PHAN I

LY THUYET

Trang 1

Chng 1: MACH LOC TCH CC

1-1 Ham truyen co ap ng phang toi a:
Con goi la ham Butterworth. Khi bac cua bo loc tang len, tan so cat khong thay oi, nhng
o doc cua bo loc tang dan en ly tng. Khi thiet ke cac bo loc bac cao: 3, 4, 5 ta da vao
bang cac ham Butterworth a chuan hoa.
1-2 Mach loc tch cc bac nhat
a- Mach loc thong thap bac nhat: LTT1
R1
+
-

C1
R3

V2(S)

R2

Bo khuech ai ao

Ham truyen: H(S) =

A V0
V2 (S)
=
V1 (S) 1 + R 1C1S

(1)

H(S)
AV0

A V0 = 1 +

C =

R2
R3

(2)

1
R 2 C1

C1
R2
R1

Bo khuech ai khong ao

Trang 2

(3)

A V0
V2 (S)
=
V1 (S) 1 + R 2 C1S

Ham truyen: H(S) =

R2
R1

(2)

1
R 2 C1

(3)

A V0 =

C =

(1)

b- Mach loc thong cao bac nhat

C1

R1

Ham truyen: H(S) =

R2
+

V2 (S)
=
V1 (S)
H(S)

V2(S)

A V0
1
1+
C1 R 1S

(1)

AV0

1 =

A V0 =

t =

R2
R1

(2)

1
R 1C1

(3)

1-3 Mach loc tch cc bac hai

C1

a- Mach LTT2
R
R
V1(S)

C2

1
C1 R 1

R
C2

V2(S)

Mach hoi tiep am mot vong

Trang 3

AV0 = 1
20 =

R=

(1)

1
R C1C 2

(2)

2
2 0 C1

C2 =

(3)

1
R 2 C1

(4)

2
0

R1
V1(S)

C2

R2

C1
+

R3

V2(S)

Mach hoi tiep am 2 vong

A V0 =
20 =

R2
R1

(1)

1
C1 C 2 R 2 R 3

Neu chon:

(2)

C 2 4 b 2 (1 + A V 0
=
C1
b 12

(3)

R2 =

b1
4f 0 C1

(4)

R1 =

R2
A V0

(5)

R3 =

b2
4 f C1C 2 R 2

(6)

2 2
0

C2
V1(S)

R1

R2

C1

+
-

R3

V2(S)

R4

Mach LTT2 dung hoi tiep dng

Trang 4

Trng hp 1: AV0 = 1 (R3 = 0).

Neu chon

C 2 4b 2
= 2
C1
b1

Th R 1 = R 2 =
20 =

(1)

b1
4f0 C1

(2)

1
R 1 R 2 C1 C 2

(3)

Trng hp 2: R1 = R2 = R; C1 = C2 = C; AV0 1.

0 =

1
RC

(1)

R3
R4

(2)

R3
= 2 2 = 0,59
R4

(3)

A V0 = 3 2 = 1 +

b- Mach LTC2

R2
V1(S) C1

C2

R1

+
-

R3

V2(S)

R4

Bo LTC dung hoi tiep dng

Trng hp 1: AV0 = 1 va C1 = C2 = C.
20 =

1
C R 1R 2

(1)

R1 =

2
0 C

(2)

R2 =

R1
2

(3)

Trang 5

Trng hp 2: C1 = C2 = C; R1 = R2 = R;
0 =

1
RC

R3
= 3 2
R4

(2)

R3
= 2 2 = 0,59
R4

(3)

A V0 = 1 +

(1)

c- Mach LTD2:
C2

R3

C1

V1(S) R1

R2

V2(S)

Bo LTD hoi tiep am 2 vong

Xet trng hp C1 = C2 = C ta co:
f0 =

R1 + R1
1
1
=
2 C R 1 R 2 R 3 2 C R' R 3

A V0 =

(1)

R
Q
= 3
R 1 C 0 2 R 1

(2)

Q=

1
1 R 3 (R 1 + R 2 )
0 R 3 C =
2
2
R1R 2

(3)

D=

f0
1
=
Q R 3 C

(4)
H
Q

min max
D

Trang 6

R' =

R 1R 2
R1 + R 2

(5)

ieu kien: A0L > 2Q2.

