IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No.2 April 1999 sm ‘Test Systems for Harmonics Modeling and Simulation ‘Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation* ‘Transmission & Distribution Committee IEEE Power Engincering Society Abstract - This paper presents Unree harmonic simulation test, systems. The purpose is to demonstrate guidelines for the preparation and analysis of harmonic problems through case ‘studies and simulation examples. The systems can also be used a8 benchmark systems for the development of new harmonic simulation methods and forthe evaluation of existing harmoni analysis software Keywords: Harmonies, Simulation, Test Systems Harmonics Modeling, Harmonics Introduction Harmonic studies have become an important aspect of power system analysis and design in recent years, Harmonic Simulations are used to quantify the distortion in voltage and current waveforms ina power system and to determine the existence and mitigation Of resonant conditions. Many digital computer programs are available for harmonic analysis. Now analysis techniques are being developed. With a wide variety of solution methods and modeling. assumptions implemented in many different programs, there is a need for benchmark test systems so that the Teatures and results of the programs can be evaluated and compared. This paper presents the complete data for three harmonic Simulation test" systems. The purpose ist demonstrate guidelines for the preparation and analysis of harmonic problems through case studies and simulation examples. Several aspects that can impact the accuracy of results such as modeling ‘of components and solution methods are_illustrted. The benchmark information provided in the paper is also useful for the development of new harmonic simulation methods and for the evaluation of existing harmonic analysis software. The test systems represent the most common harmonic study scenarios encountered in industry. Sample results are provided in the ‘paper. More information on the test systems and results can be obtained at hip: /www.ee.ualberta.ca/pwrsys/harmonies, hl ‘Test System No.t A 14-Bus Balanced Transmission System This test system contains two harmonic sources. One is a twelve-pulse HVDC terminal at bus 3 and the other is @ SVC at bus § (igure 1.1 and Figure 1.2), “Task Torce members and contnbulow are: RAba-hashim, R- Burch, G. Chang, M. Grady, E. Gunther, M. Halpin, C- Hatziadoniu, ¥. Liu, M. Marz, T. Ortmeyer, V. Rajagopalan, S. Ranade, P. Ribeiro (Vice chair), T. Sims, W. Xu (chair, edit, PE-260-PWRO0-11-1997 A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Tranomiston and Ditton Commitee ofthe IEEE Power Engineoing Soy for publoaion nthe IEEE Transactons on Power Deivery. Manusorgt submited uly 31, 1097; made avalable fr printing November 7, 1097 Since the system has balanced bus loads and the transmission lines are transposed, a balanced harmonic analysis, is generally sufficient for determining harmonic distortion levels in this case. Main harmonic analysis issues to be demonstrated by this test system are: 1. The need to solve fundamental frequency load flows for harmonic analysis. The load flow results affect the ‘magnitudes and phase angles ofthe harmonic current injected from harmonic sources. Correct representation of the phase angles are important for systems with multiple hatmonic sources ({]. The harmonic filers ean have a large impact on the load flow results 2. The harmonic cancellation effects due to Y-Y and Y-Delta transformer connections (at the HVDC terminal) and the impact of other harmonic sources (the SVC). For this ppurpose, the HVDC terminal is modeled as two six-pulse barmonie sources, 3. The effects of using different line models such as the disteibuted-parameter model and the lumped pi-ircuit model in harmonic resonance assessment. 