Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Studies

Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Studies

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The History of Jewry Existence in the Arabian Peninsula

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Demotic Ostraca of Accounts of Grain

Dr. Soheir M. Wahid Eldin
Mansoura Universty

The present study represents six demotic ostraca from Gebelin in the
Egyptian Museum at Cairo . They are registered in the inventory books of the
Museum in 1955 , and preserved on the third floor P.23 East, their number is :
Inv .No. / TR.18953/ 25/1/55-4.
The ostraca contain accounts of grain, the artab, as a measure of capacity is
used in some of them , and the otheres have names , titles , and amounts of
money All of them are Ptolemaic or Roman in date.
An introduction Precdes the ostraca , all names of persons are kept in their
demotic form without rendering their Greek equivalents, the physical condition
of the ostraca is described under the catalogue entry for each ostracon The
abbrevialtions and symbols are ysed the facsimiles of the ostraca are made , and
followed with the photograohs at the end of the study. The study will reads and
adds new unpublished six demotic ostraca from Gebelin .

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Causes of the Persian Expedition on Egypt 525 B.C.,

According to Herodotus
Dr. El-Sayed M. Gad
Faculty of Arts, Tanta University.

In 525 B.C. the Persian king Cambyses lead an expedition to Egypt which
he managed to annex to the Persian Empire founded by his father few years
before.
According to the Greek historian, Herodotus, the fall of Egypt was an
important event which changed the balance in the Mediterranean world.
The expedition not only included in the Persian domain the last free power
in the Near East, but it also deeply influenced the Greeks. Whether they were
settling in Egypt, living in their native lands, or even settling elsewhere, the
Greeks came to feel the event probably more than they did when Lydia and
Babylon fell few years before.
Herodotus' description of the expedition is especially important in this
context. It is our most detailed source on this period, both for Persian history
and Egyptian history alike. With this point in mind, this paper aims at studying
the causes of the expedition which the historian mentions in the beginning of the
third book of his work.
It is here argued that these causes cannot be accepted as representing the
real motives owing to its personal character and 'anecdotal episodes'.
The real causes can be found, however, indirectly in his book: where he
discusses the growth of the Persian Achaemenian Empire and its relationship
with its neighbors in Lydia, Greece and Babylon around the middle of the sixth
century B.C.

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Prostrate Position in Archival and Pictorial Sources of

Near East: Different implications
Prof. Dr. Alaaeldin M. Shaeen
Professor of Ancient History and Culture of Egypt
and Near East,
Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University

The archival and pictorial sources of Near East civilizations exhibited the
theme of prostrated position. The purpose of the relevant paper is to trace that
theme in those archival and pictorial sources basically from both Ancient
Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultural centers. The different purposes of the
relevant theme will be discussed and analyzed whether in relationship with the
supremacy of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilization over their enemies or
for other motives.

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Camel: Its Functional Role and Geographical Expansion
in the Ancient Near East
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An Animal Behavior from the Predynastic Period

Dr. Heba I.M. Mahran
Tourist Guidance Department
Faculty of Tourism & Hotels, Minia University

Elephants '' Loxodonta Africana '', anciently known as '' Abw'', were part of
the Egyptian Predynastic fauna, and were recorded by the artists of this period
on various objects.
Unfortunately this huge animal ceased to exist in Egypt before the
Pyramids Age , together with other Savanna fauna due to climate changes and
the transformation of the Delta into cultivated landscape.
The main interest of the present study- which employs the descriptive
methodology- is a relatively known scene represents elephants as a part of a
group of other animals , accompanied by serpents ( whether cobras or pythons).
This motif appeared particularly on five Predynastic objects: the Brooklyn knife
handle, Carnarvon knife handle, Seyala mace handle, Davies comb handle and
Pitt-Rivers knife.
The study particularly investigates the interpretation of this scene, which
has been suggested that it represents , together with other animals , emblems of
Prehistoric Egyptian districts, or an early representation of royal uraei.
The study discusses the fact that this can be merely an act of nature spotted
by ancient Egyptians and was used as a decorative motif just like the xkr
decoration for example, particularly that it is known that elephants are
sometimes attacked by serpents, and that they grief their mates who die through
serpent bites; this is why elephants appear trampling them. It is also possible that
serpents who are known to be found close to water are leading the animals;
including elephants to water; the Nile or a certain lake.
This assumption seems to be very reasonable especially that ancient Egyptians
were nature lovers, and imitated nature in many scenes and relieves across the
Egyptian history.