R2
C2
C1

R1

LTD bac 2

Ham truyen: H(S) =

Z2
SC1 R 2
=
Z1 (1 + SC1 R 1 )(1 + SC 2 R 2 )

(1)

H(dB)
A
-40dB
0

f3

f1

f2

f1 =

1
2 R 1C1

(2)

f2 =

1
2 R 2 C 2

(3)

f3 =

1
2 C1 R 2

(4)

A V 0 (dB) = 10 lg

f1
f3

Trang 7

Chng 2: KHUECH AI CONG SUAT CAO TAN

(KCSCT)
2-1 Goc cat cua bo KCSCT:
ib

iC
D

Imax

Vb
C
A 0 V B
Vmin
Vmax
Vm
Vm

t Imax
t0
T

Hnh 2-1 Dang ac tuyen ong va gian o thi gian cua

dong ien che o C
Goc cat tnh theo o: 0 = 180 0

T t0
T

(1)

Cac thanh phan dong ien ra c tnh da theo he so phan giai xung dong ien ra cua
Transistor:

Thanh phan trung bnh mot chieu:

I 0 = I max . 0 ( ) = I m 0 ( )

Thanh phan hai bac nhat:

I 1 = I max . 1 () = I m 1 ()

Thanh phan hai bac n:

I n = I max . n () = I m n ( )

2-2 Cac mode hoat ong cua bo KCSCT lp C dung Transistor

hfe
0 = hFE
0,7070

1
0

0,3f
fthap

3f

ftrungbnh
Trang 8

fcao

fT

Dai tan so lam viec cua Transistor c chia lam 3 oan:

f0 f: tan so thap, cac tham so c coi la khong thay oi; hfe = 0;

0,3f f0 3 f: tan so trung bnh, cac tham so cua Transistor thay oi va xuat hien
ien tr ky sinh (rbb), ien dung ky sinh (Cbe, Cbc)
*

1+ 0

h fe

f
1+ 0
f

(3)

f0 3 f: tan so cao, cac tham so cua Transistor thay oi, xuat hien rbb, Cbe, Cbc va cac
iem cam ky sinh Lks.
= j 0

= j 0

(4)

f0

Trong giao trnh ien t thong tin chu yeu chung ta se nghien cu bo KCSCT tan
so thap va tan so trung bnh va ch xet che o kem ap. (Transistor nh mo nguon
dong)

2-3 Bo KCSCT dung Transistor

1. Bo KCSCT dung Transistor che o kem ap mac Emitter chung.
Cng
Rn Cng

Lch

Lch
en

In

+
VBB
-

R1

rbe

Rb

C*be

LC

RE Cng

C*M

CC

Cng

Cbe LC
|hfe|ib

Rt1 CC

Cac bc thiet ke bo KCSCT khi cha ke en anh hng cua mach ghep au vao va au
ra (Chu y: cac bc thiet ke khong nhat thiet theo trnh t a ra)
0- Xac nh pham vi lam viec cua Transistor theo (2-2) e ve s o tng ng tn hieu nho
cho ung.
1- VCC = (0,5 0,8)VCEmax cho phep
2- Chon goc cat: = 600 900
3- Chon he so li dung ien ap: 1 = 0,85 0,95 = VCm1/VCC.
Trang 9

4- Xac nh bien o hai bac nhat tren Collector: VCm1 = 1VCC.

5- Xac nh cac dong ien:

I Cm1

I' n =

1 ()

; I n = I' n [1 + T C b'c 1 ()R t1 ]

i B = I' n cos t I BO ; I' n = I bm ; I BO =

I CO
*

; I CO =

C C R ()
C b 'e
; C *M = T b'e b'c t1 1
1 ( )
1 ( )

6- C' *b = C *b 'e + C *M ; C *b'e =

C' *b =

C b 'e [1 + T C b 'c R t 1 ()]

1 ( )

Z iEC =

*
1

*
=
+

1 ( )
;
C
C
1
b 'e
b 'c
*
j C b '

Neu ke ca rbe ta co: ZiEC = rbe//ZiEC

Neu rbe >> ZiEC ta co ZiEC ZiEC
Neu rbe so sanh c vi ZiEC ta co:
Z iEC =

rb 'e
1 + (rb'e C b'e 0 )

rb 'e

1+ 0

7- Bien o ien ap kch thch vao: Vbm1 = In|ZiEC|

8- Cong suat vao cua nguon kch thch:
Pi =

1 2
I' n . Z iEC
2

9- Xac nh tr khang nguon tng ng

n = R n C b 'e
= rb 'e C b 'e =

0 ()
I Cm1
1 ()

h
1
= fe
T

e dong ien au vao khong b meo th: n =

Trang 10

h fe
1
=
T C b ' e C b 'e

Rn =

Rn

Zn =

1+ 0

10- Thien ap Base

*

VB VBE I' n Z n 0 ( )
*

0 ,7 I ' n Z n 0 ( )
*

11- ien tr tai tng ng: Z L = R t =

VCm1
I Cm1

12- Cong suat nguon cung cap: PCC = ICOVCC.