8 Figure 1.1: Test System 1 - 14 Bus Transmission System. ae : - = 8 F = a F _ + TCR HVDC svc Figure 1.2: Harmonie Sources in Test System I. Complete data for this system are shown in Tables 1.1 to 14, Key modeling and simulation features for this case are: (0885-8977 /99/$10.00 © 1997 IEEE580 All wansmission Hines are modeled using a distibuted- parameter line model. Long line effects are included in the model. Figure 1.3 shows the effects of using different line models. The curves are the frequency scan results seen atthe HVDC bus (bus 3). The results suggest that the long-line effeets should be presented for long distance transmission lines Figure 1.3: Effects of using different line models. ‘Table 1.1: Bus Data and Results for System 1 Namie] Fa) uF | tut Votoms | use | use | vote [ange] THE Ga” | tem | oten “ier” | eo a a 2m | 8 of tom sax arr see | goaas gag] tour “en os woe | See ae ter eal oven $m 100] tommy ‘oma ase ne o| aren ser] ace +m o} toes ea] aes Hoe szgtn) Sones “asa] om : ots 255) iter iol ous ots ere tome res oast none So] tome “rezt] ae ots 15) toe “87| oa Bots Sa) tise or] oar tS Si] tose _“iy9| toa 2, The generators are modeled as either slack or PV buses for, the fundamental frequency load flow solutions and as sub- transient reactances for the harmonic analysis. The sub- transient reactances ate 0.25 per-unit 3. Transformers are modeled using short-circuit impedances. ‘The winding connections are represented in the model so that the phase-shifting effects on harmonic currents are included. If harmonics from transformer saturation are of interest, the ‘magnetizing branches with saturation characteristics should bbe modeled. The off-normal tap ratio of all transformers are 1.0 per-unit in this particular case. 4. The loads are modeled as constant power loads for load flow. solutions and as impedances for harmonic solutions. The harmonic impedances are determined according to the 3° model recommended in reference [2] 5. Harmonic filters are modeled as shunt harmonic impedances. All filters are the single-uned type. 6. The HVDC terminal is modeled as two six-pulse bridge rectitiers according 10 the model of reference {3}. Si voltage distortions at the HVDC terminal is small, sensitivity studies showed that the terminal can be modeled 2s two harmonic current sources, The source spectra is provided in Table 14. Tt must be noted that the magnitudes and phase angles should be sealed and shifted according tothe load flow results (1]. The HVDC terminal is modeled as a constant power loadin the load flow solution. Table 1,2: Branch Data for System (Based on 1OOMVA\ ranch Rig} RT) Xt | Bt type __| eusit| bus) po»_| (pu) 1) Kine a7 0.0008 070500 xmery) | 4 9 | 0.00000 assets xin) | § 6 | 0.00000 025020, tine 6 44 | oos4e5 o.ro887 Line 6 2 | orzzes ozssrs Line 6 13 | o08613 01302 xine (¥-deta) | 7 8 |) o.00000 0.17615 xine) | 7 9 | 00000 0.11000 ine 9 10 | costs 00a Lin a 4 | oo1270 027035, tne | 10 4 | 008203 0 19202 une | 12 43 | 022067 0.10085, te | 13 16 | 017009 034795, camaciores | 9 0 | 0.00000 .00000.08s30 tine 42 | 001937 o0ss16 0052 ine 45 | oosi2 072300 aoss20) tine 2 3 | cows ror aes Line 2 4 | coser ora osra tine 2 5 | cosees or7see 0.03306) Line 3 4 | 05700 17099 ose tine 4 5 | cors3 ocee0 ora Friter@8:2nd 0 | 052510 8.31233 0030 Fite@esn | 8 0 | os25i0 132635 030% Fite@e7n | 8 0 | asasio os7207 —oaa0%s] Fieger | 8 0 | os2si0 027515 0.02015) Fie@stth | 3 0 | 000136 coa772 024018) Fie@stin | 3 0 | 000136 002772 024016) ximrce-v) | 3 30x || 00000 0.02800 .00000 ximr(¥-Deta) | _3 302 |_ 000000 _.cza00 _ 00009 ‘Table 1.3: Generator Data for System 1 Voltage | P Q | Sub setting | gen. | gen. | transient (pu _| (KW) | (KVar) |X (pu) 1 Slack 