XUNG QUANH I LNG A B, B C, C A

Phan nh Trung
Lp 12A1 - trng THPT Tn Hng
Nhn xt chung: Khi ng trc cc bi ton bt ng thc dng hon v
hoc i xng, mt tng hin nhin l ta s lin tng ti nhn xt: "Mi
a thc i xng u c th biu din di dng i xng c s ". C th l vi
a thc hon v vng quanh f (a, b, c) th ta c:
f (a, b, c) =

1
1
[f (a, b, c) + f (c, b, a)] + [f (a, b, c) f (c, b, a)]
2
2

Khi i lng f (a, b, c) f (c, b, a) c th phn tch thnh cc i lng theo

a b, b c, c a. ng thi, khi vai tr cc bin nh nhau, ta hon ton c th
gi s a = min{a, b, c} hoc a = max{a, b, c} hoc a b c. T tm hng
tip cn c th cho bi ton.
Bi ton 1:(Trn Nam Dng, VMO 2008) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng
m. Chng minh rng:
1
1
4
1
+
+

(b c)2
(c a)2
(a b)2
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
Khng gim tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s c = min{a, b, c}. Ta nhn thy:
(a c)2 + (b c)2 = (a b)2 + 2(a c)(b c)
Suy ra:
1
1
1
1
(a c)2 + (b c)2
+
+
=
+
(b c)2
(c a)2
(a b)2
(a b)2
(a b)2 (b c)2
1
(a b)2
2
=
+
+
2
2
2
(a b)
(b c) (a c)
(a c)(b c)
2
2
4

+
=
(a c)(b c) (a c)(b c)
(a c)(b c)
Mt khc, do c = min{a, b, c} nn:
c(2a + 2b c) 0

4
4

(a c)(b c)
ab + bc + ca

T ta c pcm.
Bi ton 2: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc phn bit. Chng minh rng:




1
1
1
297
(a b)4 + (b c)4 + (c a)4
+
+

(a b)4
(b c)4
(c a)4
8
Li gii:
Khng gim tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s a b c.

t x = a b, y = b c. Khi ta c x, y 0 v c a = x y. Bt ng
thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:


 4
 1
1
1
297
4
4
+ 4+

x + y + (x + y)
4
4
x
y
(x + y)
8
Ti y, ta c nh gi:
x4 + y 4
v

(x + y)4
8

1
1
32
+ 4
x4
y
(x + y)4

Suy ra:

 4
x + y 4 + (x + y)4

 


1
1
1
(x + y)4
1
297
32
4
+
+

+
=
+
(x
+
y)
x4
y4
(x + y)4
8
(x + y)4
(x + y)4
8

Php chng minh hon tt.

Bi ton 3: (Trn Quc Anh) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn
a + b + c = 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P = (a3 + b3 + c3 )(a2 b2 )(b2 c2 )(c2 a2 )
Li gii:
Do cn tm gi tr ln nht ca P nn ta ch cn xt trong trng hp a b c
l c. p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c nh gi:
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
p
2 3(a3 + b3 + c3 )(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Suy ra:
(a3 + b3 + c3 )(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

243
4

Do a b c nn (a b)2 b2 , (c a)2 c2 . Ko theo:

1
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 b2 c2 (b c)2 = .2bc.2bc.(b2 2bc + c2 )
4

3
1 2bc + 2bc + b2 2bc + c2
(b + c)6
(a + b + c)6
27

=
4
3
108
108
4
Suy ra:

3 3
(a b)(b c)(c a)
2

T , ta c ngay:

729 3
8

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

(a, b, c) = (0, 3 3, 3 + 3) v cc hon
729 3
v tng ng. Kt lun max P =
.
8
P = (a3 + b3 + c3 )(a2 b2 )(b2 c2 )(c2 a2 )

Bi ton 4: (Phan Thnh Nam)Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng

minh rng:
(a2 + b2 + c2 )2 4(a + b + c)(a b)(b c)(c a)
Li gii:
Ta ch cn xt trong trng hp a b c l . S dng bt ng thc
AM-GM, ta c:
4(a + b + c)(a b)(b c)(c a) = 4(a + b + c)(b a).(c b)(c a)
2

[(a + b + c)(b a) + (c b)(c a)]


2
= b2 + c2 + (b 2c)a a2
(b2 + c2 )2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )2
Php chng minh hon tt.

