CHNG 3

BIN I Z V NG DNG
- The Z-transform
- Z-transform properties
- Inversion of Z-transform
- Analysis of LTI systems in the z-domain

Bin i Z

1. nh ngha
2. Min hi t (Region of convergence)
3. V d

Z-Transform (ZT)
Bin i Laplace :

F ( s)

f (t )e

st

dt

Bin i Z c th xem nh l phin bn ri rc (thi gian ri

rc) ca bin i Laplace :

F ( z)

n
f
[
n
]
z

Cho tn hiu ri rc x[n] = , x[-2], x[-1], x[0], x[1], x[2],

Bin i Z hai chiu ca x[n] nh ngha nh sau:

X ( z ) ZT x[n]

n
x
[
n
]
z

n nhn
gi tr
nguyn

Gi s tn ti z tng trn hi t. z nhn gi tr phc

Cc (pole) v im khng (zero)

X ( z ) ZT x[n]

n
x
[
n
]
z

Poles pk X(pk) =
Zeros zk X(zk) = 0
Cc l nghim ca mu s
im khng l nghim ca t s

Ch : trc ht cn n gin ha v xt cc a thc theo z

1. Definition of the Z-transform

2. Region of convergence
3. Examples of Z-transform

Min hi t (ROC)

ROC: tp hp gi tr z X(z) hi t
Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
1.

Right-sided signal (x[n] = 0, n<n0) (tn hiu bn

phi)

2.

Left-sided signal (x[n] = 0, n>n0) (tn hiu bn tri)

3.

Two-sided signal (-<n<+) (tn hiu hai bn)

4.

Finite-duration signal (tn hiu thi gian hu hn)

Right-sided signal

Sum goes
from n0 to
infinity

Right-sided signal

Right-sided signal
Nu x[n] khng nhn qu th X(z) khng hi t ti z =
ROC khng cha

Ex: x[n] = u[n+1]

ROC: rmax < |z| <

Left-sided signal

Left-sided signal

Left-sided signal

Nu x[n] c gi tr (khc khng) ti thi im > 0, X(z)

khng hi t ti z = 0 ROC khng cha 0

Ex: x[n] = u[-n+1]

ROC: 0 < |z| < rmin

Two-sided signal (tn hiu hai

bn)
Two-sided signal = Left-sided signal + right-sided signal

Note: if |a| |b| then X(z) does not exist

Finite-duration signal (tn hiu

thi gian hu hn)
For

x(n) (n m)

X( z )

n
m

(
n

m
)
z

n
n2

x[n] x[k ] [n k ] X ( z )
k n1

n2

k
x
[
k
]
z

k n1

ROC: mi gi tr ca z, tr:
z = 0 if k > 0
z = if k < 0

V d

1. Definition of the Z-transform

2. Region of convergence
3. Examples of Z-transform

Tm bin i Z cc tn hiu sau:

x1[n] a nu[n] and

X1 (z) a z
n

n 0

x2 [n] (a n )u[n 1]

1 n
(az ) 1 az 1
n 0

z
, |z||a|
za

| az | 1
1

| az | 1

x1[n] a nu[n] and

X 2 (z) a n z n
n 1

x2 [n] (a n )u[n 1]

a
z
1

|
a
z | 1

1 n
1
(a z ) 1 a z
n 1
1

|
a
z | 1

z
, |z||a|
za

ROC phi c xc nh bin i Z hai chiu l duy nht

Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu sau:

x[n] 3n u[n 1] 4n u[n 1]

Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu (hai bn) sau:

x[n] a

Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu sau:

h[n] (5) u[n 1] 3 u[n 1]

n

Examples of Z-transform

Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu sau:

x[n] =

Tnh cht ca bin i Z

1. tuyn tnh (linearity)
2. Dch thi gian (time shifting)
3. T l tn s (Frequency scaling)
4. Nhn vi n (Multiplication by n)
5. tch chp trong min thi gian (Convolution in time)
6. Gi tr u (Initial value)

7. Gi tr cui (Final value)

Tuyn tnh (Linearity)

ax[n] by[n] aX ( z ) bY ( z )
The new ROC is the intersection of ROC{X(z)} and ROC{Y(z)}

If aX(z) + bY(z) cancels pole then the new ROC is bigger

Dch thi gian (Time shifting)

Z

x[n n0 ] z n0 X ( z )
The new ROC is the same as ROC{X(z)} except for z = 0 if
n0>0 and z = if n0<0
Proof:

Delay of k means that the Z-transform is multiplied by z-k

V d p dng dch thi gian

Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu sau:

1
w[n] (1) n (3) n 5 u[n 5]
4

Frequency scaling
Z

a x[n]
n

z
X
a

The new ROC is the scaled ROC{X(z)} with factor |a|

(bigger or smaller)
Proof:

ZT {a n x[n ]}

n
n
a
x
[
n
]
z

z
x[n ]
a
n

z
X
a

Multiplication by an results in a complex scaling in the z-domain

V d
Tm bin i Z:

x[n] a u[n]
n

Multiplication by n
dX ( z )
nx[n] z
dz
Z

The new ROC is the same ROC{X(z)}

Proof:

X ( z)

x[n]z

dX ( z )
1
n 1

nx[n ]z
nx[n ]z n
dz
z n
n

ZT {nx[n ]}

nx[n]z

dX ( z )
z
dz

Example of applying the

multiplication-by-n property
Tm bin i Z:

x[n] na nu[n]

Tch chp trong min thi gian

Z

y[n] x[n] h[n] X ( z ) H ( z )

The new ROC is the intersection of ROC{X(z)} and ROC{Y(z)}
If poles cancel zeros then the new ROC is bigger
Proof:

y[n] x[n] h[n] [ x[k ]h[n k ]]z n

n k

Switching the order of

the summation:

Y ( z)

n
x
[
k
]
h
[
n

k
]
z

x[k ]z

( n k )
h
[
n

k
]
z

n k

X ( z ).H ( z )

p dng tnh cht tch chp

x[n]

ZT

X(z)
ZT-1

h[n]

ZT

H(z)

x[n]*h[n]

V d
Tnh tch chp ca hai tn hiu sau:
x1[n] = [n] - 2[n-1] + [n-2]
x2[n] = [n] + [n-1] + [n-2] + [n-3] + [n-4] + [n-5]

nh l gi tr u
(Initial value theorem)
If x[n] is causal then x[0] is the initial value of the function x[n]

x[0] lim X ( z )
z

Proof:

X ( z ) x[n]z n x[0] x[1]z 1 x[2]z 2 ...

n 0

Obviously, as z , z n 0

Initial value theorem

If x[n] = 0 with n < n0 then x[n0] is the initial value, and

x[n0 ] lim[ z X ( z )]
n0

Proof:

X ( z)

n0
( n0 1)
( n0 2 )
n
x
[
n
]
z

x
[
n
]
z

x
[
n

1
]
z

x
[
n

2
]
z
...

0
0
0

n n0

z n0 X ( z ) x[n0 ] x[n0 1]z 1 x[n0 2]z 2 ...

As z , z n0 X ( z ) x[n0 ]

nh l gi tr cui
(Final value theorem)
If this limit exists then x[n] has a final value (steady-state
value)

lim x[n] x[] lim[ ( z 1) X ( z )]

n

Proof: Exercise

z 1

Bin i Z ngc

Bng bin i Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

(n ) 1
(n m) z m
z
n
a u[n ]
za
az
n
na u[n ]
(z a ) 2
az (z a )
2 n
n a u[n ]
(z a ) 3
z ( z a cos )
n
a cos(n)u[n] 2
z 2az cos a 2
az sin
n
a sin(n)u[n] 2
z 2az cos a 2

Phn tch thnh phn s

2 z 5z
X ( z)
z 3
( z 2)( z 3)
2

V d:

Chia X(z) cho z, (gi z li)

X(z)
2z 5
(z 2) (z 3)

z
(z 2)(z 3)
(z 2)(z 3)
1
1

, | z | 3
z 3 z 2
x (n ) (3n 2 n )u (n )

Examples (cont)
Cc lp li
(repeated poles)

2z
X( z )
,
2
(z 2)(z 1)

z 2

X( z )
1
A
B
C

, | z | 2
2
2
2z
(z 2)(z 1)
z 2 z 1 (z 1)
A(z 1) 2 B(z 1)(z 2) C(z 2) 1
A 1; B 1; C 1;

z
z
z
X( z) 2

, | z | 2
2
z 2 z 1 (z 1)

x(n) 2(2 1 n)u(n)

n

Examples (cont)
z 4
z 3
Dch thi gian W ( z ) 2
z 2z 3
1
W(z)
z 5
z 5
14
5
4
2

z
z
z 2z 3 (z 1)(z 3) z 1 z 3

1
1 n 5
n 5
w[n ] (1) u[n 5] (3) u[n 5]
4
4

Examples (cont)
Given h(n) = anu(n) (|a|<1) and x(n) = u(n).
Find y(n) = x(n)*h(n)