1.0600 [267,087 26,635 | 0.2500 2 PV 1.0450 | 18,300 5,857 | 0.2500 Py_1.0700 |-11,200 44,200 | 0.2500 7. The SVC consists of harmonic filters and a delta-connected TCR. The TCR was modeled using the model of reference 1}. The firing angle is about 120 degrees. To facilitate the Solution of the case using programs without a TCR model, the lent load and harmonic spectra of the TCR are listed in this paper. With this information, the TCR can be represented ‘asa constant reactive power load in load flow solution and a harmonic current source in harmonic analysis. Since the SVC is relatively small as compared to the HVDC, its impact on ‘overall system harmonie distortion isnot significant8. The harmonic distortion results were obtained using the harmonic iteration method described in reference (1]. Since the results showed thatthe voltage distortions at the harmonic source buses are small and the equivalent harmonic current injections from the HVDC and SVC are made available inthis paper, a non-iterative harmonic solution method which modeis harmonic sources as harmonic current injections should give close solution results, Table 1.4: Harmonic Source Data for System 1 ‘SixPulseHVDC [Delta Connected TCR Heorder |"Magi(pu) Angle(deg]] Magipu) _Angle(deg) 7 70000-4956) 1.0000, 46.92] 5 ont 67.77] 0.0702 126.4 7 0.1309 11.90] 0.0250 -298 " 007se = 7.13] 0.0136 23.75) 13 | 0.0586 68.57} 0.0075 71.59} 17 | 00379 46.53} 0.0062 77.13 19 | 0.0329 116.46] 0.0032 173.49} 23 | 00226 87.47] 0.0043 — 178.02] 25 | 00241 159.32) 0.0013 83.45} 29 | 00193 12679] 0.0040 _-80.45} ‘Test System No.2 ‘A.13-Bus Unbalanced Utility Distribution System This system is based on the IEEE 13 bus radial distribution test feeder [4]. The system is unbalanced and serves as a benchmark system for unbalanced harmonic propagation studies. The system was used in [1] for illustrative purposes and, with additional modifications, is proposed here as a harmonies testystem ® 5 6 @ Figure 2.1: Test System 2 - Unbalanced Distribution System. ‘The feeder, shown in Figure 2.1, contains voluge ‘regulators, three and single phase line configurations, shunt ‘capacitors, spot and distributed loads. Phase-ground and phase- phase connected loads are included. For harmonic studies, load compositions are specified to include harmonic producing loads. Complete data are provided in the Appendix A. Current spectra for the three load types, namely’ fluorescent light banks, sa adjustable speed drives, and composite (“other”) residential load, are given for test purposes. The analysis of harmonic propagation in distribution systems must necessarily utilize a phase-domain representation. The following items should be considered in the analysis of unbalanced distribution systems: 1. It is difficult 10 identify or specify harmonic-producing Toads. In general, several loads are served from one point and the harmonic currents represent the aggregate response of several harmonic producing devices 2. Many distribution systems tend t0 contain capacitors. Frequency scan analysis can be helpful to verify if resonance conditions exist. Due toa large number of possible harmonic source locations, however, itis difficult to determine the frequency scan buses. 3. The commonly assumed properties under balanced conditions such as zero-sequence nature of triple harmonies fare no longer hold. Harmonic producing devices at the dlistibution level can generate uncharacteristic harmonics 4. Load and transformer connections can have large impacts on hharmonic propagation. The subject of load modeling for distbution system harmonic analysis still needs considerable research [1]. ‘As demonstrated in [1] relatively moderate variations in the models can have a significant impact on results. The test system is specified in a way that highlights all of these issues. The ‘Alternative Transients Program was used to calculate harmonic propagation in the system [5,6]. Partial results are shown in ‘Table 2.1 and Figure 2.2. Table 2.1: Voltage THD (Fundamental Frequency Component) ‘Node —| Phase-A Phase Phase C 32 T96(T-034) [1.76 (1.038) | 1.60(1 005 35 T96(1-034) |. 