usb CLASS—1x TERM—II SUBIECT- ECONOMICS CHAPTER — FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA, GLOSSARY 1. Food Security : It means availability, accessibility and affordability of food toall people a all times, 2. Green Revolution : I refers o the tremendous ineease in agricultural ‘output and productivity that came about with the introduction of new ‘agricultural technology since late 1960"s and made the Indian economy self suflicien in terms of fod grains, 3. Famine: Massive starvation deaths and daeths caused by epidemies due to forced use of contaminated water and decayed food is alle famine, 4. Buffer Stock tis the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rie procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India ( FCI). The FCI purchases foodgrains from the farmers in te sates where there is suphas production. The purchased foodgrains ae stored in granaries, 5. Public clistribution System: Ii the system in which the food procured by the PCL is distributed through the government regulated ration shops among the pove sections ofthe society. The items suchas fooderalns, sugar, kerosene ete are sold to the people at a price lower than the market price. 6. Minimam Support Prive: Is the price which is paid by the eovernment to the farmers forthe purchase of foodgrains. Iris a pre-announced and is declared by the goverment befare the sowing season. 7. Issue Price : Its the price t which the FCI distributes the foodgrans in the deficit areas and among the poor strata of the sciety. Issue price is lower than the market price. Is the subsidised price, 8. Fair Price Shops : Far price shops are the ration shops. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through these government regulated shopsamong. the poor strata ofthe society. Fair pice shops are present in most localities, villages, towns and cities. 9. Seasonal Hunger: tis related to the eyes of food security and insecuiy Seasonal hunger exists when a person is unable to got work for the entire year. Iti a type of hunger when a person doesn't get proper food neither in ‘ecms of quantity nor in terms of quality for some time during the year 10, Chronic Hunger tis a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity andor quality. Poorer sections ofthe sociey suer from chronic hunger because oftheir very low income and in tur inability to buy food even for their survival 1 What happens to the food security when there is a natural ealamity or @ disaster? ‘When there isa disaster ora calamity, total production of foodgrains decreases. It creates a shortage of food in the affected areas. AS a result the supply of foodrains falls in relation to demand which Further rests in pice tise In such a situation, majority of people cannot affoerd food and they begin to starve and die, (Q2 Which are the people that are more prone to fod insecurity? T-Landless people with lite or no land o depend upon 2 Traditional artisans 3. Providers of traditional services 4. Petty self-employed workers 5. Destitules including beggars 6. People employed in il-paid occupations 7. Casual labourers, 8. Labourers engaged in seasonal acivtios 9. Women, elderly, sick members and handicapped 10.SCs, STs and some sections ofthe OBCs Who have ether poor lane ‘ase or very low land predueivity 11, People affected by the natura disasters and calamitiesQS Differentiate between seasonal and chronic hunger ‘Seasonal Hunger: I s related tothe eyces of food security and insecurity ‘Seasonal hunger exiss when a person is unable to gt work for the entire year. Itisa typeof hunger when a person doesn’t get proper food neither in ‘erms of quantity nor in tems of quality for some time during the yer. Chronic Hunger: Its a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity ander quality. Porer sectoas ofthe society sufer from chronic hunger because oF their very low income and intr inability to buy food even for their survival, (Od What i buffer stock and why i it created by the government? Buffer stock refers to the tock of wheat and rice maintsind bythe‘governmnet and itis handled by the FCL FCT procures wheat and rice from the farmers immediately afeirthe harvesting ofthese crops. The stocks of these gains are released through the Fair Price Shops. ‘The principal objective of buffer stock isto maintain prices of food grains. ‘The price stability i essential to protect the interests of both producers and Different conditions favour producers and consumers. If there is a bumper erop: i this situation market price of wheat