000
= 1.674 75 M

= ri

. ) (

vo
RC
=
vs
R B + rbe + ( + 1) R E
99 75000
=
150000 + 24750 + (99 + 1) 15000
= 4.4335 V/V

= Av

RC = RC = 75 k

RB
+ re + R E
+1
150000
=
+ 247.5 + 15000
99 + 1
= 16 747.5

= RE

= 4.4335 V/V

75000
16747.5

= 0.99

RC
RE

(
Av =

:. .

0.001 sin t v L

vL
vi

= Av

= vi

)(

)(

:.--
: .

VBB = IE R E + VEB + IB R B
(
)
IE
= IE R E + VEB +
RB
+1
(
)
RB
= VEB + IE R E +
+1

1.69 0.7
= 1.8 mA
7500
500 + 149
+1

= IC = IE

VCC = IE R E + VEC + IC RC
) VEC + IC ( R E + RC

VEC = 15 1.8 103 (500 + 5600) = 4.02 V

. ) (

:.--
VEC

IC
1.8 103
=
= 0.072 S
VT
25 103

149
=
=
= 2069
gm
0.072

= gm
rbe

.
. .

vi
vi
=
= ib
7500 + 2069 + 75000
84569
vi
= vbe = ib 2069
2069 = 0.024465vi
84569

ic = 0.072vbe
v L = ic 5600
= 0.072 vbe 5600
0.072 (0.024465vi ) 5600
= 9.864vi

vL
= 9.864 V/V
vi

= Av

RC = 5.6 k
RB
r
RE = + 1 + +be 1 + RE = 563.79
5600
RC
=
= 9.933 V/V
563.79
RE

Av =

Av


  9.933 9.864

 100 = 0.69 %


9.933
IC IE IC

(
)

= IC = IE
IE = 1.788 mA
+1
1.788 103
IC
=
= 0.071 52 S
VT
25 103

=
= 2083.333
gm

= gm
rbe

vi
vi
=
7500 + 2083.33 + 75000
84583.33
vi
= = ib 2083.33
2083.33 = 0.02463vi
84583.33

= ib
vbe

. ) (

ic = gm vbe = 0.07152 0.02463vi = 1.7615376 103 vi

v L = ic 5600 = 1.7615376 103 vi 5600 = 9.8646vi

vL
= 9.865 V/V
vi

= Av

RC = 5.6 k
7500
2083.33
RE = 149 + 1 + 149 + 1 + 500 = 563.889

149
5600
RC
=

= 9.865 V/V
149 + 1 563.889
RE

Av =

vi = 0.001 sin t
v L = 9.864 0.001 sin t = 0.009864 sin t

.
. R E

. .
Ri Ri0
Ri
Ri0 vs ] R0
R Ri0
[

(
)
) Ri = + 1 (r e + R E
(
)
= rbe + + 1 R E

Ri0 = R B + Ri
(
)
) = R B + + 1 (r e + R E

)(.

Ri
= re + R E
+1
Ri0
RB
=
+ re + R E
+1
+1
. R E Ri0

. R B
Ri
Ri

. ) (
)(

)(

:.
.
.
(
)
Ri
= vb
vs
R B + Ri
)
( (
)
)(.
) + 1 (r e + R E
(
)
vs
=
) R B + + 1 (r e + R E
. Ri .

RC = RC
R E = re + R E

vo
RC
RC
=
=
vb
re + R E
RE

)
vb

RC
re + R E

= A0v

)(.

(
vo =

)(.

)(

)(

:.
vb .
)
)
(
( ()
) + 1 (r e + R E
RC
(
)
)(.
vs
vo =
re + R E
) R B + + 1 (r e + R E

RC
+ re + R E

RB
+1

vo
=
vs

= Av

)(.

.
. re + R E R E
R E = R+i1

Av

. ) (

:.
Ri
Ri

vb vb Ri

RC
=

RE
R E

vo
vs

vo
vb

= A0v R E

= Av A0v vb

:. .
Av = vvos = 100 re = 25

: .

Ri = (100 + 1) (25 + 1000) 100 k

)(

)(

:.

80 k k 10 k k 100 k = 8.16 k

)
vs = 0.803vs

8160
2000 + 8160

(
= vb

10000
vo
RC
=
=
= 9.756 V/V
vb
25 + 1000
RE

= A0v

vo vb
vo
=

= 9.756 0.803 = 7.834 V/V

vs
vb
vs

= Av

. ) (

+
-

:. Av

..
Av

Av
.

vo = ic RC
ic = gm vbe
r vs
= vbe
r + R B

)(.

vo
= RC = 10 000
ic
ic
= gm = 0.04
vbe
vbe
r
2200
=
=
= 0.5238
vs
r + R B
2200 + 2000

)(.

vo ic
RC
10 000
vo ic
vico 10 000
ic vbe
gm
0.04
ic vbe vic
be

0.04


0.5238
Av .
Av
) ( ) ( ) (
vo
ic
vbe
vo
)(.
= Av
=

vs
ic
vbe
vs
vbe
vs

.
.
) vbe ic vo ( .
Av

Av = 10000 0.04 0.5238 = 209.52 V/V

)(.

.
) vs

vs (

. ) (

. )
r gm (
.


.

. ) ( ) (

. .

vo
vs

= Av

v0
vo
= RC = 10 000
ic

vo
ic

Av
)

ic
vs

vo
ic

(
= Av

) (
ic
ic

vs

ic

ic
= gm = 0.04
vbe
Av
) ( ) ( ) (
vo
ic
vbe
= Av

ic
vbe
vs
Av

vbe

vo
vs
.

:.
. : .


vo = ic RC
ic = gm vbe
r vs
(
)
R B + r + + 1 R E

= vbe

)(.

. ) (

+
-

:.

vo
= RC = 75 000
ic
ic
= gm = 0.004
vbe
vbe
r
(
)
=
vs
R B + r + + 1 R E
24750
=
150000 + 24750 + (99 + 1) 15000
= 0.014 778 325

) ( ) ( ) (
vo
ic
vbe
= Av

ic
vbe
vs
)= (75000) (0.004) (0.014778325
= 4.433 V/V

)(.

)(.

vo = ic RC vo ic
ic
ic = gm vbe ic vbe
vbe vs

:.
.

= 179
= 15 k
= 1.7 M
= 375 k

RE
R2
RL

= 15 V
= 75 k
= 320 k
= 5 k
vo
vs

= Av

VCC
RC
R1
Rs

. ) (

. .

R1 VCC
320 103 15
=
= 2.376 24 V
R1 + R2
320 103 + 1.7 106
R1 R2
320 103 1.7 106
=
=
= 269.3 k
R1 + R2
320 103 + 1.7 106

= Vth
Rth

Vth VBE

+ RE

Rth
+1

2.37624 0.7

+ 15 103

269.3103
179+1

= IC

= 0.1016 mA

) VCE VCC IC ( RC + R E

(
)
= 15 0.1016 103 75 103 + 15 103

= 5.856 V
VCE > 0.2 V

)(

)(

)(

)(

:.

IC
0.1016 103
=
= 4.046 mS
VT
25 103
179

=
= 44.045 k
= rbe
gm
4.064 103
1
= 246
re
gm

= gm

) ( XC
.
VCC CC CB
RC R2

. ) (
)(

)(

+
-

)(

)(

:.


RC RL

(
)
+ 1 R E .
Av
vb
R2 R1 ] [rbe + ( + 1) R E
Rm1
1
1
1
1
(
)
=
+
+
Rm1
R1 R2 rbe + + 1 R E

)(.

)( Av

+
)(

)(

vb :. vbe
vb . Rm1 Rm2

. .

Rm1 vs
Rm1 + RS

= vb

vb

r v
) ( be b
rbe + + 1 R E

= vbe

Av

vb
Rm1
=
vs
Rm1 + RS
vbe
r
) ( be
=
vb
rbe + + 1 R E

)(.
)(.

Av . .

 . ) (

) () ()
ic
vbe
vb
vbe
vb
vs

()

vo
ic

(
)(.

= Av

1
1
1
+
+
3
6
320 10
1.7 10
44045 + (179 + 1) 15 103
= 245.2386 k
1
1
=
+
75000 375000
= 62.5 k

1
Rm1
Rm1
1
Rm2
Rm2

= Rm2 = 62 500
= gm = 0.004 064
44045
rbe
=
= 0.016 05
rbe + ( + 1) R E
440405 + (179 + 1) 15000
Rm1
245238.6
=
=
= 0.980 019
Rm1 + RS
245238.6 + 5000

vo
ic
ic
vbe
vbe
vb
vb
vs

Av = 62500 0.004064 0.01605 0.980019 = 3.9952 V/V

.

. .
R1 R2
R12

R1 R2
R1 + R2
320 103 1.7 106
=
320 103 + 1.7 106
= 269.3 k

= R12

Ri0 vi0

RS R12
RS + R12
5 103 269.3 103
=
5 103 + 269.3 103
= 4.91 k
(
)
R12
0
= vi
vs
RS + R12
(
)
269.3 103
=
vs
5000 + 269.3 103

= Ri0

= 0.98177vs

. ) (

RC R L
RC + R L
75 103 375 103
=
75 103 + 375 103
= 62.5 k
Ri0
R
=
E + 1 + re + R E
4910
=
+ 246 + 15000
179 + 1
= 15.273 k

= RC

= 0.994444

179
179+1

= .
vo
RC
=
0
vi
RE

62.5 103
15.273 103

= 0.994444
= 4.0693 V/V

vi0
vo

vi0
vs

= Av

= 4.0693 0.98177
= 3.995 V/V
.
RS ri
. Rm1

)(

)(

:.

ri = Rm1 = 245.2386 k
R1
R2 ) (rbe + ( + 1) R E
rbe

:.
. R E CE CE
ri
Av

= 179
= 15 k
= 1.7 M
= 375 k

RE
R2
RL

= 15 V
= 75 k
= 320 k
= 5 k

VCC
RC
R1
Rs

: .

. ) (

RE
)(

)(

)(

)(

:.

CE

gm = 4.064 mS
rbe = 44.045 k
re 246
.
. CE
R E

 .
()

vo

RS
R1 R 2
RS

R1
()

RL
ic

vb
r be

vs

RS

RC

vs

+
v be
-

vo

RC
R m1

RC

RS

CC

vo

CE

R1

vs
RL

R2
CB

vs

g m v be

R2

RE

RL

vb

+
r be v be
-

g m v be

RC
R1

()
V CC

vo
RL

R2
()

R m2

:.

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rm1
R1 R2 rbe
1
1
1
+
=
Rm2
RL
RC

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rm1
320 103 1.7 106 44045
Rm1 = 37.854 k

. ) (

1
1
1
+
=
3
Rm2
75 10
37.5 103
Rm2 = 62.5 k

vb vbe
) () () (
vo
ic
vbe
= Av
ic
vbe
vs

vo
= Rm2 = 62 500
ic
ic
= gm = 0.004 064
vbe
vbe
37.854 103
Rm1
=
=
= 0.8833
vs
Rm1 + RS
37.854 103 + 5 103
Av = (62500) (0.004064) (0.8833) = 224 V/V

CE .
RC
RE

Av =

CE

Rth
+ re
+1

= RE

RC = Rm2
R E


ri = Rm1 = 37.854 k
RS

CE
rbe R2 R1 rbe

R E CE
ri Av

:.
CE RCE .
R E ri
Av RCE 100 : .
1

ZC = jC

)(
| | ZC

 . ) (

:.

.
R E RCE Rm3

1
1
1
1
(
)
=
+
+
Rm1
R1 R2 rbe + + 1 Rm3
1
1
1
=
+
Rm2
RC
RL
1
1
1
=
+
Rm3
RE
RCE

Rm2 Rm3

)(

)(
+
-

+
-

)(

:.

= 179
= 15 k
= 1.7 M
= 375 k

RE
R2
RL

= 15 V
= 75 k
= 320 k
= 5 k
= 100

VCC
RC
R1
Rs
RCE

gm = 4.064 S
rbe = 44.045 k
re 246

. ) (

1
1
+
75000 375000
= 62.5 k
1
1
=
+
15000 100
= 99.3377

1
Rm2
Rm2
1
Rm3
Rm3

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rm1
320000 1700000 44045 + (179 + 1) 99.3377
Rm1 = 50.348 k
.

= Rm2 = 62500
= gm = 0.004064
50348
Rm1
=
= 0.9096625
Rm1 + RS
50348 + 5000
rbe
44045
=
=
= 0.711255
rbe + ( + 1) Rm3
44045 + (179 + 1) 99.3377

Av
) () () () (
vo
ic
vbe
vb
= Av
ic
vbe
vb
vs
)= (62500) (0.004064) (0.711255) (0.9096625
= 164 V/V

vo
ic
ic
vbe
vb
vs
vbe
vb

Rm1

ri = Rm1 = 50.348 k
RS

= ri + RS = 55.348 kri
CE RCE

RCE
RCE
RCE
.
RC
RE

Av =

R E RCE R E R E
Av
RCE

:. . R L = 1 k ri = 5 k = 120
Ai = 30 A/A

:
(
()
)
iL
Rc
rbe
= 30 = 120
= Ai
ii
Rc + R L
rbe + ri k R1 k R2

. ) (

:.

rbe
rbe + 5000 k R1 k R2

()

Rc
Rc + 1000

1
=
4

)(.

(
)
1
Rc
=
2
R + 1000
( c
)
1
rbe
=
2
rbe + 5000 k R1 k R2
Rc = 1 k
R1 k R2 Rb
(
)
1
rbe
=
2
rbe + 5000 k Rb

:.

Rb = 5 k rbe = 2.5 k Rb
rbe = 5 k Rb
rbe Rb = 5 k
rbe = 2.5 k . Re = 416
V

rbe = gm ICQT ICQ = 1.2 mA

.
ic 1.2 mA i L
0.6 mA
ICQ
ICQ Re VBB = 1.2492 V = R1
48 k R2 = 5.58 k

iL
ii

= Ai

. ) (

:.

i
i
iL
= L b
ii
ib
i
(i
)
RB
=
R B + rbe

= Ai

1 + RrbeB

= Ai

rbe  R B
VT
 RB
ICQ

VT
ICQ

)(.
)(.

= rbe

.

(
)
VT
)(.
= rbe
 RB  + 1 RE
ICQ

.
.

v
vL
ic
v
= L
be
vi
ic
vbe
vi
= 400 0.39 1 = 156 V/V

= Av1

Ri0
Ri0 = 100
Ri
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Ri
2800 1100 100
Ri = 88.76
Ri0 Ri
.
R L R L = 200

. ) (

+
-

:.

vL
v
ic
v
= L
be
vi
ic
v
vi
( be
)
400 200
=
0.39 1 = 52 V/V
400 + 200

= Av2
)(.

R L = 88.76
v
ic
v
vL
= L
be
vi
ic
v
vi
( be
)
400 88.76
=
0.39 1 = 28 V/V
400 + 88.76

= Av3
)(.

vbe = vi
vvbe
i

+
-

:.

v
vL
ic
v
= L
be
vi
ic
v
vi
( be
)
(
)
400 88.76
Ri
=
0.39
400 + 88.76
r + Ri
)
( i
)
(
88.76
400 88.76
0.39
=
400 + 88.76
100 + 88.76
= 28 0.47
= 13 V/V

= Av4

ri Ri 0.47
ri Av4 = 0.47Av0
vL
Av0vbe
vvL
i

. ) (

+
-

:.
ri
(
)
Ri
= vbe
vi
ri + Ri
(
)
88.76
=
vi
100 + 88.76
= 0.47vi
vbe = vi

.
.
Cj2
100
cascaded amplier

vi Cj1
R L Cj3



Vth 2.82 V Rth 790
ICQ 9.7 mA gm = 0.39 S rbe 100

. .

2800 k 1100 k 100 = 88.7
400 k 2800 k 1100 k 100 = 72.6
400 k 200 = 133.33
.

vL
v
= L = Av2 = 0.39 133.33 = 52 V/V
vo1
vbe2
vo1
v
= be2 = Av1 = 0.39 72.6 = 28 V/V
vbe1
vbe1
vbe1
88.7
= = Av0
= 0.47 V/V
vi
100 + 88.7

v
v
v
vL
= L o1 be1
vi
vo1 vbe1
vi
= Av0 Av1 Av2
= 0.47 (28) (52) = 684 V/V

= Av

. ) (

:.

:.

:.
. .

.
RC
RC
RE
R E
RC = 133 R E = re = 2.56 Av2 = 52 V/V

.
Ri1 Ri2 .
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Ri1
2800 1100 100
Ri1 = 88.7

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Ri2
2800 1100 100
Ri2 = 88.7
calculator

. ) (

88.7vi
vi = 100+88.7
0.47vi Ri1
vi 88.7
Ri2
. .

. 200
. 200 .
88.76 .88.76

RC
Av

RE

:. .

vL
vi

= Av

: . = Ri1 = Ri2
4.56 k

vb1
4560
=
= 0.82 V/V
vi
4560 + 1000
v
4000 4560
2500

= 4 V/V
= o1 = 0.04
vb1
4000 + 4560 2500 + 50500
v
4000 8000
2500
= L = 0.04

= 5 V/V
vb2
4000 + 8000 2500 + 50500

= Av0
Av1
Av2

:.

+
-

+
-

:.

. ) (

:.

v v v
vL
= L o1 b1
vi
vb2 vb1 vi
= (5) (4) (0.82) = 16.4 V/V

= Av

:. . pnp .
.

:. .
= 99

:.
Q1 :
(

)
[
]
50000
= Vth
10 (5) 5 = 2 V
200000 + 50000
50000 200000
= 40 k
= Rth
50000 + 200000
.
. Q1
2 + 40000 IB + 0.7 + 2000 IE 5 = 0

IE
+1

= IB

5 2 0.7
= 0.958 33 mA
+ 2000

=
IE1 = 0.948 75 mA
+1
40000
99+1

= IE1
IC1

. ) (

)(

)(

:.

VE1 = IE1 R E1 5

= 0.95833 103 2000 5

= 3.08 V
Q1 IC1
RC1 Q2 R E2

IC1 = IRC1 + IB2
0.94875 103 = IRC1 + IB2

)(.

VC1 = VB2 = 10 IRC1 RC1 = 10 5000IRC1

)(.

VC1 = VB2 = 10 IE2 R E2 VEB2

(
)
10 + 1 IB2 R E2 VEB2
= 10 (99 + 1) IB2 500 0.7
= 9.3 50000IB2

)(.

. .

10 5000IRC1 = 9.3 50000IB2
5000IRC1 50000IB2 0.7 = 0
. IRC1
)
(
5000 0.94875 103 IB2 50000IB2 0.7 = 0

IB2 = 73.5 A

IE2 = + 1 IB2 = 7.35 mA

IC2 = IE2 = 7.28 mA
IRC1 = IC1 IB2 = 0.948 75 mA 73.5 A = 0.875 25 mA
VB2 = VCC IRC1 RC1 = 10 0.87525 103 5000 = 5.62 V
Q2
VE2 = VB2 + VEB2 = 5.62 + 0.7 = 6.32 V
VC2 = 5 + IC2 RC2 = 5 + 7.28 103 1200 = 3.736 V
VEC2 = VE2 VC2 = 6.32 3.736 = 2.584 V

. ) (
Q2
IC IE
IC1 IE1 = 0.958 33 mA

. R E2

(
)
Q2 + 1 R E2 RC1

(
)
+ 1 R E2 RC1
(
)
= 4.545 k
+ 1 R E2 + RC1
IC1
VC1 = VB2 = VCC 4545 0.95833 103 = 5.644 V

VE2 = VB2 + VEB2 = 5.644 + 0.7 = 6.344 V
10 6.344
V VE2
=
IE2 = CC
= 7.312 mA
R E2
500
VC2 = 5 + IE2 RC2 = 5 + 7.312 103 1200 = 3.774 V
VEC2 = VE2 VC2 = 6.344 3.774 = 2.57 V

.


VCC Rs

+
)(

)(

:.

B E
C E
E

CE



.

common emitter
common collector
common base

. ) (

)(

)(

:.
:. .
R2 = 10 k, R E = 1 k
rbe = 1 k, = 99
vL
vs

R1 = 100 k,

= Ri Av Ri0

: R0E

)(

)(
+
-

:.

Av =

)
+ 1 R E R E

vL
v
v
= L B
vs
vB
vs
0
RE
=
rbe + R0E
(99 + 1) 1000
=
1000 + (99 + 1) 1000
= 0.99 V/V 1 V/V

Ri = rbe + R0E = 1000 + 100000 = 101 k

Ri0 = R1 k R2 k Ri
(
)
= R1 k R2 k + 1 R E

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
0
Ri
R1 R2 R i
1
1
1
(
)
+
+
=
R1 R2 rbe + + 1 R E

Ri0 = 8.34 k

. ) (

)(

)(
+
-

:.
:. . ri = 5 k
. Av
:
vL
v
v
= L B
vs
vB
vs
(
)
0
R1 k R2 k ri + R0E
RE
(
)

=
] rbe + R0E ri + [ R1 k R2 k rbe + R0E
100000
8340
=

1000 + 100000 5000 + 8340

= 0.99 0.625
= 0.619 V/V

= Av

.


R1 R2 101 k
emitter follower

8.34 k .

.
vt
vt it it
it = vRt
R

ve
vt
vt
R
ve = 0.9vt
vt 0.9vt
0.1vt
=
R
R

= it

vt
R
=
= 10R
it
0.1

ve ve = 0.99vt


ve vb

:. .
.

. ) (

)(

)(

:.

)(

)(

:.

0R

R1 = 10 k, R2 = 1 k, R E = 1 k
R3 = 10 k, rbe = 1 k, = 99

: . ve

+
-

:.

ve
ve vt ve vt
ve
ve
+
) = gm ( v t v e
+
+
+
R3
rbe
R1 R2 R E

)(.

R1 k R2 k R E R0E
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
0
RE
R1 R2 R E
.
ve vt ve vt
ve
+
) + 0 = gm ( v t v e
R3
rbe
RE

1
1
+
+ gm
R3 rbe

= vt

1
1
1
+
+ 0 + gm
R3 rbe
RE

(
ve

( ) .

ve =

1
R3
1
R3

+ r1be + gm

+ r1be +

1
R0E

+ gm

vt

ve =

1
R3

1
R3

rbe

1
R3

1
rbe

1
R3

+1
rbe

v
+1 t
1
+
0
rbe
RE

1
rbe

1
R0E

rbe

vt

vt ve vt ve
+
R3
r
( be
)
1
1
= (vt ve )
+
R3 rbe

it =

it =
vt

1
R3

R0E

1
R3

ve

+1
(
)
1
1
1
R3 + rbe

+
vt
R3 rbe
+ R10 + r+1

+1
rbe

1
R3

1
R0E

1
R3

be

1
R0E

1
R3

+ r1be

1
R0E

1
R3

+1 (
rbe

+1
rbe

1
1
+
R3 rbe

)
vt

)
vt
+1
rbe

vt
=
it

R0E
R3

+1+
1
R3

( +1) R0E
rbe
1
rbe

(.)

vt
=
Ri0 =
it

rbe R0E
R3

(
)
+ rbe + + 1 R0E
rbe
R3

+1

Ri0 R3  rbe
(.)

Ri0

(
)
rbe R0E

+ rbe + + 1 R0E
R3

.
[
(
) ]
R1 k R2 k rbe + + 1 R E

. ) (
(
)
rbe + + 1 R E
.
[
(
] )
R1 k R2 k rbe + + 1 R E = 900
R E = 471 0
(
)
+ rbe + + 1 R0E

+1

rbe
R3

rbe R0E
R3

1000471
10000

= Ri0

+ 1000 + (99 + 1) 471

1000
10000 + 1
47.1 + 1000 + 47100
=
0.1 + 1
= 43.77 k
=

900

.
(
)
Ri0 rbe + + 1 R0E

rbe
R3

rbe R0E
R3

)(.

.
Ri0
R3
Ri R3

Ri0 Ri C 0
R1 k R2 k R E R0E
(
)
rbe + + 1 R0E

)(

)(

:.

:. .

Ai = iiLs Av = vvLs
: .
.

vs
R E + re
vs
R E + re

= is

ie = is =

vs
R E + re

ic = ie =

. ) (

:.

RC vs
R E + re

= v L = ic RC

vL
RC
=
vs
R E + re

= Av

i L = ic == ie = is

iL
=
is

= Ai

:.

:. .

R E1 = 1 k
R L = 5 k

R2 = 160 k,
RC2 = 5 k,

= 99

vL
vi

R1 = 20 k,
R E2 = 9.3 k,
ri = 1 k

= Av

. ) (
Q1
(
)
10 + 10
=
20000 10 = 7.777 V
20000 + 160000
20000 160000
=
= 17.778 k
20000 + 160000

VBB1
R B1

7.777 0.7 + 10
= 1.29 mA
17778
99+1 + 1000

= IC1 IE1

IC
1.29 103
= 51.6 mS
=
VT
25 103
+1
99 + 1
=
=
= 1938
gm
0.0516

= gm1
rbe1

Q2
VB VBE VEE
0 0.7 + 10
=
= 1 mA
RE
9300

= IC IE2

1 103
= 40 mS
25 103
1
1

=
= 25
gm2
0.04

= gm2
re2

.
R E2 re2 24
)( R E1
+ 1

:.

:.

. ) (

.
(
)
0
0
+ 1 24 R E R E = 2.4 k

vL
v
v
v
v
= L be2 e2 b1
vi
vbe2
ve2
vb1
vi

= Av

(
)
(
)
vL
5000 5000
= gm2 RC k R L = 0.04
= 100
vbe2
5000 + 5000
vbe2
= 1
ve2
R0E
ve2
2400
=
=
= 0.553
0
vb1
rbe1 + R E
1938 + 2400

(
)
)17778 (1938 + 2400
= 3487
= R B1 k rbe1 + R0E
17778 + 1938 + 2400

3487
vb1
3487
=
=
= 0.777
vi
ri + 3487
1000 + 3487

Av = (100)(1) 0.553 0.777 = 43 V/V

.


. npn

vCE = v BE

vt it

vitt


vt
= it
+ gm vbe
rbe
vbe = vt

vt
+ gm v t
rbe
(
)
1 + gm rbe
=
vt
rbe
(
)
1+
=
vt
rbe

= it

gm rbe =
vt
r
)(.
= be = re
it
1+
r+be1 = re
re .
re

. ) (

)(

)(

:.

:.
1 mA

1 mA:
1 103
IC
=
= 0.04 S
VT
25 103
1
1
=
= 25
re
gm
0.04

= gm

25

.
.


.
VB v L = VB VBE

R L i L

vL
RL

iL
+1

R1
VZ0
v L = VZ0 VBE R L i L = 0 A
i B = i+L 1 = 0 A
VCC VZ0
R1

= i R1

)(.

i B = 0 A i R1 = i B + i Z
i Z = i R1 R L 0
> R L > 0 i R1
i L = Rv LL i B = i+L 1
i Z = i R1 i B
V VZ0
i
= CC
L
R1
+1
v L


i L
i L i L i B +1

= 99 i L


. R L

 . ) (

)(

)(

+
-

:.

:.