Ugareit : The trade center of the Ancient world
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Sinn und Wirkung der Umarmung in der gyptischen Religion

Von : Nehad Kamal Eldien
In der gyptichen Sprache finden wir viele Wrter,die die Umarmung oder das verb
umarmen ausdrcken wie z.B xnw-awj qnj inq,aH, MH-qnj, Hpt, sbx, sHpt
qnj. Die Umarmung spielt eine besondere Rolle in der gyptischen Glauben.
Sie wird vor allem als Belebungsakt aufgefat. Durch den engen Krperkontakt mit der
Gottheit wird der Knig neu belebt, verklrt oder erhlt die ka-Kraft. Der Sarg und das Grab
umarmen den Toten und dadurch werden seine Glieder zusammengefgt und wird er belebt.
Die Umarmung spielt eine besondere Rolle in der Regeneration des Sonnengotts. Bei der
Umarmung durch eine Gttin kann im Zusammenhang mit dem Lauf der Sonne und dem
Eintritt des Toten ins Jenseits die Umarmung als berwindung der geburtsbedingten
Trennung von Mutter und Kind aufgefat werden. Durch die Umarmung vereint Ra mit
Osiris in der Unterwelt.
Die Umarmung wird auch als Mittel der Wiedergeburt. Wenn Nut als Sarg bzw. Grab
den Toten umgibt, gibt sie ihm eine neue Geburt, damit gewinnt der Tote neues, gttliches
Leben. Sehr hufig scheint die Darstellung der Umarmung mit einer Gottheit auf Pfeilern von
Tempeln oder in den Knigsgrbern. Bei solchen Umarmungsszenen auf Pfeilern (auch gern
an Durchgngen) drfte es sich um eine Begrung des Knigs durch die Gtter handeln.
Die Umarmung hat auch eine wichtige Rolle im Schutz des Toten Gegenber seiner
Feinden. Wenn die Gttin ihre Arme oder Flgeln um den Toten ausbreitet, bedeutet das,
dass sie ihn gegenber dem Tod schtzt. Aus dieser Zusammenfassung geht es hervor, dass
die Umarmung eine sehr wichtige Rolle in der gyptische Religion spielt.
In dieser Untersuchung versuche ich die verschidene Wrter, die die Umarmung ausdrcken
zusammenzustellen und ich versuche auch die Bedeutung der Umarmung zu erklren anhand
der religisen Texten und Darstellungen in den Grbern und Templen.

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The rise and origin of Arabic script

on the light of a new Archaeological discoveries.
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La chatte dans la vie de l'Egypte ancienne,