13- Cong suat hu ch tren tai
PL =

2
1
1
1 VCm
1
VCm1 I Cm1 = I 2Cm1 R t =
2
2
2 R t

14- Cong suat tieu tan tren Collector: PC = PCC PL.

15- Hieu suat cua mach: =

PL
1 ()
= 1
PCC 2 0 ()

Trong thc te thng cong suat ra tren tai c biet trc nen ta co the tnh cac bc 0 4,
13, 11, 5, . . .

2. Bo KCSCT dung Transistor che o kem ap mac Base chung.

ie
Rn

In
*

0

1+ 0

rb 'e
h fe

; C *b'e =

C*be

Cbc
|h*fb|ie

C b 'e
1
; Z iEC =
( )
jC *b 'e

Cac bc thiet ke tng t nh tren.

Trang 11

LC

Rt1 CC

16. f 0 =

vi C C = C *b 'c + C' C

L CCC

Rt1 = 0Q0LC L C =
CC =

R t1
vi Q0 = 50 100
0 Q 0

1
C' C = C C C b 'c
4 f L C
2 2
0

Neu au vao bo KCSCT co mach cong hng Lb, Cb th ta cung xac nh tng t nh
tren vi:
f0 =

1
L bCb

; Rt1 = 0Q0LC; C b =

1
4 f L b
2 2
0

C b = C *b' + C' b vi C*b tnh theo bc 6 tren.

2-4 Bo nhan tan dung Transistor

Cng

Cng

Lch

Lch
Lb

Lb

Cb

+
VBB
-

Rt1 C
b

Rb

LC

RE Cng

C*be

ib
rbe

CC

Cng

|h*fe|ib

LC

Rt2

CC

Muc ch cua bo nhan tan:

Nang cao tan so song mang

M rong thang tan so lam viec

Nang cao ch so ieu che trong may phat FM

Nang cao o on nh tan so v khong co hien tng hoi tiep ky sinh qua Cbc do tan so
hoat ong au vao va au ra khac nhau.

Tan so cong hng au vao:

V = 0 =

vi C *b'e =

1
L bCb

vi C b = C' b +C *b 'e

C b 'e
; R t1 = 0 Q 01 L b
( )
Trang 12


Tan so cong hng au ra:

1

ra = k 0 =

L CCC

; R tn = k 0 Q 02 L C

Goc cat toi u cua bo nhan tan dung Transistor

T =

180
; k: he so nhan tan cua bo nhan
k

Cac bc thiet ke cua bo nhan tan:

0- Xac nh pham vi lam viec cua Transistor theo (2-2)
1- VCC = (0,5 0,8)VCEmax cho phep
2- Chon goc cat toi u: T =

180
k

3- Chon he so li dung ien ap:

k = 1 =0,85 0,95 = VCm1/VCC = VCmk/VCC
VCmk = kVCC
4- Xac nh xung dong hai bac k
*

ICmk = k ( ) .I'm = k ( ) .I bm1

5- Xac nh cong suat hu ch tren tai ng vi hai bac k

PLk =
6- ien
R tk

1
1 k ()
1 k
1 k
I Cmk VCmk =
I Cm1 VCm1 =
PL1 =
PL1
2
2 1 ()
2 1
2 1

tr cong hng tng

V
VCm1

= Cmk =
= 1 R t1
k
k
I Cmk
I Cm1
1

ng

cua

7- Hieu suat cua bo nhan tan:

k =

PLk
; vi PCC = ICO.VCC
PCC

8- Do khong co hien tng hoi tiep qua Cbc nen

I n = I' n = I bn =

I Cm1
*

1 ()

I Cmk
*

k ( )
Trang 13

mach

ra

ng

vi

hai

bac

k:

iB = Incost IBO vi I BO =

I CO
*

1 0 ( )
.
I Cmk
*
k ()

9- Tr khang vao cua tang

Z iEC =

1
Cb' e
; vi C *b' =
*
1 ( )
j C b '

Neu ke ca rbe ta co ZiEC = rbe//ZiEC (tnh nh tren)

10- Bien o ien ap kch thch vao: Vbm1 = In|ZiEC|
11- Cong suat cua nguon kch thch: Pi =