)(

. Q2 r

i L r i L r
Q2 VBE VBE 0.5 V
Q2
i L VBE 0.5 V Q2
iS v L
0.5
2.5
r = 2.5 i L = 200 mA
Q1 i B 2 mA Q2 4 mA

12 V v L = 0 V
VCE
Q2

20 0.2
= 9.9 mA
2000
Q1 200 mA
i L = 209.9 mA Q2 Q1
200 mA
VBE < 0.5 V Q2
r
v L v L = VZ0 VBE i L r

. ) (

.
. vk = vn = 0 V

vI
R

= iI

i I = iC
.
v BE

iC IS e VT

v BE = vO
v BE
vI
= IS e VT
R
v

VO
T

= IS e

vI
IS R

vO = VT ln

)(.

vO
.

BE BC
.. pn
log amplier
ln

:.





.

.
VBE = 0.7 V

VCE

0.3 V VBC
0.3 V pn
0.5 V BC
.


Schottky transistor

. ) (

VBE = VCE + VD

0.3 V
VCE = 0.4 V
VCE 0.4 V


VBB VBE
9.7 0.7
=
= 0.9 mA
RB
10000
V VCE
9.4 0.4
= CC
=
= 7.5 mA
RC
1200

= IRB
IRC

IC = ID + IRC
ID = IRB IB

IC

= IB

IC = IRB IB + IRC
I
= IRB C + IRC

IC = 8.316 mA

ID = IC IRC = 0.816 mA

)(

)(

:.

:.

 . ) (

.







VBE
VBE
VBE i B
iC

.
. p n
pnp
npn
power transistor
inverter
heat sink
scr, thyristor

)(

)(

)(

)(

:.

npn

IG Q1
IC2 = 1 IG Q2 Q2
2 IB2 Q1
IG
IG
IG IL



Ih
anode
cathode
gate
latching current

 . ) (

IG





100 kW
10 MW

holding current
inverter

(
iC = IS e

v BE
VT

VT =

v BE

IS e VT

kT
25 mV
q
IC = IE
IE = IB + IC

ic = ib
)
ie = + 1 ib

=
1

=
+1
(

VBE = 0.7 V
VCE = 0.2 V
v BE
= 2 mV/C
T

( ) .


iC 
I
gm =
= C

v BE 
VT
Q


v BE 

rbe =
=

i B 
gm

Q


v BE 
r

re =
= be =


i E 
+1
gm
Q


V + VCE
vCE 
ro =
= A


iC 
IC
Q

1
gm
VA
IC

10R B
+1
(
)
VT
=
 RB  + 1 RE
ICQ
RE =

rbe

I
S = C1
1

SVBE

1
RE
]

RB + RE
(
)
RB + 2 + 1 RE

VCC
ICQ =
R + R
(
)
R

C
Av =
=

RE

:.

IC = IE
:. .
VCC = 10 V VBB = 2.5 V = 99
Rb = 147 k Rc = 4 k
IB IC VCE
IB = 12.245 A IC = 1.2245 mA : VCE = 5.1 V
:. . RC = 8 k
IB = 12.245 A IC = 1.2245 mA : VCE = 0.2 V
:. . RC = 12 k
IB = 12.245 A IC = 0.8166 mA : VCE = 0.2 V
:. .
VCC = 20 V
= 99
Rb = 100 k Rc = 9 k
VBB

VBB = 2.9 V IB = 22 A IC = 2.2 mA VCE = 0.2 V :

VCE = VCC
:. . VBB
2

VBB = 1.811 V IB = 11.11 A IC = 1.111 mA:

. ) (

+
-

:.
:. .
VCC = 15 V VBB = 3.5 V = 99
Rb = 14.7 k Rc = 4 k Re = 1.47 k
IB IC VCE
IB = 17.49 A IC = 1.73 mA : VCE = 5.528 V
:. . VBB = 6 V
: IB = 84.03 A IC = 2.681 mA
VCE = 0.2 V
:. .

IC
= IB = 31.9 :
:. . VCC = 12 V = 37 RC = 3.3 k
VCE = 6 V R B VBB
IB = 49.14 A IC = 1.8182 mA : R B VBB
VBB = VBE + IB R B


VBB R B
VBB = 6 V
R B = 107.86 k

)(

)(

:.
:. . VCC = 12 V = 37 RC = 3.3 k
VCE = 6 V IC = 1 mA
R B = 10.26 k R E = 2.7 k : VBB = 3.67 V
:. . = 37 VCC = 12 V
VCEQ
RC = 10R E
IC = 1 mA
: . = VCEQ
6.1 V R B = 2.04 k RC = 5.36 k R E = 536
VBB = 1.29 V
:. . 1 V
VCC
.
R E RC VCEQ ICQ
VBB
: . = VCEQ
11 V IC = 167 A VBB = 0.798 V

:. . R E RC
VBB VBB

. ) (

:.
.
VBE = 0.7 V 0.65 V IC
IC = 251 A : VBE


:. . IC = 1 mA VCC = 21 V VCE = 5 V
RC R E R B
49 149 IC
VBB
R E = RC = 8 k : 1 mA = 49
5 % 0.95 mA = 149 5 %
1.05 mA VBB = 9.566 k R B = 66.66 k

:. . . R1
R2
R2 = 328 k R1 = 83 k :
:. .
RC = 500 , R E = 100 , R1 = 15 k, R2 = 4 k, VCC = 10 V

= 100


= 68 3.57 V 10.7 mA :
:. .

IC = IE = 10.7 mA : PRC = 11.4 mW = PRE
57 mW VE = IE R E = 1.07 V VB = 1.77 V
V2

PR2 = RB2 0.78 mW PR1 = 4.5 mW

:. . R E
= 37 R E = 750 RC = 750 VCC = 15 V
ICQ = 6 mA R1 R2

VCE

:
R1 = 7566 VBB = 5.65 V R2 = 4572
VCEQ = 6 V .
1

750

ic 6 mA ic

:. . ICQ = 9 mA ic

 . ) (
)(

)(

)(

:.
: .
ic 4 mA ic

:. . ic

(
)
ICQ = 6.66 mA, 5 V : -.
ic 6.66 mA ic



FET



n p n
p
MOSFET





MOSFET
electric eld intensity
digital integrated circuits
microprocessor
memory

)( )(
p

n+

n+

n+

L
n+

n+

)( )(

n :.
JFET

n ) n(

. n



.
p W
silicon

n ) n(

n
n+ n
n n+
n+ L p
n+ SiO2 SiO2
SiO2 d n+
SiO2


D G S B
.




pn pn


.


periodic table
gate

body
MOSFET MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
FET Field Effect Transistor

.
)(

)(

)(

n :.



L W
1 m 10 m 2 m 500 m

IC

) ( SiO2

1015

n+



)
(
channel

n .

..
n
p
)( n+ p )( n+


) ( 1012
.
v DS
v DS

..
. vGS
p

n+ )
(
p

p n


inversion
inversion layer

n

Vt
Vt
Vt
Vt

vGS Vt

vGS > Vt

)(.

vGS = Vt

v DS i DS
i D
iS
iG = 0
i D = iS = i DS

)(.

p n
n nMOSFET n
n




v DS Vt
threshold voltage

 n .

)(

)(

n+

n+

n+

n+

:.
vGS n
. Vt

g n
R n
vGS1 ) VGS1
Vt ( R
v DS i DS
.
VGS1
VGS g
R v DS i DS
vGS2
v DS i DS
enhancement nMOSFET
conductivity

)(

)(

:.

vGS3 v DS i DS
Vt

g Vt ) ( vGS Vt
p n

Vt Vt

Vt
. vGS
(vGS 0 = vGS )
(vGS Vt )
g1 v DS
(vGS v DS Vt )
g2 g2
g1 v DS
g1 g2

 n .

)(

)(

)(

:. n

L
=

Wg

)(.

v DS g2
v DS i DS
v DS v DS i DS

v DS g2

vGS v DS
vGS v DS
Vt n
vGS v DS Vt

vGS v DS = Vt

)(.

v DS
VDS .

= vGS VtVDS

)(.

. vGS = vG vS v DS = v D vS

(vG vS ) (v D vS ) = Vt
vG v D = Vt
pinch o

 n .

vGD = vG v D
= VtvGD

)(.

)
(
v DS v DS

i DS v DS
i DS v DS
i DS v DS v DS
i DS

.
.
i DS v DS v DS1
v DS2 v DS3
Vt


n

vGS Vt

)(.

vGS v DS Vt
= VtvGS vDS

)(.

vGS v DS Vt

vGS Vt

v DS vGS Vt

= vGS VtvDS

)(.

v DS vGS Vt

vGS Vt

vGD Vt

= VtvGD

)(.

vGD Vt

) (

:.
. n )(100
) (10 V

 n .

)(

)(

)(

)(

:.
.
. Vt = 3 V vGS = 15 V

. Vt = 3 V vGS = 11 V

:
.
100 mA

20

.
vGS v DS = 15 10 = 5 > Vt

.
vGS v DS = 11 10 = 1 < Vt




) (0 V

vGS v DS = 11 0 = 11 > Vt



.



Vt

= vGS VtvDS

) (v DS vDS

 n .

) (vDS



i DS

n i DS v DS
) (
vGS v DS
vGS v DS > Vt
x
x = 0 x = L
v DS x ) v( x

) n (
x x
C
e
eWx
=

d

parallel plate capacitor

= C

)(.

Q = C V
Q
V ) ( Q
C

x
Vt ) vGS v( x ) = Vt
( ) ( n
) (vGS Vt v( x ) = 0
)(

)) (vGS Vt v( x

Q = C V
[
]
[
]
eWx
=
) vGS Vt v( x
d

)(.

[
]
[
]
eW
Qn
)(.
=
) vGS Vt v( x
x
d
E x
) v( x
x

E=

)(.

 n .

) (n E
) ( p E n
p


x
t
x
) v( x
= n E = n
t
t
. .

)(.

Qn x
Qn
=

t
x
t
[
]
[
]
]
[ eW
) v( x
=
vGS Vt v( x ) n
d
x

= )i( x

[ ]
]
[ eW
) vGS Vt v( x ) n v( x
d

)(.

[
i ( x )x =

)(.

x = 0 x = L
v(0) = 0 v( L) = v DS
]
[ v DS
L
]
[ en W
= i ( x )dx

)(.
) vGS Vt v( x ) dv( x
d
0
0
electron mobility
hole mobility

i

]
]
[ en W
) vGS Vt v( x ) dv( x
=i
= dx

d
0
0

vDS
[
]
2
v
en W
v( x ) 
=
(vGS Vt ) v( x )0 DS

d
 2
0
]
[
[]
v2
en W
=
(vGS Vt ) v DS DS
d
2
[
]
[
] []
v2DS
en
W
=
(vGS Vt ) v DS
d
L
2
[

v DS

)(.

i ( x )dx

L
0

ix |0L
iL
i

x
i DS
]
[
[] []
v2DS
en
W
)(.
= i DS
(vGS Vt ) v DS
d
L
2
= vGS Vt vDS

[
] []
v2DS
en
W

= iDS
(vGS Vt ) vDS
d
L
2
]
[
[] []
en
W
(vGS Vt )2
)(.
=
(vGS Vt ) (vGS Vt )
d
L
2
[
] []
1 en
W
=
(vGS Vt )2
2 d
L

 n .

(
)
en
= k0n
d
(
) ()
) (
)(.
en
W
W
0
= kn
= kn
d
L
L


:
vGS > Vt
vGS v DS = vGD = Vt
]

[]

v2DS
= k0n
v

V
v

( GS
t ) DS
2
]
[
v2
= k n (vGS Vt ) v DS DS
2
W
L

)(.

i DS
)(.

:
vGS > Vt
vGS v DS = vGD = Vt
] [
k0n W
=
[vGS Vt ]2
2 L
kn
=
[vGS Vt ]2
2

i DS

)(.

)(.

.
:
vGS > Vt
vGS v DS = vGD Vt
] [
k0n W
=
[vGS Vt ]2
2 L
kn
=
[vGS Vt ]2
2

i DS

)(.

)(.

:
vGS Vt
i DS = 0

)(.

W L
i DS v DS

nMOSFET
Vt
v DS

vGS > Vt
v DS vDS

)(.

vGS Vt
nMOSFET
Vt
v DS

vGS > Vt
v DS vDS

vGS Vt

)(.

 n .

nMOSFET Vt

vGS Vt

)(.

v DS .v2DS

]
[] [
] [
2
[
]
v
W
0
0 W
DS
i DS = k n
kn
(vGS Vt ) v DS
(vGS Vt ) v DS
L
2
L
v DS

1
v DS
] [ =
i DS
k0n W
] L [ v GS Vt

=R

)(.

.

vGS v DS = Vt vGS Vt = v DS
. (vGS Vt ) v DS

kn 2
v
2 DS

= i DS

)(.

.
. .

:.

0.2 V vCE
v DS
v DS .
. . k n = 0.2 mA/V2 Vt = 1 V
k n
Vt

..
v DS DS

20 V

 n .

:.




50 V 100 V

VGSBR
SiO2

50 V

..

Vt k0n VBE
Vt

= 2 mV/C

dVt
dT

)(.

k0n k0n Vt

. pMOSFET
p n
p+
pMOSFET nMOSFET
vGS v DS Vt i DS

pMOSFET iSD p
. .
pMOSFET


nMOSFET
nMOSFET pMOSFET

) (CMOS

. nMOSFET pMOSFET
nMOSFET S

 . pMOSFET

p+

)( )(
n

p+

p+
n

L
p+

p+
n

)( )(
B

p :.

)(

)(

p :.

)(

)(

)(

:. nMOSFET pMOSFET

pMOSFET S





pMOSFET v DS vGS i DS vSG
vSD iSD pMOSFET

 pMOSFET .

(.)

..

vSG > Vt
v DG Vt
]
[ ][
2
v
W
iSD = k0p
(vSG + Vt ) vSD SD
L
2

(.)

vSG > Vt
v DG = Vt
[ ]
k0p W
iSD =
[vSG + Vt ]2
2 L

(.)

vSG > Vt
v DG Vt
[ ]
k0p W
iSD =
[vSG + Vt ]2
2 L

(.)

vSG Vt
iSD = 0

)(

)(

:.

. n
nMOSFET
n n
. n

n n


) (vGS = 0
v DS i DS

i DS
n


depletion nMOSFET
depletion nMOSFET

 . n

Vt n Vt

..

vGS Vt ) (


vGS Vt

)(.

Vt = 3.5 V = vGS
4 V vGS = 2.2 V
vGS = 1.2 V vGS = 5.3 V

..

vGS Vt
| |Vt

vGS v DS Vt
vGD Vt

)(.

Vt = 3.5 V vGS = 5.3 V

v DS < 8.8 V
cut o state

..
| |Vt

vGS v DS = Vt
vGD = Vt

)(.

Vt = 3.5 V vGS = 5.3 V v DS = 8.8 V

..
| |Vt

vGS v DS Vt
vGD Vt

)(.

Vt = 3.5 V vGS = 5.3 V v DS > 8.8 V

Vt

. p
p p
p p
p
p Vt

 . CMOS

p p
. p

CMOS

nMOSFET pMOSFET p
nMOSFET p pMOSFET
p n
pMOSFET .

SiO2
SiO2
p
pMOSFET n nMOSFET p

vGS VGS v DS
VDS i DS IDS

CMOS

:.
:.
Vt = 3.2 V v DS = 1 V = k n
0.1 mA/V2
vGS = 4 V .
vGS = 3.2 V .
vGS = 2.8 V .
vGS = 2.2 V .
vGS = 1.5 V .
:
vGS = 4 V . Vt = 3.2 V ) (4 < 3.2
vGS < Vt
i DS = 0

vGS = 3.2 V . Vt = 3.2 V vGS = Vt

i DS = 0
vGS = 2.8 V . Vt = 3.2 V ) (2.8 > 3.2
vGS > Vt VDS = 1 V

vGS v DS = (2.8) (1) = 3.8 V
Vt
vGS v DS < Vt

kn
[vGS Vt ]2
2
]
[ 0.1 103
=
) (2.8) (3.2
2
= 8 A

= i DS

vGS = 2.2 V . Vt = 3.2 V ) (2.2 > 3.2

vGS > Vt VDS = +1 V

vGS v DS = (2.2) (1) = 3.2 V
Vt
vGS v DS = Vt

.

kn
[vGS Vt ]2
2
]2
[ 0.1 103
=
)(2.2) (3.2
2
= 50 A

= i DS

vGS = 1.5 V . Vt = 3.2 V ) (+1.5 > 3.2

vGS > Vt VDS = 1 V

vGS v DS = +1.5 1 = 0.5 V
Vt
vGS v DS > Vt

]
[
v2DS
= k n (vGS Vt ) v DS
2
]
[
2
(
)
1
= 0.1 103 1.5 (3.2) 1
2

= 2.159 mA

:.

i DS

)(

)(

)(

)(

:.
.
Vt = 3 V k n = 0.2 mAV2
VDD = 10 V n :
Vt n
VGS = 0 VGS < Vt
IDS = 0

:.
.
Vt = 3 V k n = 0.2 mAV2
VDD = 10 V
n : Vt
n VGS = 0
VGS > Vt

)
(
) (

)(

.

)2
kn
( 0.2 103
2
V

V
=
0 (3) = 0.9 mA
( GS
)t
2
2

= IDS

VDD = IDS R D + VDS
10 = 0.9 103 4.7 103 + VDS
VDS = 5.77 V


.

VGS VDS = 0 5.77 = 5.77 V
Vt = 5.77 V VGS VDS < Vt
IDS = 0.9 mA

VDS

VDD = IDS R D + VDS
10 = IDS 4.7 103 + VDS
VDS = 10 4700IDS
VDS

[
]
2
VDS
IDS = k n (VGS Vt ) VDS
2
[
]
2
VDS
IDS
= (VGS Vt ) VDS
kn
2
[
]
(
)
IDS
(10 4700IDS )2
) = 0 (3) (10 4700IDS
2
0.2 103
2
5000IDS = 30 14100 50 11045000IDS
+ 47000IDS
2
11045000IDS
27900IDS 20 = 0
IDS = 3.1 mA, 0.58 mA

IDS = 3.1 mA
VDS = 10 4700 3.1 103 = 4.57 V
quadratic equation

VDS
)


(
IDS = 0.58 mA

:.
.
Vt = 3 V k n = 0.2 mAV2
VDD = 10 V
:
VGS = VDS
VGS VDS = 0 VGS VDS < Vt

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

= IDS

VGS

VDD = IDS R D + VDS
VGS = VDS

VDD = IDS R D + VGS

10 = IDS 4.7 103 + VGS
VGS = 10 4700IDS

VGS

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

= IDS

2IDS
= (VGS Vt )2
kn
2
22090000IDS
75800IDS + 49 = 0
IDS = 2.567 mA, 0.8639 mA
VDS
VDS = VGS = 10 2.567 103 4700 = 2.06 V
VDS = VGS = 10 0.8639 103 4700 = 5.94 V
VGS = 2.06 V VGS < Vt

VGS = 5.94 V
VGS > Vt

:.

.
Vt = 3 V k n = 0.2 mAV2
VDD = 10 V
:
VDD = IDS R D + VDS
10 = IDS 4700 + VDS

VGS = VDS
VDD = IDS R D + VGS
10 = IDS 4700 + VGS
VGS = 10 4700IDS

VGS = 10 V Vt
VGS > Vt

VGS VDS = 0
Vt VGS VDS > Vt


kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

= IDS

2IDS
= (VGS Vt )2
kn
2
132200IDS + 169 = 0
22090000IDS
IDS = 4.13 mA, 1.85 mA

IDS = 4.13 mA
VGS = 10 4700IDS

= 10 4700 4.13 103

= 9.41 V
VGS < Vt

IDS = 1.85 mA
VGS = 10 4700IDS

= 10 4700 1.85 103

= 1.3 V
VGS > Vt IDS = 1.85 mA

:.
.
k n = 0.15 mAV2
Vt = 3.5 V
VDD = 10 V
IDS = 0.6 mA R D

: . n


VGS = VDS
VGS VDS = 0
VGS VDS < Vt
VGS
kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
0.15 103
=
(VGS 3)2
2

= IDS
0.6 103

2 0.6 103
= (VGS 3)2

3
0.15 10
8 = (VGS 3)2

VGS = 8 + 3
VGS = 0.172 V, 5.828 V

VGS = 0.172 V VGS < Vt

VGS = 5.828 V
VDS VGS

VDD = IDS R D + VDS
10 = 0.6 103 R D + 5.828
R D = 6.95 k

:.

:.
. IDS = 0.8 mA Vt = 2.5 V k n = 0.4 mAV2
VD = 2 V
:
VGS + IDS RS 5 = 0
VGS = 5 IDS RS

VGS = 5 IDS RS = 5 0 RS = 5 V
VGS > Vt


VGD = VG VD = 0 2 = 2 V
VGD < Vt

.

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
)2
( kn
= IDS
[5 IDS RS ] Vt
2
)2
( 0.4 103
3
3
5 0.8 10 RS 2.5
= 0.8 10
( 2
)

4 = 2.5 0.8 103 RS

= IDS

RS = 0.625 k, 5.625 k
RS = 0.625 k
VGS = 5 IDS RS = 5 0.8 103 0.625 103 = 4.5 V
VGS > Vt
RS = 5.625 k
VGS = 5 IDS RS = 5 0.8 103 5.625 103 = 0.5 V
VGS < Vt

:.
. IDS = 2 mA
VD = 2 V Vt = 3.3 V
k n = 0.6 mAV2 VDD = 15 V VSS = 10 V

: VGD = 2 V
VGD < Vt
kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
0.6 103
=
(VGS 3.3)2
2
4
= 3.3
0.6
= 0.718 V, 5.88 V

= IDS
2 103
VGS
VGS

VGS = 0.718 V VGS < Vt

VGS = 5.88 V

VGS = VG VS
5.88 = 0 VS
VS = 5.88 V

)5.88 (10
VS VSS
=
= 2.06 k
IDS
2 103

= RS

VDD VD
15 2
=
= 7.5 k
IDS
2 103

= RD

)(

)(

)(

:.
:. .

= 12 V
= 6.8 k
= 5.6 k
= RG2 = 10 M
= 2.5 V

VDD
RD
RS
RG1
Vt

k n = 0.1 mA V2

:
RG1 VDD
= 6V
RG1 + RG2
RG1 RG2
=
= 3 M
RG1 + RG2

= Vth
Rth

) ( IG = 0

VG = 6 V
R1 R2
6 V
6 V


VDD VD = IDS R D
VD = VDD IDS R D
VD = 12 6800IDS
VS = IDS RS = 5600IDS

) VGS = VG VS = (6) (5600IDS

VGD = VG VD = (6) (12 6800IDS ) = 6 + 6800IDS

) (

) (

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
[
]2
(6 5600IDS ) 2.5
= IDS

0.1 103
2
7 2
3.136 10 IDS 4.8 104 IDS + 6.25 = 0
IDS = 1.389 mA, 0.144 mA
= IDS

.
1.38 mA
VGS = 6 1.389 103 5.6 103 = 1.778 V

VGS < Vt 0.144 mA

VGS = 6 0.144 103 5.6 103 = 5.19 V

VGS > Vt

VGD = 6 + 0.144 103 6.8 103 = 5.02 V
VGD < Vt
0.144 mA
VD = 12 0.144 103 6.8 103 = 11.02 V
VS = 0.144 103 5.6 103 = 0.806 V

:. .

= 12 V
= 10 k
= 2 k
= 2.5 V

VDD
RD
RS
Vt

k n = 0.2 mA V2

:.

v DS
:
) VDD = v DS + i DS ( R D + RS
12 = v DS + 10000i DS
.
.

kn 2
2 v DS

= i DS

12 = v DS + 10000i DS
0.2 103 2
v DS
2
load line

= v DS + 10000

v DS = 3 V
4.5 V v DS
v DS i DS = 0.9 mA

v DS v DS
v DS
3 V v DS < 12 V
0 < i DS < 0.9 mA

v DS i DS
) (7.5 V, 0.45 mA

:.
p .
VD = 4 V ISD = 0.2 mA
ISD = 0.2 mA : VD = 4 V

VD = ISD R D
4 = 0.2 103 R D
R D = 20 k

kp
(VSG + Vt )2
2
0.1 103
=
(VSG 2)2
2
= 0 V, 4 V

= ISD
0.2 103
VSG

p VSG > Vt

Vt = (2) = 2 volt
VSG > 2 V VSG = 4 V
VS = 5 V
VSG = VS VG
4 = 5 VG
VG = 1 V
RG1 RG2 VG = 1 V
RG1 = 1 M
RG1 VSS
RG1 + RG2
)
(
VSS
1
= RG1
VG
= 4 M

= VG

RG2
RG2

)(

)(

p :.

:.
. p
VD = 1 V ISD = 0.2 mA

:
VD = ISD R D
1 = 0.2 103 R D
R D = 5 k

kp
(VSG + Vt )2
2

= ISD

0.1 103
(VSG + 1.2)2
2
VSG = 3.2 V, 0.8 V

= 0.2 103

p VSG > VtVSG > 1.2 V

VSG = 3.2 V VSG = 0.8 V

VSG = VS VG
0.8 = 5 VG
VG = 4.2 V

RG1 = 10 M
(
)
(
)
VSS
5
6
= RG1
1 = 10 10
1 = 0.19 M
VG
4.2

RG2

:.
.

IDS VDS
k n = 0.1 mAV2
Vt = 1 V

: VG = 0 V

VS = IDS RS = 2000IDS
VD = VDD IDS R D = 5 16000IDS

VGS = VG VS = 0 2000IDS = 2000IDS

)(

)(

:.

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
[
]2
)(2000IDS ) (1
= IDS

0.1 103
=
2
IDS = 5.958 mA, 0.042 mA

IDS

5.958 mA VGS = 5.958 103 2000 = 11.9 V

0.042 mA VGS = 0.042 103 2000 = 0.084 V

VS = 0.042 103 2000 = 0.084 V
VD = 5 0.042 103 16000 = 4.328 V
VDS = VD VS = 4.328 0.084 = 4.224 V
VGD = VG VD = 0 4.328 = 4.328 V
VGD < Vt

:.
.

Q1 :
.

VG1 = VD1 VGS1 = VDS1 VGS1 VDS1 < Vt


VDD = IDS1 R1 + VDS1
VDS1 = VDD IDS1 R1
VDS1 VGS1
VGS1 = VDS1 = VDD IDS1 R1

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
]2
[ kn
=
(VDD IDS1 R1 ) Vt
2

= IDS1

VGS1

VGS2 = VGS1 Q2
mirror

.

kn
(VGS2 Vt )2
2

= IDS2

Q1 IDS2 = IDS1 R1
Q1 VGS1 VGS2
Q2 Q1

.

.
v DS

nMOSFET


. VGSQ
R D VDD vi = 0
VDSQ
IDSQ vi
VGSQ
i DS v DS vi
i DS v DS
vi
vds vvds
i
Av

:.

.
.
VDD VGS


VGS
v gs v gs

..


kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

= IDS

)(.

+
-

:.

VDS = VDD IDS R D

)(.

VGS VDS < Vt

..
v gs .VGS
v gs
vGS = VGS + v gs

)(.

kn
(vGS Vt )2
2

= i DS

)(.