Bi ton 5: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Tm gi tr

ln nht v nh nht ca:
P = (a + b + c)(a b)(b c)(c a)
Li gii:
Xt
P 2 = (a + b + c)2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc. Khi ta c:
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 = 27r2 + 2(9pq 2p3 )r + p2 q 2 4q 3
Suy ra:
P 2 = (1 + 2q)(27r2 + 2(9pq 2p3 )r + p2 q 2 4q 3 )
Xem P 2 nh l mt tam thc bc hai n r. Ta tnh c:


0 = (1 + 2q)2 (9pq 2p3 )2 + 27(p2 q 2 4q 3 )
Ch rng p2 2q = 1 v sau mt vi bc bin i c bn ta d dng suy ra
c:
0 = 4(1 + 2q)2 (1 q)3
T suy ra,
4(1 + 2q)2 (1 q)3
27
4(1 + 2q)2 (1 q)3
Thc hin kho st hm s f (q) =
ta d dng suy ra:
27


4(1 + 2q)2 (1 q)3
1
81
f (q) =
f
=
27
8
512
P2

. T suy ra:
P2
3

81
512

hay

9 2
9 2

P
32
32

T suy ra:

9 2
+ min P =
t c khi v ch khi (a, b, c) =
32
v cc hon v tng ng.

9 2
t c khi v ch khi (a, b, c) =
+ max P =
32

3 2 33 6
3 6+2 3
,
,
12
6
12

!
2 33 6
3 3 6+2 3
,
,
12
6
12

v cc hon v tng ng.

Nu ta gi M l gi tr ln nht (hay nh nht) ca P . Sau khi thun nht
ha, ta cn nh gi tr M nh nht sao cho bt ng thc sau ng:
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 (a + b + c)2 M 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )4
D nhin l lc ny ta b qua iu kin a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Tip tc bin i ta
thu c bi ton ca k thi IMO 2006:
Bi ton: (IMO 2006) Tm s thc M nh nht sao cho vi mi a, b, c thc,
ta c bt ng thc:
|ab(a2 b2 ) + bc(b2 c2 ) + ca(c2 a2 )| M (a2 + b2 + c2 )2
Bi ton 6: Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m c tng bng 1. Tm gi tr ln nht
ca:
P = (a b)3 + (b c)3 + (c a)3
Li gii:
Ta ch thy a b + b c + c a = 0 nn d dng suy ra:
(a b)3 + (b c)3 + (c a)3 = 3(a b)(b c)(c a)
Theo , ta cn tm gi tr ln nht ca
Q = (a b)(b c)(c a)
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM,
ta c:
"
#3

1 ( 3 + 1)(b a) + ( 3 1)(c a) + (c b)
Q
2
3


3

3
1 1 3a
1
3
1 b + c 2a

=
=
3
2
2
18
3
3
2.( 3)
Suy ra:

3
6
!

3 3 3+ 3
,
v cc hon v tng
0,
6
6

P = 3Q
Du ng thc xy ra khi (a, b, c) =

3
ng. Kt lun: max P =
6

Bi ton 7: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc phn bit c tng bng 1 v tha

ab + bc + ca > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =

2
2
2
5
+
+
+
|a b| |b c| |c a|
ab + bc + ca

Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a < b < c. Khi , ta c:
P =

2
2
2
5
+
+
+
ba cb ca
ab + bc + ca

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c:

P

10
5
+
ca
ab + bc + ca

Ngoi ra, theo AM-GM ta cn c:

3(ab + bc + ca) 1 = 3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)2
= ab + bc + ca a2 b2 c2
= (c a)2 + (c b)(b a)
(c a)2 + (c b + b a)2 4 =

3(c a)2
4

Suy ra:
ab + bc + ca
T suy ra:
P

4 3(c a)2
12

10
10 3
+p
ca
4 3(c a)2

t x = c a, x > 0 th th:

10
10 3
P
+
x
4 3x2

10
10 3
Ti y, bng vic kho st hm s f (x) =
+
ta d dng nhn
x
4 3x2

thy f (x) 10 6. Cho nn ta c ngay:

P 10 6

1
1

a =

3
6

a + b + c = 1

b a = cr b

1
Du ng thc xy ra khi:
b=
2

3
ca=

ab + bc + ca > 0

1
1

c = +
3
6
5


Kt lun, min P = 10 6 t c khi (a, b, c) =

1
1 1 1
1
, , +
3
3
3
6
6


v

cc hon v tng ng.

Cui cng, kt thc bi vit ti xin ngh mt s bi tp t luyn:
1. (Trn Quc Anh) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng:
(a2 + b2 + c2 )3 27(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:

p
p
3
3
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2 3 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 + 4 a2 b2 c2
3. (IMO 1983) Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng:
a2 b(a b) + b2 c(b c) + c2 a(c a) 0
4.(Nguyn Vn Thch) Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c i mt phn bit. Chng
minh rng:
1 + b2 c2
1 + c2 a2
3
1 + a2 b2
+
+

(a b)2
(b c)2
(c a)2
2
5. (V Quc B Cn) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a2 +b2 +c2 =
1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P = (a b)(b c)(c a)(a + b + c)

Ti liu tham kho:

[1]. V p bt ng thc qua cc k thi Olympic - Trn Phng (ch bin)
[2]. Bt ng thc hin i - V Quc B Cn
[3]. Mt s ti liu t Internet.