Research Paper Information Packet Information Included ¢ MLA Format ¢ How the first page should look ¢ How the Works Cited should look ¢ When & What to Cite * Research Paper Outline & Supporting ParagraphMLA Style - Sonoma Valley High School Be sure to Double Space ll entries (shown with LS spacing due to space constraints) Langstroth, Lovell, and Libby Langstroth. Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Berkgley: University f California, 2000. Pry No AUTHOR Chocolate Making at Home, Boston: Norton, 2007. Pit (ONE AUTHOR Plath, Sylvia. The Bell. Jr. Cutchogue, NY: Buccaneer Books, 1971, Print ‘TWO OR THREE AUTHORS Langstoth, Lovell and Libby Langstoth. 4 Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Berkeley: University of California, 2000, Print MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS | Johnson, Cedtie Q. etal. Modern Medicine. Londos: Harper, 1967. Print. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE | Erickson, Carol. Gareways to the West. Sen Francisco: Linworth Libraries, 2008, SAME AUTHOR Print, “. Westward Expansion. Santa Barbara; ABC-CLIO, 2009, Print, EDITOR BUT NO AUTHOR ims, Susau, ed. Harper Anthology of Poetry, Chicago: Avon, 2007, Print MULTIVOLUME BOOKS Leach, Maia, ed. Dicronary of Foltiore, 2 vols. Los Angeles: Funk and Wagralls, 1950. Prin. ESSAY OR ARTICLE IN A ‘Boas, George, "Freshman Advisor.” Perspectives, Ed, Leonard Dean, San Francisco: COLLECTION ‘World, 1979, 108-118. Print MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS Kent, Penelope J. “Bob Dylan's Latest Album a Hit” Rolling Stone 4 May 2007: 23°35, Pin. MAGAZINE ARTICLE, Johnson, Emest, "Lindsey Lohan: Arrested Agnin,” People 30 July 2007 (From a Print Souree) 49.50. Prin Sonoms Valley January 2010MLA Style - Sonoma Valley High School MAGAZINE ARTICLE, (From an Electronic Database) ‘Nash, Madeline J. "Asia's Burning and the Whole World Suffers Time 4 May 1998: 23-25. Ebscohost MAS Ultra —Snident Ealition. Web. 5 Nov. 2008. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, (Prom a Print Soures) CChang, John, "Computer Eamings Peak Out." Wal Street Journal 25 Now. 1982: A5, Prin NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, (From an Electronic Database) Kay, Jane, "Wildlife Refuge Is South Bay Magnet." San Francisco CChronicie 23 July 2003, final ed.: AL. Ebscahost Newspaper Source Web, 2 Sept. 2009, [INTERNET ARTICLES 1 L-delancy, Robert. “MLA Made Easy.” MLA Citation Style, 18 Nov. 2003. [* nova information may Long Island University. Web, 23 Oct. 2009. beavaieble tFa0 ate usena. IF no publisher, use sap use. pag if 9 pagination siven (From an Electronic Subscription Database) NOAUTHOR “MLA Style.” Cig Electronic Sourees. 6 Sept, 2002, Library of Congress. Web. 19 Aug 2008, AUTHOR: Delaney, Robert, “MILA Made Easy." MLA Citation Ste. 18 Nov. 2003. Long Island University. Web, 23 May 2009, SCHOLARLY JOURNAL Gardner, Philip. “E, M, Forster." Dictionary of Historical Biography, Volume 98: Modern British Historians, First Series, B4, Reber Beum, 1990. _Ebscohost History Reference Center. Web, 19 Nov. 2009. Sonoms Valley January 2010MLA Style - Sonoma Valley High School ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE (From a Print Source) Carroll, Michael P. “Myth.” Eneyelopedta of Cultural Anthropology, Boston Henry Holt, 1996, Print ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE (Prom an Electronic Database) "Freud, Sigmund," Eneyelopatia Britannica Online, 2003, Encyclopedia Britannica, Web, 5 Sep. 2009. INTERVIEW IN PERSON ‘Miller, Susan, Personal interview. 25 July 2009, SPEECH OR LECTURE “Hemmings Sharon, "The Neo-Expressionsts.” Museum of Modern Ar, San Francisco. 12 Mar, 2009, Lecture TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAM (not on web) “TE God Ever Listened: A Portrait of Alice Walker Horizons. Host Erie Wright, Natl Public Radio. WGBH Boston, 12 Jan. 2010, “New Orleans.” American Experience, Narr. effiey Wright. PBS, KQED, San Francisco, 12 Feb. 2009, Television, ‘TELEVISON OR RADIO PROGRAM (saved on website) "LH Shafok: Writing under a Watchful Eye.” Fresh Air. Host Terry Gross, Natl. Public Radio. NPRorg, Web. 22 Feb. 2008, VIDEO Finding Neverland, Dit. Mare Forster Pert. Johnny Depp, Kate Winslet, lie Christi, Radha Mitchell and Dustin Hoffman, Miramax, 2004, DVD, are Weaver, Brice. "Challenger Explosion” 28 Jan 1985. AP Photo drchive, Web. 20 Jon. 2010 Popcast Patterson, Chris. “Will School Consolidation Improve Education? Host Michael Quinn Sullivan, Texas PoieyCast. Texas Public Policy Foundation, 13 Apr, 2008, MP3 file, 10 Jan. 2007, ENTRY IN A WIKI “Hip Hop Music” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Mar, 