.
)2
( kn
VGS + v gs Vt
2
]2
[ kn
(VGS Vt ) + v gs
2
]
[ kn
(VGS Vt )2 + 2 (VGS Vt ) v gs + v2gs
2
kn
kn
(VGS Vt )2 + k n (VGS Vt ) v gs + v2gs
2
2

= i DS

=
)(.

=
=

k2n (VGS Vt )2
. IDS IDS
k n (VGS Vt ) v gs
) k n (VGS Vt ids
v gs
k2n v2gs

kn 2
v  k n (VGS Vt ) v gs
2 gs

) v gs  2 (VGS Vt

)(.

.

.

i DS IDS + ids
distortion
small signal

)(.

ids = k n (VGS Vt ) v gs

)(.

.
)(.

id = gm v gs

id
) = k n (VGS Vt
v gs

= gm

)(.

. gm

gm = 2IDS k n
)(.
2IDS
=
VGS Vt
gm i DS vGS


 i DS
)(.
= gm
vGS vGS =VGSQ
v gs .
v DS = VDD i DS R D

)(.

.
v DS = VDD ( IDS + ids ) R D
= VDD IDS R D ids R D

)(.

ids .

v DS = VDS + vds

)(.

VDS .
vds = ids R D

)(.

.
vds = gm R D v gs

)(.

vds
= gm R D
v gs

= Av

)(.

v gs
vds 180
. .
gm v gs
Q VGSQ IDSQ
v gs i DS ids

:.

..

ro

. v DS i DS
. v DS v DS
.

i DS
. VA

[
]
[
]
k0n W
v DS
2
= i DS
[vGS Vt ] 1 +
2 L
V
[
] A
)(.
kn
v
=
[vGS Vt ]2 1 + DS
2
VA
.

Early voltage

:.


kn
 i DS
1
=
(VGS Vt )2

v DS VGS
2
VA

1

[vGS Vt ]2 V1A

kn
2


i DS 1
= ro
=
v DS vGS

)(.

(vGS Vt )2
IDS


i DS 1
V
)(.
= ro
A

v DS vGS
IDS
kn
2

VA

VA L

)(.

:.
ro
200 V 300 V

..

.
.
ro i DS

..
BJT

. gm
VGS

 i DS
)(.
= gm
] = k n [VGS Vt
vGS VGS
.
kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

= IDS

:.

2IDS
kn

= VGS Vt

2IDS
)(.
gm = k n [VGS Vt ] = k n
= 2k n IDS
kn
. ro . gm

.


gm gm
gm
gm
.

gm v gs ro
= gm r o

:.

Cgs
Cgd


. v DS

eWL Cgs Cgd

d

) (
1 eWL
)(.
Cgs Cgd
2
d
W L d
e = er e0 er = 3.9 e0 = 8.85 1012 F/m

L
Cgd 0
Cgs 2eW
3d

Cgd 0
) (
2 eW L
Cgs
3
d

)(.

:.

Cgsp
Cgsp pn
Cdb
Cgs
Cgd
.
rs rd
rs
rd rs Cdb rd


nMOSFET pMOSFET

..
. ro
g1m
T model

)(

)(

:.

ig = 0
id = is = ids = gm v gs

)(.

id is
id = gm v gs
v gs

v gs

= 1 = gm v gs

g
m

G D gm v gs
S
i g = 0
v
igsg i g = 0

ro .
.
nMOSFET pMOSFET

..

)
(

:. .

k n v2gs
2

v gs = Vp cos t
]
[ k n Vp2

1
+
cos
(
2t
)

4

Vt = 1.4 V
VGS = 4 V
1 %
: )cos(2t

k n Vp2
4

)1+cos(2t
2

Vp

=

) 4 (VGS Vt

Vp 100
=1
)4 (4 1.4
Vp 104 mV

cos2 t

:. .

= 12 V
= 6.8 k
= 5.6 k
= RG2 = 10 M

VDD
RD
RS
RG1

VG = 6 V VS = 0.81 V
Av = 6.8 V/V
k n
Vt
:
0.81
VS
=
= 1.4464 mA
RS
5600

= IDS

VGS = VG VS = 6 0.81 = 5.19 V
. gm = 1 mA/volt
.
) 103 = k n (5.19 Vt

kn
(5.19 Vt )2
2

= 1.4464 103

(
)2
k n 103
=
2
kn

1.4464 103

:.
k n = 0.345 mA/V2
Vt = 2.29 V

VD = VD D IDS R D = 15 1.4464 103 6800 = 5.16 V

VGD = VG VD = 6 5.16 = 0.835 V
Vt

:. .

Av = vvLs
: RG
VG = VD VGS = VDS VGD = 0 V

.
VGD < Vt
0.2 103
(VGS 2)2
2
0.2 103
=
(VDS 2)2
2

= IDS

12 VDS
12 VDS
=
RD
12000

= IDS

VDS = 4.5 V, IDS = 0.625 mA

gm
) gm = k n (VGS Vt

)= 0.2 103 (4.5 2

= 0.5 mA/V
ro
60
VA
=
= 96 k
IDS
0.625 103

= ro

.
RG
(
)
v L gm v gs ro k R D k R L
= 2.823v gs

:.
v gs vs
vL
= 2.823 V/V
vs

= Av

RG
vs v L
RG
(
)
vL
vs
1
=
RG
vs
[
]
vs
=
)1 (2.823
RG
vs
= 3.823
RG

= is

vs
RG
=
= 2.6 M
is
3.823

= Ri

:.

:. . Vt = 0.8 V k n = 1.2 mA/V2 ro

Av = vvL
i

: VGS = 1.8 V IDS = 0.6 mA VDS = 5.38 V

gm = 2k n IDS = 2 1.2 103 0.6 103 = 1.2 mS

.

v L = gm v gs R D = 8.64v gs
v g = vi
vs = gm v gs RS = 0.6v gs
v gs = v g vs
v gs = vi 0.6v gs

:.

vi
= 0.625vi
1.6
v L
= v gs

v L = 8.64 0.625 vi = 5.4vi

vL
= 5.4 V/V
vi

= Av

:. . RS
Av
: gm = 1.2 mS
.
v L = gm v gs R D = 8.64v gs
v g = vi
vs = 0

:.

v gs = vi
v L = 8.64vi

Av = 8.64 V/V

RS Av
RS RS
RS Av RS

:. .
:

i g = 0

)(

)(

:.

vi
+ RS

1
gm

= is

i g = 0 R D

vi
RD
+ RS

1
gm

vo =

vo
R
= 1 D
vi
gm + R S

= Av

)(.

R
R

Av =

)(.

. = 1 .
g1m re g1m

. ) ( JFET
n p . n
(nJFET )
n p

) ( G

v DS
i DS

S D
) (nJFET

S D
) (S
) ( D ) (nJFET D
nJFET n
n
. nJFET
pn nJFET

gate

 . ) ( JFET

:.

S
G
n
vGS
n vGS nJFET
Vp nJFET Vp

pn

pn
nJFET pn
0.5 V
D S
L g W

L
Wg

= R

D v DS
n i DS
v DS i DS
v DS
vGS v DS n
0V v DS
pn


n
v DS v DS i DS v DS
v DS i DS
v DS
v DS


JFET
nJFET

pn
nJFET JFET
) (

 . ) ( JFET

+
)(

)(

:.

..
JFET
JFET JFET
nJFET

...

vGS Vp

iD = 0

vGS Vp

)(.

 .
...

pn vGS Vp
v DS
. JFET Vt
Vp
[
]
v2DS
i DS = k n (vGS Vp )v DS
2
(
)
(
)2
2
k n Vp
2 vGS 1 v DS v DS
=
2
Vp
Vp
Vp
k n Vp2
2

JFET IDSS

Vp vGS 0,
v DS vGS Vp
(
)
(
)2
vGS
v DS
v DS
i DS = IDSS 2
1

Vp
Vp
Vp
...

)(.

.
v DS vGS Vp
( )2
)
vGS
v DS
1
1+
Vp
VA

Vp vGS 0,
i DS = IDSS

)(.

VA
vGS = 0 i DS = IDSS
Early Voltage

. ) ( JFET

IDSS
(v DS vGS Vp ) ) (vGS v DS Vp
) (vGD Vp

pJFET ..

. p
n
) ( G
vSD

iSD

S D ) ( pJFET
) ( pJFET
S pJFET p
p .
pJFET
pJFET
pn 0.5 V

)(

)(

:.

..
JFET MOSFET

()
)
(
VGS
2IDSS
)(.
1
= gm
Vp
Vp
(
)
2IDSS
ID
=
)(.
Vp
IDSS
ID
VA
ID

= ro

)(.

 . ) ( JFET

:. nJFET Vp = 3 V IDSS = 8 mA
vGS = 1.5 V v DS = 3.5 V

: vGS Vp

(1.5 V) (3 V) = 1.5 V
v DS .

[
(
) ]2

1.5
i DS = 8 103 1
= 2 mA
3

:. vGS 1.4 V
i DS
v . gm
i DS
GS

: ) (v DS vGS Vp
[
(
) ]2

1.4
i DS = 8 103 1
= 2.2756 mA
3

i DS
2.2756 mA 2 mA
=
= 2.756 mA/V
vGS
)(1.4) (1.5
.
2 mA
= 2.6667 mA
8 mA

2 8 mA
3

(
= gm

.

(
)
2.756 2.6667
100 = 3.34 %
2.6667

vGS

:. VA 75 V
ro 1 mA 10 mA

:
75
= 75 k
0.001

= ro

75
= 7.5 k
0.01

= ro

:. .
Vp = 3 V IDSS = 8 mA
VDD = 15 V VG = 4 V IDS = 5 mA
VD = 9 V
10 A

 . ) ( JFET

+
)(

)(

:.
Av
Ri Ro
: 10 A
VDD
= 10 A
R1 + R2
15
= R1 + R2
= 1.5 M
10 106
4 V
(

)
R1
= VG
VDD
R1 + R2
(
)
R1
=4
15
1.5 106
R1 = 400 k

R2 = 1.5 M 400 k = 1.1 M

.
VD = 9 V
VDD VD = IDS R D
15 9
= RD
= 1.2 k
5 103

) (VG VD = 4 9 = 5 Vp
.
(
)
VGS 2
3
3
5 10 = 8 10
1
3
VGS = 0.628 V

VGS = VG VS = 0.628 V
VS = 4.628 V

VS = IDS RS
4.628
= 925
= RS
5 103


R1 R2
= 293 k
R1 + R2
Ro = R D = 1.2 k
= Ri

Ri

 . ) ( JFET

:.

10 A
.

5 103
2 8 103
= gm
= 4.216 mA/V
3
8 103

vo
= gm R D = 4.216 103 1.2 103 = 5.059 V/V
vs

= Av

:. . v L = 2 + 0.56 sin t ISD = 1 mA

vi VGG R D Av = vvL
i
: v L = 2 V
2
= 2 k
1 103

= RD

:.

2 103
(VSG 1)2
2

= 103

VSG 0 V 2 V Vt = 1 V
Vt = 1 V VSG > Vt VSG = 2 V

VSG = VS VG
2 = 5 VG
VG = VGG = 3 V .
v L = gm v gs R D

gm = 2k p ISD = 2 2 103 103 = 2 mS

v gs = vi
v L 0.56 sin t
0.56 sin t = 2 103 vi 2000
vi = 0.14 sin t Av = 4 V/V

.
. .







pF

..
.
. Q1 R
IDS1 VDS1 = VGS1 Q1 Q2

VGS
VGS1 = VGS2 = VGS
Q1 VGD < Vt

)

(VGS Vt )2
1

constant current source

W
L

k0
= n
2

IDS1

)(.

IDS1 I

VDD VGS1
R

= IDS1 = I

)(.

IDS1 R

Q2

) (
k0n W
)(.
= IDS2 = I
(VGS Vt )2
2
L 2
VGS1 = VGS2 = VGS IDS2 IDS1

) (
W
L
I
IDS2
=
)(.
= ( )2
W
IDS1
I
1

IDS2 IDS1

= II

)(.

I I


R
VGS1 VGS2
current mirror

)(

+
-

)(

:.
Q2 Q1 Q2
) (
) (
W
W

k0n Vt
L
L
2

I I

VGS IDS
VGS
VDS .
Q2 VGS2 VGS1

VGS VDS
IDS VDS2 I
ro
. R

= II
V+ V
pMOSFET
nMOSFET

:.

)(

+
-

:.

)(

nMOSFET I pMOSFET
I
:.
Vt = 2.1 V

k n = 0.12 mA/V2 ,

VDD = 15 V,

= 2 mA I R
: = I I .
0.12 103
(VGS1 2.1)2
2

= 2 103

VGS1 = 7.8735 V, 3.67 V

Vt
.

15 7.8735
R

= 2 103

= 5.66 k R

:. . k n = 0.2 mA/V2 = Vt
1.7 V = 6.8 k R = 4.7 k R I VO

+
-

:.
VDS1 = VGS1 :
12 VGS1
0.2 103
=
(VGS1 1.7)2
6800
2

VGS1 = 4.926 V, 2.99 V

2.99 V VGS1 < Vt
. .
VGS1 = 4.926 V

12 4.926
= 1.04 mA
6800
0.2 103
=
(4.926 1.7)2 = 1.04 mA
2

= IDS1

= 1.04 mA = II

IDS1

Q2

VO = VDS2 = 17 IDS2 R

= 17 1.04 103 4700

= 12.1 V
Q2

VGD2 = VGS2 VDS2 = 4.925 12.1 = 7.1 V

VGD2 < Vt Q2

:. R Q2

Q2 : VGD2 < Vt
VGS2 = VGS1 = 4.925 V
VDS2 = 17 IDS2 R

= 17 1.04 103 R

Q2
VGD2 = VGS2 VDS2 > Vt
(
)
> 1.7= 4.925 17 1.04 103 R
> 13.24 k R
15 k VDS2 = 1.4 V VGD2 = 3.5 V
Vt

:. . VDS2 = 12.1 V VDS1 = 4.926 V = I

1.04 mA VA = 50 V I

:
50
48 k
1.04 103

= ro

VDS2 4.926 V IDS2 1.04 mA

VDS2
12.1 4.926 = 7.175 V

VDS
IDS

= ro

7.175
149 A
48000

= IDS

= 1.04 mA + 149 A = 1.189 mAI

)(

)(

:.

.
.
(
)
R E + 1 R E
re
(
)
+ 1 re rbe
R B R+B1
rbe
r+be1 re

.

v gs + v3 v2
Rs + ro + Rd

= ids

v gs = v1 ids Rs v2

(
)
v1 + v3 + 1 v2
)
( =
+ 1 Rs + ro + Rd

ids

)(.

. .
Rd
( ro )v3
v1 Rs + 1
v1


(
)
+ 1

. + 1

v3
+1 v2
Rd
ro
+1 + +1

v1
+1

Rs +

= ids

)(.

.
Rs v2

:.

:.

v3
(
)
Rd ro + 1

v1 ) (
+ 1

. ) (

. nFET
VGSQ

) VDD = v DS + i DS ( R1 + R2

)(.

R g

R g IDSQ R2
) IDSQ ( R1 + R2

VGSQ = VGQ VSQ
) = IDSQ ( R2 ) IDSQ ( R1 + R2
= IDSQ R1

)(.

VGSQ VDSQ VDD

R1  R2

Av
. VDD
vi
vi

vi .
.

 . ) (

)(

)(

:.
R g R2 vi
.
R2 v i
R2 + R g
R2 R g
= R2 k R g
=
R2 + R g

= vth
Rth

.
(
)
R s = R1 + R2 k R g

]
vi

+1

R2
R2 + R g

+ Rs

ro
+1

R2
v
R2 + R g i

[
= ids

v L = ids Rs +

)(.

 .

R2
v
R2 + R g i

R s vi +

R2
+1 R2 + R g
r
o
+1 + R s

= vL

Av = vvL
i
(
)
(
()
)

R2
ro
+1 R s + R2 + R g
+1
= Av
ro
+1 + R s

= gm ro g1m

)
(
(
)

gm +1 Rs + R2R+2R g

ro
+1

1 + gm R s
R g  R2

)

+1 R s

)(.

= Av

R2
R2 + R g

)(.

(
gm

1 + gm R s

Av

)(.

R g  R2 Rs R1 + R2 gm Rs  1

1
+1

Av

)(.

Av

 . ) (

)(

)(

:.

.
ro
k Rs
+1
1
=
k Rs
gm

= Ro

1
gm

)(.

 Rs
1
gm

Ro

)(.

vi
ii

ii R g .
vi
R g vi

.
)(

)(

:.
. .
vi ii R g

)
vi

+1

R2

= vth

R1 + R2 + r+o 1
(
)
ro
= R2 k
+ R1
+1

)(.
Rth

+1

vi vth
R g + Rth

vi
ro
R1 + R 2 + +1

+ R1

ro
+1

R2

= ii

vi

R g + R2 k

 . ) (

Ri
(
)
ro
R
+
R
k
+
R
g
2
1
+1
v
(
)
= Ri = i

ii
R 2 +1
1 R + R + ro
+1

1
gm

)(.

ro
+1

+ R1
)

1
gm
(

+1

R g + R2 k

gm R2

gm ( R1 + R2 )+1

= Ri

)(.

R g  R2 gm ( R1 + R2 )  1

)

Rg

+1

Ri

R2

R1 + R2

)(.

R2  R1

(
)
)(.
Ri + 1 R g
.
R g

:. . = k n
Vt = 3 V 0.2 mA/V2 ro = 90 k 15 V

VDSQ = 10 V IDSQ = 0.4 mA Ri = 200 k

:
kn
(VGS Vt )2
2
)2
( 0.00015
VGSQ + 2.7
= 0.002
2
= IDSQ

VGSQ = 5 V, 1 V
VGSQ = 5 V Vt
. R1 = 2.5 k
.
VDD VDSQ
IDSQ
15 10
=
0.4 103
= 12.5 k

= R1 + R2

R2 = 10 k
VGD = VGS VDS = 1 10 = 11 V < Vt

.

gm = 2k n IDS = 2 0.2 103 0.4 103 = 0.4 mS

= gm ro = 36 R g  R2
Rs R1 + R2 = 12.5 k .
(
)
0.4 103 3636+1 12.5 103
= 0.81 V/V
Av
1 + 0.4 103 12.5 103

)(

)(

:.

. Ri = 200 k
Rg
10000( 3636
) +1
2500+10000

= 200000

R g = 44 k

.
.

.
v1 v3 v2 vi
.
.

.
)(

)(

:.
.
(
)
Rd
+ 1 vi
+ 1 ri + r o + R d
)

vL
vi

( = vL

= Av
(

)
+ 1 Rd
)
( = Av
+ 1 ri + r o + Rd
.
ro + Rd
+1

= Ri

:.

:. .

k n = 0.6 mA/V2 Vt = 1 V IDS2 = 1.2 mA IDS1 = 0.12 mA
VDS1 = VDS2 = 5 V RS1 R D1 RS2
= 150 k R R1 R2

Q2 :
9 + 5 = VDS2 + IDS2 RS2

= 5 + 1.2 103 RS2

.
RS2 = 7.5 k
0.6 103
(VGS2 1)2
2

= 1.2 103

VGS2 = 3 V Q2
VS2 = 9 VDS2 = 9 5 = 4 V

VG1 = VS2 + VGS2 = 4 + 3 = 7 V
VD1 R D1
9 VD1 = IDS1 R D1
9 7 = 0.12 103 R D1
R D1 = 16.7 k VDS1 = 5 V
VS1 = VD1 VDS1 = 7 5 = 2 V
RS1
VS1 (5) = IDS1 RS1
7 = 0.12 103 RS1
RS1 = 58.3 k Q1

0.6 103
=
(VGS1 1)2
2

0.12 10

VGS1 = 1.632 V
VG1 = VS1 + VGS1
2 + 1.632 = 3.632 V
VG1
[
]
)9 (5
= = 3.632
R1 5
R1 + R2

VG1

= R1 k R2 R 150 k
R1 R2
R1 + R2

= 150 103

R2 = 243 k R1 = 392 k

:. . k n1 = k n2 = 3 mA/V2 Vt1 = Vt2 = 2 V

gm1 IDS2 IDS1 gm2
Av = vvL
i
:
Q1
VG1 = 0
VS1 = 10 + IDS1 RS1 = 10 + 5000IDS1

VGS1 = VG1 VS1 = 10 5000IDS1

:.

0.003
(10 5000IDS1 2)2
2
IDS1 = 0.73 mA
2 0.003 0.00073 = 2.09 mS

= IDS1

= 2k n1 IDS1

Q2
VG2 = 0
VS2 = 10 + 5000IDS2
VGS2 = VG2 VS2 = 10 5000IDS2

0.003
(10 5000IDS2 2)2
2

= IDS2

IDS2 = 0.73 mA
2 0.003 0.00073 = 2.09 mS

= gm2

= gm1

.
v g1 = vi
v g2 = 0
vs1 = vs2 = vs

v gs1 = vi vs
v gs2 = vs
vs
)
)( R R
(
S1 S2
vs = gm1 v gs1 + gm2 v gs2
R + RS2
[
] S1
= gm (vi vs ) + (vs ) RS

RS1 RS2
RS1 + RS2

RS
gm R S v i
1 + 2gm RS

= vs

v L
)

R D2 R L
v L = gm2 v gs2
R D2 + R L
(
)
R D2 R L
= gm v s
R D2 + R L

.
gm1 = gm2 = gm vs
(
()
)
gm R S v i
R D2 R L
v L = gm
1 + 2gm RS
R D2 + R L

)

R D2 R L
R D2 + R L

2R
vL
gm
S
= Av
=
vi
1 + 2gm RS

5000 5000
= 2.5 k
5000 + 5000
5000 2500
R D2 R L
=
= 1.667 k
R D2 + R L
5000 + 2500
= RS

1667 = 1.59 V/V

0.002092 2500
1 + 2 0.00209 2500

(
= Av

power mosfet

:.

CMOS




i DS

inverter
heat sink

nMOSFET
Vt
Vt VA

vGS > Vt , vGD Vt

]
[) (
2
v
W
i DS = k0n
(vGS Vt ) v DS DS
L
2

) (vGS Vt

) (
W
L

k0n

vGS > Vt , vGD Vt

) (
(
)
k0n W
v DS
2
= i DS
(vGS Vt ) 1 +
2
L
VA

pMOSFET
Vt
Vt VA

vSG > Vt , v DG Vt
]
( )[
2
v
W
iSD = k0p
(vSG + Vt ) vSD SD
L
2
=

k0p

( )
W
L

(vSG + Vt )

vSG > Vt , v DG Vt
( )
(
)
k0p W
vSD
2
iSD =
(vSG + Vt ) 1 +
2
L
VA

nMOSFET


 VA 

ro = 
IDS 
( )
0 W
gm = k
(VGS Vt )
L

:. nMOSFET d = 0.02 m n = 650 cm /V s = e

3.97e0 v DS
VGS = 1.8 V W Vt = 0.8 V
L = 20
v DS
:
2

= 445

) (vGS Vt

k0n W
L

=r

pMOSFET :. p 0.4n .
pMOSFET VSD
1114 :
:.
W

Wn
Wp = 0.4 :
:. k n = 0.02 mA/V2 Vt = 1 V
vGS = 4 V v DS = 3 V v DS = 1 V v DS = 6 V
i DS
90 A 50 A: 90 A
:.
Vt = 1 V

k n = 0.08 mA/V2 ,

i DS = 4 mA vGS
v DS Vt = 1 V

Vt = 1 V : vGS = 11 V v DS 10 V
Vt = 1 V vGS = 9 V v DS 10 V
:. . i DS = 0.4 mA

:.
Vt = 1 V : vGS = 4.16 V v DS 3.16 V
Vt = 1 V vGS = 2.16 V v DS 3.16 V

:.

:. . W
Cgsp
W l d
W = 100 m d = 0.02 m l = 1 m
e = 3.97e0 e0 = 8.85 1012 F/m

176 fF Cgsp = er ed0 Wl :

:.
v DS i DS 4 V 1 mA 6 V 2.5 mA
k n Vt
Vt = 0.5575 V k n = 0.169 mA/V2 :
vGS > Vt
:. vGS = 5 V i DS
v DS v DS = 3 V i DS = 2 mA v DS = 6 V
i DS = 4 mA k n Vt
Vt = 3.24 V k n = 2.59 mA/V2 :

:. v DS
vGS k0n = 15 A/V2
W
Vt = 1.2 V v GS = 2 V 8 k L
L = 10 m W vGS = 8 V

940 104.2 m 10.42:
:. vGS
v DS = 5 V i DS = 3.3 mA v DS = 10 V
i DS = 3.6 mA ro VA

= 33.33 k VA = 50 V :

v DS
i DS

= ro

:. ro
i DS = 100 A i DS = 10 mAr

= 500 k:

VA
IDSQ

= 5 k ro

:. Vt = 3 V k n = 0.2 mA/V2
v DS = 2 V v DS = 5 V
i DS
0.9 mA 0.8 mA:

:. . Vt = 1 V k n = 160 A/V2
i DS
i DS :
0.56 mA 0 mA
:. . Vt = 1 V k n = 160 A/V2
i DS
i DS
: 1.525 mA
0.16 mA

)(

)(

)(

)(

:.

)(

)(

:.
:. . Vt = 1 V k p = 160 A/V2
i DS
i DS
: 0.04 mA
0A
A
2
:. . Vt = 1 V k p = 160 /V
i DS
i DS
: 1.52 mA
0.08 mA
A
A
2
2
:. . k n2 = 200 /V k n1 = 50 /V
Vt = 1 V vO

)(

)(

:.
2.3333 V :
:. . Vt1 = k n2 = 200 A/V2 k n1 = 50 A/V2
0.8 V Vt2 = 1.2 V vO
Q2 3.04 V : Q1
:. . Vt1 = k n2 = 200 A/V2 k n1 = 50 A/V2
0.8 V Vt2 = 1.2 V vO
vO = 1.6 V :
:. . Vt1 = k n2 = 0.2 mA/V2 k n1 = 0.2 mA/V2
1 V Vt2 = 1 V vi 0 V 0.5 V
5 V vO

vi = 1 V 4.866 V 5 V 5 V : Q2

:. .

3 V 0.1 mA :
:. .
vSD = 1.14 V iSD = 0.515 mA :
:. . k n = 0.32 mA/V2 Vt = 2 V
R1 R2 IDS = 0.5 mA IDS
10 %
R2 = 95.4 k R1 = 104.6 k :

)(

)(

:.

:.
:. . k p = 0.22 mA/V2 Vt = 1.5 V
R1 R2 VSD = 5 V ISD
10 %
R2 = 102.36 k R1 = 97.64 k :
:. .
VGS = 3.45 V ISD = 52.5 A :
:. . R D = 5.6 k VDD = 12 V = RS
1.2 k k n = 0.18 mA/V2 Vt = 1.8 V
i DS = 0.8 mA R1 R2 R1
R2 i DS

R1 = 156.5 k R2 = 143.5 k :
:.
. Vt 1.6 V 2 V
k n 0.18 mA/V2 i DS
0.735 mA : 0.8656 mA
:. . R1 = 100 k R2 = 50 k
RS 0.55 V R2 1000 k
RS 0.507 V
gm
0.33 mA/V :
:. k n Vt
Vt = 1.2 V k n = 0.22 mA/V2 :
:. . i DS = 0.1 mA v DS = 3 V
2.94 V

100 V :
:. . IDS = 2 mA VDS = 5 V
R D RS
R1 IDS Av = vvL
i

R1 = 11 k R D = 4.5 k RS = 0.5 k: R2 = 64 k
Av = 2.25 V/V gm = 2 mS
:. . VSD = 3 V Av = 6 V/V
R D VGG ISD
ISD = 0.222 mA VGG = 3.133 V R D = 9 k:
:. . VSD ISD Av = vvL
i
gm = 4 mS VSD = 2 V ISD = 4 mA: ro = 25.5 k
Av = 10.73 V/V
:. . k p = 2 mA/V2 Vt = 1.4 V VA = 40 V
RS R D ISD = 0.36 mA
VSD = 6 V Av = vvL
i

:.