and rice will {all down drastically. Farmers will be the losers, By guaranteeing to purchase ‘wheat ata pre announced price. the goverament ensures thatthe price of ‘wheat and rice do not crash and the farmers interest i protected there is erop deficit: n this situation masket price of wheat wil rise sharply. This will cause inflationary tendencies inthe economy. Buffer stocks can be used fo check the prise rise. Wheat would be released from the buffer stock and would be available for sale in the market, Supply of wheat would ierease and the price wll come down. Price stability would be ensure, Consumers" interests will not be harmed. Thus, buffer stocks help to proc he interests of bath producers and (QS How can we ensute the availability of food? Availabilty of food can be ensured by production within the country, food imports andthe previous years of stock in government granares. (Q6 What do you mean by the accessibility of food? Accessibility means the food is within the easy reach and approach of every person. (Q7 What do you mean by afordsbilty of food? ASfordability of food implies that an individual has enough money to buy sulicicmt, safe and nutritious food 1o meet one's dietary needs. (Q8 How is food security ensured in India? ‘To ensure the availibility, accessibility and affordability of food to all sections ‘of society the Indian Government has designed food security system, which is ‘composed of to elements namely 1 Buffer stock 2. Public Distribution System Buffer Stock tis the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India { FCI), The FCL purchases foodgrans from the farmers inthe states where there is surplus production. The purchased focdgrains are stored in granares, Public distribution System : Iis the system in which the food procured by the FCI is distributed through zhe goverment regulated ration shops among the pove sections oF the society. The items such es foodgrans, sug, kerosene efe are sold tothe people at price lower than the market price (Q9 Explain the current status od PDS.PDS is one ofthe mast important steps taken ky the Governmnet of Inia towards ‘ensuring food security Inthe begining the coverage of PDS was universal with no discrimination between the poor and non-poor. Over tbe years the policy related to PDS has been revised to make it more more efficient and trgeted. {In 1993, Revamped Public Distribution (RPDS) was introduced in 1700 blocks of the country. The sim was to provide the benefis of PDS to remote and backward From June 1997, a new policy Targeted Public Distrbution Sysem (TPDS)was introduced to adopt the principle of targeting the “poor in all areas’ Further in 2000, two special schemes were launched ie. ANTYODYA ANNA YOINA. (AAY ) and ANNAPURNA SCHEME (APS) with special target groups of poorest of the poor * and indignant senior citizens respectively. The functioning of these schemes was linked with the existing nenwork of the PDS. ‘Q10 What are the problems associated with high minimum suppor price ofthe foodgrains? 1. MSP of wheat and rie has been continuously rising from year to year Higher MSP has eaused @ numberof problems like higher MSP of wheat and rice has induced the farmers wo divert the land from the production of coarse grains 10 the production of wheat and rice only, Coarse {rains are the staple diet of the poor. The poor tend to suffer. 2. The intensive utilization of water in the cultivation of rice has lead to ‘nviroamental degradation, Ithas also led to fll in the water level, QI What problems are associated with the high levels of buffer stoek? ‘The high evels of buffer stock of foodgrains is undesirable because 1. It can be wasteful easementIe results inthe deterioration of quality of food grains. 3. tteauses high carrying costs, storing costs and maintanance costs Q12 Menton the problems based in the functioning of ration shops. Ration shop dealers are found resorting to malpractice Uke Hoarding snd black marketing ie. Diverting the grain othe open market to get Better margin 5 Selling poor quality grains through the ration shops. Irregular opening time of shops Use of false wishts Selling of adultrated grains and ater ess jal commodities of consumplion. 