76(1.038) —[1.69(1.003) cc (0.96(1-018) | 0.96(1.030) | .04(1-022) TI 323,010) | 2-76(1.048) | 2.86(0.969) 75 3:35(1,003) | 2.82(1-048) | 2.95(0.967) 32 3:30(1.008) oT OHO) ‘Modeling and simulation features for this ease are Conventional loads were modeled as constant RL impedances obtained from the given kVA at 60} 2, Harmonic producing loads were modeled as current sources With the specified spectra using the “Models’ capability of the ATP. Magnitudes were scaled based on the fundamental component of load current, and phase angles were adjusted based on the phase angle of the voltage across the load ‘obtained from the fundamental frequency solution. 3. The motor and the capacitor at node 34 were assumed out of | service. For harmonic frequencies, the motor should be modeled using its sub-transient impedance (or locked rotor impedance), 4. The voliage regulator was not modeled. Rather, the substation transformer secondary taps on the three-phases were set at +15,+10 and +13, respectively. 5, Lines were modeled as mutually coupled x branches, For the case studied, the voltage distortion levels are lov:52 This is because several loads are connected phase-phase and harmonie phase angles are modeled. As described in reference [1] significantly different results are obtained depending on the choice of load models and harmonic current source models. It is noted that inthe examples in (1) all loads were assumed to be ‘connected phase-ground, the motor and capacitor at node 34 are in service and harmonic source spectra were different from the foes used here Magna of Fundamental 8 9 1 213 14 15 16 7 Memenie # 234567 Figure 2.2: Harmonie Voltage Distortion Spectrum at Node 71. Test System No. A.13-Bus Balanced Industrial Distribution System “This testcase consists of 13 buses and is representative of a medium-sized industrial plant. The system is extracted from a ‘common system that is being used in many of the calculations and examples in the IEEE Color Book series {7]. The plant is {fed from a utility supply at 69 KV and the local plant distribution system operates at 13.8 kV. The system is shown in Figure 3.1 and deseribed by the data in Tables 3.1-4, Due to the balanced nature of this example, only positive sequence data is provided. Capacitance of the short overhead line and all cables. are neglected, S0GEN-1 t seavx roouTIL69 oso oat ae remit st serssec J ii-tasse] To.17 sec Xo Figure 3.1. Test System 3 - A Balanced Industral System, Addltonal data used to conduct a harmonic analysis of the example industrial system include the following: 1, System equivalent impedance. For this study, the system impedance was determined from the fault MVA and XIR ratio atthe utility connection point. These values are 1000MVA ‘and 22.2, respectively. Driving point impedance at the connection point was not available, but should be used whenever possible. ‘The local (in-plant) generator was represented as a simple Thevenin equivalent. The internal voltage, determined from the converged power flow solution, is 13.98/-1,52" kV. The ‘equivalent impedance is the sub-transient impedance which is 0,0366=)1.36510, 3. The plant power factor correction capacitors are rated at 6000, kkvar. As is typically done, leakage and series resistance of the bank are neglected in this study. 4, The displacement power factor for the drive load is 0.97 lagging. This high power factor is typical of drives operated ator near fll load. Table 3.1: Per-Unit Line and Cable Impedance Data (base values: 13.8 kV, 10,000 kVA). To. ® x 0169. 