DC Network Theorems 65 2.9. Independent and Dependent Sources ‘Those voltage or current sources, which do not depend on any other quantity in the circuit, are called independent sources. An independent d.c. voltage source is shown in Fig, 2.20 (a) whereas a time-varying voltage source is shown in Fig. 2.20 (b). ‘The positive sign shows that terminal A is positive with respect to terminal B. In other words, potential of terminal A is v volts higher than that of terminal B. A Od OA 4 O Ow on (@ ) o (a) ram Similarly, Fig. 2.20 (c) shows an ideal constant current source whereas Fig. 2.20 (d) depicts a time-varying current source, The arrow shows the direction of flow of the current at any moment ‘under consideration ‘A dependent voltage or current source is one which depends on some other quantity in the ccurcuit which may be either a voltage or a current. Such a source is represented by a diamond- shaped symbol as shown in Fig. 2.21 so as not to confuse it with an independent source. There are four possible depenclent sources : 1, Voltage-dependent voltage source [Fig. 221 (a)] 2. Current-dependent voltage source (Fig. 2.21 (b)] 3. Voltuge-dependent current source (Fig. 2.21 (c)} 4, Current-dependent current source [Fig. 2.21 (d)] Such sources can also be cither constant sources or time-varying sources. Such sources are often met in electronic circuits. As seen above, the voltage or current source is dependent on the and is proportional to another current or voltage, ‘The constants of proportionality are writeen as 7. ¢ and B. The constants « and f have no unis, r has the unit of ohms and g has the unit of siemens, +o o—_ +o o—_ v av mv roy av 7 Bi -o o—__] -o o—_ @ o wo (a Fig, 2.2166 Electrical Technology Independent sources actually exist as physical entities such as a battery, a d.e. generator and an alternator ete, But dependent sources are parts of models that are used to reperesent electrical prop- ettcs of electronic devices such as operational amplifiers and transistors etc Example 219. Using Kirchhff's current law, find the values of the currents iy and i, in the cureuit of Fig. 2.22 (a) which contains a currentsdependent current source. All resistances are in ohms Solution. Applying KCL. to node A, we get 2-1, 444-5 By Ohm's law. i iy Substituting these values above, we get =303) +02 = 2 or y=-4V é i, = 43 Aandi, =-42 ‘The valu of the dependent current source is = 4i, = 4 x (-4/3) = 16/8 or =3i, +i, f)ra 33 y 2 (f)a 33 . 2 @ @ Fig. 2.22 Since j, and /, come out to be negative, it means that they flow upwards as shown in Fig. 2.22(b) and not downwards as presumed. Similarly, the current of the dependent source flows downwards as shown in Fig. 2.22 (b). It may also be noted thatthe sum ofthe upwards currents equals that ofthe downward currents. Example 2.20. By applying Kirchhoff s current law, obtain the values of v. i, and iy in the circuit of Fig, 223 (a) which contains a voltage-dependent current source, Resistance values are in ohms. Solution. Applying KCL to node A of the circuit, we get 2-iedv—-i, = 0 of i +i—4v Now, 4 i a i fe + Awa * 3 “ 6 3 » 6 (Ha ’ A Qua @ o Fig. 223,DC Network Theorems 67 Since f, and i, come out to be negative and value of current source is also negative, their direc tions of flow are opposite to those presumed in Fig. 2.23 (a). Actual current directions are shown in Fig. 2.23 (6). Example 2.21. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law. to find the values of current i and the voltage drops v, and v, in the cireuit of Fig. 2.24 which comains a current-dependent voltage source. What is the voltage of the dependent source ? All resistance values are in ohms. Solution, Applying KVL to the circuit of Fig, 2.24 and starting from point A, we get =v t4inv+6 = 0 oF v,-4i+¥,=6 Now, vy, = 2% andy, =4i 2i-4i+4i = 6 or i=3A =6V and v)=4%3 Fig. 224 Fig. 2.25 Voltage of the dependent source = 44 =4 x4 =12V Example 2.22. in the circuit shown in Fig, 2.25, apply KCL to find the value of for the case when (a) v = IV (b) v = 4 V(c) v = 6 V. The resistor values are in ohms. Solution, (a) When v= 4 V, current through 2 Q resistor which is connected in parallel with the 2vsource = 2/2= 1A. Since the source current is 2A, i=2—-1=1 A. V, current through the 20 resistor = 4/2=2 A. Hence i 6 V. current through the 2 resistor = 6/2 =3 A. Since current source can supply only 2.A, the balance of 1 A is supplied by the voltage source. Hence, i=~ 1 Ai shown in Fig, 2.25, Example 2.23. In the curcuit of Fig, 2.26, apply KCL. 4 1 find the value of current i when (a) k = 2 (b) K = 3 and 2 6 3 4 it flows in a direction opposite to that i 44 (0) K = 4. Both resistances are in oluns, Solution, Since 6.0 and 3 02 resistors are connected in parallel across the 24-V