2009. Web. 18 Mat. 2008, Sonoma Valley High School January 2010WORKS CITED EXAMPLE Works Cited list is at the end of the research paper + Works Cited pages are numbered as a continuation of the text + Alphabetize items by author. If no author, alphabetize by title, ignoring “a,” “an”, “the” + Use a 5-space indentation for all lines after the first line of entry ‘© Double-space the entire list LASTINAME £ PG at Works Cited Cro Michel. “Myth Eneyelopediaof Cull Antroploy. Boson: Hemy Hol, 1996, Prin Delany, Rober, “MLA Made Easy" MA Ciaton Spe 18 Nov. 200. Long sland University. Web 28 May 2008 Finding Neverland, Diz Mare Fors. Pt- Sony Depo, Kate Wise, le Chit, Radha Miche nd Data Hotfnan. Mima, 2004, DVD, Hemmings, Sharon, "The Neo-Exressioits” Museum of Modem At, San Francisco 12Mar 2009, Lecture Johnson, Emes. "Lindsey Lohan: Arete Aguin® People 30 uly 2007: 9-5, Print Mills, Susan. Peron interview, 25 July 2009 aeson Chris. “Wil col Consoiaion improve Edson? Hos Mishel Quinn Suan. Ts PaieyCat. Texas Pale Plc Foundation, 13 Ape 2006, MPS fe. 10 san 207 Went Bruce “Caller Explosion” 280 1985. AP Pos Ache. Web 204un.2010,MLA Style ~ Sonoma Valley High School PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION + Parenthetical documentation is also known as “intemal documentation” + Ittells your reader where you got your information + Appears in the text of your paper Parenthetical Documentation: MLA Style Diagram Citing a source when the author's name is in your sentence. According to Jim Smith, “Pit bulls are bad dogs toown" List only the page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence According to Jim Smith, “Pit bulls are bad dogs to own"(82), Citing a book ina research paper. Example: you wish to cite page 200 in a book by author David Smith Author and page number (Smith 200). Citing a website with an author but no page numbers. ‘The author is Kenneth Fitzgerald. Author and if given, page or section number of a website (Fitzgerald) Citing a website without an author but with page numbers. The Internet article is called “All About Elvis.” First word or two in article title in quotes. Page or section numbers, if given. (‘All About” 17) No page number: use author's last name No author: use shortened title (main words) in quotes. If several facts from the same page of a source are used in a row in the research paper, place the parenthetical documentation after the last fact. Sonoma Valley High School January 2010)13. Type arough draft Follow MLA format. Ee poo ST NAME. £ PMGE He Page number on the first page is optional. er ae HEADER Section aaa Smith 1 from top of page Susie Smith Mr. Johnson. English 120 center title, no 12 April 2010 underline Princess Diar «: The People’s Princess In his eulogy at her death, Edmond Spencer remembers that “Diana, named after the goddess of hunting, was ironically one of ‘the most hunted people in the 20" Century” (Zamudo 5). Diana, She was a beloved figure to Britons, from her shy, sideways glance to the sea of bouquets marking her grave in 1997. Although she was a commoner and died before the age of 40, Princess Diana contributed greatly to the 20" Century, living up to her title “The People’s Princess.” Princess Diana was a commoner at heart. After marrying Prince Charles and becoming a royal, she never forgot those Jess fortunate. She brought focus to AIDS and land mine removal as Allow 1" margin on both sides of your Paper and 1" margin at the bottom of ‘your paper.12. Complete a Works Cited page Make sure to alphabetize entries and double-space. Don’t forget to number the page. Allow * Smith 10 from top of| page to start Works Cited “Diana: Case Closed, But Probably Not.” Princess Diana Fan Club. 16 Dec. 2006. Web. 10 Aug. 2007. Gutierrez, Jose. “Princess Diana.” Pegple Magazine. 5 September 2007: 38-39. Ebsco Advanced Placement Source Web. 20 Aug. 2007. Huffman, Heinrich, “Princess Diana: 1961-1997.” Memorial Stes. 15 Sept. Web. 3 July 2006, Krohn, Katherine E, Princess Diana: Her Life and Times Minneapolis: Lemer Publications, 1999. Print, Rodriguez, Carmen. “The Sons of Princess Diana.” English Royalty. 