70013 0.00296 OSMILL-1 SO:GEN-1 0.00122 0.00243 03:MIL OSFDRF © 0.00075.——_0,00063 03:MIL 26FDRG 0.00157 0.00131 ORMILL-1 _06FDRH 0.00109 __ 0.00091 Table 3.2: Transformer Data =Fom Te Volage Tap_IVA SR 0 01:69-TOSMILL-T 69:138 — 69 15000 0.4098 7.9862 SU:GENI SL:AUX 13.8:0.48 13.45 1500 0.9593 5.6694 OSFDRE 49: RECT 138:048 13.45 1250 0.7398 4.4388 OS:FDRF 39°73 SEC 13.8:4.16 13.11 1725 0.7442 5.9537 26FDRG 29:71 SEC 13.8:0.48 13.45. 1500 0.8743 5.6831 OGEDRH I1:TSSEC 13.8:0.48 13.8 1500 0.8363 5.4360 OSFDRH 19:T7SEC_13.8:24 13.11 3750 _0.4568 5.4810 ‘Table 3.3: Generation, Load, and Bus Voltage Data (from power flow study results), eV, wu) (py (deg) kW kvar_kW var TORUTIL-GT 1.000000 7450 S40 ——— OG 90 Oe O3MILL-1 0994 -240 = == 2240 2000 SO:GENI 0.995 -239 2000 1910 SA 0995 353 - = 600530 OSFDRF 0.998 2400 - - 49-RECT 0980 472 = = 1180 290 39:73 SEC 0.996 -4.85 Bio 1130 26EDRG 0994 2400 - - OGEDRH 0994 240 = 7 14SEC 0979 308 = == 370330 I9:TTSEC 1001 -469 = = ~— 2800-2500 DTI SEC 0981 _-4.16 810 800Table 3.4: Harmonic Source Data. Percent Kel T 700.00 5 18.24 7 1190 n 3B B 401 7 193 19 139 2 094 25 086 2» on 31 0.62 35 oa 37 038 Specific issues related to modeling for harmonic analysis must also be considered if the results presented here are 10 be ‘obtained using different analysis programs. Modeling considerations applicable to this example include: 1, All loads are modeled as series RL cireuits. This approach is taken instead of parallel RL modeling t more accurately represent the limited harmonic damping offered by typical induction motors without resorting to extremely detailed ‘motor models. 2. Frequency dependence of model resistance is neglected, ‘This is done mainly because of the significant discrepancies that exist among various programs available. In addition, neglecting frequency effects on resistance leads to over conservative results (which are often preferred). 3. Transformer magnetizing branch effects are neglected. In addition, increasing winding losses as a function of | frequency are also neglected. As discussed in 2 previously, this is done to avoid problems when comparing the resuls presented here with those obtained using other analysis programs, ‘The results of a harmonic analysis of the system of Figure 3.1 are given in Table 3.5. Fundamental, fifth, and seventh voltage harmonic amplitudes and THD, are given for each of the system buses, These results, along with those obtained from 1 fundamental frequency power flow study (shown in Table 3.3), give an accurate description of the voltage profiles in the plant. Conclusions Complete data for three harmonic test systems has been presented in this paper. The systems can be used as benchmark systems for the development of new harmonic analysis methods and for the evaluation of existing harmonic software, Researchers, developers and users of harmonic analy programs are encouraged to use these systems 10 test their programs and report their comments to the IEEE Harmonics Modeling and Simulation Task Force 383 Table 3.5: Plant Harmonic Voltage Distortion Summary. Tus Vv, Ve Vv, THD, Wad Wy) Vy) TOUUTIL-G) 39645.70 40.37 10423 0.28 01:69-1 39538005236 3514037 OSMILL] = 771.77 33813813 1.83 SOGENI 7726335172, «13351_—L-87 SL:Aux 207472440 LB OSFDRF = 7709.24 54.07 13835194 49RECT 269.89 12.79 12.83 8.02 30:73 SEC 224005 14833721 1.80 26FDRG 7709073483804 93 OGFDRH = 7703385343. 