:.

:.

:.
ro = 128 k R D = 22 k RS = 8.333 k :
Av = 22.7 V/V
:. .R D1 =R2 = 243 k R1 = 392 k
k n = 0.6 mA/V2 RS2 = 7.5 k RS1 = 58.3 k 16.7 k Vt = 1 V

IDS2 = 1.2 mA VDS1 = 5 V IDS1 = 0.12 mA: = VDS2
5V
:. .
RG1 = 100 k, R L = 5 k
k n1 = 4 mA/V2 , k n2 = 6 mA/V2
Vt1 = Vt2 = 1.5 V
IDS2 = 6 mA IDS1 = 2 mA VDS2 = 8 V
gm2 gm1 Av = vvL
i
Av = R D2 = 818 RS2 = 1.182 k RS1 = 3.75 k:
1.75 V/V



.
..

.

Q1 Q2
RC VCC
RC
v B1 v B2
vo .
vC1 vC2 vo

) v E1 = v E2 (
dierence pair
matched

:.
) 1 ( 2 v E
v E1 = v E2 = v E

)(.

i E1 i E2

i E1 + i E2 = 2 I

)(.

.
VB v B1 v B2
VB

)( i E1 = i E2
common mode voltage

+
-

:.
. i E1 = i E2 = I iC1 = iC2 = I
vC1 = VCC iC1 RC = VCC IRC
vC2 = VCC iC2 RC = VCC IRC

vo = vC2 vC1 = 0

)(.

vd

vd = v B1 v B2

)(.

vCM
v B1 + v B2
2

= vCM

)(.

vd
v B1 v B2

:.
.
VEE = 15 V
RC = 3.9 k
= 0.99

VCC = 15 V
VB = 3 V
I = 2 mA

: 2 I = 4 mA
3 V VBE = 0.7 V

v E = 3 0.7 = 2.3 V

4 mA
= 2 mA
2

= i E1 = i E2

iC1 = iC2 = 2 mA = 0.99 2 mA = 1.8 mA
vC1 = vC2 = 15 1.8 103 3.9 103 = 7.9 V
vo = vC2 vC1 = 7.9 7.9 = 0 V
2.3 V 15 V
2.3 (1.5) = 17.3 V

3 V
7.9 V

:.
.

:
7.9 V
0.5 V

) (7.9 + 0.5 = 8.4 V

vCM 8.4 V

..

. v B2 v B1 = 0.9 V


v BE1 = v BE2 = 0.7 V
v E = v B v BE = 0 0.7 = 0.7 V
electrical ground

v B2 v B1
Q1

v E = v B1 v BE1
v B1 = 0.9 V
v E = 0.9 0.7 = 0.2 V
Q2
v BE2 = v B2 v E = 0 0.2 = 0.2 V

2 I Q1
i E1 = 2I
i E2 = 0

vC1 = VCC 2IRC

vC2 = VCC
vo = vC2 vC1 = +2IRC
vo

) ( 2 I +2IRC
vo

v E = 0.7 V v B2 = 0 V v B1 = 0.9 V

)(

)(

:.
Q2 v E = 0.7 V
Q1 0.9 V 0.7 V
.
) ( 2 I
Q2

=0
= 2I
= VCC
= VCC 2IRC
= vC2 vC1 = 2IRC

i E1
i E2
vC1
vC2
vo

. vd = v B1 v B2 = 0.9 V
) ( 2 I
vo = +2IRC
vd = 0.9 V
vo = 2IRC

:.

.
i E1 + i E2 = 2 I
vd
vd 2 I
.
+ v2d v B1 v2d v B2
vd
2
vd
=
2

v B1 = +
v B2

v B1 v B2 i E1 = i E1 = I
v B1 v B2 i B1 I
i B2 i E1 + i E2 = 2I

.
i E1 = I + I
i E2 = I I

) = IE1 = ( I + I
) = IE2 = ( I I
) = VCC iC1 RC = VCC ( I + I
) = VCC iC2 RC = VCC ( I I
= vC2 vC1 = +2IRC

iC1
iC2
vC1
vC2
vo

) ( )
(

.
Q1 v B1
v E1
v E1 = v E2 = v E
v E1 v E2 v E
v BE1 = v B1 v E1 = v B1 v E

)(.

Q2
v BE2 = v B2 v E2 = v B2 v E

)(.

.

)
v BE1
v B1 v E
1 IS e VT = IS e VT
)
v BE2
v B2 v E
1 IS e VT = IS e VT

v BE1

iC1 = IS e VT
( v
BE2
iC2 = IS e VT

)(.
)(.

iC1
I vB1 vE
= S e VT

iC2
IS vB2VvE
=
= e T

= i E1

)(.

i E2

)(.

v B1 v B2
i E1 i E2
. . v E

) ( v v
IS B2VT E
(
)
v B2 v B1
v
e
i E2
d
)(.
= ( v v ) = e VT
= e VT
i E1
IS B1VT E
e
) (v B1 v B2 vd ) (1
vd
i E2
+ 1 = 1 + e VT
i E1
v
i E2 + i E1
d
= 1 + e VT
i E1

)(.
)(.

i E1 + i E2 = 2 I
v
2 I
d
= 1 + e VT
i E1

)(.

i E1
(
)
(
) 1
v
2 I 1
Vd
= 1+e T
i E1
i E1
1
)
(=
v
2 I
Vd
1+e T

)(.

2 I

( = i E1

Vd

)(.

1+e

. .

2 I

( = i E2

+ Vd

)(.

1+e

. . .
:.
vd = 0
: .
2 I
2 I
=
=I
1+1
1 + e0

i E1 i E2
2I
V0
T

= i E1

1+e

.
2 I
2 I
=I
=
0
1+1
1+e

2I
+ V0
T

1+e

= i E2

:. vd id

:.
i E2
.
vd = 0.15 V
.
vd = 0.1 V
.
vd = 0.1 V

vd = 0.15 V
: .
.
2 I
2 I
1 + 0.0024788

2 I

0.15
0.025

1+e

= i E2

.
2I
= 0.982 2 I
1 + 0.018316

2 I
0.1
0.025

1+e

= i E2

.
2I
= 0.018 2 I
1 + 54.598

2 I
+0.1
0.025

1+e

= i E2

.
2I
= 0.00247 2 I 0
1 + 403.41

2 I
+0.15
0.025

1+e

= i E2

.
vCM

. vd = 0.1 V 98.2 Q2
vd = 0.1 V 1.8

Cb0 e
Cb0 c


)
(

vd

) (

.
vd
) i E1 ( i E2 vd
) i E1 ( i E2

VT
2

< | |vd

emitter coupled logic

)(.

.
..
. .
.


.
2 I

= i E1

Vd

)(.

1+e

1 vd

e 2 VT

1 vd

2Ie 2 VT
v

21 Vd

+e

+ 12 Vd

1 vd
2 VT
1 vd
2 VT

e
e

2I

i E1 =

Vd

1+e

x e+ x e x

x2 x3
+
+
!2
!3
x2 x3
= 1x+

+
!2
!3

)(.

e+ x = 1 + x +

+ Vd

e x

Vd

e
|vd | < V2T e T
.
Maclaurin series

+ Vd

Vd

1 vd
2 VT

1 + 12 VvTd
( )
+ 1
)

1 vd
2 VT

1+

1 vd
2 VT

1+

( i E1 = 2I
(

2I
) 2
(
1 vd
= I 1+
2 VT
I vd
= I+
2 VT

)(.

I vd
VT 2

i E1 = I +

)(.

i E2
I vd
VT 2

i E2 = I

)(.

I vd
VT 2
I vd
= I
VT 2

iC1 = i E1 = I +
iC2 = i E2

)(.

vd = 0 i E1 = i E2 = I
IEQ1 IEQ2

vd = 0 . iC1 = I
iC2 = I ICQ
IC .

I vd
VT 2
= IC + ic
I vd
= IC
VT 2
= IC ic

iC1 = IC +
)(.
iC2

ic
) (
IC vd
I vd
= ic
=
VT 2
VT 2
.
gm
vd
2

)(.
IC
VT

)(.

i c = gm

.
vd
2
vd
= IC gm
2

iC1 = IC + gm
iC2

)(.

. iC1 iC2 .
I = VIT v2d
. ic

.
)(

)(

:.

..
.
ic
.

.

v
vb1 vb2
= d
2re
2re

= ie

)(.

vb1 vb2 vd ie1 = ie ie2 = ie

. re = gm

gm v d
2

vd
2

= ie

ic = ie = gm

)(.

)(.

:.

.
re

vo
v o = + i c 2 R C = + gm R C v d

vo
vd

)(.

= Ad

vo
= + gm R C
vd

= Ad

)(.

.
R E
dierential voltage gain

.

vd
2re + 2R E

= ie

vd
2re + 2R E
v R
vo = +2ic RC = + d C
re + R E
vo
RC
RC
= Ad
=+
+
vd
re + R E
re + R E
= ic = ie

)(.

..
.
ib
vb1 vb2
v
= d
2rbe
2rbe

= ib

)(.

vb
= 2rbe
ib

= Rid

)(.

. rbe

dierential input resistance

)(

)(

:.
.

vd
2re + 2R E

vd
2re + 2R E

)(.

= ie

ie
1
= ib
=
+1
+1

)(.

(
)
vd
) = + 1 (2re + 2R E
ib

= Rid

)(.

)(

)(

:.

R
re .

ve

ve
=0
R

vd
2

ve +
+
re

vd
2

ve
re

)(.

ve = 0

)(.

vd ve ve

. ) ( .
Norton equivalent

+ v2d
vc1 v2d vc2

ro
rbe

)(.

Rid = 2rbe
vo vc1 vc2
(
)
vo
v vc1
= c2
= gm R C k r o
vd
vd

= Ad

)(.

ro RC

R
vc2 vc1
= gm R C = C
vd
re

= Ad

)(.

vo ) vc1 ( vc2

v
R
vo
= c1 = C
vd
vd
2re

= Ad

)(.

. Rod R0od
Rod RC
RC
RC Rod ro R0od
ro
RC
) (ro k RC

+
)(

)(

:.

..
. vCM
ie
ve = (ie1 + ie2 ) R = 2ie R

)(.

ve
ve = ie (2R) = 2ie R

)(.

I


vCM
re + 2R

= ie

)(.

)(

)(

:.

ie
v
) CM
(=
+1
) + 1 (re + 2R
(
)
vCM
=
)= + 1 (re + 2R
ib

= ib
)(.
Ricm

(
)
)Ricm = 2 + 1 (re + 2R

)(.

RC vCM
re + 2R

vc1 = vc2 = ie RC =

)(.

vo vc1 vc2
vo
common mode voltage gain

.
) vc1 ( vc2
RC vCM
re + 2R

vo = vc1 =

)(.

vo
v
RC
= c1 =
vCM
vCM
re + 2R

= Acm

)(.

R RC re


. vo = Ad vd
. vo = Acm vCM

vo = Ad vd + Acm vCM

)(.

CMRR Ad Acm



  Ad

 = re + 2R
 = CMRR
)(.
 Acm
re
. .
CMRR


  Ad


)(.
CMRR = 20 log
 Acm
common mode rejection ratio CMRR
decibell dB

vc1 vc2

RC
RC1 = RC + RC
RC2 = RC RC
( RC + RC ) vCM
re + 2R
( RC RC ) vCM
=
re + 2R

vc1 =
)(.
vc2

RC vCM
re + 2R
RC
=
re + 2R

vo = vc2 vc1 =
vo
vCM

)(.
= Acm

vc1 vc2
CMRR . .

gm (re + 2R) RC
RC

= CMRR

)(.

.
..
) ( VB1 = VB2 = 0

+
-

)(

)(

:.

Vo Vo

Ad VOS
VO
Ad

= VOS

)(.

VOS
.
RC1 RC2
Q1 Q2

) ( VB1 = VB2 = 0
2 I RC1 RC2
output oset voltage
input oset voltage

VC1 VC2 Vo = 0 RC1

RC2
RC1 = RC + RC
RC2 = RC RC

)(.

) VC1 = VCC IRC1 = VCC I ( RC + Rc

) VC2 = VCC IRC2 = VCC I ( RC Rc

)(.

Vo = VC2 VC1 = 2IRC

)(.

VO
RC
2IRC
2IR
=
= ( ) C = 2VT
I
Ad
gm R C
RC
VT RC

= VOS

)(.

Ad = gm RC gm = VIT





R
C

)(.
|VOS | = 2VT
 RC

IS
IS1 = IS + IS
IS2 = IS IS

)(.

.
VBE1 = VBE2 = VBE

)

VBE
VT

IC1 = ( IS + IS ) 1 + e
(
)
VBE
IC2 = ( IS IS ) 1 + e VT

IC2
IC1

)(.

IC2
I IS
= S
IC1
IS + IS

)(.

) (1
I IS
IC2
+1 = 1+ S
IC1
IS + IS
IC2 + IC1
2IS
=
IC1
IS + IS

)(.

IC1 + IC2 = 2 I
)

I
= I 1 + S
IS

IS + IS
IS

(
IC1 = I

)(.

IC2
)

I
= I 1 S
IS

IS IS
IS

(
IC2 = I

)(.

)
IS
VC1 = VCC I 1 +
RC
IS
(
)
IS
RC
VC2 = VCC I 1
IS
I
VO = VC2 VC1 = 2IRC S
IS

 
  


 IS

   VO   VO   2IRC IS

I
S
 = 2VT

 =   = | |VOS
 =  I
   gm RC   V RC
Ad
 IS
T

)(.

) ro (

..


I
+1

= IB1 = IB2

)(.

IOS
| IOS = | IB1 IB2
input bias current
input oset curent

)(.

:.

1 = +
2 =

)(.

)
)

1
+1

1+
+1

(
(

)(.
I
)
+1
I
)
+1

+1

+1

I
I
(
(=
=
)
+ + 1
+1 1+

IB1

I
I
(
=
(=
)
+ 1
+1 1

IB2

+1

x .

IB1 + IB2
I
=
2
+1

= IB

)(.


(
)
(
)
 I



=
 = IB
  + 1 + 1
+1

IOS

)(.

.
. npn
) ( 1
I VZ R E

VZ VBE
RE

= IE

I
I
.
constant current source

+
)(

)(

:.
) (


VCC



. pnp
.

VEE

current sink
current source

+
-

)(

)(

:.

.
.
I
IB
Q1 I VBE
ageing
current mirror

)(

)(

:.

VBE

= IS e VT 1I

)(.

Q1 Q2
Q2 VBE

( V
)
BE
VT
)(.
= IS eI
1
. .
( V
)
BE
VT
IS e
1
I
) =1
= ( V
BE
I
VT
IS e
1
= II

)(.

I I

I .
Q2
I I

VBE IC

)
( V
BE
IC1 = IS e VT 1
( V
)
BE
)(.
VT
IC2 = IS e
1
IC1 = IC2 = IC

IC1
I
= C

I
I
= C2 = C

= IB1
)(.
IB2

(
)
2
2IC
= IC +
= IC 1 +

)(.

= IC2 = ICI

)(.

I
2

1+

= I

)(.

:.

.

I
2
2

1+

)(.

.
. I R
VCC Q3 I

V VBE1 VBE3
)(.
= CCI
R

:.
.
R I

R = 11.3 k
= 5 kR

. R I
. Vo
. R Vo
. R 20 k Vo
. R Q2

. 40 k
:
. Q1 12 V
0.7 V 11.3 V
11.3 V
R 11.3 V
0 V R
)0 (11.3
= 1 mA
11300

= I

Q2
)(

Q1

)(

:.
. Q2
RVo = VCC I

= 15 103 5 103 = 10 V

. 10 k

RVo = VCC I

= 15 103 2 5 103 = 5 V
. 20 k

RVo = VCC I

= 15 103 20 103 = 5 V

. R
Vo

Q2
Vo
Q2

Q2
0.2 V
R
12 + VCE R15 = I

+ 0.2 1215 = 103 R

15 + 12 0.2
= R
= 26.8 k
103

. 26.8 k

40 k
12 + VCE15 = IR
15 = I 40 103 + 0.2 12
15 + 12 0.2
= 0.67 mA
=I
40 103
I

)(

)(

)(

:.
. npn

I

R + VBE + VEEVCC = I
V 0.7 VEE
= CCI
= I
R

pnp
I

I
R + VBE + VEEVCC = VEB + I
V 0.7 0.7 VEE
= CCI
= I
R

)(

)(

)(

:.

..

. Q3 .
Q3 Q1 Q2 VBE
IC


= IC = I = I2 I1
3IC

= IC +I

)(.
)(.

I
3

1+

= I

)(.

. .

:.
n
.
I
n +1

1+

= I

)(.

.

.

RC

)(

)(

:.

2 I
Q a1 Q a2
I Qb1 Qb2
Qb1 Qb2
Qb1 Q a1
I Qb2 )( I
Q a2 I Qb2
Q a2 R L
vo
vd Q a1 Q a2 gm v2d
Q a1 ) ( gm v2d Qb1
Qb2
vo gm v2d

gm vd
R L gm vd

)
R L = gm R L v d

v
v
gm d + gm d
2
2

(
= vo

)(.

vo
= gm R L
vd

= Ad

)(.

. gm v2d



. R L
Q a2
Qb2 ro
Q a1 Q a2
.
R L
.
(
)
Ad = gm rob2 k roa2
)(.
roa2 rob2 roa2 = rob2 = r0

) () (
1 IC
VA
V
gm r o
)(.
=
= A
= Ad
2
2 VT
IC
2VT

gm VICT ro
VA = 50 V

VA
IC

50
= 2000 V/V
25 103

= Ad

. roa2 rob2

:. .
= 100 Q1 Q4
Q8


IB
: Q10 Q9
143 k Q11 Q9
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q5
Q6 2.3 k Q7 15.7 k
Q8 3 k
Q9
VB9 = 15 + VBE = 14.3 V

143 k

)0 (14.3
= 0.1 mA
143000

:.
Q10 Q11
0.6 mA
0.1 mA Q2 Q3
IC IE = 50 A 50A 0.5 A

0.5 A Q2 Q1 IE Q3
Q4 IE Q1 Q4 0.5A 5 nA
0.5 A
5 nA Q2
VC2 = 15 IC2 RC2 = 15 50 106 100 103 = 10 V
Q3 10 V Q1
VB1 = 0 V 0.7 V Q2

0.7 V 1.4 V
Q5 Q6 0.6 mA
0.6 103
= 0.3 mA
2

0.3 A

= IE5 = IE6

3 A 3 A

50 A 100 k 3 A
9.7 V

10 V
Q5 Q6

VE = VB VBE = 10 0.7 = 9.3 V

VC = 15 0.3 103 10000 = 12 V
VCE5 = VCE6 = 2.7 V

12 V
Q7
5.3 k 15.7 k Q7 12 V

VE7 = VB7 + VEB7 = 12 + 0.7 = 12.7 V
2.3 k
15 12.7
= 1 mA
2300

.
15.7 k
103 15700 = 15.7 V
Q8
VB8 = 15 + 15.7 = 0.7 V
Q8
VE8 = VB8 VBE = 0.7 0.7 = 0 V

2.3 k 15.7 k vO = 0 V
Q7

:. . vd
Ad = vvO
d

: .
vd
2
vd
v1 =
2
v2 = +

level shifter

:.
Q2 Q3 50 A
IC
50 106
=
= 2 mS
VT
25 103
1
1
=
=
= 500
gm
0.002

= gm2 = gm3
re2 = re3

Q1 Q4 0.5 A
0.5 106
= 20 S
25 103
1
=
= 50 k
20 S

= gm1 = gm4
re1 = re4

Q1 re1 Q2 Q2
50 k 50k = 500

re1 re10 = 500 Q2

re2 + re10 1 k Q4 re4 Q3
Q3 50 k
50k = 500 Q3 re3 + re40

1 k .
Q5 Q6 0.3 mA
0.3 103
= 0.012 S
25 103
1
= = re6
= 83.33
0.012
= rbe6 = re = 8.3 k

= gm5 = gm6
re5
rbe5

2rbe
Q2 Q3 8.3 k

Q2 Q3 8.3 k

vo1
RC
=
vd
RE
15328
=
2000
= 7.66 V/V

= Ad1
)(.

RC 200 k
16.6 k R E
2re vd vo1
R E7 = 230 k RC6
230 k  10 k 10 k

RC
RE
10000
=
83.33
= 120 V/V

= Ad

1 RC
2 RE
1 10000
=
2 83.33
= 60 V/V

Ad2 =
)(.

v2 v1

Q7 2.3 k 15.7 k
Q7 re Q8
15700
= 6.826 V/V
2300

Ad3 =

Q8 3 k

Ad4 1 V/V

.

vO
= Ad1 Ad2 Ad3 Ad4
vd
= 7.66 (60) (6.826) 1
= 3137 V/V

= Ad

. Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4

Ri (1000 + 1000) 2
= 2000 10000
= 20 M

Q8 re 15.7 k

15700
= 157
100
3 k
157 3000
= 149
157 + 3000

= Ro

:. . Ai = iiL
b
Ai Ad = vvL
d

:.

: .
A B C D

iL
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
= eD = eD bD cC bC cB bB cA
ib
ibA
ibD
icC
ibC
icB
ibB icA ibA

= Ai

)(.

.
RiB icA
RiB ibB

:.

= 8 + 1
R6
R6 + RiD

= 7
R4
R4 + RiC

= 6
R1 + R2
R1 + R2 + RiB

= 1 2

ieD
ibD
ibD
icC
icC
ibC
ibC
icB
icB
ibB
ibB
icA
icA
ibA

)(.

VT
(I
)
= + 1 re2
(
)V
(
)
= + 1 T = + 1 re2
I
(
)2
= + 1 re2

= re2 = re3
rbe2 = rbe3
r1e = re4

)(.

rbe1 = rbe4

(
)
= rbe1 + rbe4 + (rbe2 + rbe3 ) + 1
(
)2
= 4 + 1 re2
= 2rbe5
(
)
R5 + 1
(
)
R7 + 1

RiA
RiB

)(.

RiC
RiD

v L = ieD R7
vd = ibA RiA

vL
vd
i R
= eD 7
ibA RiA
R
= Ai 7
RiA

= Ad
)(.

:. . Ai Ad
: .
re5 = 83.333

re2 = 500 ,

= 4 1002 500 = 20 M
= 2 100 83.333 = 1667
= 2300 100 = 230 k
= 3000 100 = 300 k

RiA
RiB
RiC
RiD

= 100
15.7 103
= 0.04973
15.7 103 + 300 103

= 100
10 103
= 0.04167
10 103 + 230 103

= 100
2 100 103
= 0.99173
2 100 103 + 1667

= 100 100 = 10000

ieD
ibD
ibD
icC
icC
ibC
ibC
icB
icB
ibB
ibB
icA
icA
ibA

.
ieD
= 100 0.04973 100 0.04167 100 0.99173 10000
ibA
= 20.55 MA/A

= Ai

.
vL
3000
= 20.55 106
vd
20 106
= 3082 V/V

= Ad

. Ad = 3137 V/V
1



  3137 3082

 100 = 1.75 %


3137

. rbe5 + rbe6 = 16.6 k
rbe5 + rbe6 R1 + R2
rbe5 + rbe6  R1 + R2
rbe5 + rbe6


r + rbe6
RC
= be5
4re2
RE
(
)
1 RC
1
RC6

=
2 RE
2 re5 + re6

= Ad1
Ad2

.

(

( )
)
rbe5 + rbe6
RC6

4re2
re5 + re6
(
)
(
)
) + 1 (re5 + re6
RC6
1

=
2
4re2
re5 + re6
(
)
+ 1 RC6
1
=
2
4re2

1
=
2

Ad = Ad1 Ad2
)(.

re2
re = VICT I re2

.
. Q2 R E
.

)
(
I
VBE1 = VT ln
I
) ( S
I
VBE2 = VT ln
IS
Widlar current source

:.

(
)
I
VBE1 VBE2 = VT ln
I

R EVBE1 = VBE2 + I

)

I
I

(
R E = VT lnI

)(.

Ro
Q2 vt it vitt
Ro

)(

)(

:.
Q1
. re
Q2
Q1 re
.
) (
rbe = re + 1 rbe  re rbe rere

R E rbe R E k rbe R0E
vRbe0
E

vbe
= iro
R0E

gm vbe +

)
vbe

1
gm + 0
RE

(
= iro

(
)
1
vt = vbe gm + 0 vbe ro
RE

)
(
1
it = gm vbe gm + 0 vbe
RE

)(.

)(.

. .
Ro

(
)
vt
1
= Ro
= R0E 1 + ro gm + 0
it
RE
(
)
= R0E + ro 1 + gm R0E
R0E Ro
(
)
)(.
Ro ro 1 + gm R0E

rbe R E
rbe + R E

= R0E

)(.

(
)
ro ro 1 + gm R0E
R E
.

)(

)(

:.
:. . = I
15 A
: 15 A
9 0.7
= 553 k
15 106

= R

= 1 mA I = 15 A I
= 1 mA I
9 0.7
= 8.3 k
1 103
.

= 7 k

103
15 106

= R

25 103
ln
= RE
15 106

553 k
8.3 k 7 k

)(

)(

:.

.
. VBE = 0.7 V VCE1 = 0.7 V
VCE2 VCE1 6= VCE2

. VBE1 = VBE2 VCE1 6= VCE2
Q1 Q2 VCE1 VCE2
.
.

VCE1 = VBE1 = 0.7 V
VCE2 = VBE1 + VBE3 = 1.4 V
VCE 0.7 V
Wilson mirror

I iC3
iC3 I Q1 Q2
iC1 = iC2 = iC
i B1 = i B2 = i B
Q3
iC3

(
)
+1
=
iC3

= i B3
)(.
i E3

i E3 = iC1 + i B1 + i B2
= iC + 2i B
(
)
+2
=
iC

)(.

i E3
)
iC

+2

(
= iC3

+1

iC
)
iC3

+1
+2

(
= iC

)(.

= iC2 + i B3I
i
= iC + C3

iC .
)
(
i
+1
iC3 + C3
= I
+2

(
)
+1 1
=
+
iC3
+2

]
( [
)
+1 ++2
(
)
iC3
=
+2
[
]
2
+ 2 + 2
(
) iC3
=
+2
( [
]
)
+2 +2
(
)
=
iC3
+2

[
(
] )
+2
(
)
=
I
+2 +2

I
2
) ( +2

1+

= iC3I

:.

1
I
1 + 22

)(.

.

Q3
vt it vitt Ro Q3
.
ic it

it = 2ic

)(.

