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Mass flow = AV
Mass flow is expressed in Kg/sec;
is expressed in Kg/m3;
A is expressed in m2;
V is expressed in m/sec.
Squat (MAR)
1A1V1
2A2V2
3A3V3
and since the density of the liquid does not change it follows
that if cross sectional area decreases then velocity must
increase and vice-versa.
Bernoullis Theorem
This considers the principle of conservation of energy which
states that:
- when a fluid flows at a steady rate through a pipe its total
energy remains constant, since energy cannot be created or
destroyed.
Squat (MAR)
Squat (MAR)
STATIC PRESSURE
(acting normal to flow)
DYNAMIC PRESSURE
Squat (MAR)
Squat (MAR)
Squat (MAR)
3.
Ships proportional dimensions
In a similar way to CB, the proportion of the ships main
dimensions will influence squat such as:
length to depth ratio; length to breadth ratio and breadth to
depth ratio.
4.
LCB position
Ships with LCB forward of amidships tend to squat more by
the head and those with LCB aft of amidships more by the
stern.
5.
Still water trim
A ship initially on even keel will usually squat more by the
head (trim by the head). A ship heavily trimmed by the stern
will squat more by the stern (trim further by the stern).
It is difficult to generalise about all ships since other factors
may be of influence such as appendages like spectacle frames,
A-brackets etc. which will create turbulence effects.
Other factors might include:
6.
Stem/bow type
7.
Altering course (which may cause trim to change)
8.
Reversing the propeller
9.
Turbulence caused by hull roughness
10.
List
etc.
Squat (MAR)
Squat (MAR)
SLOW DOWN!
SLOW DOWN!
Squat (MAR)
2.
Effects on stability
Under bottom suction caused by reduced static hull pressures
can cause increased heel due to wind/turning effects or
unexpected heel as shown.
WIND
WIND
If this happens:
SLOW DOWN!
Squat (MAR)
Check position!
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3.
Type of bottom
In shallow water squat may be increased when passing over
rock or large pebbles. With a soft seabed such as fine sand
water flow will extend to within the seabed, causing flow to
reduce in speed, thus static pressure may be maintained to some
degree.
But dont count on it! If in doubt always slow down!
4.
Strong tidal currents
It is the speed through the water that must be considered. If a
ship is tied alongside and a strong current is flowing the same
effects will become apparent. This is particularly relevant when
conducting draught surveys during which large inaccuracies in
draught readings may occur if underkeel clearance is limited.
Shallow water will also seriously affect the manoeuvring
characteristics of a ship:
*
When underkeel clearance is very small the
directional stability of the ship will be dangerously
increased requiring very large and early rudder
movements to achieve relatively small alterations
of course.
*
Stopping distances are greatly increased in still
water.
*
Turning circle advance and transfer is increased
but may be unnoticed because rate of turn
(deg/min) may be unchanged.
Squat (MAR)
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