1 a n 1
y[n ]
u[n ]
1 a

Examples (cont)
Find the output y(n) to an input x(n) = u(n) and an LTI
system with impulse response h(n) = -3nu(-n-1)

1
3 n
y[n] u[n] (3) u[n 1]
2
2

Phn tch h thng LTI trong min Z

1. Hm truyn (Transfer function)

2. Tnh cht ca h thng LTI (LTI system properties
from transfer function)

Hm truyn

Cho p ng xung h(n), bin i Z ca n gi l hm truyn

(Transfer Function) H(z)
Xt H(z) = N(z)/D(z)
Nghim ca N(z): im khng ca h thng
Nghim ca D(z): cc ca h thng
D(z) = 0: phng trnh c tnh (characteristic equation)

Xc nh hm truyn

1. T p ng xung h(n): thc hin bin i Z

2. T phng trnh sai phn:
- Thc hin bin i Z hai v
- Tnh Y(z)/ X(z)
3

Hm truyn t phng trnh sai phn

N

ZT

-Linear

a
k 0

a
k 0

y[n k ] b r x[n r ]
r 0

z Y( z ) b r z X( z )
k

r 0

-Time-shift

Y(z) = X(z) . H(z)

Y(z)
H(z)

X(z)

r
b
z
r
r 0
N

a
k 0

Gi s M = N

Nhn t v mu vi zN:
M

Y ( z)
H ( z)

X ( z)

b z
r 0
N

k
a
z
k
k 0

b z
r 0
N

k
a
z
k
k 0

V d
For the -filter:

y(n) (1 ) y(n 1) x(n)

M

Its transfer function:

H ( z)

r
b
z
r
r 0
N

k
a
z
k

1 (1 ) z 1

k 0

For example: y[n] 0.9y[n-1] = 0.1x[n] = 0.1

0.1z
H ( z)
z 0.9

Tnh cht ca h thng LTI

1. Transfer function

2. LTI system properties from transfer function

Nhn qu

Nhc li:
h thng nhn qu

h[n] 0 n 0

h(n) l tn hiu bn phi ROC ca hm truyn l

| z | rmax

H thng LTI l nhn qu nu v ch nu ROC ca hm

truyn nm ngoi vng trn bn knh rmax < bao gm c
im z =

Nhn qu

Xt h thng:

z 2 0.4 z 0.9
z 0.9
H ( z)
z
z 0.6
z 0.6
Unit advance y[n]=x[n+1]
noncausal

Vi h thng nhn qu, bc ca t s ca H(z) khng th

ln hn bc ca mu s

Nu bc ca t nh hn hoc bng mu th h thng c

nhn qu khng ??? NOT SURE!!!

Example

Xt h thng sau:

h[n ] u[n 1]
z
H ( z)
ROC :| z | 1
z 1

Bc mu = bc t = 1; but it is non- causal!!!

n nh

Nhc li:

H thng n nh

h[n]

Its transfer function:

H( z )

n
h
[
n
]
z
| H(z) |

Unit circle |z| = 1

| H(z) |

n
n
|
h
[
n
]
z
|

|
h
[
n
]
|
|
z
|

| h[n] |

The ROC includes |z| = 1

H thng LTI l n nh BIBO nu v ch nu ROC ca hm

truyn cha vng trn n v.

Nhn qu v n nh

iu kin nhn qu v n nh c lp nhau, ci ny khng

suy ra ci kia

4 trng hp:

Nhn qu v n nh

Khng nhn qu v n nh

Nhn qu v khng n nh

Khng nhn qu v khng n nh

H nhn qu l n nh nu tt c cc cc ca H(z) u nm
trong vng trn n v.

Examples
Ex1: Given an LTI system:

2 z 2 1.6 z 0.9
H ( z) 3
2
z 2.5 z 1.96 z 0.48
The poles of H(z):
den = [1 -2.5 1.96 -0.48];

p = 1.2 0.8 0.5

p = roots(den)
1. |z|>1.2: causal, unstable
2. 0.8<|z|<1.2: non-causal, stable
3. 0.5|z|<0.8: non-causal, unstable

Examples
Ex2: A LTI system is characterized by:

3 4 z 1
z ( 3 z 4)
z
2z
H ( z)
2

1
2
1 3.5z 1.5z
z 3.5z 1.5 z 0.5 z 3
Xc nh ROC trong cc trng hp sau v xc nh h(n) tng ng:
1.

H thng n nh

2.

H thng nhn qu

3.

H thng phn nhn qu (anti-causal)