. Q1
re Q2 rbe
re re  rbe

:.
re .
Q1 Q2 ic

ve = ic re
ib3 = ic

vt ve
ro3
vt
ve
= ic +

ro3 ro3
) (
vt
re
= ic +

ic
ro3
ro3

it = ib3 +

ib3 = ic re  ro

.
vt
2ic = ic +
ro3

ic + 2 ro3 = vt
= Ro it = 2ic

(
)
+ 2 ro3
vt
vt
=
=
= Ro
it
2ic
2
vt
it

)(.

ro
2

Ro

)(.

ro3 ro

ro 2

VCE1 VCE2 0.7 V
. Q4
VCE2 = VBE1 + VBE3 VBE4 = 0.7 V
VCE1 = VCE2 = 0.7 V
Q1 Q2

)(

)(

:.

Q1a Q3a I

I
VT
1
= re
g
(m
)
rbe = + 1 re

= gm

cascode amplier

Q1a v2d ic1 = gm v2d

Q3a ie3 = ic1 1 ic3 = ic1 = gm v2d
vo = gm RC v2d
Ro
Q3a
Q1a ro Q3a
. . Ro
R E ro .
rbe ro
rbe + ro

= R0E

ro  rbe R0E rbe

.
(
)
Ro = ro 1 + gm rbe
(
)
)(.
= ro 1 +
ro
RC

.

Q a3 Q a1 Q a2 Q a4
Qw2 Qw1 Qw3

= 1 Q1a
v2d ic1 = gm v2d
Q a3
Qw3 gm v2d Q2a
2vd ic2 = gm v2d Q4a

. 2 o
. ro
.
r
3 o
(
)
vd
vd ro
v o = gm + gm
2
2
3
1
= gm ro vd
3

IC
VT

= gm
)

VA
VT

VA
VT

= ro
(

vo
1
= Ad
=
vd
3

)(.

.
2
3

.

vd
vd = vG1 vG2
vS1 = vS2 = vS
vGS = vG vS vG = vGS + vS
) vd = (vGS1 + vS ) (vGS2 + vS
= vGS1 vGS2

)(.

:.
vG1 vG2 vS
vGS1 = vGS2 = VGS


i DS1 + i DS2 = 2I

)(.

) (vd = 0
i DS1 = i DS2 = I
kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

= IDS1 = IDS2 = I

kn
(vGS1 Vt )2
2
kn
=
(vGS2 Vt )2
2

= i DS1
i DS2

)(.

i DS1 i DS2
vd

kn
= i DS1
) (vGS1 Vt
2

kn
= i DS2
) (vGS2 Vt
2

i DS2
i DS1

kn
=
) (vGS1 vGS2
2

kn
=
v
2 d

i DS2

i DS1

. . i DS2

kn
= i DS1 2I i DS1
v
2 d

kn 2
v
2 d

kn
2 i DS1 2I i DS1 = 2I v2d
2

= 2I i DS1

k2n 4
v 2Ik n v2d
4 d

i DS1

i DS1 + 2I i DS1 2

4i DS1 (2I i DS1 ) = 4I 2 +

k2n 4
8Ii DS1 + 4I + vd 2Ik n v2d = 0
4
2

4i2DS1

.

)

2Ik n v2d

k2n 4
4 vd

(
64I 2 4 4 4I 2 +

24

)2

vd
2

k2n 4
4 vd

2Ik n v2d

2
)

kn
1
2I

2Ik n

8I

vd
2

= i DS1

= I
(

= I

) (vd = 0
i DS1 = I .
vd i DS1 I
i DS1

) (
) (
vd
k n vd 2
)(.
i DS1 = I +
2Ik n 1
2
2I 2
.

)2

vd
2

kn
2I

2Ik n

vd
2

i DS2 = 2I i DS1

= 2I I +

)2

vd
2

kn
1
2I

2Ik n

vd
2

(
i DS2 = I

)(.

2I
VGS Vt
1

= kn

kn
=
2I
(VGS Vt )2
. .

v
u
) (
( )2
u
vd
2I
1
vd
t
i DS1 = I +
1
2
2 VGS Vt
2
) (VGS Vt
v
)(.
u
) (
( )2
u
vd
2I
vd
1
t
i DS2 = I
1
2
2 VGS Vt
2
) (VGS Vt
. ) vd  2 (VGS Vt
.


) (
vd
2I
i DS1 I +
2 V Vt
( ) GS
)(.
vd
2I
i DS2 I
2 VGS Vt
.
2IDS
VGS Vt

= gm

IDS .
I .
) (
vd
i DS1 I + gm
2
) (
)(.
vd
i DS2 I gm
2
.
i DS1 gm v2d i DS2
i DS1 i DS2 2I
i DS1 i DS2 id
) (
vd
i d = gm
)(.
2

i DS1 = I + id
i DS2 = I id

)(.

vd 2I
.
vd Q1 i DS1 = 2I
i DS2 = 0 . i DS1 = 2

)(.
) |vd | = 2 (VGS Vt
vd

Q2 i DS1 = 0 i DS2 = 2I
. .

:.
vd
.
.
v D1 = V+ i DS1 R D
v D2 = V+ i DS2 R D
.
vo = v D2 v D1
= (i DS1 i DS2 ) R D
[
] ) (
vd
vd
= gm gm
)
2
2

= gm v d

vo
= gm R D
vd

= Ad

)(.

:. . 2I =
200 A k n = 0.1 mA/V2 Vt = 1.2 V gm VGS
vd
vd = 0 :
100 A

0.1 103
(VGS 1.2)2
2

= 100 106

2.614 V .
2 100 106 0.1 103 = 0.1414 mS

= gm

.
2 (2.614 1.2) = 2 V

= | |vd

vd = 2 V Q1 vd = 2 V
Q2

:. . V+ = 18 V R D = 50 k

: .
Ad = 0.1414 103 50000 = 7.07 V/V

:. . 2I =
200 A k n = 0.1 mA/V2 Vt = 1.2 V Q2
vS vGS2 vGS1 vG1

i DS1 = 100 A .
i DS1 = 150 A .
i DS1 = 200 A .
:
i DS1 = 100 A . . i DS2 = 100 A


0.1 103
(vGS1 1.2)2
2

= 100 106

vGS1 = 2.614 V vGS2

vGS1 vG1
vGS2 Q2
vG2 = 0 V
vGS2 = vG2 vS vS = 2.614 V
vGS1 = vG1 vS vS vGS1
vG1 = 0 V

i DS1 = 150 A . . i DS2 = 50 A

vGS
Q1
0.1 103
(vGS1 1.2)2
2
= 2.932 V

= 150 106
vGS1

Q2
0.1 103
(vGS2 1.2)2
2
= 2.2 V

= 50 106
vGS2

Q2
vGS2 = vG2 vS = 0 vS
vS = 2.2 V
vGS1 = vG1 vS
)2.932 = vG1 (2.2
vG1 = 0.732 V

i DS1 = 200 A . . i DS2 = 0 A
Q1
0.1 103
(vGS1 1.2)2
2
= 3.2 V

= 200 106
vGS1

Q2

0.1 103
(vGS2 1.2)2
2
= 1.2 V

=0
vGS2

vGS2 = vG2 vS
1.2 = 0 vS
vS = 1.2 V
vGS1 = vG1 vS
)3.2 = vG1 (1.2
vG1 = 2 V

:. . vG1 = 4 V vS vGS2 vGS1

vG1
: . vGS1 = 3.2 V
Q1 Q1 i DS1
200 A vGS1 = 3.2 V
vGS1 = vG1 vS
3.2 = 4 vS

.
vS = 0.8 V
vGS2 = vG2 vS
= 0 0.8
= 0.8 V
vGS2 < Vt Q2

.
.

W Vt
L

R D1 = R D + R D
R D2 = R D R D

)(.

I
) VD1 = V+ I ( R D + R D
) VD2 = V+ I ( R D R D
VO = VDS2 VDS1 = 2IR D
Ad
Ad . .
2IDS
gm = VGS IDS I
Vt
(
)
2I
= A d = gm R D
RD
VGS Vt
input oset voltage

VO
Ad
2IR D
)
RD

2I
VGS Vt

= VOS

(=

R
R

(
) VOS = (VGS Vt

)(.

k n
(

)
) (
W
W
W
=
+
L
L
L
( )1
) (
W
W
W
=

L 2
L
L

k n1
(VGS Vt )2
2
k
= n2 (VGS Vt )2
2

= i DS1
i DS2

i DS2 i DS1
k n2
k n1

(VGS Vt )2
2

) (VGS Vt

k n2
2
k n1
2

i DS2
=
i DS1

)(.

.

k n2
+1
k n1
k n2 + k n1
k n1
k n2 + k n1
k n1

i DS2
= +1
i DS1
i DS2 + i DS1
=
i DS1
2I
=
i DS1

. i DS1 + i DS2 = 2I

]) (
]) (
W
L

W
L

W
L

W
L

) (

W
L

i DS1
k n1
=
2I
k n2 + k n1
k0n

]) (
W
L

[
W
L

=
k0n
[

W
L

2W
L

( )

W
L
W
L

= I 1 +

i DS1

)(.

.
( )

W
L
W
L

i DS2 = 2I i DS1

= 2I I 1 +

( )
W
L
W
L

= I 1

i DS2

)(.

i DS1 i DS2
( )
W
L
= (VGS Vt ) W

VOS

)(.

Vt
Vt1 = Vt + Vt
Vt2 = Vt Vt

)(.

kn
2
kn
=
2
kn
=
2
kn
=
2

i DS1 =

(VGS Vt Vt )2
)2
(
Vt
2
(VGS Vt ) 1
VGS Vt

i DS2

(VGS Vt + Vt )2
)2
(
Vt
2
(VGS Vt ) 1 +
VGS Vt

( VGS Vt )

[
(
)2 ]
Vt
kn
2Vt
i DS1 =
+
(VGS Vt )2 1
2
VGS Vt
VGS Vt
[
(
)2 ]
kn
V
2V
t
t
i DS2 =
+
(VGS Vt )2 1 +
2
VGS Vt
VGS Vt

i DS1
i DS2

Vt
VGS Vt

)2

Vt  (VGS Vt )

[
]
2Vt
kn
2
=
(VGS Vt ) 1
2
VGS Vt
[
]
kn
2Vt
2
=
(VGS Vt ) 1 +
2
VGS Vt

I=

kn
(VGS Vt )2
2

2Vt
i DS1 = I 1
VGS Vt
[
]
2Vt
i DS2 = I 1 +
VGS Vt

v D1 = V+ i DS1 R D
v D2 = V+ i DS2 R D

VO = (i DS1 i DS2 ) R D
(
)
Vt
= 4IR D
VGS Vt

VO
= 2Vt
Ad
) (
RS
W
L
= VOS

)(.
VOS

) (VGS Vt
RC IS

Vt

.
Ro = ro2

:.
Q2
vt it vitt Ro
.
vt vbe = 0 V
gm vbe = 0 A vt
vbe gm vbe = 0 A
it = rv02t Ro = r02

.
-.
Q4 Q1 Q2 VDS

. Q3 vt
it
Q1
.

)(

)(

:.
. Q1
. Q1 Ro1 Ro
Q1 vt1 it .
Q1
v gs1 = vt
vt1
ro1
vt1
= gm1 vt1 +
ro1

it1 = gm1 v gs1 +

ro1
vt1
=
it1
1 + gm1 ro1

= Ro1

)(.

gm ro  1
1
gm1

Ro1

)(.

:.

:.

1
gm

1
gm1
. Q1
.

. Q1 v1 it
1
gm1 it = gm1 v1 v1
v gs2

it
gm1

= v gs2 = v1

)(.

Q2
gm2 it
gm1

= gm2 v gs2

ro2 v2

gm2 ro2 it
gm1

v2 =

v gs3 = v2
gm2 ro2 it
gm1

v gs3 =

)(.

v t v1
ro3
g g r it vt gm1 it
= m2 m3 o2 +
gm1
ro3

it = gm3 v gs3 +

. .

gm2 gm3 ro2 it
g it
vt
= + m1
gm1
ro3
ro3

it +

vt
g g r r
= ro3 + m2 m3 o2 o3 + gm1
it
gm1

= Ro

)(.

gm1 = gm2 = gm3 = gm

ro2 = ro3 = ro

Ro gm ro2

)(.

..
I
VEE VCC
V V+
.
Q3 Q4
Q3 Q4 ID1 = ID2
Q1 Q2 Q1 ID1 Q2
ID2
) (
k0n W
= ID1
(VGS1 Vt )2
2
L
( )1
0
W
k
ID2 = n
(VGS2 Vt )2
2
L 2

) (
) (
k0n W
k0n W
2
= ) (VGS1 Vt
(VGS2 Vt )2
2
L 1
2
L 2

)(.

VGS1 = VGS2 + ID2 R

)(.

. . R
) (
) (
k0n W
k0n W
2
= ) (VGS2 + ID2 R Vt
(VGS2 Vt )2
2
L 1
2
L 2

)

) (VGS2 Vt
2

W
L

= ) (VGS2 + ID2 R Vt
1

) ( v
u W
u

VGS2 Vt
u L 2

(
)
t

1
=R

W
ID2
L

ID2

ID2
k n2
2

W
L

= VGS2 Vt

) ( v

u W
u

L 2
u

(
)
t

W
1

2
k n2 ID2

=R

)(.

ID1 = ID2
R 0
) (
) (
W
W

L 2
L 1

:.
Q1 VGS1
Q6 I IO6
Q4 VGS4
Q5 I IO5
ID1 ID2 V+ V Q2
Q3 Q1
Q4

Q4 VSG4

.
.


Q a4 vt it vitt

:.

.

vd = 0 Q a2
v gs2 = 0 gm2 v gs2 = 0 Q a2 ro2
it ro2
v1 = it ro2 v gs4 = v1

v1 = it ro2
v gs4 = it ro2

)(.

.

v t v1
ro4
vt it ro2
= it gm4 ro2 +
ro4

it = gm4 v gs4 +

.
vt
it ro2
=
ro4
ro4

it + it gm4 ro2 +

vt
= ro4 + gm4 ro2 ro4 + ro2
it

= Ro

)(.

gm2 = gm4 = gm ro2 = ro4 = ro
Ro = gm ro2

)(.

.

g r2

m2 o
(
)
)
vd
( vd
gm r2o
v o = gm + gm
2
2

1 2 2
g r
2 m o

= Ad

)(.

:.

:. .I = 0.5 mAVEE = 10 V VCC = 10 V

RC = 15 k = 0.97 v B1 = v B2 = 2 V vo

VCM 3.15 V 0 V:
:. .I = 0.25 mAVEE = 10 V VCC = 10 V
RC = 15 k = 0.97 v B1 = 2 V v B2 = 3.1 V
vo
7.35 V:
:. .
:. . v B1 = 2.1 V v B2 = 2.101 V
vo
:. .
i DS1 :. i DS2 .
:. .
:. . Q11 4 IS vO = 0 V
R B8
25.2 k:
:. . VEE = 15 V VCC = 15 V

= 100 Q9 = 1 mA I RC9 IC5

VC2 = VC3 = 7.5 V RC2 VC5 = 10 V
RC5 IC7 = 0.5 mA R E7
vO = 0 V IE8 = 6 mA R B8 R E8

R E7 = RC5 = 3.33 k RC2 = 4.2857 k RC9 = 28.6 k:

R B8 = 31.4 k 8.6 k R E8 = 2.5 k
:. . RC5 Q5
VCB 0.5 V
5.333 k:
:. .
860 k 3.33 k 2 M: 250 k
:. .
Ad
V
V
V
V
Ad = 4380 /V 1 /V 3.65 /V 100 /V 12 V/V:
:. . vd = 200 V

0.876 V 0.876 V 0.24 V 2.4 mV:
:. . Ai Ad
:. . = 10 k R R E = 12 k
I
= 0.83 mA: I = 9.3 A I


:. .
= 100 VA = 150 V = 1.5 mA I
Ro
Ro = 5 M ro = 100 k:
:. . = VA
50 V k n = 0.4 mA V IDS = 1.5 mA
Ro Ad

Ad = 666 V/V Ro = 1.22 M:

:. .
= 100 VA = 200 V Ad vd = 0.00002 sin t
vo
vo = 5.34 sin t Ad = 267 kV/V:



.
..


| | A

) Av ( Ai

.
( AiD ) AvD
f L f H

| | AiD
| |A
) vD
2
2

f L f H

log-log
low cut-o frequency
high cut-o frequency

:.

AvD D
f L f H

f L f H B
B = fH fL

)(.

f H  f L B f H
B fH

)(.

CB
CC CE R E
low frequency
mid frequency
high frequency
limits
"" D
band
coupling capacitors
bypass capacitor

 . CB

( Ai ) Av
f L
f L CE

.
B E B C Cb0 e Cb0 c



( Ai ) Av f H

s
s j

CB

CC CE CB
Cb0 e
Laplace transform

)(
)(
+
-

)(

:. CB



.
CB CB
CE CC .

Rm1
1
1
1
1
(
)
=
+
+
Rm1
R1 R2 rbe + + 1 R E

 . CB

Rm1

RS + sC1B + Rm1
sRm1 CB
s ( RS + Rm1 ) CB + 1

()

vb
vs

()

vbe
vb

()

rbe
rbe + ( + 1) R E
rbe
rbe + ( + 1) R E

(
(

ic
vbe

()

vo
ic

(
= Av

= ( R L ) gm
= ( R L ) gm

j s
Rm1 CB ( RS + Rm1 ) CB

(
()
)
Rm1
rbe
s

A v = R L gm
rbe + ( + 1) R E
RS + Rm1
s + ( R + R1 )C
B

m1

. vs
CB ) ( RS + Rm1 RmCB

s
1

RmCB CB

s+

Rm1
RS + Rm1

()

rbe
rbe + ( + 1) R E

)(.

A v = R L gm

) (1

RmCB Rm CB CB

()
(

)

Rm1
rbe

Av  = R L gm
1
rbe + ( + 1) R E
RS + Rm1
+ RmCB

CB

AvD

()
(

)

Rm1
r
be

= R L gm
 = Av
rbe + ( + 1) R E
RS + Rm1


(.) AvD

AvD
AvD = | AvD | D

Rm1
RS + Rm1

()

r
) ( be
rbe + + 1 R E

)(.

| AvD | = ( R L ) gm
D =

)(.
)(.

| AvD | D
AvD .

)(.
Av = AvD
1
s + RmCB
CB
.
Av = | Av |

)(.

 . CB

)2

RmCB CB

| | Av | = | AvD
+

)(.

) = tan1 (RmCB CB
2

.
.
AvD

:.
.

= 179
= 15 k
= 1.7 M
= 0.1 nF

RE
R2
CB

= 15 V
= 75 k
= 320 k
= 5 k

Av
.
f = 1 MHz .
f = 100 kHz .
f = 10 kHz .
f = 1 kHz .

VCC
RL
R1
Rs

: rb0 e gm re
gm = 4.064 mS
rbe = 44.045 k
re 246
. f = . AvD
)

245238
5000 + 245238

()

44045
44045 + 180 15000

(
)AvD = (75000) (0.004064

= 4.79463
= 4.79463

4.794 63
180
1MHz . .

4.79463
1
j2 106 (5000+245238)0.1109

1+

= Av

= 4.79443 j0.03049
= 4.7945 3.13523

4.794 63 4.7945
179.635
180.36

 . CB

f = 100 kHz .

4.79463
1
j2 100103 (5000+245238)0.1109

1+

= Av

= 4.7753 j0.30372
= 4.78495 3.0781
AvD
f = 10 kHz .

4.79463
1
j2 10103 (5000+245238)0.1109

1+

= Av

= 3.4137 j2.1712
= 4.04567 2.5751
100 kHz
AvD 84 %
4.04567
100 = 84 %
4.79463
147
f = 1 kHz .

4.79463
1
j2 1103 (5000+245238)0.1109

1+

= Av

= 0.1157 j0.7357
= 0.7447 1.7268

AvD 15 %
0.7447
100 = 15 %
4.79463

AvD


.
| | AvD




| | AvD 1
2

. f = 6360 Hz

| | AvD
2

= | | Av

6360 Hz

f L

Bode plot
log
high frequency
low frequency
low cut-o frequency

 . CB

f L

:.
.
L
3 dB (
)2

L
(

RmCB CB

)2

2L +

| | AvD
2

| | AvD
| = | AvD
2

L
(

RmCB CB

2L +

1
=
2

)2

2L
(

RmCB CB

= | ) | Av

2L

1
=
2

= L

RmCB CB
1
= fL
2RmCB CB

)(.

.
)

s
s + L

(
)(.

Av = AvD

. f L
CB RmCB
.
1
= 6360 Hz
2 (5000 + 245238) 0.1 109

= fL

:.
. CB

: 20 Hz 20 kHz CB 20 Hz

20 kHz f L
20 Hz CB f L
f L 2 Hz

 . CE

. CB
1
) 2 f L ( RmCB
1
=
2 2 250238
= 0.318 106 = 0.318 F

= CB

CE

R E

. CE

CE
R E CE R E
R E
CE CB CC

. .


) ( + 1
) ( + 1
impedance

R B rbe
) () () (
vo
ic
vbe
= Av
ic
vbe
v
s

) (
re

= ( R L ) gm R
B
+
r
+
Z
e
E
+1
RB
+1

rbe
+1

)(.

1
1
= sCE +
ZE
RE
1
= ZE
sCE + R1E

)(.

rbe
+1

)(.

= re

vs CE
RmCE
1
1
+ 0
RE
R B + re

+ re

RB
+1

1
+
RE

1
RmCE

)(.

. R+B1 R0B .
ZE

( )
re

Av = ( R L ) gm 0

1
R B + re +
1
E

sCE + R

 . CE

)(

)(

+
)(

:. CE

 .
)

1
RE

sCE +

+1

+1

1
RE

1
RE

sCE +
()
R0B + re sCE +

( A v = R L gm r e

sCE + R1E

R L gm r e
) ( R 0 +r
sCE ( R0B + re ) + BRE e

)
(
R0B + re

1
sC
+
E
R L gm r e
RE

Av = 0
1
( R B + re ) sCE + R + 0 1
R +r
E
e

(
)
1
sC
+
E
R L gm r e
RE
Av =
0
1
R B + re
sCE + RmCE
CE

(
)
1
R L g m r e s + R E CE
Av =
1
R0B + re
s + RmCE
CE
.
(
)
s + 1
Av = AvD
s + 2

)(.

)(.

 . CE

)
)

j + 1
j + 2

(
Av = AvD
(

j2 f + 2 f 1
= AvD
j2 f + 2 f 2
)
(
j f + f1
= AvD
j f + f2

)(.

1
R E CE
1
= 2 = 2 f 2
RmCE CE
= 1 = 2 f 1

)(.

R L gm r e
R0B + re

(
AvD =

)(.

2 + 12
2 + 22

| | Av | = | AvD

)(.

. 1 2

= AvD

j + 1
j + 2

= AvD




 Av


)(.

AvD
. R E
) ( R+B1 .

RB
+ re
+1

 RE

)(.

.
1  2

)(.

R+B1  re . .
| | Av | | AvD
3 dB
| 2L + 12 | AvD
=
2L + 22
2

| | Av | = | AvD

)(.

)(.
L = 22 212 2
zero
pole

 . CE

. 1 22
212 | | Av | | AvD
3 dB L

:.
.
VBB = 2.376 V
RE = 15 k
= 179

= 15 V
= 75 k
= 269.3 k
= 10 nF

VCC
RL
RB
CE

AvD f L | | Av
:

= 101.6 A

2.376 0.7

+ 15000

VBB VBE

269.3103
179+1
101.6 106

= 4.064 mS

+ RE

25 103

RB
+1

IC
=
VT

1
= 246
4.064 103

= IC
= gm
= re

1
+ 246

269300
179+1

1
+
15000

1
RmCE

RmCE = 1560.83

+ re = 1742

RB
+1

R E

.
1
= 6666 rad/s
15000 10 109
1
= 64 068 rad/s
= 2
1560.83 10 109
= 1

22 212
.

L = 640682 2 66662 = 63 370 rad/s

63370
= fL
= 10 kHz
2
212 L
64 068 rad/s
.
75000 4.064 103 246
= 43 V/V
269300
+
246
179+1

AvD =

)
(
s + 6666
)(.
Av = 43
s + 64068

2 66662
| Av | = 43 2 ++64068
.2
log | 20 log| Av

dB

 . CC

CE :. L

CC

CC
. CC
R L .
R L CC Z
1
sCC

Z = RL +

RC Z
i R L
(
)
RC
iRL =
ic
RC + Z

)(

)(

+
)(

:. CC

 . CC

i R L ic

()

) ()
ic
vbe
vbe
vs
(
)
) (
rbe
gm
RS + rbe + ( + 1) R E


)

RC
RC + Z

iRL
ic
)

()

vo
iRL

RC
RC + Z

(
(

vo
= Av
=
vs

= (RL )

Z
(

) (
A v = ( R L ) gm

RC
rbe

RS + rbe + ( + 1) R E
RC + R L + sC1C

)
(
sR
R L gm rbe

( C
)
=

RS + rbe + ( + 1) R E
( RC + R L ) s + ( R +1R )C
C

) ( RC + R L
RC ) ( RC + R L

s
1
( RC + R L )CC

s+

)(.

RC R L
gm rbe
RC + R L RS + rbe + ( + 1) R E
(
)
s
= AvD
s + L

Av =

gm rbe
RS + rbe + ( + 1) R E

R R
= C L
RC + R L




 = Av


1
( RC + R L )CC

AvD
)(.

= L

.




log log f | 20 log| Av

log log f
.

AvD = 177.8 V/V
f 1 = 100 Hz
f 2 = 10 kHz
Bode plot

dB

j f + f1
j f + f2

f
1+jf
f
1
= AvD 1
f2 1 + j f
f2

)
(
f
1 + j 100
100

= 177.8
f
10000
1 + j 10000

f
1 + j 100

= 1.778
f
1 + j 10000

Av = AvD

= | Av | e j

)2
f
100
)

f
10000

)2
f
10000

tan

1+

f
100

1+
1

| Av | = 1.778

).(

= + tan

).(

. | | Av f

| | Av
f2
100002
decibell

1+

f2
1+
20 log
1002

)(.

| Av |dB = 20 log 1.778 + 20 log

)( )(

:.
| Av |dB

.
20 log 1.778 5 dB
5 dB
.