16 Feb. Web. 7 Sept. 2007. Zamudo, John L. The Diana Chronicles. Boyes Hot Springs, Californi lack London Press, 2004. Print, Be sure to allow a 1” margin on both sides of your paper. For the second line of each source, indent !4" or 5 spaces.When a Citation or Reference is Necessary ‘There are several situations in which it is virtually always necessary to provide a reference or a citation for the sentence or paragraph (or phrase specific fact if different parts of the sentence were gathered from different sources). Ifa statement meets any of the following criteria, a citation or reference is typically needed: + The statement refers to obscure facts, or information that is not commonly known ("The company's third president, John Smith, grew the company's revenue by thirty percent in his first year, and at least ten percent each year thereafter") + The information has been gained from the results ofa scientific study ("The research performed by Smith and Smith indicates that when fed cocoa on a regular basis, baby newts tum brown") + The statement is a direct quote from another source, including speeches or multimedia ("Sheri Bo-Beri told the cameraman to "take a break and have another sandwich’ before she punched him") + The statement includes statistics that the writer did not calculate him or-herself ("A whopping 42% of the competitors ate more than seventeen burgers, which adds up to more than three times the daily recommended allowance of fat for an individual") + The statement refers to a particular line of poetry or prose, or a very specific incident in a novel ("Line six of Smith's final sonnet is considerably less imaginative than the sixth line in her first sonnet") ‘The statement provides an argument that was developed by someone else ("Existentialism is the dominant school of thought among authors with staying power") When a Fact Should Not be Cited Some information that is necessary to discuss in research papers does not need to be referenced. For instance, if the information communicated in the sentence or paragraph meets any of the following criteria, a specific citation is typically not necessary (although it may be a useful resource for the bibliography, if required): + The information is common knowledge ("There are 365 days in one year") + The information is very general or vague ("Some boys are tall") * The statement is subjective in nature ("I think he felt like a failure") + The topic has been discussed in-depth during class and is considered expected basic knowledge on the topic ("These species of amphibians are asexual..") ; * There is no new information contained in the sentence, or the citation has previously been given for the specific fact mentioned ("As noted previously, there were three successfill experiments that July" Additional Tips for Knowing When a Reference is Required Many teachers will require that information meeting the following criteria is also cited, particularly in college= level academic papers or work intended for publication (check with the individual professo + The statement or paragraph paraphrases content or ideas developed by someone else, including in spoken conversation, informal communications, and multimedia + The statement could be challenged or argued, or ifthe information sounds like an opinion but is a documented fact + The statement incorporates contradictory claims, perhaps from conflicting research studies The sentence refers to a specific conversation, incident, insinuation, or event documented or presented elsewhere, such as in a book or in a television report + The statement leaves the writer unsure as to whether the information is considered common knowledge, even among a population of educated readers in the target audienceWhen should I cite a source in my Research Paper? When to Cite a Source You should use evidence (citations) any time you make a claim that is not based on a well-known fact or common knowledge. + You make a claim that could be challenged. + You quote somebody. + You make a specific claim that is not common knowledge + You paraphras + Offer an auth information from a source (give the meaning but change the wordin itative (expert) opinion. + You got an iclea from somebody else, even through email or conversation. Examples of Claims You Should Support + Hot water can freeze faster than cold water. + Poodles are friendlier than Dalmatians, + American Chestnut trees are nearly extinct. + Eating while driving is more dangerous than talking on the cell phone while driving. + Thomas Edison invented a vote counter, When You Don't Need to Cite a Source Examples of Common Knowledge or Well-Known Facts Common knowledge is basically a fact that practically everyone knows, like the fact that George Washington was a U.S. president. : + Beats hibernate in the winter. + Fresh water freezes at 82 degrees E, + Many trees shed their leaves in the fall, A well-know Bact i something that many people know, but it is also something that a reader could look up easily ithe/she didn't know + It’s best to plant flowers in the early spring. + Holland is famous for its tulips. + Canada has a multilingual population, A good rule of thumb for any writer is to go ahead and use a citation when you're not certain whether or not it is necessary. The only isk in doing this is litering your paper with unnecessary citations that will drive your teacher crazy. Simply trust your own judgment.How to Outline a Research Paper Listed below is the basic structure of research paper outline. This outline is based on a paper that will eventually be 3 pages. Review this document before beginning to write your paper. 