battery, iy = 24/6 = 8 A. Applying KCL to node A, we get 4+ 4K - i=12-4K. (a) When K=2,i=12-4x2=44 (b) When 12-4x3=0A (©) When K=4,)=12-4%4=-4A | means that current i flows in the opposite direciton. Example 2.24. Find the current i and also the power and voltage of the dependent source in Fig. 2.72 (a), All resistances are in ols =00r Fig. 2.2668 Electrical Technology Solution. ‘The two current sources can be combined into a single source of 8-6=2.A. The two parallel 4 @ resistances when combined have a value of 2 2 which, being in series with the 10 resistance, gives the branch resistance of 10+ 2 = 12. This 122 resistance when combined with the other 12 2 resistance gives a combination resistance of 6 {2. The simplified circuit is shown in Fig. 2.27 (b.) 4 0.98 >t 8 ue yy oo) (a) 0 Fig. 227 Applying KCL to node A, we get 09i42-i-V6 = 0 of O6i=12-v Alsov=3) © i= 103A. Hence, v=10V. ‘The power furnished by the current source = v x 0.9 i= 10 x 0.9 (10/3) =30 W. Example 2.25. By using voliage-divider rule, calculate the voltages v, and v, in the net work shown in Fig. 2.28. z A Solution. As seen, 12 V drop in over the 1 series combination of 1, 2 and 3 Q resistors. As 3 per voltage-divider ruel v, = drop over 3 2 = 5 12x 16=6V 4 12v The vlae ofthe dependent source = 2 Ov © 12x6=72V 4 4 ‘The voltage v, equals the drop across 8 Q 7246 “ee resistor connected across the voltage source of”) Rv. Again using voltge-divider rule, drop over 8D resistor = 72 x 8/12 = 48 V. Hence. v,=—48 V. The negative sign has been given because positive and negative signs of », are actually opposite to those shown in Fig. 2.28. Example 2.26, Use KCL to find the value of v in the curcuit of Fig. 2.29. Solution, Let us start from ground and go to point ‘@ andl find the value of voltage v,. Obviously, 5 + v= ¥, 0rv=y,—5. Applying KCL to point, we get 6-2v4(S—vM = Oor6=2(0,— H)+(5-v)=0 oF v,=7V Hence, y=v,—5 2V. Since it turns out to be positive, its sign as indicated in the figure is correct.DC Network Theorems 9 Example 2.27. (a) Basic Electric Circuits by Cunningham. = + Find the value of current i; supphed by the voltatage: 4 4) comrolted current source (WECS) shown in Fig, 2.30 | s[_ Solution. Applying KVL. tothe closed circuit ABCD, we Oy xf () ev have-448—v,=0 2 =4V at) S77 The current supplied by VCCS is 10 v, = 10x 4=40 A. Since i, flows in an opposite direction to this current, hence i=-40A, D c Example 227, (b). Find the voltage dp v, across the cu Fig. 2.30 ‘rent-controlled voltage source (CCVS) shown in Fig. 2.28. Solution. Applying KCL to point A, we have 2+ 6~i, ori, Application of KVI. to the closed circuit on the right hand side gives 5 j=5x8=40V. Fig. 231 Example 2.28. Find the values of i. vy ¥, and vy in the network of Fig. 2.32 with ts terminals and b open Solution. It is obvious that ‘, = 4A. Applying KVL to the lefi-hand closed = 40+ 20-v, =O0r vy, =-20V. Similarly, applying KVL to the second closed loop, we get v= ¥, + 4y, ~50= 0 ory, =5 v4 ~50=~5 x 20-50=~ 150 V Again applying KVL to the right-hand side circuit containing vj, We get 50-4, -10 v= 0 OF v4.2 50—4 (—20)- 10= 120 Example 2.29 (a). Find the current iin the circuit of Fig, 233. All resistances are in ohms Solution, The equivalent resitance of the two parallel paths across point ais 3 I1(4+2)= 20 Now, applying KVE to the closed loop, we get 24 —v ~2v~2i=0. Since v= 2i, we get 24—2i— 22) ~21=00ri=3 A. Fig. 2.33 Fie. 2.3470 Electrical Technology Example 2.29. (b) Determine the value of current i, and voltage drop v across 15 Q resistor in Fig, 234 Solution. It will be seen that the dependent current source is related ot i,. Applying KCL to node a, we get 4-14 3i,~i,=O0rd i, +3 i, =0. Applying Ohm's law, we get i= w/S and i, = v/1S, ‘Substituting these values in the above equation, we get 4 ~ (v/5) + 2 (v/15) =0 or v= 60 V and A Example 2.29 ¢}. Inthe curcuit of Fig. 2.35 find the values -—*- of and v. All resistance are in ols, Solution. It may be noted that 12 + y = v, or v=, ~ 12 Applying KCL to node «, we get : O-y vy -12 eT 20 or v= HS 0 wea Hence, y= 4—12=—8 V. The negative sign shows that its wks polarity is opposite to that shown in Fig. 2.35. The current flow- oa ing from the point a to ground is 4/2.=2 A. Hence, /=~2 A. Fig. 235 Tutorial Problems No, 2.1 1. Apply ACLto find the valve of in Fig. 236. I8Al +15. A K how & e J. r Ip Fig. 2.36 2. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law, find V, and V, in Fig. 2.37 3. Find the values of currents J; and /, in the network of Fig, 2.38, mis wv 6A, 4 a Hs Li2v 5 lov 24 OK _ i 3y, 18 . i i Fig, 238 Fig. 239 4. Use Kirchhoff's aw, to find the values of voluges V, and V in the network shown in Fig, 2.39. ‘8. Find the unknown currents in the cureuits showa in Fig. 2.40 (a)