( )2
f
f  f 1  1

f1
v
( )2
u
u
f
t
)(.
20 log 1 +
20 log 1 = 0 dB
f1
( )2

f  f 1  1
v
v
( )2
u
u ( )2
u
u f
f
f
t
20 log t
= 20 log
(.) 20 log 1 +
dB
f1
f1
100
f
f1

f 1 = 100

20 log 100 10000 1000 100 100000 20 0

40 60
20 dB 20 dB

f 1 log(100) = 2
20 dB )( f 1 , 0 dB
f

) (10 f 1 , 20 dB

. ( f 1 , 0 dB) (102 , 0 dB) a )(10 f 1 , 20 dB
(103 , 20 dB) b .
0 dB
f  f 1 f f 1 a
0 dB
f  f 1 f f 1 a 0 dB
20 dB b a 0 dB
a b
.
f  f 2
v
( )2
u
u
f
t
)(.
20 log 1 +
20 log 1 = 0 dB
f2
f  f 2
v
v
( )2
u
u ( )2
u
u f
f
20 log t1 +
20 log t
f2
f2
dB

f
10000

= 20 log

)(.

f 2 = 10000
20 log 10000 1000000 100000 10000 10000000
40 20 0 60
20 dB
20 dB
f 2
log(10000) = 4 20 dB
f 2 0 dB 10 f 2 20 dB

. c d f 2
104 0 dB
. .
| | Av . a .
5 dB 0 dB
5 dB . a0 b
20 dB 5 dB 0 dB 25 dB b0
c 45 dB c0 d
60 dB 5 dB 20 dB 45 dB
d0



20 dB
20 dB
f

20 dB
20 dB

. .

matlab octave

:.
3 dB
.
f 1

v
( )2
u
u

f1
= 20 log 2 3 dB
20 log t1 +
f1
0 dB 3 dB

:. .
:
(
)
j + 6666
Av = 43
j + 64068
linux

:.
) ( 0
(
)
0 + 6666
= 43
= 4.474
0 + 64068

| A v | 0

20 log 4.474 13 dB
6666 64 068
.

:.
1000s
s + 10

= Av

:
100j

+1

j
10

= Av

:.

2
+1
102

Av = 20 log 100 + 20 log 20 log

.


) (

+1

j
0

0 dB
) (
j 0 dB = 1
0 dB

+
-

:.

.
.
CE

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rm1
R1 R2 rbe

1
sCb

Rm1
Rs + Rm1 +
()

()

ic
vbe

vbe
vs

) (
gm

()

1
sCc

iL
ic

()

vo
iL

RC
RC + R L +
(

vo
=
vs

= Av

= R L

)
sCc
sCb
= gm R L RC Rm1
sCc ( RC + R L ) + 1
sCb ( Rs + Rm1 ) + 1

s
s
gm R L RC Rm1

=
1
) ( RC + R L ) ( Rs + Rm1 ) s + C ( R + R
) s + C ( R 1+ R
m1

1
) Cc ( RC + R L
1
= b
) Cb ( Rs + Rm1
= c

)(.

(
()
)
gm R L RC Rm1
s
s
Av =
s + b
( RC + R L ) ( Rs + Rm1 ) s + c

)(.

RRCC+RRLL
(
)
Rs k Rm1
Rs Rm1
Rm1
1

Rm1
RC k R L
RS
Rs Rs + Rm1
+R
s

(
()
)
()
)
s
s
( 1
Av =
RC k R L Rs k Rm1
Rs
s + c
s + b
(
()
)
s
s
= AvD
s + c
s + b

)(.

()
)
( 1
RC k R L Rs k Rm1
Rs

A
vD
2

AvD =

= | | Av .

L
L
AvD

AvD
=

2
2L + b2
2L + c2

)
(
()
2 4L = 2L + c2 2L + b2
(
)
4L c2 + b2 2L c2 b2 = 0

c4 + 6c2 b2 + b4
2

c2 + b2
+
2

= 2L

)(.

2L
. Cb Cc
.
:. .
VCC = 9 V, RC = 1.8 k, R E = 200
R1 = 2.2 k, R2 = 16 k, Rs = 1 k
= 99, R L = 1.8 k

Cb Cc f b = 50 Hz = f c
5 Hz
.

f b = f c 50 Hz
f b f c
:
Rth = 1.934 k Vth = 1.0879 V
gm = 0.071 mS ICQ = 1.768 mA rbe = 1.394 k
Rm1 = 810

1
1
=
= 8.84 F
) 2 f c ( RC + R L
)2 5 (1800 + 1800
1
1
=
= Cb
= 1.76 F
) 2 f b ( Rs + Rm1
)2 50 (1000 + 810
= Cc

.
f b 1 Hz 5 Hz
40 dB 5 Hz 50 Hz 20 dB




.
c b
L = 317.254
f L = 50.49 Hz
. c = b

2
(
2b + b4 + 6b4 + b4
) 2
2
= L
= 1 + 2 b
2

:.

:.

)
2 b

(
1+

= L

f L = 50 Hz
fL

50
=
= 32 Hz
1+ 2
1+ 2

= fb

:.

.

= Rm1 C Rm

. vvL
i

. Re
Ce R0e Ce0
(
)
R0e = + 1 Re
Ce
= Ce0
+1

v
vL
ic
i
v
= L b b
vi
ic
ib vb
v
i

(
)
1
Z

= Rc
+ sCe0
0
Re
ri + sC1 + Z

= Av

)(.

:.
rbe
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ 0 + sCe0
Z
R1 R2 R e
. Cb Ce



1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ 4 106 s
Z
40000 80000 200000
= (42.5 + 4s) 106
. Z
Z

1
1

)
( + sCe0
0
Re
ri + sC1

+1

1
Z

(
Av = Rc

) (1.96 + 1.568s
)
1
50000 + 0.00004s
(42.5 + 4s) 106 + 1

( = Av

) (1.96 + 1.568s
2.125 + 0.2s + 1.0625
+ 0.1 + 1
s
) (1.96 + 1.568s
=
3.225 + 0.2s + 1.0625
s
(1.96 + 1.568s) s
=
3.225s + 0.2s2 + 1.0625
(1.96 + 1.568s) s
=
0.2s2 + 3.225s + 1.0625

(1.96 + 1.568s) s
(
)
0.2 s2 + 16.125s + 5.3125
6.25 (1.25 + s) s
=
)(s + 0.336) (s + 15.788

= Av

(
)
s
1.8473 1 + 1.25
s
(
)
(
)
= Av
s
s
1 + 0.336
1 + 15.788

)(.

.
. Cb Ce0
1
1
C

C Ce0
0
b
e
Cb Cb

:.
RmCb
RmCb = ri + R1 k R2 k R0e = 73.529 k
Cb
1
1
=
= 0.34
RmCB Cb
73.529 103 40 106
. 0.336
1

C
b
Ce0

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ 0
ri
R1 R2 R e

1
RmCe0

RmCe0 = 16 k
Ce0
1
= 15.625 rad/s
4 106

16 103

1
RmCe0 Ce0

. 15.788
1.25
Re1Ce
:. .
:

+Z

1
sCb

ri +

1
R0e

Av = Rc sCe0 +

)(.

rbe
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
= + 0 + sCe0
+ sCe0
Z
R1 R2 R e
Rm

1
1
1
1
+
=
+ 0
Rm
R1 R2 R e
. Z
Z

+1

1
Z

1
1
sCb

ri +

1
R0e

Av = Rc sCe0 +

Z
(
)
Rc sCe0 + R10
e
)(
)
Av = (
1
1
0 +1
ri + sC
+
sC
e
Rm
b
(
)
Rc sCe0 + R10
e
= r
Ce0
1
i
0
Rm + sri Ce + sRm C + C + 1
b

s
(
)
1
0
Rc sCe + R0
(
)e
Av =
0
r
C
sri Ce0 + Rmi + Ce + 1 + sRm1 C
b
b
(
)
Rc Rm Cb sCe0 + R10 s
e
)
(
=
ri
Ce0
2
0
s ri Ce Rm Cb + s Rm + C + 1 Rm Cb + 1
b
(
)
1
0
Rc Rm Cb Ce s + R0 C0 s
e e
[
]
=
)
(
ri
Ce0
1
1
0
2
ri Ce Rm Cb s + s Rm + C + 1 r C0 + r C0 R C
b

Rc
ri

(
s+

1
R0e Ce0

i e

i e

s
)
s2 + s R 1C0 + r 1C + r 1C0 + r C0 R1 C
i b
m e
m b
i e
(
) i e
Rc
1
s + R0 C 0 s
ri
e e
[
=
(
)]
1
1
1
1
2
s + s R C0 + r C + C0
+ R C10 r C

Av =

m e

m b

m e i b

c =

1
R0e Ce0

1
Re Ce

1
Rm Ce0
(
)
1
1 1
+
2 =
ri Cb Ce0
1
3 =
ri Cb
1 =

(.)

Av =

Rc
ri

( s + c ) s

s 2 + s [ 1 + 2 ] + 1 3

( s + c ) s
)(
)
s + q1 s + q2
)
(
Rc c
s
+
1
s
q1 q2
c
)(
=(
)
s
s
q1 + 1
q2 + 1

Av = (
(.)

(.)

Rc
ri

q1 =
q2 =

( 1 + 2 )
( 1 + 2 ) +

(1 + 2 )2 41 3
2
(1 + 2 )2 41 3
2

.
.



.


CE CB CC






1
0 = Rm1Cm C = 0 Rm Rm
C CE
CB CC
0 CE
CE
CB CC
CE CB CC
CE
CE

:.

:. . Ai = iiL
i

(
)
: . R0e = + 1 Re
Ce0 = C+e1
iL
ii

iL
ic
i
v
b b
i
ib vb
i
(c
)
(i
)
1000
1
=
)(99
)(1754
2000
2000
= 43 A/A

= Ai

32.67 dB

= Ai

Cc

= 25 rad/s

1
20 106 2000

= qc

Ce Cb Ce
1 F 1 F
Cb Cb
1 F
(
)
R0e k rbe + ri k Rb = 8.976 k
1 F
1
= 111.4 rad/s
106 8976

= qe

10 F 1 F
1 F 10 F

[
]
ri + Rb k rbe + R0e = 60.476 k

= 1.65 rad/s

60476

10 106

= qb

qe  qc  qb
L = qe

:.
qe Cb
qb
qe Cb


  1
1


= 0.898 k
=

  qe Cb
111.4 10 106

Ce0
qe Cb
qb


  1
1


= 606 k

=
0
  qb Ce
1.65 106
qb Ce

:.

vL
vi

= Av

L

)
(
RG
0
vi
= vi
ri + R G

vi0

.
.
(
)
+1
1
+1
Cs sCs sCs

C+s1
Z

1
1
sCs
)
+
(=
Z
+ 1 RS + 1
(
)
+ 1 RS
=Z
1 + sRS Cs

:.

(
vL =

R0L
Z + ro + R0L

Z R0L =
vL =

vi0

RL RD
RL +RD

R0L vi0
( +1 ) R S
0
1+sRS Cs + ro + R L

R0L (1 + sRS Cs )
vL
(
)
(
)
=
vi0
+ 1 RS + (1 + sRS Cs ) ro + R0L
R0L (1 + sRS Cs )
(
)
(
)
=
+ 1 RS + ro + R0L + sRS Cs ro + R0L
(
)
s + RS1Cs
R0L
=
(+1) RS +ro + R0L
ro + R0L
s+
RS Cs (ro + R0L )

= gm ro
(
)
gm ro R0L
= gm ro k R0L
0
ro + R L
(
)
= gm r o k R L k R D
= gm R k

Rk = ro k R L k R D

(+1) RS +ro + R0L

s+
) RS Cs (ro + R0L

vL

g
R
m
k
vi0

1
RS Cs

s+

RG
ri + R G

1
RS Cs

vi0
vi

s+

s + L

vL
vi0

vL
=
vi

= gm R k

+ 1 RS + ro + R0L
(
)
RS Cs ro + R0L

= Av

)(.
)(.

(
= L

)(.

L
1
Rm C+s1

= L

)(.

 .
Rm .

Cs
+1

1
1
1
)
(=
+
Rm
+ 1 RS ro + R0L
(
)
(
)
+ 1 RS ro + R0L
)
( = Rm
+ 1 RS + ro + R0L

.



(
)
1

+

RG
RS Cs

 AvD = Av
= gm R k
ri + R G
+ L


(
)
RG
= gm R k
ri + R G
RG  ri
AvD gm Rk

)(.

:. .R L = 100 k R D = 4.7 k RS = 1 kHz
ro = 10 k gm = 4 mS f L 20 Hz
Cs Av
: .

(0.004 10000 + 1) 1000 + 10000 + 4489

)1000 Cs (10000 + 4489

= 2 20

Cs = 30.5 F R0L = 4489

1
1
1
1
+
+
= 3.227 65 104
=
Rk
10000 100000 4700
Rk = 3098

AvD = 0.004 3098 = 12.4 V/V

:. .

:

(
)
40
Rb k rbe
= Rc k R L
A v = gm
s
s
+1
ri + Rb k rbe
q + 1
5 106
vL
vi

= Av

= 5 106

( Rc k R L )CL

= q

. q
q

:.

:.

:.

:. . 20 mV
v L 90 %

: . Rb Rc k R L R0L
20 mV = vbe
10 mV ic = 0.4 mA

v
dv L
+ L0 + gm vbe = 0
dt
RL
dv L
v
CL
+ L0 + 0.0004 = 0
dt
RL
CL

)
dv L
( 1
= 0
v L + 0.0004R0L
dt
R L CL
dv L
1
= 0
)(v L + 0.8
dt
R L CL

dv L
dt
= 0
v L + 0.8
R L CL

dv L
1
= 0
dt
v L + 0.8
R L CL
t
ln (v L + 0.8) = 0
+ K0
R L CL
t
R0 CL
L

v L + 0.8 = Ke

K 0 K t = 0 v L = 0
K = 0.8
(
)

t
R0 CL
L

v L = 0.8 e

(
)
6
= 0.8 e510 t 1
t v L = 0.8 V
90 %
(
)
6
0.9 0.8 = 0.8 e510 t 1
t = 0.46 s

)(

)(

:.
CL
CL

.
Z
V1 I1
V1 V2
Z
Millers theorem

= I1

V1 V2
Z

2
1 V
V1
= V1
Z

= I1

V1

(=

Z
V
1 V2
1

V1
ZM

= I1

)(.

Z
V2
V1

= ZM

)(.

V2
= AV
V1

)(.

Z
1 AV

= ZM

)(.

. V1 Z M V1
V1 I1

V1 Z
Z M Z M

V2 I2

V2 V1
Z

V1
V2

1
Z

= V2

V2

= I2

(=

Z
V
1 V1
2

V2
0
ZM

=I

Z
V1
V2

V2
V1

1
(

V1
V2

V2
V1 Z
V2
V1 1

0
ZM
=

Z M M

)(.

)(

)(

:.

AV Z
AV 1

0
ZM
=

)(.

0
Z M
. V2 Z
V2

. Z C .
1
jC
.
)

1
jC

1
=
jC M
1 AV
1
=
) jC (1 AV

) C M = C (1 AV

)(.

.
)

1
jC

AV
1
=
0
jC M
AV 1
AV
=
)jC ( AV 1
1
(
)
=
jC 1 A1V

1
= C 1
AV

0
CM

. C M

)(.

.



1
C


npn

Millers capacitor

..

pn

Cb0 c

30 pF

1 pF
VCB .
1

Cb0 c VCB2 VCB3

Cb0 c Cob
Cb0 e 100 pF
5000 pF


ic

ic



ic
Cb0 e


IEQ Cb0 e

.

:.

:.

+
-

:.
.
B E C B
B0 rbb0
ree0 rcc0

r ree0 rcc0 r


. .
ree0 rcc0 r


rbb0

rbb0 rbb0
rbb0 10 50
rbe rb0 e
parasitic resistor

)(

)(

:.
.
VT
ICQ

)(.

= r b0 e

vb0 e = ib0 rb0 e .

rb0 e

= gm

ic = gm vb0 e ic = ib0

ib0 rb0 e
ic
cb0 e

. .
. rbb0
rbb0
ie re

:.

..
. R L

iL
ii

= Ai

R L
. R L = 0
Ai
R L = 0
ro Cb0 c

Cb0 c
Cb0 c
Cb0 c
.
Ai

1
1
= sCb0 e + sCb0 c +
Z
r b0 e
s (Cb0 e + Cb0 c ) rb0 e + 1
=
r b0 e
r b0 e
s (Cb0 e + Cb0 c ) rb0 e + 1

=Z

+
-

()
+
-

()

:.




Ai 


vce =0

i
= L =
ii

iL
ic

)(

ic
v b0 e

)(

( )
= (1) gm ( Z )
gm r b 0 e
=
s (Cb0 e + Cb0 c ) rb0 e + 1
gm r b 0 e
[
=
(Cb0 e + Cb0 c ) rb0 e s +

v b0 e
ii

]
1
(Cb0 e +Cb0 c )rb0 e

(.)




Ai 


=
vce =0

s +

1+

f
jf

gm rb0 e =
1
(Cb0 e + Cb0 c ) rb0 e

= = 2 f

)(.

Ai

( )2
f
f

= | Ai |vce =0

)(.

1+

f
. Cbe0  Cbc0

1
Cb0 e rb0 e

= = 2 f

)(.

. .
. f B
f T
0 dB ) ( 1 f T
.
) ( 1 T

=1

T2 + 2

T2 + 2
band

= | | Ai

:.

2 2 = T2 + 2

T2 = 2 2 2

T = 2 1

)(.

 1
T
fT f

)(.

f T f
f T
f T

gain bandwidth product
data sheet

f T
f T
f

. . = gm rb0 e
gm
) 2 (Cb0 e + Cb0 c
gm

2Cb0 e

fT
)(.

Cb0 e  Cb0 c Cb0 c

. f T

Cb0 c
f T

..




.

:.
) () ()
iL
ic
ie
ic
ie
ii

jC1 0
b e
= (1) ()
re + jC1 0
(

b e

i
= = L
ii

vcb 0




 Ai


=
jCb0 e re + 1

i L ic ie
ii
Cb0 e rb0 e
1
1
=
=

+1

j T

=
vcb 0

= Cb0 e re



 Ai


)(.

T
= = T

)(.

= (1 + ) T

)(.

0.2 1
0.4

..

f T

f T .
f T Ai
f 1 ) ( f 1  f f 1 f

f
f
= T
f1
f1

| Ai |vce =0

)(.

f 1 | | Ai f T f T
. Cb0 e

:. ICQ = 0.75 mA = 200 = f

1.3 MHz 6.5 MHz | Ai |vce = 0 41.5 A/A
f T Cb0 e
: .
f T = 41.5 6.5 MHz 270 MHz

ICQ
ICQ
0.75 mA
=
= 0.03 S
VT
25 mV

= gm

.
gm
0.03
=
18 pF
2 f T
2 270 106

= Cb0 e

..
.



. vth
Rth .
R1 R2 R B
R1 R2
R1 + R2

)
vs

)(.

= RB

RB
=
RS + R B
RS R B
=
RS + R B

vth

)(.

Rth

)(.

)(

)(

:.
+
-

)(
)(

)(

:.
. RC R0L
R L
RC R0L
RC + R0L

= RL

)(.

Cb0 c vb0 e
vo Cb0 c
. Cb0 c
0
C M .
C M
0
C M R L

1
0  RL
C M

)(.

0
C M .

-.
AV

vo
= gm R L
vbe

= AV

)(.

vb0 e vbe
. .
(
)
)(.
C M = Cb0 c 1 + gm R L
)
(
1
0
)(.
CM
= Cb0 c 1 +
gm R L

| | AV
) ( 1 ) ( gm R L  1
0
CM
Cb0 c

)(.

Cb0 c



  1


)(.

  RL
  jCb0 c

:.
Cb0 c C M
0
C M

C M
.
Cb0 e rb0 e C M Z

1
1
= s (Cb0 e + CM ) +
Z
r b0 e

r b0 e
s (Cb0 e + C M ) rb0 e + 1

)(.

=Z

)
)

v b0 e
vth

()

ic
v b0 e

()

Z
Rth + rbb0 + Z

vo
ic

(
(

vo
=
=
vth

= ( R L ) gm

A0v

A0v =

rb0 e
s
C
+
(
0

b e C M ) r b 0 e +1
R L gm

rb0 e
Rth + rbb0 +
s(Cb0 e +C M )rb0 e +1

R L gm r b 0 e
]
s (Cb0 e + C M ) rb0 e + 1 ( Rth + rbb0 ) + rb0 e
R L gm r b 0 e
=
s (Cb0 e + C M ) rb0 e ( Rth + rbb0 ) + Rth + rbb0 + rb0 e
R L gm r b 0 e
[
]
=
Rth +rbb0 +rb0 e
(Cb0 e + CM ) rb0 e ( Rth + rbb0 ) s + C +C r R +r
( b0 e M ) b0 e ( th bb0 )
=[

(.)

A0v

gm R L
=
(Cb0 e + CM ) ( Rth + rbb0 )

](

1
s + H

Rth + rbb0 + rb0 e
(Cb0 e + CM ) rb0 e ( Rth + rbb0 )
1
]
=[
rb0 e k ( Rth + rbb0 ) (Cb0 e + C M )
1
Rm (Cb0 e + C M )

H =
(.)

C Rm1 C H
Rm ( Cb0 e + C M ) C M Cb0 e
vs .

Rm ( Rth + rbb0 ) rb0 e

1
1
1
=
+
Rm
r b0 e
Rth + rbb0
r 0 ( R + rbb0 )
Rm = b e th
Rth + rbb0 + rb0 e

Rm = rb0 e k ( Rth + rbb0 )
rbb0 rb0 e Rth
Rth  rbb0
Rth  rb0 e

Rm r b0 e

1
(Cb0 e + CM ) rb0 e
1
=
2 (Cb0 e + C M ) rb0 e

H =
(.)
fH

. H
(
(.)

=[
H

1
Cb0 e rb0 e

(Cb0 e +CM )rb0 e

] =

Cb0 e + C M
C
= 1+ M
Cb0 e
Cb0 e

vo
vs

= Av . .
)

vth
vs

()

vo
vth

vo
= Av
=
vs
[

(]
()
)
gm R L
RB
1
=
RS + R B
s + H
) (Cb0 e + CM ) ( Rth + rbb0
(]
)
[
()
RB
1
gm R L
=
) H (Cb0 e + C M ) ( Rth + rbb0
RS + R B
1 + sH
)
()
()
(
1
RB
gm R m R L
=
Rth + rbb0
RS + R B
1 + sH

. Rm rb0 e

)
(
()
()
gm r b 0 e R L
RB
1
Av
Rth + rbb0
RS + R B
1 + sH
gm rb0 e =
)
(
()
()
R L
RB
1
Av
Rth + rbb0
RS + R B
1 + sH

)(.

| AvD |  H
)

RB
RS + R B

()

R L
Rth + rbb0

| AvD |  H =

)(.

:. .
R2 = 2.8 k
R E = 260
rbb0 = 20
RS = 1.2 k

VCC = 15 V

R1 = 7 k

R0L = 100
Cb0 e = 220 pF
= 75

RC = 650
Cb0 c = 2 pF

gm = 0.5 S ICQ 12.5 mA rb0 e = 150

Av f H

: ..

RC k R0L R L
650 100
= 87
650 + 100

= RL

. .

C = Cb0 e + C M
(
)
= Cb0 e + 1 + gm R L Cb0 c

= 220 1012 + (1 + 0.5 87) 2 1012

= 220 pF + 89 pF
= 309 pF
R1 k R2 R B
R1 R2
7000 2800
=
= 2 k
R1 + R2
7000 + 2800

= RB

)(

)(

:.

.
)
RB
vs = 0.625vs
RS + R B
RS k R B = 750

.
.
0.625vs
0.625
=
vs
0
RB
770
.
. vb0 e

)(

)(

:.

(
)
1
= 0.0974vs
125 sC + 1

1
sC

vb0 e = 0.0974vs

1
125 + sC
0.0974vs
0.0974vs
=
=
j
jf
1 + 26106
1 + 4106

vL
v
ic
v0
= L
be
vs
ic
v b0 e
v
s

0.0974
jf
1 + 4106

= Av

= 87 0.5
4.2
jf
4106

1+

f H = 4 MHz
AvD = 4.2 V/V

..
.

Cgs Cgd
. .
Cgs  Cgd
Cgs 50 pF 5 pF
Cgd 5 pF
0.5 pF
R0L R D
R0L + R D
R1 R2
= RG
R1 + R2
= RL

Ri R G
R + RG
(i
)
RG
=
vi
Ri + R G

= Rth
vth

Cgd .
0
0
C M
C M R L
ZL
1
1
0
= jCM
+
ZL
RL
RL
= ZL
0 R +1
jC M
L

 .
)(

)(

:.

:.

)

v gs
vth

()

id
v gs

()

1
) j (Cgs +C M

gm
) Rth + j (C 1+C
gs
M

1
j (Cgs + C M ) Rth + 1

()

vo
id

vo
=
vth

) = ( ZL

gm R L
0 R +1
jC M
L

= 0H

)(.

( = H

)(.

0 R
CM
L

)
Cgs + C M Rth

)

j H + 1

vo
gm R
= L
vth
j 0 + 1

)(.

0
C M 0H

0
H  H
0
C M  0H

RG
R G + Ri

()

gm R L
j H + 1

vth
vi

()

vo
vth

(
= Av

)(.

Rth

. Ri = 0
. ro R1
R2 Cgs vi vi
v gs = vi vo

:.
vo vi
1
jCgd

vo
=
vi

(.)

Av =

vo
=
vi

R L ro
r L + ro

gm R L r o
r L + ro

+ gm v i +

vo

=0

R L ro
R L +r o

jCgd gm
)
(

R L ro
1 + Cgd R L +ro

1 +

C
j gmgd

1 + jCgd

R L ro
R L +r o

(.)

s =

(.)

H =

(
(.)

Av =

gm
Cgd
(
Cgd

gm R L r o
r L + ro

1
R L ro
R L +r o

)[

1 + j s
1 + j H

:.
s  H
gm
1
(
)

Cgd
Cgd RRLL+roro

1

R L ro
R L + ro

(
gm

)(.

. . H
R L R L




1
)(.
 H
=
Cgd ro

R L

Cgd ro

.
.
Cb
rb0 e
ib Cb0 e

)
vi = v s

R1 k R2
r i + R1 k R2

(
= Vth

Rth = ri k R1 k R2 + rbb0 = rs

vs rs
Cb0 c .

v e v1
ve
v ve
+
= ib = 1
r b0 e
Re
r b0 e

(ve v1 ) sCb0 e +

)(

)(

:.

:.

v1 =

=
(.)

+1
1
rb0 e + Re
+1
sCb0 e + r 0
b e

sCb0 e +

ve

+1
sCb0 e + r 0 + R1e
b e
+1
sCb0 e + r 0
b e

sCb0 e +
=
sCb0 e +

= 1 +

+1
rb0 e
+1
rb0 e

ve

1
Re

sCb0 e +

Re sCb0 e +

+1
rb0 e

v
+1 e
rb0 e

)
ve

v1

v1 v s
v ve
+ v1 sCb0 c + (v1 ve ) sCb0 e + 1
=0
rs
r b0 e
(
(

1
1
+ sCb0 c + sCb0 e +
rs
r b0 e
1
1
+ sCb0 c + sCb0 e +
rs
r b0 e

)
)

(
)
vs
1
v1 =
+ ve sCb0 e +
rs
r b0 e

1 +

Re sCb0 e +

+1
rb0 e

)
ve

(
)
vs
1
=
+ ve sCb0 e +
rs
r b0 e

.
(

1
1
+ sCb0 c + sCb0 e +
rs
r b0 e

1
rs

ve +

+ sCb0 c + sCb0 e + r 0
(
) b e ve
+1
Re sCb0 e + r 0
b e
(
)
1
vs
+ ve sCb0 e +
=
rs
r b0 e

1
+ sCb0 c +
rs

1
rs

+ sCb0 c + sCb0 e + r 0
v
) b e ve = s
(
+1
rs
Re sCb0 e + r 0
b e

1
(1 + srs Cb0 c ) +
rs

1
rs

(1 + srs Cb0 c ) + r 0 (srb0 e Cb0 e + 1)

b e
ve = vs
(
)

R e ( +1 )
r C
rs
s b0 e+1b0 e + 1
r 0
b e

rs
(.)
(.)
(.)

