Statistics

Statistics is branch of mathematic focused about how to collect, organization,

analysis, interpretation and make the conclusion of data. Data is the information that
we get after we observed.

A population is collection or set of data that describe some phenomenon

which interest to us.

A sample is subset of data which selected from a population.
Parameter is the conclusion of the population and statistic is the conclusion of
the sample.

Type of data
1. Type of data depend on distribution
The type of data depend on distribution are discrete and continuous data.
Discrete data is data we obtained from counting something. And then
continuous data is the data we obtained from measuring something.
2. Type of data depend on the form
a. Numerical form is the form of the data we obtained by measuring or
counting. The type of numerical data depend on scale of measurement are
nominal data, ordinal data, interval data or ratio data.
Nominal data g lowest level, categories, no rank
Example: sex (female and male)
Ordinal g second lowest, ranked categories
Example: occupation
Interval g next to highest, ranked categories with known units between
rankings
Example: temperature
Ratio g highest level, ranked categories with known intervals and an
absolute zero
Example: height, weight, age

Nominal
Ordinal

Difference

Order

Distance
-

Ratio
-

Interval
Ratio

b. Non numerical form

Non numerical form is data which we get not from counting or measuring
something or data which cant interpretation by number.
Example: sex, religion, blood type.
Descriptive and inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics is method of statistics which the decision is taken

base on general summarization data by summarizing data as numeric,
data, table, diagram or graph.

Inferential statistics uses sample data to make an inference about a

population.

CENTRAL TENDENCY
There are two tendency of statistic, such as:
a. Central tendency
b. Measurement of dispersion

1. Central tendency (where is the central of data)

Component of central tendency
a. Mean
Mean is sum of all data divided by number of data.
Formula to find mean

Note:

y
n

= mean

yi

= sum of all data

N = number of data
Example: calculate the mean of data 1,4,5,6,7
y

y =

y
n

Answer:

1+4 +5+6+7
=4,6
5

b. Median
Median is the value of the middle item when the number of data is odd
and the mean of the two data middle items when the number of data is
even.
Characteristic of median:
The median represents the middle of the ordered sample data
When the sample size is odd, the median is the middle value
When the sample size is even, the median is the midpoint/mean of the
two middle values
If the number of data is odd then the formula of median is:
Me = data

(n+1)
2

Note:
Me= median
n= number of data
If the number of data is even then the formula of median is:

Me =

1
2 (data

median

n
n
+1
))
2 + data ( 2

42 43
42.5
2

If the data is on group, then formula of median is:

1
nfk
2
Me = tb+
p
f

( )

Note:
Me = Median
Tb= class boundary
Fk = frequency cumulative
F= frequency of data
P= length of class
c. Mode
Mode is value that occurs with the highest frequency.
Characteristic of mode:
The mode is the value that occurs most frequently
It is the least useful (and least used) of the three measures of
central tendency
The formula of mode is:

Mo = Tb +

d1
p
d 1+ d 2

Note:
Mo = Mode
Tb = class boundary
d1= difference of frequency class before class mode and frequency of class
mode
d2= difference of frequency class after class mode and frequency of class
mode
p= length of class
Example:

mode
= 32
2. Measures of dispersion
Component of Measures of dispersion:
a. Range
Range is difference between maximum and minimum value of
data.
Formula of range:
Range= X max X min
Example: calculate range of this data:
1,4,5,8,9

Answer:
X = X max X min
X=91=8
b. Variance
Variance is the sum of the squared deviations from the mean
divided by the number of cases minus 1.
The formula of variance:
yi y 2

2
s
n 1

Note:
s2 = variance
yi = data-i
y = mean of data
n = number of data

c. Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation is number which when added or taken away
from each case adds up to zero. The value of standard deviation is
the square root the variance.
s

y y

n 1

Formula of Standard Deviation is:

Note:
S= Standard Deviation
yi = data-i
y = mean of data
n = number of data

Example of variance and standard deviation:

103.51 10.2

n 1

n 1

931.60
103.51
10 1

d. Quartile
The quartiles divide a set of data into four parts.
There are 3 quartiles in statistic:
1. Q1 (First Quartile)
Q1 is median of all the values less than the median of the whole set of
data.
The formula of Q1:
1
nfk
Q1 = tb+ 4
p
f

( )

Note:
Q1 = First Quartile
Tb= class boundary

Fk = frequency cumulative
F= frequency of data
P= length of class
2. Q2 is equal to median
3. Q3 ( Third quartile)
Q3 is median of all value greater than the median of the whole set of
data.
3
nfk
4
Q3 = tb+
p
f

( )

Note:
Q1 = Third Quartile
Tb= Class boundary
Fk= frequency cumulative
F= frequency of data
P= length of class

Interpretation of Data
If we have a small set of data we can present the data by:

1. Line diagram

2. Steam-leaf diagram

3. Bar chart

4. Pie diagram

When we have large sets of data, we can present our data by frequency of
distribution table where we group or classify the data into the number of
categories or classes.

Histogram

Polygon