dans la littrature franaise moderne (Colette)
Dr. Siham Abdel Fattah Mohamed Gabr
Dpartement de langue et littrature franaises
Facult des lettres - Universit de Zagazig
Les anciens Egyptiens taient proccups par l'univers dpuis qu'ils ont mis les pieds sur
la surface de la terre d'Egypte. Quelques animaux ont recu le caractre sacr et incarnent des
symboles des dieux, y compris la vache tait un symbole de la "desse Hathor, et la chatte
"Bastett dans Barbast (Tel Basta elle est appele la maison de la chatte prs de Zagazig), o
elle a t sacre, et avait une grande importance. La chatte a port le nom de" desse Bastet "
qui a t adore dans nombreuses rgions des villes de l'Egypte ancienne, o elle est devenu
un centre de culte pour beaucoup, bien qu'ils diffrent d'ge en ge.
Dans sa ville "Barbast", on a organis deux grandes clbrations des dates prcises,
varient d'une poque l'autre , a parl des textes anciens gyptiens, rvlant ce qui a t
enregistr par Hrodote . Ce dernier dit " on trouve dans la fte des grandes Odhyats, et on
consomme plus de vin de ce jour fri plus de consommer le reste de l'anne, et on trouve
une runion cette occasion, selon les paroles du peuple du pays, sept cent mille hommes et
femmes que les garons. Cela a galement trouv la description du Temple "Barbast" pr
b3st (Bobstis), un temple qui a t construit pour les chattes travers les diffrentes priodes
de la ville principale.
La chatte tait un motif d'inquitude par les Egyptiens antiques, o elle a t nomm un
diagnostic de la puissance du soleil en se montrant ses ennemis .les anciens Egyptiens entre
eux ont reli la femelle d'al-Assad "lionne" qui tait adore sous le nom " la desse Sekhmet"
qui symbolise un feu et dtruit le coeur du soleil et la chatte qui rpresente, ce cur doux qui
contribue au dveloppement modr de la vgtation et semer des graines, et symbolise le
cur de l'hiver et le dbut de l't. L'importance accorde par la chatte dans la civilisation
gyptienne a travers d'autres cultures, et est restes dans diffrentes races d'une grande
importance l'poque moderne, comme le peuple franais qui garde une grande passion pour
la civilisation gyptienne antique et cela a t provoqu dans un roman intitul "La chatte "
pour l'crivain femme Colette qui rpresente un modle dans lequel elle a exprim une
grande importance pour la chatte dans un exemple de la littrature.
Gnralement il ya chez les franais ce qu'on appelle l'egypto-manie, c'est--dire une
passion spciale pour tout ce qu'est pharaonique. Rappelons ce propos que dans le Louvre il
y a tout un pavillon destin seulement aux monuments de l'egypte ancienne.
Nous trouvons dans ce roman une chatte intelligente et pleine de tendresse et sait bien
vivre dans le bonheur et l'auteur la rend le personnage principal qui attache fortement les
vnements et tre le centre du roman. On trouve le hros toute sa vie partage son temps avec
la chatte, il se sent satisfait de la rlation tablie maximale et svre. on trouve un lien
psychologique entre le hros et la chatte qui devient une figure centrale dans le roman .La
chatte devient jalouse de l' hroine et s'abstient de nourriture pour le mariage du hros .
Ensuite nous retrouvons le hros compare sa femme avec la chatte, l'pouse son tour sent
tout cela et prendre l'envie de dclarer la guerre de la jalousie .Colette nous prsente avec
originalit le rapport de l'homme avec la chatte qui pousse l'heroine de tomber dans
l'individualisme. La narratrice veut juger une rlation qui tablie entre cet animal et le hros
pour jetter la lumire sur l'importance de la chatte. Colette emploie une srie de
comparaisons pour incarner l'importance de l'objet aim " la chatte" .Colette se trouve toute
entire prise dans cette rlation pour entrainer le rel et l'imaginaire , pour relier le temps et
l'espace.

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Byzantine and Sasani Used in Iraq Until Arabization

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Preservation Conditions of Organic Objects

According to Recent Researches. Part 1: Humidity
Eleasely, Abdel-Salam M. I.
Assistant professor, Conservation Department
Sohag University

Preservation conditions of organic objects are very much vulnerable issue. It is

very well-known that humidity should be kept in or around 50% for most of the
organic materials which has proven not correct as confirmed in the current literature.
The measured properties for the most of organic materials, under different humidity,
show various dispersal range for every hygroscopic (organic) objects. This paper
discusses the proper humidity ranges as the most essential aspect in preservation
conditions either into the museum cases or inside the storage areas.
Relative humidity is defined as the amount of water vapor in a specific volume of
air, at a specific temperature and pressure, relative to the full amount that volume of
air could hold at saturation point. Relative humidity changes mean varying amounts of
water vapor becoming available for diffusion into or out of organic materials,
commonly recognized as; moisture content. The moisture present in materials moves
according to a transmission slope but is also controlled by the water bonding in the
material. In materials treated with humectants, these hygroscopic materials chemically
bind water molecules into the material taking them out of the transmission process.
This allows more water to enter until all the hygroscopic bonds are satisfied and
diffusion has reached an equilibrium between the material and the environment. The
movement of water and out of material is an
100%
exothermal and endothermal reaction.
high Humidity
90%
Materials may be classified based on their (prevented)
80%
70%
responses to humidity, for good state of Best Conditions
60%
50%
preservation, into; non-sensitive materials such
40%
cautious
as ceramics and glasses; materials that require
30%
20%
low humidity such as; iron and bronze; materials Dry conditions
10%
0%
that could only be kept under a specific humidity, (prevented)
protein cellulose Bronzes
disease
these are very few and rare natural minerals that
Fig.1 The Humidity Ranges of two organic classes
retain its physical crystalline form under this
of objects versus one inorganic material
condition. The fourth category is applicable to
most of the organic objects; the materials that
may tolerate a humidity range. The latter category will be discussed in details in
conformity of the experimental results of the researcher and the new latest outcomes of
world papers in this context.
In conclusion, there is a misinterpretation of the recommended relative humidity
for preservation of the organic materials that must be realized, esp.; for conservators of
museum objects in Egypt.