1, Introduction / Thesis (1 Paragraph) a. This includes your thesis, hooks the reader and outlines your argument b, This can include a powerful quote, short story or surprising fact Background (1 — 2 Paragraphs) a. Snapshot of history of topic ~ who/what/where/when/why/how b, Provide information reader should know before proving your thesis 3. Supporting Paragraph / Evidence (3 ~ 4 Paragraphs) ‘a. Evidence/facts that support your thesis, b. Explanation of how evidence proves your thesis 4. Conclusion (1 Paragraph) a. Wrap up your argument b. Do not repeat introduction or thesis word-for-word How to Write a Supporting Paragraph Use the guideline below when writing your supporting paragraphs. The format for writing supporting paragraphs in a History paper is different than the format usec! when writing an English paper. Please review this carefully. 1. Topic Sentence / Argument a. Presents topic of paragraph b, Assertive statement 2. Evidence / Facts / Quote a. Research that supports your argument b. Quote should be no longer than 2 sentences 3. Analysis / Commentary a. Your personal commentary on information you are providing b. Tell the reader why you are including the evidence 4. Evidence / Facts / Quote / Counter-Argument a, Research that supports your argument OR opinions of opponents of your argument that strengthen your paper by giving the reader a balanced view (if you use a counter-argument, you must make sure that your commentary clearly demonstrates that this view is not as strong as your own) b. Quote should be no longer than 2 sentences 5. Analysis / Commentary a. Your personal commentary on information you are providing b, Tell the reader why you are including the evidence 6. Evidence / Facts / Quote a. Research that supports your argument b. Quote should be no longer than 2 sentences 7. Concluding Statement / Link to Thesis -NOTES- a. Finish with a firm connection of your argument to your thesis, b, Tell the reader how this argument supports your thesis You should have a ratio of 3 pieces of evidence for every 2 sentences of commentary * Any evidence/fact/quote must have a parenthetical citation! (Even if the information isi n your own words)OF A SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH THESIS STATEMENT The University of Texas (UT) provides a diversity of social, academic and athletic opportunities for students. This can be a powerful positive force, but it can also detract from students" abilities to manage their time. More attention to time management training is needed to ensure that all UT students graduate with the ity to succeed in their chosen careers. SAMPLE BODY PARAGRAPH: While there is litle doubt that extracurricular opportunities at UT are a positive ancl critical component of students" overall development, providing students with time management skills is equally important. One only needs to look at past alumni to see the validity of this claim. As famous alum George W. Bush states, “I sometimes overdid it when I was at UT, missing out on valuable academic opportunities. Fortunately, I buckled down in my senior year and managed to make a “G" average and things have worked out fine since” (227). In this example, George W. Bush is arguing that the detrimental effects of extracurricular excesses can be rectified in the senior year of callege. While George W. Bush is certainly correct when he implies that it is never too late for a student to try to raise his or her GPA, itis probably better for stuclents to attempt to balance academic and other activities early in their college career. Also, Bush assumes that all stuclents can achieve what they want with a “C" average, but many students need higher GPAs in order to apply to professional school, graduate school and for gracuate-entry jobs. While extracurricular activities are often a positive and critical component of student life at UT, administrators should consider instigating a time management education and awareness course for all incoming freshmen, After all, not every UT graduate will be as lucky as George W. Bush; ifour stuclents are going to succeed in business and higher education, we need to first ensure they understand the importance of time management.