3791 1.93 I:T4SEC 2604078459190 I: TTSEC 1302.74 838 21.7881 2OTINSEC 256.29 1714368 Acknowledgment ‘The Task Force would like to acknowledge the support of| the IEEE PES Harmonics Working Group chaired by Mr. T Gentile. Case | was prepared by W. Xu, Case 2 by S.J. Ranade. and Case 3 by M. Halpin, Results were verified by R. Burch, M Halpin, C.J. Hatziadoniu, and TH. Ortmeyer. References 1. IEEE Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation "Modeling and Simulation of the Propagation of Harmonics in Electric Power Networks, Part 1 & 2", IEEE Trans, on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No.] January 1996, pp. 452-474, 2. CIGRE Working Group 36.05, “Harmonics, Characteristic Parameters, Methods of Study, Estimates of Existing Values inthe Network”, Electra, no. 7, July 1981, pp.35-54 3. W. Xu, LE, Drakos, Y. Mansour, A. Chang, "A Thee-Phase Converter Model for Harmonic Analysis of HVDC Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No.3, July 1994, pp.1724-1731 4. IEEE Distribution Planning Working Group Repor,” Radial Distribution Test System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 6, No.3, Aug 1991, pp.975-985. 5. CanadianiAmerican EMTP User's Group “Alternative ‘Transients Program(ATP) Rule Book" , Portland, OR, 1995. 6. H.W. Dommel, "Electromagnetic Tra Reference Manual (EMTP Theory Book)", Prepared for Bonneville Power Administration, Dept.” of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Aug. 1986, Program 7. IEEE Standard 399-1990, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis”, IEEF New York, 1990.384 Appendix A: Data for Test System 2 Source System: Node 50. Short circuit MVA 1100 ai 82 degrees lagging. Balanced. Substation: Node 50-31 Transformer: SMVA, L1S kV delta -4.16 kV wye grounded Impedance z= 1 +} 8 % at 60 Hz Voltage Regulators: Connected at node 31 individual phase control. Wye connected, PT. Ratio-20, CT Rating 700 A, R + JX = 3-j90, voltage level= 122 V ‘Transformers: Node 33 - Node 34 500 KVA, 4160 delia- 480, wye vols, z= 1.1 +j2.0% Line phasing and 60 Hz impedance matrices ‘All conductors ACSR. Line geometry is available from the Internet site. Upper triangle of phase domain impedance (Zs. ‘ohmsmile) and admittance (Vine wS/mile) matrices are shown. For non-existent phases , matrices have been padded with zeros. 150: Phasing BACN, Phase conductor $56,500 26/7, Neutral 40 6/1 Zn 03477j LOLI, 0.15652) 0.4777 0.15864) 0.4361 (0.3375+j1.0878 | 0.1535+j0.3849 34144) 1.0348, Ya" j6.2450°j1.7664 513951 js.8271 0.7461 58.6985 wD 502: Phasing CABN, phase conductor 4/0 6/1, neutral 40 6/1 Zue= O.75382jL.177S 0.1586-j 0.4361, 0.1565%j 0.4777 (0.74754) 1.1983, 0.1535+j 0.3849 0.74364) 1.2112 Yee j8:6587, 1.1943 51.5024 35.2262. 0.6626 js3220 1D 503: Phasing CBN, phase conductor 1/0, neutral 0 Zee 0.0000%4 0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000 0,00000.0000 1.32944]1.3471 0,2066-j0.4391 132381j1.3569 Yee= 9.0000 0.0000 0.0000 54.7097 0.8999 4.6658 ID 504: phasing A CN, conductor 1/0, neutral 1 Zuc™ 13238413869 0.00004j0.0000 0.2066440.4591 10,0000+j0:0000 0.0000~0.0000 1.3294+j1.3471 4.6658 0.0000 0.8999 1.0000 0.0000 54,7097 Yu= TD 505: Phasing CN, conductor 1/0, Neutral 0 Zm= 0,0000+.0000 0,0000-+j0.0000 0.0000+0.0000, 6,0000%0.0000.0.0000+0.0000 133954)1.3295 Yoc= 010000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 i418 TD 508: Three-phase URD concentric aetural 250 MCM AL cables, 6" apart on horizontal plane 40 " below ground . Neutral is 13 #14 Cu. OD over neutral is 1.28" Zee™ —0:8506%}0.4037 03191-40.0325 0.8507%0.4458 0.28484)-0.0145 0.8597+)0.4458 031914000325 Yuc= 394.6212 0.0000 0.0000 94.6212 0.0000 9.6212 ID 509: Single-phase URD tape shield; 10 copper tape shielded ‘conductor with separate 1/o copper bare neutral on 1” spacing; 40" seep. Zn= 09806%j05146 0000-00000 0.0000~.0000 €.0000<}.0000 ©.0000s30,0000 «goo 0000 Yoe= j03915 0.0000 ©0000 C.cowo| 0000 0.9000 Line Connetvty Dat ‘Node | Node-] | Length (ft) iD z 5 300 SOE 3 2 500 502 6 “ 300 sos 2000 501 a0 508 2000 501 suo sot 1000 so! 500 