1 2
I n Z iEC
2

12- Z n , VB , PC tnh nh bo KCSCT

13- Tnh mach cong hng vao:
0 =

1
L bCb

; vi C b = C *b'e + C' b ; L b =

R t1
0 Q 01

14- Tnh mach cong hng ra

k 0 =

1
L CCC

; vi L C =

R tn
k 0 Q 02

Trang 14

Chng 3: CAC MACH TAO DAO ONG

3-1 Cac van e chung ve mach tao dao ong
-

Bo tao dao ong tan so thap, trung bnh: dung bo khuech ai thuat toan + RC hoac
dung Transistor + RC.

Bo tao dao ong tan so cao: 0,3f f0 3f dung Transistor + LC hoac dung Transistor
+ thach anh

Bo tao dao ong tan so sieu cao: dung Diode Tunel, Diode Gunn.

Cac tham so c ban cua mach dao ong: tan so dao ong, bien o ien ap ra, o on nh
tan so, cong suat ra, hieu suat.

Trong chng 3 ta ch xet mach dao ong LC, dao ong thach anh va ch xet ieu kien
dao ong cua mach

Bo khuech ai A

V1

Bo hoi tiep

He so khuech ai cua bo khuech ai

*

A = A exp ( j A ) =

V2
*

V1
*

+ Modul he so khuech ai: A =

V2
*

V1
+ A goc di pha cua bo khuech ai.

He so truyen at cua bo hoi tiep

*

= exp ( j ht )
*

+ Modul he so hoi tiep: =

V1
*

V2
+ B goc di pha cua bo hoi tiep

ieu kien pha e mach dao ong: = B + B = 0,2

Trang 15

V2

ieu kien bien bo e mach dao ong: A . 1

3-2 Bo dao ong LC dung Transistor

a- Mach tao dao ong 3 iem C kieu Colpits mac EC
Lch
+VCC
Cng

R2

C
E

R1

Cbe

RE

C1

L Vk

C2

Cng

C
E

C1
C2

L Vk
Cbe
B

Rb = R1//R2; Rb = Rb//rbe rbe (neu Rb >> rbe)

Cac bc thiet bo tao dao ong 3 iem C:

1- Xac nh pham vi tan so lam viec cua mach
2- Xac nh ieu kien pha
X1 = X BE =

1
1
< 0 ; X 2 = X CE =
< 0;
C 2
C 1

X3 = XCB = L > 0
3- Xac nh he so hoi tiep

=
-

VBE
C
1 = n
C2
VCE

(1)

Ta thng biet f0, L t o suy ra:

C t =

C1 C 2
1
=
4 f L C1 + C 2

(2)

2 2
0

n co the tnh theo cong thc (3-45) nhng nhieu khi khong u d lieu e tnh

Neu mach lam viec tan so thap ta co the chon

Trang 16

n = 0,01 0,05, t o tnh C1, C2.

Neu mach lam viec tan so trung bnh, e mach hoat ong o nh ta chon: C2 = 10Cbe
C2 = 11Cbe roi t (2) tnh C1, thay vao (1) tnh n

4- He so khuech ai cua s o mac EC

A = SZ C =

h 21e
h 11e

h 11
2
p R K // n 2

(3)

tan so thap: h21e = hfe, h11e = hie = rbe

tan so trung bnh: | h 21e |=

h fe

1+ 0

; rb'e =

1
2 f .C b'e

Rk = 0LQ0 thng biet trc 0, L, Q0

p: he so ghep au ra cua Transistor vi khung cong hng

p=

VCE
VK

(4)

C1 C 2
C + C2
C2
1
= 1
=
=
C1
C1 + C 2 1 + n
*

(5)
*

5- ieu kien bien o e mach dao ong: A . 1

(6)

b- Mach tao dao ong 3 iem C kieu Colpits mac BC

C1

Cng

R1

RE

C2

R2

L Vk
Cbe
+VCC

C1
C2

L Vk
Cbe

Trang 17

Gia thiet RE >> hib

Bc 1 va 2 lam nh tren, thng mach mac BC lam viec tan so thap.

Bc 3: He so hoi tiep: p =

VCE
VK

C1C 2
C + C2
C1
= 1
=
C2
C1 + C 2

Neu mach lam viec tan so thap ta co the chon n = 0,1

Ct thng tnh c.