1 2 Q13 What ar the different type of ration cards? There ax types of ration card Antyodya cards forthe poorest ofthe poor. RPL cards for those who Fe below the povety line APL ards for all ethers who are above the poverty line.we cen 1 FOOD SECURITY iN NDIA How is food secucity ensured in India? Food security is ensured in a country only if (39 enough food is avaimbe forall the persons (2. all persons have the capacity to bay food of accepsable quality and (3) there fs no barter on eves to food, 2. Which are the people more prone to food insecurity? ‘The SCs, STs and some sections ofthe OBCs (lower castes emong therm) who have ether poor land-base or very ion land productivity are prone to food insecurty. 3. Which states are more food insecure in India? “The slates oF Uttar Prades (easter and south-eastem parts), Bihar, Jnarkhand, Orbs, West Bengal Chattisgarh, ‘Parts of Machya Pradesh and Maharasthra account for largest number of food insecure people in the India 4. De you befieve that green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How? Yes, T believe that green revolution has made India self-sufficient because After independence, Indias aiming at SSélf-sufficiency in Foodgrains since independence. After independence, Indian Policy makers adopted ail measures to ‘achieve self-sufficiency in food grains. India adopted a new strategy in agriaulure, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolition’ especially n the production of what and rice. the Green revolution in agrcuture by releasing a Wheat Revolution in July 1968, The success of wheat was later repicated in rice. The increase in Foodrtins was, however, isproportionate, The highest rete of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where foodgrain production Jumped from 7.23 miion tonnes in 1964-65 tm reach an alhtime high of 30.33 milton tonnes in 1995-96. Tamil Nadu and Andra Pradesh, on the other Sand, recoded significant increases in ice yd. Inca has become seif-suient in foodgrains during the fast tity Years because of a verity of crops grown all over the country. The availabilty of foodgrains (even in adverse \weather conditions or otherwise) at the country level has further been ensured witha carefully designed food security system by the government. 5.A section of people in India are stifi without food. Explain? ‘The food insecure people ae csproportionaty large in some regions of the country, such as exonomically backward SttEs with high incidence of poverty, tribal anc remote areas, regions more prone to natural disasters et. 2 large Section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurty in India, the worst affected groups are landless people with ite or no tan to depend upon, tradonal artisans, providers of ractonal services, petty self-employed \workers and destitute including beggars. Inthe urban ares, the food insecure falls are those whose working ‘embers are generally employed in i-paid oooupations and casual lebour market. These workers are largely engaged in seasonal activities and are paid very low wages that just ensure bare survival. Q: Whe wane feed smscena Keefe ? Are B10 dandiess and Lind poor, households, kuaditional atisens , Peovidler s of hadthonal sericecs , pelly lf, emrployed oekess and destitute ‘orladling beggars (4) People employed Lr all pacd ctu peters and casual Labourers engaged we stasonal actctes on urban ateas ; Fi (%&) Peopl ¢ be longcng dy the backadad seckons of, Socety , namely 8C5, STs 8c : (~ People eee a economically backweed Slates stk eee vancidence of poiety ,teibal and temole acag and 4egconsPeople ak ty ameg cal e tp other kof, woele ng mothers @) Aaage propotton 06 pregnant Childvey) angee eeemtse of F4E (1) Hew ts Feed seeuety ensued an India ie After wucling the answer of Qt). teod. seeurly Ras bet ensmed de tnd co, because of, tre followag Tactoes - (i Shy sufficieney tf Seed giains , ; Gndia fos become self. Suffient wm food grains Pies une tast Ahidy yeoxs Tas has been, because ob a variety of cleps green all over re counting (a) Foodl Seeusity systéng = : the avarlabdity of food grains tas beers ensured by the government worth, bre Help of a Contpules cleaned. food eeu ty systenr . This Systeras unvelves the mamfenance Bt a -bufferstocto of food Giains ond 7h dig teibatesr, of, Guts food among tet oer sections my the Socity entth, tra talp of Public Dalibation, sysler Co) fon plementalion, of several poverLy alleviation, pergeanmes Cin) Gnvelverrent #f, co-eperatives and NQo’s. What happens te the supply of food when there is a disaster ot a calamity? to a natural calamity, say drought, total prodtuchon of fooagrass decreases. It creates ¢ shortage of food in the affected areas. Due to shortage of food, the prices go up. A the high ces, Some people cannat afford to buy food 1 such calamity happens in a very wide spread area or is stretched over a longer tine period, Itmay cause 2 situation of starvation, A massive starvation might t2ke a turn of fami A famine i characierised by wede spr deaths due to starvation and epikierics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance di te weakening from star 7. Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger? Chronic nunger is @ consequence of diets persisterty inadequate in tems of quantity andor quaty, Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very fou income and in tum inity ta buy food even for sural Seasonal hunger i related to cyces of food growing and harvesting, Ths ls prevalent in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activites and in urban areas because of the casual labour, e.g, there is les work for ‘casxal construction labour during the rainy season. This ype of hunger exists vinen a person unable to get work for the entire year Im conse of L peeple mney sedffer arre fon 5. What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the governmen the Public Distribution System (PDS) is the most important step taken by the Government of Inia (Gal) tov ensuring food security In the beginning the coverage of PDS was universal with no discrimination between ‘and non-poor. Over the years, the policy related to PDS has been revised to make It more eff poor ‘and targeted. In 1982, Revamped Publ Distribution System (RPDS) was introducted in 1,700 blocks in the ees Wc ODOC) country. The target was to provide the benefits of PDS to remote and backward areas, From June 1997, na renewed ate, Targeted Puble Dsruton System (FPS) nas vee fo atop he nce of targeting the ‘poor in all areas’. It was for the first time that a differential price policy was adopted for poor anc re-poor. In 2000, to spect schemes were lurched vi, Antyodaya na Yojana** (A) andthe Annapurna ¥ Scheme (APS) with special target groups The functioning ofthese two schemes was linked with the existing network ofthe FDS, Te PDS nas proved to Lethe mast effective insrument of goverment ly over the Yeas in stbisng prices and making food ave to conser taeda ries, AY was launches in Deceber 200 ‘Under the scheme one crore of the poorest among the BPL famies covered under the targeted public distribution system were identified, Poor families were identified by the respective state rural development departments through 2 Below Poverty Line (BPL) survey. Twenty five kilograms of foodgrains were made available to each eligible farily at a highly subsiised+ rate of Rs 2 per ka for wheat and Rs 3 per kg for rice 8. Viny is 2 buffer stock created by the government? Buffer Stock isthe stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through Food CSfporation of India (FCI). The FOL purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states wihere there is surplus@ © ick can be used during any Production. ‘The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops, This buer st FRetiral calamity such as crought or earth quake 20. Write notes on: (2) Minimum support price (©) Batfer stock (0) Issue price (d) Far price shops (@) Minimum support price Ans: The FC] purchases wheat and rice from the farmers i tats where there i surpas production. The farmers are paid 2 pre-announced price for their crops, Ths price scaled Minimum Support Price, (b) Buffer stock: ‘Ans: Buffer Stock is the stock of foad ar: is, namely wheat and rce procured by the govemment through Food Corporation of India (FCH). The CL purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a pe-announced price for thelr. ‘crops. This buffer stock can De used curing any natural calamity such as drought or earth quake. (©) Issue price ‘Ans; To distrbute foodarais in the deficit areas and among the poorer stata of Society at a price lower than me ‘market price also known as Issue Price, (€) Fai price shops 4a: Ration shops aso known as Fa Price Shops keep sinck of foadrains, ‘sugar, kerosene ol for ems ate sold to people at a price lower than the market price 1. Wet are thy problems ofthe functioning of espe ef splomenues. Pel ogo DS dealers are sometis found reortng to malpracices the diverting the irae op DSS Sun Sling Per culty eras aration sors, mepuer opening of esp, ec is conmenta fa thar] ae fan sop renin marc tere ten ‘cookdna. These sho} rains left. This has proved to be @ big problem, 22. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items, ‘The cooperatives are also playing an important role in food security i neta especially in the southern and westem Paris ofthe country. The cooperative societies set uy