508 300 503 vitch Shunt capazits Van [Node [Connection [Pea FB Pe yy p00 ——]200 00 bs fy Ds 125 tas bu lo 100 ‘Motor loads: Node 34 500 HP three-phase induction motor; running power factor 0.8, efficiency 90%; locked rotor 3000 KVA at 0.4 power factor lag, Loads: The following model codes are used: D-delta or phase-phase connection , Y- wye or phase-ground connection, S-constantKVA fundamental frequency model, Z-constant impedance fundamental frequency model, [constant current fundamental frequency model. Node [Model] PicA | PA] PB ] PB] PC] PRC No. kw | var |_kew | kvar | kw | var HM [vFO [Res oie Jo Jo o_o [Harmonic load: None # [vro [o_o [ivossfiasov|o Harmonic Toad: 60% other (composite) types % [bz [o_o [23022] i31.97]0 Jo" 20% Nuoresceat, 70% ASD, 20% others |Note: this load is connected between phase B&C. S |¥z_[arso|ss79 Jo Joo 0 10%e Thuorescent, 10% ASD, 20% others "FT [D-PO [383.70 [219.95 ]383.70]219.95 [85.70 [PT3.95 [30% fMuorescent, 60% others. 7S [VeRO [in6.02 199.07 ]o8.21 [03S OST IAG T3¥e fuorescent, 20% ASD, 15% others. o [oro Jo JoJo _ [i733 ]is138 15% Tuorescent, 20% ASD, 15% other. INote: the load is connected between phases C&A. oT [yt Jo [0 o_o __[i70sa]so7a 13% Torescent, 20% ASD, 15% other. BE [V-PQ] 1648 | 9.45 | 66.40 [38.06 [11697] 97.05 71_[ Note: this is a distributed load between nodes 32 & 71 Current spectra of harmonic loads: Phase angles are wit respect tothe fundamental frequency voltage in degrees. H [Fluorescent ‘ASD. ‘ther order [Mag. | Phase | Mag. | Phase | Mag. [ Phase T T[ 412 TT 3] 1] 350 2 0) | 0) 0) 0 ° 3 | 02] 2734| 0542| 0.7| 0007} -105.8 4 0] 0] a} 0} 0095) -1674 s | a1o7 | 339.0] 0.152] 110.8 | 0.002) -275.5 6 o} of of 0} 0083) 42.6 7 | 021] 1377| 0060] 1519! 0 ° 8 of 0} of 0} 0005) -2478 9 | 0014] 2632] 0043 | 950) 0 ° 0 0) 30/20) eel) 0 ° 11 | 0009] 39.8] 0036] 139] 0 0 2 of of of of o 0 13, | 0006] 1824] 0029] 952] 0 ° 14 of of of of o ° 1s_[ 000] 287.0] 0.025 | -1927| 0 0 585586 Discussion N. R. Watson and G. Bathurst (Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand): The development of tests systems for harmonic analysis is an important task. The task force isto be commended for their efforts inthis direction. We ‘would be grateful for comments from the tak force regarding. the following issues. ‘Test System 1: The use of “balanced” transmission system is "unrealistic, as there is no such thing as a balanced transmission system. ‘The use of transposed transmission lines in fact increases the imbalance at harmonic frequencies, while balancing the fundamental frequency {1). All the mentioned objectives plus the demonstration of three phase versus single phase representation, where the coupling between sequences can not be represented, would have been achieved with a more realistic transmission system. There isan obvious transmission test system for harmonic modelling and that isthe lower South Island part of the New Zealand grid. The data is published in several books (2][3][4] and used in numerous papers therefore the data and results from simulation readily available. It is an actual power system nota contrived system, It is also good to specify the transmission line in terms of physical geometry rather than electrical parameters so that accurate frequency dependent parameters can be calculated and used, as obtained from a Transmission Line parameter program. There isa place for contrived test systems where certain aspects are to be investigated without other complexities masking the imeractions. For example the CIGRE Benchmark model is ideal for investigating the eross-modulation of converters (and FACTS controlies) [5]. The rectifier ac system in the benchmark is simple and well documented and designed t0 be & weak system with a 2" harmonic resonance. Another