1
rs Cb0 c
1
=
rb0 e Cb0 e
+1
T =
rb0 e Cb0 e
1 =

)
(
j
rs
(
)
1
+

1 + r b 0 e
j

+
1+
(
Re ( +1) j
1

rb0 e

R e ( +1 )
rb0 e

j
T

)(

+1

+1

+1

ve = vs
)

(
)
+ 1 + j1 + rrs0
b e
(
)
Re ( +1) j
r 0
T + 1
1+

j
1

+1

ve = vs

b e

( )2
A + jB + j C
vs
=
(
)
Re ( +1) j
ve
r 0
T + 1
b e

Re + 1
rs
+1+
r0
r0
(be )
( be )
Re + 1
Re + 1
1
rs
B=
+
+
+
r b0 e T
r b 0 e 1
1 r b 0 e
(
)
Re + 1
C=
r b 0 e T 1

A=

(.)

Re ( +1) j
rb0 e
T + 1
ve
=
( )2
vs
A + jB + j C

:.
)
+ 1 Re  rs + rb0 e

j j
T 1

j
T

1+

1+ Rrse
T

(
1
1

1 + j

ve
=
vs

)(.

.
.
.
. R1 R2

Cb0 c

:.

1
)
re k R E k ri Cb0 e
1
)
(=
RC k R L Cb0 c

( = H1
)(.

H2

Cb0 c Cb0 e

v
vL
ic
v0
= L
be
vi
ic
v b0 e
vi
(
(
)
= R C k R L gm

= Av

R E k re
R E k r e + ri
)
(
(
)
R E k re
= R C k R L gm
R E k r e + ri

:. .
R E = 600
RC = 5 k

VCC = 5 V, VEE = 5 V,
R1 = 6 k R2 = 38 k,
R L = 10 k, ri = 100

Cb0 e = 35 pF = 149 Cb0 c = 4 pF

:
5+5
6000 5 = 3.64 V
6000 + 38000
6000 38000
= RB
= 5.182 k
6000 + 38000

= VBB

3.64 0.7 + 5
= 1.04 mA
5182
149+1 + 600

= IE

1.04 103
= 0.0416 S
25 103
re = 24
rb0 e = 24 150 = 3.6 k
= gm

Cb0 e

Rb0 e

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rbe0
24 600 100
Rb0 e = 18.75

Cb0 c
5000 10000
= 3.333 k
5000 + 10000

= R b0 c

.
1
= 242 MHz
2 18.75 35 1012
1
=
= 11.93 MHz
2 3333 4 1012

= f H1
f H2

11.93 MHz
Cb0 c Cb0 e
)

24600
24+600
24600
24+600 + 100

)
0.0416

5000 10000
5000 + 1000

(
= Av

= 26 V/V

:.
.

: .

C M = (1 + 0.0416 3333) 4 1012 = 559 pF
Cb0 e + C M = 594 pF

:.
Rm
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rm
100 5182 3600
Rm = 95.5

1
= 2.8 MHz
2 95.5 594 1012

= fH

= 132 V/V

36005182
3600+5182
36005182
3600+5182 + 100

vL
= 3333 0.0416
= Av
vi

:.

Cb0 c





. Q1
R E R2 R1 CE
CB1 vi Ri
Q1 R L
Q2
Q2 CB2
CB2 Q2 Q2
R20 R10 CB2

Q1
Q2
Miller capacitor

cascode amplier

)(

)(

)(

:.
. .
= = T

= T
T
C M
R L


.

Q2 re2 Q1
re2 Q2 Q1
Q2 T
Q1
re2

T ..

Q1 re2
(
)
= 1 + gm1 re2 Cb0 c

CM

)(.

Q1 Q2 ICQ
I

= re1 = re2

gm1 = gm2 = gm = VCQ = re

T
= ie2 ic2

1
gm

ic1 gm1 re2 = 1

C M = (1 + 1) Cb0 c = 2Cb0 c

)(.

C M


. Q1
re2
R1 R2 R B
1
1
1
=
+
RB
R1 R2
R2 R1 rbe Rm

1
1
1
1
+
=
+
Rm
R1 R2 rbe
1
1
=
+
R B rbe

R B rbe
R B + rbe

= Rm

Rm Z

1
1
= j (Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c ) +
Z
Rm

ic
vi

= G M

) () (
ic1
ic
vbe
= Gm
=
vi
vbe
v
(
) i
Z
= gm
R +Z

i
Z

)
( = gm

Ri
Z Z +1
gm

+1

1
Z

Ri
Z

+1

gm
1
Rm

+1

Ri j (Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c ) +
gm

Ri
Rm

j (Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c ) Ri +

gm

+1

= Gm

(Cb0 e +2Cb0 c ) Ri
Ri
R m +1

+1
[

Ri
Rm

+1

Ri
Rm

= Gm

:.

Ri
Rm

+1
(Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c ) Ri

= H

)(.

j H + 1

gm

+1

Ri
Rm

Gm =

)(.

. Q2
Q1 ic2 = ic1

) () () (
vo
ic2
ic1
vo
=
= Av
v
i
i
vi
(i ) (c2 ) c1
vo
ic2
=
) ( Gm
ic2
ic1
) = ( R L ) (1) ( Gm

gm R L
1
Av = R

i
j H + 1
Rm + 1
(
)
1
= AvD
j H + 1

)(.

AvD
)

gm R L R m
Ri + R m

gm R
= R L =
i
Rm + 1

AvD

)(.

H
Ri + R m
(Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c ) Ri Rm
1

(Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c ) RRi +i RRmm

= H
)(.

Cb0 e + 2Cb0 c Ri k Rm
R2 R1 Ri rbe
1
H = RC

C R
. Q1 Q2
R L Q1 .

. Av = vvL
i

:.

vL
v
ic
v
= L
be1
vi
ic
vbe1
vi
(
)
Rm
= R L gm
Ri + R m
gm R L R i
=
Ri + R m

= Av
)(.

.



:. .
R E = 2 k

R2 = 24 k,

R1 = 120 k,

R10 = 55 k, R20 = 31 k, Ri = 0.1 k

Cb0 e = 30 pF, Cb0 c = 3 pF, R L = 7 k
= = 99, VCC = 20 V, VA

:.

: . Q1

Q1
3.333 0.7
= 1.197 mA
+ 2000

20000
99+1

)(.

= IE1

)
99
=
1.197 mA = 1.185 mA
99 + 1
1.197 mA
=
= 11.97 A
99 + 1

Q2

IC1
IB1

Q2 .

Q1 1.185 mA Q2
IE2
(
)
99
= IC2
1.185 mA
99 + 1
1.185 mA
= IB2
= 11.85 A
99 + 1


Q1
VE1 = IE1 R E = 1.197 103 2000 = 2.39 V

VB1 = VE1 + VBE1 = 2.39 + 0.7 = 3.09 V
20 k
11.97 A
0.24 V
VB1 = 3.33 IB1 20000 = 3.09 V
Q2
VB2 = 7.21 11.85 106 19800 = 6.975 V

VE2 = VB2 VBE2 = 6.975 0.7 = 6.275 V

Q2

VC2 = 20 1.173 103 7000 = 11.79 V

VCE1 = VC1 VE1 = 6.275 2.39 = 3.885 V
VCE2 = VC2 VE2 = 11.79 6.275 = 5.55 V
VCE 0.2 V


R10 R20 VE2
Q1

:. .
Av f H
Q1 : IC1
24000 20
= 3.333 V
24000 + 120000
24000 120000
= RB
= 20 k
24000 + 120000
3.333 0.7
IC1 IE1 = 20000
= 1.197 mA
99+1 + 2000

= VBB

Q2
1.197 103
= = gm2 = gm
= 47.88 mS
25 103
99
= rbe2 = rbe
= 2067
0.04788

gm1
rbe1

.
Rm
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Rm
120000 24000 2067
Rm = 1873

0.04788 7000 1873

= 318 V/V
100 + 1873

= AvD

.
Mrad/s
) ( 1001873 ) = 293
100+1873

+ 2 3 1012

30 1012

( = H

293000000
= 46.6 MHz
2

= fH

:.

:. . f t = 200 MHz Cb0 c = 2 pF

: VBB = 3 V R B = 26.666
IC = 0.507 mA re = 50 gm = 0.02 S
rb0 e = 2500
. f T Cb0 e

0.02
gm
= Cb0 c
2 1012 = 14 pF
2 f T
2 200 106

= Cb0 e
(

)
. = + 1 R E
200 k C+E1 = 4 F

CE
40 F
f L 4 F R

:.
2464
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R
50000 26666 200000
R = 16 k

1
1
= 2.5 Hz
=
2RC
2 16000 4 106

= fL

.

C M = (1 + 0.02 8000) 2 1012 = 322 pF
Cb0 e + C M = 336 pF
R
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R
50000 26666 2464
R = 2158

:.

:.
f H
1
1
=
= 219 kHz
2RC
2 2158 336 1012

= fH

. 26.666 k
2.464 k 2.255 k
vL
2255
= 8000 0.02
= 6.9 V/V
vi
2255 + 50000

= Av

:.

)
+ 1
:. .

R1 R2 i L

5 Hz Ce

iL
ii

= Ai

R1 = 3.26 kVBB = 4.5 VR B = 2.2 kICQ = 5.77 mA:

Ce = 548 F re = 4.3 R2 = 7.6 k
)

s + 3.04
s + 31.66

= 34.5

1
R E CE
R B +rbe + R E
) R E CE ( R B +rbe

s+
s+

R B
R B + rbe

(
= Ai

:. . ri = 40 kR B = 200 k = 137
60 Hz Cb
Ai = iiL
i

)(

)(

:.

)(

)(

:.
Re  re : re Cb = 21.8 nF
) R B k (rbe + ( + 1) R E R0B

s
1
(ri + R0B )Cb

ri k R0B

re + R E s +

= Ai

:. . = 70 Rb
ICQ = 2 mA 10 Hz
Cb
ICQ = 0RbVBE +5 : Rb = 10.65 k
+1 + R e

Re ) ( + 1

R0e
1
= Cb = 1.529 F

) Cb (ri + Rb k R0e

:. . Re 100 F
iiL ri = 200 k Cb = 10 F
i
= 99 R B = 400 k VCC = 10 V
:
)

158s 1 +
()
)
s
s
1 + 0.355
1 + 17.65
s
10

( = Ai

:. .

iL
ii

= Ai rbe

10 rad/s

Ai

Ai

:.

) s ( s + ws
Rc ri
()
)
(
( Rc + R L ) (ri + rbe ) s + w
s+w
q2

= Ai

q1

1
Re Ce

= ws

1
( Rc + R L ) Cc
1
[=
(
])
ri +rbe
Re k +1
Ce

= wq1

VT
ICQ

wq2

= rbe

Ce = 636 F Cc = 20 F
:. . 200 rad/s
Ce . 5 rad/s

:.

138 A/A 7.1 F 66.6 F155 F:

:. .
)26.4(s+5

vL
vi

= Av

Av = s+38.55 :
vL
:. . Av = v L
i
R L = 100 k R D = 4.7 k RS = 1 k
ro = 10 k gm = 4 mS Cd
f L = 20 Hz
Cd = 55 nF :
])

Cd R L + R D k ro + + 1 RS

= L

:. . RS
.
Cd = 77 nF :
1
)
R L + R D k ro

Cd

= L

:.

:.

:.
. Cs

:. . iiL = 34 dB 1.2 MHz

i
ICQ = 2 mA rbb0 Cb0 c
rb0 e f T Cb0 e
rb0 e = f T = 155 MHz = 129re = 12.5 gm = 0.08 S:
Cb0 e = 82 pF 1625
0
:. .R2 = R L = RS = R1 = 12 k
R E = 100 RC = 1.2 k 10 F ICQ = 10 mA
Cb0 c = 5 pF = 100 f T = 200 MHz rbb0 = 0
AvD = vvos f H
C M =Cb0 e = 318 pFRth = 1 k rb0 e = 253 gm = 0.4 S:
AvD = 5.9 V/V f H = 414 kHz1200 pF
:. . = 25 Cb0 c = 2 pF ICQ = 1 mA
f H AvD

Cb0 e = 32 pFgm = 0.04 S: C M = 50 pF rb0 e = 650

Rth f H .
f H = 4.9 MHz AvD = 1.47 V/V

:.
:. Vt = 1 V Cgd = 0.02 pF Cgs = 0.25 pF
IDS = 0.4 mA k n = 0.4 mA/V2 f T

333 MHz :
:. .Cgs = 1.2 pF Vt = 2 V k n = 1 mA/V2
Cgd = 0.12 pF f T Av f H
gm = 1.55 mS IDS = 1.2 mA: C M = 0.895 pF
f T = 118 MHz f H = 8.4 MHz
:. . VCC =
15 V = 149 R E = 2.5 k R1 R2
IC1 = 0.5 mA R10 R20 VCE1 = 2 V RC2
VCE2 = 5 V
Av
:. . ri = 10 k
1 k Ai ii

i L RC  R L RC = 9R E R B = ri
VCE = 9 V Cc Cb
2 Hz Ce 20 Hz

:.
Ai = iiL
i
VBB =IC = 1.62 mARC = 5 k R E = 556 R B = 10 k:
R2 = 16.8 k 1.69 V R1 = 24.7 kCb = 15.9 F Cc = 13.3 F
Ce = 198 F Ai = 96.4 A/A
:. . f T = 250 MHz
Cb0 c = 5 pF
Ai

Ar = viiL iiLi
Ai R L
kV
Ar = 96.4 /A f H = 11.57 MHz Cb0 e = 631 pF:
:. . Ai = iiL
i
Cb0 c = 5 pF f T = 250 MHz

f Hbe = 46.7 MHz Cb0 c = 636 pF Ai = 0.833 A/A:
f Hbc = 32 MHz Cb0 c
32 MHz
vL
iL

vL
ii

:.


















feedback system

) (

.


.
:.

Av
Ai
Gm
Rm

Av
R L1
Vs Av Vs
R L2
feedback signal

:.
Av Vs
Rs
Av R L Rs
R L Rs

..
.
Vs R L
Rs Ii

Vs = Ii Rs + Ii Ri
Vs
= Ii
Rs + Ri

)

Ri
R s + Ri

(
Vi = Ii Ri = Vs

)(.

Io
Av Vi = Io Ro + Io R L
Av Vi
= Io
Ro + R L
(
)
RL
Vo = Io R L = Av Vi
Ro + R L

)(.

Vi
()
)
Ri
RL
Vo = Av Vs
R + RL
R + Ri
)( s
)
( o
Vo
Ri
RL
= AV
= Av
Vs
Ro + R L
R s + Ri
(

)(.

Rs
R L Rs R L


Ri
Ro 0

)(.

.
AV = A v

)(.

AV Rs
R L
. .

)(

)(

:.
. .
Ri  R s
R0  R L

)(.

AV A v
R L

 Vo
= Av
Vi  R L
Vo
Vi

)(.

Av
)(.

Av

. Rs

..
.
Is R L

:.
Rs

)
(
Rs
)(.
Ii = Is
Rs + Ri

)

Ro
Ro + R L

(
Io = Ai Ii

(
()
)
Rs
Ro
Io = Ai Is
Rs + Ri
Ro + R L
A I
(
()
)
Io
Rs
Ro
= AI
= Ai
Is
R s + Ri
Ro + R L

)(.

)(.

)(.

.
Ri  R s
Ro  R L

)(.

A I Ai

)(.

A I Rs
R L
.
Ri = 0 = Ro
. Ro = 0

 Io
)(.
= Ai
Ii  Ro =0
Ai

..

.
-

+
-

:.


.

)
Ri
Vi = Vs
R + Rs
( i
)
Ro
Io = Gm Vi
R + RL
)
(
)( o
Ri
Ro
Io = Gm Vs
Ri + R s
Ro + R L
(

)(.

Ro
Ro + R L

()

Ri
Ri + R s

Io
=
= Gm
Vs

GM

. R L = 0

)(.
Io
Vi


Gm


 Io
= Gm
Vi  R L =0

)(.

Ri  R s
Ro  R L

)(.

.
GM Gm

)(.

G M Rs R L

..
. Is
Vo
(
)
Rs
Ii = Is
R + Ri
( s
)
)(.
RL
Vo = Rm Ii
R L + Ro
= R L


 Vo
= Rm
= Ii  R L

Vo
Ii

Rm

)(.

.
-

+
-

:.
Rm
R M .
)

RL
R L + Ro

()

Rs
R s + Ri

Vo
=
= Rm
Is

RM

)(.

Ri  R s
Ro  R L

)(.

.
R M Rm

)(.

Rs R L

:.

. R L

Vo
RL

VIos

:
Io
Vo
1
Io
=

=
= GM
AV
Vs
Vo
Vs
RL
G M R L

. Vf Vs
)( )( I f
Is



.


Vo Vf

)(

)(
+

)(

)(

:.
.

Vo
Vf
Vf Vs
Vf Vs
Vf Vs


.
Is I f
Io
feedback circuit
negative feedback voltage amplier
positive feedback voltage amplier
negative feedback current amplier

)(

)(

+
-

)(

)(

+
-

:.

Io

Vo

Io


.
Io

Vf Vs
.

+
-

:.

.




)
( .
.
Rs
. A GM A I AV R M
R L
A
. Vs Is Xs
Vo Io Xo Vf

I f X f
Xi Xo
)(.

Xo = AXi

Xo
Xi

)(.

=A

Xo X f

)(.

X f = WXo
Xf
Xo

W

Xs X f
Xi
Xi = X s X f

)(.

.
Xi = Xs WXo
.
Xo
= Xs WXo
A
feedback constant

)(.

.
Xo
) Xo = A ( Xs WXo
Xo (1 + WA) = AXs
(
)
A
= Xo
Xs
1 + WA

Xs Xo
A f
A
Xo
=
Xs
1 + WA
 
 
| A| >  A f 
 
 
 | A| <  A f
= Af

)(.

:. A = 99
W = 0.01 W = 0.1
A f
:
. W = 0.01
99
= 49.749
1 + 0.01 99

= Af

W = 0.1
99
= 9.0826
1 + 0.1 99

= Af

:. A = 99

W = 0.01
 
 

  A f
:

  

99
  
 = 9900
 =  A f
 1 0.01 99

..

.

X 1 X
A AX
W WAX
WA



WA
loop gain

+
)(

+
)(

:.

..

. W R L
Rs
. A R L

.
A Xo
) gm h f e
A (





.

..

:. A = 50
A1 = 45

W = 0.1

:



  45 50


 45  100 = 11.11 %

A f
A f 1
50
= 8.3333
1 + 0.1 50
45
=
= 8.1818
1 + 0.1 45

= Af
Af1



  8.1818 8.3333

 100 = 1.818 %


8.3333
11.11
1.818

11.1111
= 6.1117
1.818

. A
dA f
1
=
dA
(1 + WA)2

dA
(1 + WA)2

= dA f

.
(
( )
( )
()
)
dA f
1 + WA
dA
1
dA
=

=
Af
A
A
1 + WA
(1 + WA)2

M
 
  dA
A
 = 1 + WA
 = M
 dA f


  Af

)(.

.
A
M

)(.

= Af

|WA|  1

)(.

.
A
1
A

=
1 + WA
WA
W

= Af

)(.

. WA  1
W



W

:.
5%

0.4%
45 A /V 0.4%

:
A M

5%
M M

.
dA
A dA f
A f
(
)
dA f
dA
=M
A
Af
(
)
0.5
5
=M
100
100
M = 10


M A 10 45 = 450

A f = 45
.
450
1

1 + W 450
W
1
=W
= 0.022 22
45

= 45

. A f
AVF A IF
G MF
R MF

..
. Vf
.
Rs
)
(
Ri
0
)(.
Av = Av
Ri + R s
Rs
A0v
)
(
RL
0 0
Vo = Av Vi
R + RL
( o
()
)
Ri
RL
0
= Av Vi
Ri + Rs
Ro + R L
(
()
)
Vo
Ri
RL
= Av
Vi0
Ri + Rs
Ro + R L

. .

(
)
Vo
RL
0
)(.
= Av
= AV
Vi0
Ro + R L
R L
AV | R L = A0v

)(.

) Vs = Vi0 = Ii ( Ri + Rs
Vs
= Ri + R s
= Ri0
Ii

)(.

Rs
Ri0 VI s
i

) Vs Vf = Ii ( Rs + Ri
) Vs WVo = Ii ( Rs + Ri

) Vs WAV Vi0 = Ii ( Rs + Ri
) Vs WAV Ii ( Rs + Ri ) = Ii ( Rs + Ri
Vs = (1 + WAV ) ( Rs + Ri ) Ii
. .

Vs
Ii
) = (1 + WAV ) ( Rs + Ri

= Ri f

= (1 + WAV ) Ri0

)(.

:.
M


Vs

) (Vs Vf
Vs

..
. I f
.
Rs
)

Rs
R s + Ri

= Ai

Ai0

)(.

.

Ii0 = Is I f

)(.

) ( I f = 0

(

Is

Ii0 = Is

)
(
)
Rs Ri
R s Ri
= Vi
= Is
R s + Ri
R s + Ri
V
Rs Ri
= Ri0 = i
Is
R s + Ri
Ii0

)(.

Rs Ri0
.
)
Ro
= Io
R + RL
( o
()
)
Rs
Ro
0
= Ai Ii
R s + Ri
Ro + R L
(
()
)
Io
Rs
Ro
= Ai
Ii0
R s + Ri
Ro + R L
(

Ai0 Ii0

.
.
Io
Ii0

= AI

)(.

Ii0 = Is I f

= Is W Io
= Is WA I Ii0
Is
= Ii0
1 + WA I
.
)

R s Ri
Rs + Ri

Ii0

= Vi

= Ii0 Ri0
(
)
Is
=
Ri0
1 + WA I

Ri0
Vi
=
Is
1 + WA I

= Ri f

)(.

Ri f
Ri0 M

Is Ri0 Vi Vi Is
Ri0
Is I f Vi
Vi Is
I f Vo Io

+
-

:.

..
. Vf
)
(
Ri
0
Gm = Gm
Rs + Ri

)(.

. Rs

)
(
Ro
0
0
Io = Gm Vi
R + RL
( o
()
)
Ri
Ro
0
= Gm Vi
R s + Ri
Ro + R L
()
)
(
Io
Ro
Ri
= Gm
Vi0
R s + Ri
Ro + R L
. .

Io
= GM
Vi0

)(.

Vf Rs
Ri0
) Vi0 = Vs = Ii ( Rs + Ri
Vs
= Ri0
= Rs + Ri
Ii
Ri f
Vi0 = Vs Vf

= Vs W Io
= Vs WG M Vi0
Vs
= Vi0
1 + WG M

)(.

.
) Vi0 = Ii ( Rs + Ri

)(.

Vs
) = Ii ( Rs + Ri
1 + WG M

Vs
) = ( Rs + Ri ) (1 + WG M
Ii
) = Ri0 (1 + WG M

= Ri f

)(.
)(.

Ri f
Ri M

+
-

:.

..
. Vf
)
(
Rs
0
Rm = Rm
Rs + Ri

)(.

. Rs

)
(
RL
0 0
Vo = Rm Ii
R + RL
( o
()
)
Rs
RL
0
= Rm Ii
R s + Ri
Ro + R L
()
)
(
Vo
RL
Rs
= Rm
Ii0
Rs + Ri
Ro + R L
. .

Vo
= RM
Ii0

)(.

Ii0 = Is Ri0

(
)
R s Ri
Vi = Ii0
R + Ri
( s
)
Rs Ri
)(.
= Is
R s + Ri
(
)
R s Ri
Vi
0
=
= Ri
Is
Rs + Ri

Ii0 = Is I f

= Is WVo
= Is WR M Ii0
Is
= Ii0
1 + WR M

R s Ri
Rs + Ri

)
R s Ri
R s + Ri

()

Vi = Ii0

Is
1 + WR M

(
= Vi

Ri f

(
()
)
1
Rs Ri
V
)(.
= Ri f = i
Is
1 + WR M
R s + Ri
0
Ri
)(.
=
1 + WR M

:.
Ri f
Ri0 M

..
. R L Vs = 0
Vt Vt It Ro f

.
Vt A0v Vi0
Ro
Vt + A0v Vf
=
Ro
Vt + A0v WVt
=
Ro

It =

(.)

Ro f =

Vt
Ro
=
It
1 + WA0v

Ro f R L R L
Ro f 0
(
Ro f 0 =

Ro f R L
=(
Ro f + R L
Ro R L
1+WA0v

Ro + R L 1+WA0v
1+WA0v

Ro
1+WA0v

Ro
1+WA0v

RL

+ RL

Ro R L
Ro + R L (1 + WA0v )

Ro R L
Ro R L
(
=
0
Ro + R L + WAv R L
( Ro + R L ) 1 +

Ro R L
Ro + R L
0R
v L
1 + WA
Ro + R L

WA0v R L
Ro + R L

+
-

:.
Ro R L
Ro + R L

Ro R L R0o
A0v R L
Ro + R L

AV
R0o
1 + WAV

)(.

= Ro f 0

R L

= Ro f
R L


 Ro f R L
=

 Ro f + R L

R L



 R0o f

)(.

..
. R L Is = 0
Vt Vt It Ro f

.
(
)
Vt = It + Ai0 Ii0 Ro
(
)
= It Ai0 I f Ro
)
(
= It Ai0 W Io Ro
It = Io

(
)
Vt = It + Ai0 W It Ro
Ro f
(.)

Ro f =

(
)
Vt
= Ro 1 + WAi0
It

Ro f R L
R0o f
R0o f

=
=

(
)
Ro f R L
Ro 1 + WAi0 R L
(
)
=
Ro f + R L
0
Ro 1 + WAi + R L
(
)
(
)
1 + WAi0 Ro R L
1 + WAi0 Ro R L
=
Ro + WAi0 Ro + R L
Ro + R L + WAi0 Ro
(
)
(
)
1 + WAi0 Ro R L
1 + WAi0 Ro R L
(
)
=
( Ro + R L ) + WAi0 Ro
WAi0 Ro
( R o + R L ) 1 + Ro + R L
)
) (
(
1 + WAi0
Ro R L
(
)
Ro + R L
Ai0 Ro
1 + W Ro + R L

:.
R0o

Ro R L
A I
(
)
0
0 1 + WAi
= Ro
) (1 + WA I
Ro R L
Ro + R L

R0o f

Ai0 Ro
Ro + R L

)(.

..
. R L Vs = 0
Vt Vt It Ro f
.
(
)
0
Vt = It + Gm
Vi0 Ro
(
)
0
= It + Gm Vf Ro
(
)
0
= It Gm
W Io Ro
(
)
0
= It + Gm
W It Ro

Vi0 = Vf Io = It
Ro f
(
)
Vt
0
= Ro 1 + WGm
It

)(.