Neu mach lam viec tan so trung bnh, tnh nh tren
-

Bc 4: A = SZ C =

h 21b
h 11b

h 11
2
p R K // n 2

tan so thap: h21b 1, h11b = hie/hfe

tan so trung bnh:
*

| h 21b |=

1 + 0
T

; h 11b =

1
2 f T C b'e

Rk tnh nh tren.

He so ghep au ra cua Transistor vi khung cong hng:

p=

VBC VBC
=
=1
VBC
VK
*

Bc 5: ieu kien bien o e mach dao ong: A . 1

c- Mach tao dao ong 3 iem C kieu Clapp mac EC

Lch
+VCC
Cng

R2

C
E

R1

Cbe

RE

Cng

Trang 18

C1

L
C0

C2
B

Vk

0,5; t o tnh C1, C2 v

C
E

C1

Vk

L
C0

C2
B

Cac bc thiet ke tng t nh mach dao ong 3 iem C kieu Colpits mac EC, ch khac
ve Ct va he so ghep p cua Transistor vi khung cong hng.
f0 =

1
2 LC t

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C t C1 C 2 C 0

vi

Neu ta chon C1, C2 >> C0 th Ct Co khi o nhanh cong hng noi tiep L, C0 se quyet
nh tan so cong hng cua mach va mach se on nh tan so hn

He so ghep p: p =

VCE C t C 0
=

VK
C1 C1

d- Mach tao dao ong 3 iem C kieu Clapp mac BC

Lch
+VCC
C
R2
Cng

C1

Vk

C0

C2

RE

R1

L
B

C
E
RE

C1

Vk

C0

C2
B

Cac bc thiet ke tng t nh mach dao ong 3 iem C kieu Colpits mac BC, ch khac ve
Ct va he so ghep p.

Khi biet f0, L ta tnh c Ct, ta se chon C0 ln hn Ct mot chut v du: Ct = 25pF th ta
chon C0 = 30pF.

He so ghep p: p =

VBC
C t
C + C2
=
= C t 1
C1 C 2
VK
C1C 2
C1 + C 2

Trang 19

3-3 Cac mach dao ong dung thach anh

a- S o tng ng cua thach anh
-

Lq, Cq, rq la L, C, r cua thach anh (rq = 0)

Cp: ien dung gia (Cp = 10 100pF) (Cq = 0,01 0,1pF)

Lq
Cp

rq
Cq

Tan so cong hng noi tiep: q =

Tan so cong hng song song:

p =
Lq

CqCp
Cq + Cp

Cp

(1)

LqCq

= q 1 +

Cq

Cq

q 1 +
2C
Cp
p

Cq + Cp

Tr khang tng cua thach anh:

Zq = Xq = j0Lt

(3)
2

Vi L t =

1

q

(4)

20 C p + C q 0 C p

e thay oi tan so cong hng rieng cua thach anh ta mac CS noi tiep vi thach anh:

CS
Z t =

TA

2
1 C q + C p + C S 0 L q C q (C p + C S )
jC S
C p + C q 20 L q C q C p

(5)

khi o tan so cong hng noi tiep cua mach se la

f ' q = fq 1 +

Cq

(6)

C p + CS
Trang 20

f 1 C q

fq 2 C p + C s

e giam anh hng cua Cp ngi ta mac tu C0 song song vi Cq

Cq
fp = fq 1 +
f q neu C 0 >> C p
C0 + Cq
b- Mach tao dao ong dung thach anh vi tan so cong hng song song
+VCC
Cng

Lch

R2
Cng
R1

C1
RE

Cng

C2

LTA

C1
LtTA

C2

e mach dao ong theo kieu 3 iem C kieu Colpits, thach anh phai tng ng nh
cuon cam, ngha la: q < 0 < p
Thc te 0 p nhng e tnh toan n gian do p q ta coi 0 =

Cq

p = q 1 +
2C
p

Lt
q
0
Ct

(1)

(2)

jXq

p + q

Ct

Biet 0 , Cq, Cp ta tnh c q

Trang 21

1
.C q

ien cam rieng cua thach anh: L q =

ien cam tng ng cua thach anh:

(3)

2
q

1

q
L t = 2
0 C p + C q 20 L q C q C p

(4)

Z tTA = j 0 L t
-

C t =

(5)

C1C 2
1
=
L t C1 + C 2

(6)

2
0

Cac phan con lai tnh toan tng t nh mach dao ong 3 iem C kieu Colpits mac
EC.
C1
RE

C2

TA
Mach B.C

Ap dung cac cong thc (1) (6) tren va cac cong thc trong mach dao ong 3
iem C kieu Colpits mac BC.