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The Nabataean Water Control Systems in the World Heritage Site of Petra
and the Threat of Rain Flood in Modern Time.
Prof. Mansour al-Shqiarat
Department of Archaeology
Al-Hussein Bin Talal University

Petra, Sela, Reqem, and Pink city of the desert various names for that
unique site situated, in the southern part of the actual Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan. Petra, as the capital of the Nabataeans, reflects by its monuments the
prosperity their civilisation reached, especially between the 1st century BC and
the 1st century AD. Most of the monuments of Petra and the other major
Nabataean sites date to this period. Petra is situated to the south of the Dead Sea,
about 100 km to the North of the Aqaba Gulf. It is located, thus, in a transitional
region between the Mediterranean basin and the desert.
Most of Petra lies in an area of sandy stones in which there are many
valleys, such as Wadi AsSurayi and Wadi Al-Matabha. This fact made the area
around Petra dangerous in rainy seasons because of floods, especially the low
areas, because of the many valleys and the high speed of the water that flows on
the sandy stones. The Nabataeans were forced to build dams in many of these
valleys for two major purposes. The first purpose was to make use of the
rainwater behind those dams for drinking and irrigation. The second purpose
was to protect the various buildings and stations that lay in the low areas at
times of floods and drifts.
This research aims to study how the Nabataean control threat of rain flood
at Petra comparative this problem in modern time.

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Using Image Processing in Archaeology

Prof. Ibrahim El-hennawy
Prof. Abd El-hady N. Ahmed
Faculty of Computers and Informatics

Prompted by the increasing requirement for the fast but precise and detailed
digital documentation of archaeological excavations and heritage artifacts using
image-based approach. It is possible to present a 3D recording flow-line, based
on multi-image matching, capable of retrieving quickly and precisely all the
information needed to document, analyze
and visualize excavation sites or archaeological monuments. The 3D modeling
method is flexible and can be employed with convergent ground-based or
oblique air-photo images, both critical configurations for commercial modeling
software.
For many monuments under restoration or anastylosis there is not proper
documentation and recording. That becomes more essential for the intervention
when there are missing or collapsed parts of the monument. Therefore it is
absolutely necessary to obtain any information available and apply them to the
project. Such kind of information is old photos and other reliable illustrations of
a monument which present missing or destroyed parts. The reliable data which
can be obtained out of them are not only the type of materials but mainly the
dimensions of the missing areas of the construction. Even though there is
professional photogrammetrical software which exploits old and unreferenced
photographs, the application of low cost techniques is more suitable for small
monuments or for cases where is not easy to employ specialized engineers. In
such cases the implementation of simple image processing software along with a
typical CAD application can provide quite accurate data and a rectified or an
ortho-photo. The most common situation of that kind is when a whole part of it
is missing and is illustrated on an old photograph. Another is the case when a
number of distinctive fragments of the monument are visible on a photograph.
Finally there is the case of a lost monument shown on a picture with a
construction which still exists. In all cases a rectification is possible after the
insertion of measurements from the surviving parts which are being illustrated in
the pictures.
Examples of Potential Applications of Image Processing are:
1. Documentation and restoration of Pyramids Plateau
2. Cavity Stability Analysis of Tombs in Saqqarah.
3. Structural Stability Analysis of Temples
4. Protection and Development of the Pyramids Plateau in Giza and other
Historical Sites.
5. Study of Stone Degradation of the Sphinx
6. Documentation and restoration of the Citadel .


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Wild Turtle in the Creed and the Ancient Egyptian Art
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