= Ro f

R L R0o f
(
)
0
Ro f R L
Ro R L 1 + WGm
=
=
0 )+R
Ro f + R L
Ro (1 + WGm
L
(
)
(
)
0
0
Ro R L 1 + WGm
Ro R L 1 + WGm
(
)
=
=
0
0 +R
Ro + Ro WGm
m
L
( Ro + R L ) 1 + RRooWG
+RL

(
)
0
Ro R L
1 + WGm

=
0
Ro + R L
1 + Ro Gm W

R0o f

Ro + R L

Ro R L
Ro + R L

R0o
)

0
1 + WGm
1 + WG M

0
Ro Gm
Ro + R L

GM

(
R0o f = R0o

)(.

..
. R L Is = 0
Vt Vt It Ro f

+
-

:.
.
Vt R0m Ii0
Ro
Vt + R0m I f
=
Ro
Vt + R0m WVo
=
Ro
Vt + R0m WVt
=
Ro

= It

Ii0 = I f Vo = Vt
Ro f
Ro
Vt
=
It
1 + WR0m

= Ro f

)(.

R L

Ro R L
1+WR0m

R0o f

Ro f R L
)
(=
Ro
Ro f + R L
+ RL
1+WR0m
(
)
Ro R L
) Ro + R L (1 + WR0m
)

WR0m R L
Ro + R L

= )

Ro R L
1+WR0m

Ro + R L 1+WR0m
1+WR0m

= R0o f

(=

Ro R L
Ro R L
(
=
0
Ro + R L + WRm R L
( Ro + R L ) 1 +

(
)
Ro R L
1

=
WR0m R L
Ro + R L
1+

Ro + R L

Ro R L
Ro + R L

R0o
R0o
1 + WR M

= R0o f

R0m R L
Ro + R L

R M

)(.

.
.
Xs Xo .
.
W .
.

+
-

:.
.
.
.

. .


. .

..
.


Vi = Vs Vf

)
Vo = WVo

R1
R1 + R2

)(.
(
= Vf

)(.

)(

)(

:.

R1
R1 + R2

=W

)(.

.
R1 R2

Av
. .
1
R
= 1+ 2
W
R1

Av f

)(.

Vs
Vf

) ( Vf Vf
Vo Io

..
.

Vs
R1

)(.

= Is

.
Ii = Is I f

)(.

Vn Vo
0 Vo
=
= WVo
R2
R2

= If

)(.

Vk = 0 Vn = 0


1
R2

W=

)(.

)(
)(
)(

:.
R2
.
.
Vo
1
=
= R2
Is
W

= Rm f

)(.

.
) = R2

Vo
Vs
R1

Vo
R
= 2
Vs
R1

)(.
)(.

) ( I f I f

..
. R L
VCC = 0
Vbe Vi
Vi = Vs Vf

) = Vs ( Io Re
= Vs W Io
) ( Xi = Xs WXo
W = Re

)(.

Io
1
1

=
Vs
W
Re

= Gm f

)(.

W R L
I0 = RVoL Vf = RRLe Vo
W = RRLe R L
W

Gm f
Vo = Io R L
) (
Vo
Io R L
Io
RL
=
=
=
R L = Gm f R L =
Vs
Vs
Vs
Re
Vo
Vs

Vo
Vs

AVv f
Av f

)(.

R L

o
V
R L Vs
. VIos R L

Rs Rs
Vi = Vs Vf
B E

B E



) ( Vf

Vo Io

B E Vi

..
. R LQ2
C VCC = 0
B E

)(

)(

+
-

:.

)(

Rs


Ii = Is I f

Vbe1 Ve2
R0f

= If

Q1 Vbe1 Vc1
Q2 Q2

Q1

Ve2 = Vc1 Vbe2 Vc1

Vc1 Ve2 >> Vbe1 Vbe1

Ve2
R0f

If

Vbe1
) Vbe1 = 0 ( Re R0f

Re R0f

Ve2 Ie
Re + R0f

Re R0f

= Io
Re + R0f

.
Ie Io

Ve2
Re
If 0 =
Io
Rf
Re + R0f

Re
Re + R0f

=W

R0f
1
=
= 1+
W
Re

)(.

AI f

) () (
Io
RL
Vo
Io R L
=
=
=
Vs
Is Rs
Is
Rs
)
( ) (
0
) R f ( RL
RL
= AI f
= 1+
Rs
Re
Rs
Vo
Vs

AV f
)(.

B



) ( I f
Vo Io

) (
) (

+
)( )(

)(

:.

..
. R L E
VCC = 0
Rs

Ii = Is I f

Vs
Rs

)(.

= Is
Vbe Vo
Rf
V
Vo
= be
Rf
Rf

= If

Vbe
Rf

RVo
f

.

Vo
Rf

If

= WVo
1
W=
Rf
.
(
)
Vo
Ii Is
Rf

= Is WVo

1
= R f
W

)(.

= RM f

AV f
) (
RM f
Rf
Vo
Vo
Vo 1
= AV f
=
=
=
=
Vs
Is Rs
Is Rs
Rs
Rs

Io
Is

Vo
Vs

RM f
Rf
1
=
=
RL
RL
RL

Io
Vs

)(.

Vo
Is

Vo

Io
R
=
= = L
Is
Is

AI f

)(.

R f Rs
Rs
Rs
= RM f
=
RL
RL
RL

Vo
Is

Vo

Io
R
=
= = L
Vs
Is Rs

GM f

)(.

+
)(

)(

:.
. . . .

Vo Io
C Vo )( Io
R L
R f


Vo

.
Vo Io

Io

Io
. Re R f

Io

)(

)(

)(

:.

.
.

A W



Xo

Vo )X f =
( WXo Vo = 0
X f
Io
Io = 0 X f

Xi


Ii = 0

Vi = 0




X f X f
Xs X f
Xs X f
Xo X f Xo
Xo X f
Xo
Xs X f
X f Vf
X f I f
Vo
Vo
Io

X f Xs Xs
X f Xs
Xs

X f Xo
X f = WXo W

A
Ri Ro
Ri f A f Ro f

.
.

Vo
Vo

Vs = Is Rs + Vbe

)(.

Vs Vf

)(.

VCC = Ic Rc + Vce + Ic R L

Vo
Vf



)(.
)(.

Vs = Is Rs + Vbe
VCC = Ic Rc + Vce + Ic R L

. .


Vo
Vo
Ic
V
R gm rbe
R L
=

be = L
=
Vs
Ic
Vbe
Vs
Rs + rbe
Rs + rbe

= AV

)(.

. gm rbe =
Vf = Vo W = 1
R L
Rs + rbe + R L
=
Rs + rbe
Rs + rbe

M = 1 + WAV = 1 +

)(.

Ri = Rs + rbe

)(.

Rs + rbe + R L
= Rs + rbe + R L
Rs + rbe

) (.) Ri f = MRi = ( Rs + rbe

. A0v = AV | R L .
R L = A0v Ro
R L
= Ro

Ro
=
0
1 + WAv

= Ro f

. Ro f
R0o f . Ro

0
R L Ro R L
R0o
) R L ( Rs + rbe
=
M
Rs + rbe + R L

= R0o f

)(.

Rs + rbe

R L



 Ro f = R0o f

)(.

.
.
Vo Vf

Vo R L

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(
+
)(

:.

:.

)(

)(

:.
.
R f 1 R f 2 Vf Vs

Q1
. Q1
R f 1 R f 2
.
Av Ri Ro
W
Rf1
Rf1 + Rf2

=W

Ri f Av f Ro f

)(.

+
-

+
-

)(

)(

:.

:.

.
Xs Xs = 0
Xo
Xo X f = WXo
X f
oscillator

:.

Xo = AX f = WAXo
Xo WAXo

(WA)2 Xo n
(WA)n Xo WA = 1 n
1n Xo = Xo
Xo

WA ) (1 WA = 0.9
Xo 0.9Xo
(0.9)2 Xo = 0.81Xo


WA ) (1 WA = 1.1
Xo 1.1Xo
(1.1)2 Xo = 1.21Xo

WA ) (1

oscillator


WA ) (1
WA ) (1
WA ) (1

.

WA = 1

)(.

|WA| = 1
WA = 2m m = 0, 1, 2

|WA| = 1
WA = 2m

)(.
)(.

WA ) (1
WA > 1.05

Xs

) (






Barkhausen criteria

) (



W ( ) A = 1

.
. Vo
Vi 180
180
Vf Vo 180
Vf

:. . Vo Vi

10 kHz C = 0.1 F R = 1 k

R 60

)(

)(

:.
Vi = V 0 : I

(
)

1
I = V 0 = V
tan
RC
j
R C
R2 + 21C2

90

1
RC

tan1

+1

R2 2 C 1

j
C

(
V0 = I

(
)
1
1
90
= tan
RC

90 = 32.142

90 = 60
R = 257

1
2 100000.1106

= tan1

1
2 10000 R 0.1 106

tan1

)(

)(

:.-

RC

Vo
Vi

:. . RC
f = 10 kHz C = 0.1 F Vo

Vi 120

R C ) ( RC
RC RC = 90 RC
90
RC 180
RC 180

.- RC

- RC

.
X0 X f
180

0
180
RC
Re Rc R2 R1 Q Ce
Ce

) (
Re
R1 rbe R2
R p R p R0
rbe R1 R2 R p
rbe R p rbe R0
R0 + R p = R
R C


. R p rbe R0 + rbe
R
)

1
R+
jC

(
V1 = I0

)(

)(

+
-

:.- RC

(
)
V1
1
= I1
= I0 1 +
R
jCR

I2
jC

1
2+
jCR

(
I2 = I1 + I0 = I0

= V2 V1
I2
V2 = V1 +
jC
(

)
(
)
1
I0
1
= I0 R +
+
2+
jC
jC
jCR

3
1
= I0 R +
(+
)2
jC
jC R

 RC - .

I3 =

V2
3
1
= I0 1 +
+(
)2
R
jCR
jCR

I4 = I3 + I2

3
1
= I0 1 +
+(
)2 + I0
jCR
jCR

4
1
+(
= I0 3 +
)2
jCR
jCR

1
2+
jCR

(.)

I
V3 = V2 + 4
jC

3
I0
4
1
1
3+
+(
+(
)2 +
)2
jC
jC
jCR
jC R
jCR

6
1
5
= I0 R +
+(
)2 + (
)3
jC
jC R
jC R2

= I0 R +

(.)

Rc = kR

.

V3
V
= 3
Rc
kR

1
1
6
5
= I0 +
(+
( )2 +
)3
k
jCRk
jCR k
jCR k

= I5

I6 = I5 + I4

1
6
5
1
4
1
= I0 +
(+
(+
( )2 +
)3 + I0 3 +
)2
k
jCRk
jCR
jCR k
jCR k
jCR

j = 1 j2 = 1 j3 = j
1j = j
)
5
6
k +1
k + 4
1

+3
+
j

2
3
CR
)(CR
(CR) k
(

1
I6 = I0
k

)(.

I6 = gm vbe vbe = Io rbe

I6 = gm rbe Io . gm rbe =
I6 = I0

(
)
(
)
5
6
1
k +1
k + 4
1

(.) I0
+
3

+
j

= I0
k
CR
(CR)2
(CR)3 k

 .- RC

(
)
6
k +4
1

I0

=0
CR
(CR)3 k

1
6 + 4k
1

= 0
CR 6 + 4k
1

= f0
2CR 6 + 4k

= (0 CR)2
)(.

. f 0 f 0
0

.

)
(
5
k +1
1
I0 = I0 + 3

k
(CR)2
.
(
)
5
1
= + 3
)+ 1 (6 + 4k
k
k
29
=
+ 23 + 4k
k
natural frequency

)(.

29
+ 23 + 4k
k

>

)(.

= 0

d
dk

d
29
= 2 +0+4 = 0
dk
k
29
=k
= 2.69
2

29
+ 23 + 4 2.69 44.5
2.69

> 0

Rc = 2.69R
44.5
j
0 C

. jR 6 + 4k
C R .
ZRC ZRC
C


ZRC

 .- RC

+
-

:.-

Hz kHz
MHz LC

ZRC
V3
I6

= ZRC

. .
)
)]

(
3 2
R

)( jC

)( 6k +4
CR

1
(CR)3 k

6
jC

R+

I0

)( jC
( =
[
)( 5k +1
1
I0 k + 3
2 + j
)(CR

ZRC

.
.
3

]
) 6+4k

)(CR 6+4k
+
3
( jC) R2

( 6k +4)(CR

CR

) 6+4k
3

)
6 + 4k

( )

2
) 5(CR 6+4k

+4

)( j
(
6
k

( jC) R
[

3
)(CR 6+4k

+j

(CR)3 k

2
) 5( 6+4k

+
2
)( j
[
3
)( 6+4k
k

+j

6CR 6+4k
jC

) 6+4k

6 6+4k
j

)2

R+

( 5k +1)(CR

(CR)2

= ZRC

+3

1
k

R 1+

6 + 4k

( )

+1

5
k

=
+3

1
k

. RC

R0
R1 R2
R = R p R p = RR11+RR22

nJFET - LC

RC 180
) ( 180
. L L g M
L g
L v L L g
M v M
M
vM
=
vL
L

)(.


nJFET . - LC

)(

)(

+
-

:.-
r
L
L g
v gs = v M
)
vL

M
L

(
v gs =

)(.

vo = gm v gs Z gm v gs = vZo

1
1
1
= + jC +
Z
rd
r + jL

)
vo

1
1
+ jC +
rd
r + jL

(
gm v gs =

)(.

.
r L
(
)
jL
= vL
vo
r + jL

)(.

.
)
() (
M
jL
=
vo
L
r + jL

)(.

v gs

.
)
(
)
() (
M
jL
1
1
gm
vo =
+ jC +
vo
L
r + jL
rd
r + jL
vo ) (r + jL
(
)
r + jL
+ jC r + jL + 1
rd
r
jL
= +
+ jCr 2 LC + 1
rd
rd

= jMgm
)(.

0
r
02 LC + 1 = 0
rd

(
)
1
r
= 0
+1
LC rd

)(.

r rd
r  rd


nJFET . - LC

LC
1
LC

= 0

)(.

LC
LC
C
. gm

L
+ Cr
rd
(
)
L
1
= gm
+ Cr
M rd

= Mgm

r 0 0
LC
vo = gm v gs rd Av = vvgso = gm rd
= gm rd

rd gm
L
+ Cr
rd
Lgm
= gm M
+ Cr

Cr
= gm
M L
= gm M

gm
tuned oscillator

+
-

+
-

)(

)(

:.-

..

. nJFET
Vp sin t
nJFET
Cg R g
.
Cg
Vp
Vp nJFET
R g
Cg R g Cg  1f
f
nJFET

VDD Cg
nJFET i DS gm
gm
gm
Cg Vp
i DS i DS
gm

. nJFET



) (
) (

.
CB
CE CBC C M
Cbe C M n1
n2
( )2
nn12 rbe

R B R p R0p
Miller theorem

.

)2
Rp

n2
n1

R0p

Cbe C M

)2

) (Cbe + CM

n2
n1

Cc
C p
)2

) (Cbe + CM

n2
n1

(
C p = Cc +

1
1
1
= jC p +
+ 0
Z
jL R p
vo = gm vbe Z

)
vo

1
1
jC p +
+ 0
jL R p

vo
Z

= gm vbe

= gm vbe

)(.

)
vo

n1
n2

(
vbe =

vo vbe
180
RC RC
.
)
vo
)

1
1
+ 0
jC p +
jL R p
1
1
jC p +
+ 0
jL R p

)
= vo

n1
n2

n1
n2
(

(
gm

gm

1
1
[ =
]
( )2
LC p
n1
) L C + n2 (Cbe + C M

= o

1
Rp

)2

n1
n2

n1
n2

1
= = 0
Rp
n
gm R p = 1
n2

gm

)(.

)(

+
-

+
-

)(
+
-

)(

:.
R B rbe = R p
RRBB+rbe
r rbe
be

n1
n2
n
= 1
n2

= gm R p
gm rbe

gm rbe =
n1
n2

:. .
: .

)(.

+
-

:.

+
)(

)(

:.

.




Ro

.
1
1
1
=
+
ZL
Z2 Z1 + Z3
) Z2 ( Z1 + Z3
= ZL
Z1 + Z2 + Z3

ZL
Ro + ZL

(
)(.

vo = Av vd

Z1 Z3
)
(
Z1
)(.
v0
vd =
Z1 + Z3
.

(
)
) Z2 ( Z1 + Z3
Z1
Z1 + Z2 + Z3

vo = Av
vo
) Z2 ( Z1 + Z3
Z1 + Z3
Ro + Z1 +Z2 +Z3

Av Z1 Z2
) Ro ( Z1 + Z2 + Z3 ) + Z2 ( Z1 + Z3

)(.

=1

Z Z = jL
j
Z = C L X L
1
C XC Z = jX X
X .

Av jX1 jX2
)
(
)
Ro jX1 + jX2 + jX3 + jX2 jX1 + jX3
A v X1 X2
=1
) jRo ( X1 + X2 + X3 ) X2 ( X1 + X3
(

=1

)(.

)(.

X1 + X2 + X3 = 0
.

A v X1 X2
A v X1
=
) X 2 ( X1 + X3
X1 + X3

=1

. X1 + X3 = X2

A v X1
X2
X2
= Av
X1
=1

)(.
)(.

Av Av
Av
X1 X2

. X1 + X2 = X3 X1 X2
X3
X1 X2 X3

.
L2 L1 C
Hartley oscillator
Colpitts oscillator

)(

)(

:.
.
L1 X1 L2 X2 C
X3 Cb Cc
Cc
C2 C1 Cb
Cb Ce Cc



Cbe Cbc C M C1
)( C1 = Cbe + C M
:. .
)(

:
Miller capacitance

)(

)(

)(

:.
Cbc C M
R2 R1 rbe Rm
C M Cbe C1 C10
rbe R1 R2 Rm rbe
Rm C10 vbe

vbe
Rm
= jC10 vbe

= i Rm
iC0

vbe
+ jC10 vbe
Rm

= i L = i Rm + iC 0
1

)
1
0
+ jC1 vbe
Rm

(
v L = jLi L = jL

.
[

vo = vbe + v L = 1 + jL

1
+ jC10
Rm

[
iC2 = jC2 vo = jC2 1 + jL

)]

1
+ jC10
Rm

vbe

)]
vbe

iC2 + i L = gm vbe
(.)

gm vbe =
gm =
gm =
gm =

)]

)
1
0
jC2 1 + jL
vbe +
+ jC1 vbe
Rm
[
(
)] (
)
1
1
0
0
+ jC1
+ jC1
jC2 1 + jL
+
Rm
Rm
)
(
1
1
0
2
+ jC1 +
+ jC10
jC2 LC2
Rm
Rm
2 LC2
1
jC2
j 3 C10 LC2 +
+ jC10
Rm
Rm
1
+ jC10
Rm

C2 3 C10 LC2 + C10 = 0
(
)
C2 2 C10 LC2 + C10 = 0
( 6= 0 )
C2 2 C10 LC2 + C10 = 0

C10 + C2
1
=
0
LC1 C2
LC

= = o

)(.

C10 + C2
1
1
1
=
= 0 +
C
C1 C2
C10 C2

)(.

o
.
2 LC2
1
gm =
+
Rm
Rm
o
)
(
C10 + C2 LC2
1
+
gm =
0
LC1 C2
Rm
Rm
C2
C10

= gm R m

Rm rbe gm rbe =

C2
C10

)(.

..

)(

.
m L
K C D
R C 0

R

piezoelectric crystal
quartz

1
1
= jC 0 +
1
Z
jL + jC
(
)
1
jC 0 jL + jC
+1
=
1
jL + jC
(
)
1
1
0
jC jL + jC + jC0
=
1
jL + jC
(
(
))
1
1
1
0
jC jL + j C + C0
=
1
jL + jC

)(.

C C 0
L L Cm

1
1
1
= + 0
Cm
C C

.
.
(
)
0 jL + 1
jC
jCm
1
=
1
Z
jL + jC
)
(
j
0
jC jL Cm
=
j
jL C
)
() (
jL
2 LC1 m
jC 0
() (
)
=
jL
2 1

LC
(
)
1
0
2
jC LCm
(
)
=
1
2
LC

1j = j
L C
L L Cm
1
s2 = LC L C

1
2
m = LCm L
Cm

(
)
0 2 2
jC
m
1
(
)
=
Z
2 s2

(
)
j 2 s2
(
)
=Z
2
C 0 2 m

)(.

. C 0 C
)( C 0  C Cm
C s m
1% .
s < < m < s
> m

. .
s < < m



s m s m
.
s m .
) ( L .

s m .
C 0
C L C 0
L ) C 0
LC ( C 0

LC
LC
nJFET

crystal oscillator
tank

)(

)(

)(

:.
C

nJFET Cgd nJFET

)(

)(

:.


AC load line, 156
active component, 237
active region, 305
adder, 46, 48
ageing, 639
AM demodulator, 122
AM modulator, 123
AM signal, 123
AND gate, 141
anti-log, 135
atomic model, 164
atomic number, 164
avalanche, 189
avalanche breakdown, 190
band, 708, 774
Barkhausen criteria, 891
base, 238
bit, 73
blocking voltage, 184
Bode plot, 716, 730
Boltzmann constant, 102
bond, 164
break down voltage, 189

breakdown region, 108

buer, 37
bypass capacitor, 316, 708
capacitor, diode, 188
cascaded amplier, 430
cascode, 804
cascode amplier, 675
CE amplier, 627
channel, 480
clamping circuit, 129
clipper, 130
CMOS, 507
CMRR, 630
collector, 238
Colpitts oscillator, 913
common base, 441
common collector, 441
common emitter, 441
common mode voltage, 6, 606
common mode voltage gain, 629
comparator, 87
conductance, 164
conductivity, 180


constant current source, 567, 637
coupling capacitor, 327
coupling capacitors, 708
covalent bond, 164, 195
crystal, 164
crystal oscillator, 921
current gain, 243, 245
current mirror, 568, 639
current sink, 638
current source, 638
cut o, diode, 187
cut-in voltage, 105
DAC, 72
darlington pair, 281
dB, 730
DC bias point, 143
DC load line, 143
depletion nMOSFET, 504
depletion region, 183
dierence pair, 605
dierencial mode voltage, 7
dierential input resistance, 624
dierential voltage gain, 3
dierentiator, 41
diuison current density, 176
diusion, 173
diusion capacitane, 193
diusion constant, electrons, 177
diusion constant, holes, 176
diusion current, 174
diode, 101

diode high frequency model, 206

diode square law, 224
distortion, 535
divider, 136
doping, 164
drift, 173, 177
drift current, 177
drift speed, 177
drift velocity, 177
Early voltage, 306, 538
ecg, 58
electric eld intensity, 177
electrical noise, 196
electron gas, 170
electron mobility, 179, 493
emission coecient, 102
emitte follower, 444
emitter, 238
emitter coupled logic, 618
enhancement nMOSFET, 483
feedback signal, 830
feedback signals, 28
feedback system, 829
eld eect transistor, 237
forward biased, 105, 108, 113
free electron, 165
free hole, 166, 171
full wave rectier, 119
gain, 18, 245
gain bandwidth product, 775


germinium diode, 105
gradient, 143
half wave negative rectier, 116
half wave positive rectier, 115
Hartley oscillator, 913
heat sink, 593
high cut-o frequency, 707
holding current, 468
hole gas, 172
hole mobility, 493
ideal diode, 202
immobile charges, 170
inactive component, 237
injected electrons, 240
injected holes, 241
input bias current, 80, 635
input oset current, 635
input oset voltage, 75, 632
instrumentation amplier, 57
integrator, 43, 44
inversion, 481
inversion layer, 481
inverter, 466, 593
inverting amplier, 16, 20
iteration method, 145
Kelvin, 102
Laplace transform, 709
latching current, 467
LED, 196

level shifter, 654

log amplier, 134, 462
loop gain, 845
low cut-o frequency, 707
Maclaurins series, 204
majority electrons, 168, 170
majority holes, 172
Miller capacitor, 804
Miller theorem, 907
Millers capacitor, 767
Millers theorem, 763
minority electrons, 166
minority hole, 166
mirror, 531
mobile charges, 170
mobile electron, 165
mobile hole, 166
multiplier, 136
N-type semiconductor, 169
negative feedback circuit, 30
non-inverting amplier, 34, 37
number density, 166
ohmic contact, 195
OPAMP, 56
optical cable, 197
optical communication, 197
optocoupler, 196
OR gate, 141
oscillator, 890
output oset voltage, 632


P-type semiconductor, 172
parasitic resistor, 770
peak detector, 121
photo diode, 195
photon, 195
piece wise linear model, 198
piezoelectric crystal, 918
pinch o, 486
pole, 724
positive feedback circuit, 30
power loss, 207
power mosfet, 592
power series, 223
power supply, 116
power transistor, 466
quartz, 918
recombination, 166
recombination rate, 166
reverse biased, 108, 114
reverse breakdown voltage, 109
reverse leakage current, 108
ripple, 116, 126
saturation, 4, 68
saturation current, 102
saturation region, 305
schottky diode, 193
Schottky transistor, 463
scr, 466
semiconductor, 163
slew rate, 69

small signal, 155

small signal model, 363
small signal resistance, 162
solar panel, 195
spice, 225
stability factors, 294
subtractor, 51
switch ON, 111
T model, 543
tank, 921
thermal electron, 166
thermal generation, 166
thermal generation rate, 166
thermal hole, 166
thermal resistance, 111, 227
thermal voltage, 101
thermometer, 110
threshold voltage, 482
thyristor, 466
transconductance, 350, 355
transconductance gain, 26, 350
transducer, 38
transistor, 237
transportation, 173
tuned oscillator, 905
varactor diode, 195
voltage gain, 18, 36
Widlar current source, 664
zener diode, 190


172
164
164
162
363
155
102
247
319 156
479
125
116
468
467
719
609 18
177
58
891
126 124 116
759 707
716 708
206
730
716
73
483
177 173
177
190
108
130

zener knee, 206

zener voltage, 190
zero, 724
531
639 568
165
171 166
57
102
538 306
245 18
36 18
245 243
775
-350
246
305
166
166
135
481
114 108
481
108
493 179
170
635
75
593
466
170 168


638
632
8
162
3
149
493
172
774 708
918
688 632
58
624
855 853 8
80
638
486
708
166
166
98
97
98
145
73
482
222
480
69
177
184
430

241 166
99
41
623
8 3
3
3
7
605
136
189
44 43
110
38
105
708 327
164
840
48 46
141
16
189
166
101
166
227 111
166
166
56 1
122
123
123


196
207
3
237
72
639
300
247
314 305
247
237
770
195
477
238
466
441
224
899
774
708 316
724
164
921
196
592
466
709
462 134
75 68 4
102

189
190
190
206
170
593
275
654
223
204
177
225
330
101
113 108 105
198
507
463
193
845
195 164
195
195
196
535
129
724
136
141
197
197
195


606 6
164
804 767
20 16
7
169
840
840
30
51
187 185
87
230
164
180
-355 350
619
119
477 237
635
109
189
115
116
173
177
176
174
193
294
196
164 163

93
92
477
173
38
165
166
169
170
37 34
7
172
30
238
238
618
441
1
240
241
890
25
26
195
763
907
37
97 70
-627
99
99
629


730
913
11
202

176
16
918
188
804
675
102
164
164
504
913
905
92
143
143
143
605
247
317

664
840
843
28
28
830
840
829
195
669
183
93
237
543
921
363
716 707
716 708
70
25
125
637 567
444
38
105
105
121
281
101
224
143