Khi tu CS mac noi tiep vi thach anh no ong vai tro nh tu C0 trong mach dao ong 3
iem C kieu Clapp. Khi tnh Lt, Ct ta se chon CS ln hn Ct mot chut, roi tnh C1, C2
nh cac mach tren.
c- Mach tao dao ong dung thach anh vi tan so cong hng noi tiep

Z3

B
R

Z1

Z2

Trong loai mach nay thach anh ong vai tro

mach hoi tiep. Ch ung tai tan so cong hng noi tiep
cua thach anh th Zq 0 khi o B B va mach se
hoat ong nh 3 iem C kieu Colpits hoac Clapp va
cung co the mac EC hay BC

3-4 Mach tao dao ong RC

Trang 22

n gian va thong dung nhat la mach dao ong cau Wiew

D2
R2

R1
D1
+

R
Vin

Vout

1
RC

Tan so dao ong: =

ieu kien dao ong ve bien o: A . = A . + 1

Ma + =
-

*
1
nen A = 3
3
*

Mat khac A = 1 +

R1
= 3 R 1 = 2R 2
R2

Trang 23

Chng 4: IEU CHE TNG T

4-1 ieu bien
a- Pho cua tn hieu ieu bien va quan he nang lng trong ieu bien.
V

t
Vo

t
VAM

V0
mV0
2

VAM

0 -

0 0 +

V(t) = Vcost

(1)

V0(t) = V0cos0t

(2)

VAM(t) = V0(1+mcost)cos0t

(3)

m=

V
(< 1)
V0

VAM (t ) = V0 cos 0 t +
-

(4)
mV0
mV0
cos( 0 + )t +
cos( 0 )t
2
2

Cong suat tai tin: P0

V02
=
2R L

(6)

Trang 24

Cong suat hai bien tan: Pbt = P 0

m2
2

(7)

m2

+ Pbt = P0 1 +
2

Cong suat ieu bien: PAM = P0

He so li dung cong suat: k =

Cong suat ieu bien ln nhat: PAM max = P0 (1 + m )

Pbt
PAM

(8)

(9)
2

(10)

ay la ieu kien e chon Transistor sao cho

PAMmax < PCmax

b- ieu bien Collector

ien ap Collector bien oi theo ien ap am tan:
*

(11)

VCC = VCC + V cos t

vi =

VCm1
1
VCC

e am bao Transistor khong b anh thung, phai thoa man ieu kien:
V0 + V VCE max = BVCEO
(12)

(2 ) V0 + mV0

= V 0 (1 + m ) VCC (1 + m ) 2 VCC VCE max oi vi ieu bien th

VCC 0,5VCE max

(13)

Neu au ra cua mach ieu bien la mach loc co hieu suat CH th ieu bien Collector co
cong suat nh la:
P' AM max =

P0 (1 + m )
PC max cho phep
CH
2

(14)

ay la ieu kien e chon Transistor co PCmax cho phep

e thiet ke bo ieu bien Collector ta se tien hanh theo hai phan nh sau:
PA
PAM
khi a biet P0 ta tien hanh cac
P 0 =
CH
m2
1 +

bc thiet ke nh oi vi mach KCSCT (muc 2-3)

Cho trc PAm PAM =

Thiet ke phan ieu bien: V = mV0 = mVCm1

Trang 25

Pho cua ieu bien VAM (t ) (theo 3) va ve pho

Tnh cong suat hai bien tan (theo 7).

Tnh he so li dung cong suat k (theo 9).

Kiem tra ieu kien ien ap (theo 12)

Kiem tra ieu kien cong suat (theo 14).

4-2 ieu tan va ieu pha

a- Quan he gia ieu tan va ieu pha

Dao ong ieu hoa song mang:
V0 (t ) = V0 cos( 0 t + 0 ) = V0 cos (t )

Tn hieu ieu che am tan: V (t ) = V cos t

(1)
(2)

Tn hieu ieu tan

FM: VFM (t ) = V0 cos 0 t +

sin t + 0

(3)

Trong o: (t ) = 0 + cos t

(4)

Vi : lng di tan cc ai
Ch so ieu tan: m f = k

V
; he so ty le
=

(5)

Tn hieu ieu pha PM:

VPM (t ) = V0 cos[ 0 t + cos t + 0 ]

(6)

Trong o: (t ) = 0 + cos t

(7)

Vi : lng di pha cc ai
Ch so ieu pha: m p = kV =

(8)

vi k: he so ty le

Quan he gia o di tan va o di pha:

=

d ( )
= .. sin t
dt

(9)

Trang 26

T 3, 6, 9 ta nhan thay ch can biet tn hieu ieu tan FM se tm c tn hieu ieu pha PM
va ngc lai.

b- Pho cua tn hieu ieu tan va ieu pha

In(m)
I0

I1

I2

0 -

0 0 + 0 + 2

0 - 2

I1

Khi ch tnh cac thanh phan Im(mf) 0,01I0(mf) th be rong dai tan cua tn hieu ieu tan
chiem la:

D FM = 2 m f + m f + 1 max
-

(1)

Khi mf > 1 ta co bieu thc gan ung:

DFM 2mfmax 2

(2)

goi la ieu tan bang rong

Khi mf < 1 DFM 2max

(3)

Goi la ieu tan bang hep

e mf const khi tan so thay oi pha phat phai co mach pre-emphasis va pha thu co
mach de-emphasis.
c- ieu tan bang Varicap
RD

CD

C V = C in

+ e

(1)

Cin: ien dung ban au khi e = 0

: hieu ien the tiep xuc si 0,7V

Trang 27

1 1
n: he so phu thuoc loai varicap n = , ,1,2.
3 2

e = Vpc + e

(2)

vi Vpc: ien ap phan cc ban au cho varicap

e = V cos t + V0 cos 0 t

(3)
CV

VC1
VC0
VC2

Vpc

Trong thc te ta phai tm moi cach e giam anh hng cua ien ap cao tan tren varicap,
khi o: e = V cos t
(4)

Goi ien ap AC tren varicap a chuan hoa: x =

CV0

= C in

+ Vpc

e
+ Vpc

(5)

(6)

C V = (1 + x ) C V 0
n

(7)

Tuy theo cach mac varicap vao khung cong hng ta co the tnh gan ung o di tan do
varicap gay ra theo ien ap ieu che V.

CV0

C3
CV0

CV0

C4
c

V
fa 0,5nf 0

+ Vpc

(8)

Trang 28

 V C V 0
f b 0,5nf 0

+ Vpc C V 0 + C 3

(9)

V C V 0
f c 0,5nf 0

+ Vpc C V 0 + C 4

(10)

Mac Varicap n:
+VCC
Ra

LK

R2

R
Cng

R1

RE

Lch
CV0

C
C
R

LK

RE

CV0
B

VCC
V
th VRE = CC tao phan cc ngc cho varicap. ien tr R thng
2
2
c chon vai tram k. Do dong tren R bang 0 nen VR = 0V. e thiet ke mach ieu tan
varicap can tien hanh 2 phan

Neu chon VCEQ =

Phan th nhat: thiet ke e mach thoa man ieu kien dao ong ve pha va bien o
(giong phan 3-2-b).

Phan th hai: thiet ke mach ieu tan varicap. Tuy theo cach mac varicap vao khung
cong hng theo s o a, b, c ma chon cong thc (8) hoac (9) hoac (10) e tnh
V = f (f ) .
+

Tnh f1 = f0 - f C td1 =

1
CV1
4 f L

Tnh f2 = f0 - f C td 2 =

1
CV2
4 f L

Ve ac tuyen CV = f(V).

2 2
1

2 2
2

Trang 29

Mac varicap ay keo:

Lch
Cng

CV1
VR
Lch

CV2

R2

V
Cng

R1

+VCC

L
E
C2

RE

Cng

C1

C
C2

CV2

E
RE

C1

CV1

Lch
V

B
S o mac varicap ay keo triet tieu c hoan toan song cao tan tren varicap nen cac cong
C V1 C V 2
C
C
= V1 = V 2 neu C V1 = C V 2 .
thc 8, 9, 10 tren c tnh chnh xac hn. C V 0 =
C V1 + C V 2
2
2

Ve ly thuyet C V 0 (1 100 pF ) , tren thc te gia tr hay gap C V 0 = 10 50 pF ; v du

C V1 = C V 2 = 50 pF C V 0 = 25 pF .

Cac bc thiet ke c tien hanh nh 2 phan tren

d- On nh tan so trung tam cua tn hieu ieu tan

Cac bien phap on nh tan so trung tam f0 c xep t n gian en phc tap:
-

ieu tan trc tiep bang thach anh: o di tan hep, ch dung trong phat thoai quoc te.

S dung thach anh lam bo dao ong: o di tan hep.

On nh nguon cung cap, s dung cac ien tr bu nhiet.

Ha thap tan so trung gian cua bo ieu tan e nang cao o on nh tan so.

S dung he thong t ong ieu chnh tan so AFC-F: ch ieu chnh tho.

S dung he thong t ong ieu chnh tan so hon hp AFC-F va AFC-P: AFC-F ieu
chnh tho, con AFC-P ieu chnh tinh a f 0 .

Trang 30

Chng 5: VONG GI PHA PLL

5-1 Nhng u, khuyet iem cua vong gi pha PLL

u iem:
-

Kha nang lam viec tan so cao.

S oc lap ve kha nang chon loc va ieu hng tan so trung tam.

Nhng linh kien ben ngoai t.

De dang trong viec ieu hng

Khuyet iem:
-

S thieu thon thong tin ve bien o tn hieu.

T ong ieu chnh he so khuech ai kho.

5-2 S o khoi va nguyen ly hoat ong cua PLL

Vi(t) = Visinit
Bo so
pha

Vp(t)

Vo(t) = Vocos(ot + )

LTT

Vd(t)

VCO
S o khoi cua PLL

Vong ieu khien pha co nhiem vu phat hien va ieu chnh nhng sai sot ve tan so gia
tn hieu vao va tn hieu ra, ngha la PLL lam cho tan so ra 0 cua tn hieu song song
bam theo tan so vao i cua tn hieu vao.

Khi tn hieu vao a lot vao dai bat cua PLL, th tan so f0 cua VCO se bam theo tan so
vao i .

5-3 Mot so ng dung cua PLL.

-

Tach song tn hieu ieu tan.

Tach song tn hieu ieu bien.

Tong hp tan so.

Trang 31

Nhan tan so bang khoa hai PLL.

ieu che tan so (FSK) va ieu che pha (PSK).

ong bo tan so.

Bo loc bam theo thong dai hoac loc chan.

Trang 32

Chng 6: MAY PHAT

6-1 nh ngha va phan loai may phat
Mot so ch tieu ky thuat c ban cua may phat:
-

Cong suat ra cua may phat.

o on nh tan so:

Ch so ieu che AM (m), ch so ieu tan FM (mf)

Dai tan so ieu che.

f
= 10 3 10 7
f0

6-2 S o khoi tong quat cua cac loai may phat

-

S o khoi tong quat cua may phat ieu bien (AM).

S o khoi tong quat cua may phat n bien (SSB).

S o khoi tong quat cua may phat ieu tan (FM).

S o khoi tong quat cua may phat FM stereo.

6-3 Cac mach ghep trong may phat

Yeu cau chung oi vi cac mach ghep.
-

Phoi hp tr khang.

am bao dai thong D.

am bao he so loc hai cao.

ieu chnh mach ghep.

Cac loai mach ghep c ban.

-

Ghep bien ap.

Ghep ho cam.

Ghep hai mach cong hng.

6-4 Cac mach loc c ban trong may phat

Trang 33

a- Mach loc n.
L

Ri

RL

Vi

He so pham chat cua mach vao:

Qi =

X L 0 L
=
Ri
Ri

(1)

He so pham chat cua mach ra:

Q0 =

RL
= 0 CR L
XC

(2)

He so pham chat tng ng cua mach:

Q t =

Q i xQ 0
Qi + Q0

(3)

e truyen at cong suat ln nhat va ap tuyen tan so bang phang nhat ta co

Q
1
Q i = Q 0 Q t = i (4) vi tan so loc cua mach: 0 =
(5)
2
LC
b- Mach loc n.
Ri

L
C2

C1

RL

Vi

Khi mach oi xng C1 = C2 =C.

Qi = Q0 =
vi 0 =

RL
R
= i
XC XC

(1)

(2)

C
L
2

Khi mach bat oi xng: C1 C2 ta co.

Trang 34

X C1 =

Ri + R
1
=
Q t
0 C1

(1)

X C2 =

RL + R
1
=
Q t
0 C 2

(2)

X L = X C1 + X C 2

(3)

vi R = R i R L

(4)

Q t = Q i + Q 0

(5)

c- Mach loc oi.

Ri

L2

L1
C1

C2

C3

RL

Vi

X C1 =

R i Q t + R
Q 2t 1

(1)

X C2 =

X C1 X C3
R

(2)

X C3 =

R L Q t + R
9
Q 2t 1

(3)

R = RiRL

(4)

X L1 = X C1 + X C 2

(5)

X L 2 = X C 2 + X C3

(6)

Q t =

Qi + Q0
2

(7)

Trang 35