teresting test system would be contriving a system with a3" harmonie resonance, as past experience has shown that this is difficult to solve in Iterative Harmonic Algorithms (IHA) that use a fixed-point iterative regime [6]. Its stated that coupling between the SVC and HVde terminals is small for the test system presented, A test system that has a strong harmonic coupling between the two sites of non-linear loads is also required to highlight the harmonic interaction of non-linear devices. In the lower South Island of New Zealand system an aluminium smelter is located at Tiwai and a hypothetical non- linear device is placed at Invercargill ‘Test System 2: Why is there 2" harmonic appearing in the results? Also higher order even (10 to 16%) and high odd (e.g. 17") are present for some reason? Second harmonic is not injected and the system is linear. The motor, which ean cause coupling between frequencies is out of service. As alluded to in the paper, the time domain does not accurately represent the frequency response of the components. Therefore there wil be discrepancies in the results when compared to a detailed hharmonic analysis program which represents frequency dependent effects, ‘Test System 3: It would be good to see some justification for neglecting the line and cables capacitance. The power factor capacitors may “swamp” these capacitances but it would be good to see how much the presence of these capacitance may shift the resonance frequencies. References {1} Arvillaga J., Acha E, Densem TJ. and Bodger P'S. Ineffectiveness ‘of Transmission Line Transpositions at Harmonie Frequencies, 1BE. Proceedings, Vol. 133, Patt C, No. 2, March 1986, pp 99-104 (2) Amillaga J, Amold C.P. and Harker Bl, Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, John Wiley 1983 [3] Amilaga J, Bradley D.A. and Bodger P.S., Power System Harmonics, ohn Wiley 1985 [4] Amillaga J., Amold CP., Computer Analysis of Power ‘Systems, John Wiley 1990 [5] Amilaga J., Smith B.C, Watson NR. and Wood AR, Power Systems Harmonie Analysis, hn Wiley 1997 [6] Callaghan C.D, Three Phase Integrated Load and Harmonie Flows, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1989 ‘Wilson Xu and Mark Halpta, The Task Force would like to thank the scursers for thir valuable comments and recommendations. The ‘objective ofthis puper is to demonstrate general gudeines forthe Preparation and analysis of hamoni problems, Accordingly, we pay peti attention to the cae sclection and repesetatign. One ting we {ry fo avoid is to over emphusize some secondary effets which could iislad engineers who are not expers inthe subject fed. With this background, we would ike to respond to dicusert specie comments ss fallows “Test system 1: ti a gneralpractive in ndusty tht balanced harmonic studies are condoced 10 investigate typical transmission system ‘problems. We understand tha the effects duet unrangposed lines ean ‘be significant in some cases, but various studies ave showa that tis seconday effect for many typical emes. Ara Tatk Force paper, here is 2 need to present a talanced View on various issues! We do have publications onecnvating onthe importance of wbslaned karen For example, the tutor material prepared by this Tak Force bas full pape dedicated othe subject 1} In ation, he 2°4 test system ofthe resent paper deal completely with wslanced system modeling nd alysis, We ae inthe proces of preparing «four test sysem, This f3stem is 2 commercial power distribution stem. Harmonic sudies ‘with multiphase repesettions are essential, We thank the dicussers for bringing cu attention to othe et systems which coud he incl ss updates nou future publiains ‘est System 2: The dscosers ste correct in poitng out that there should be no 284 and oer even order harmonies, The pablem is eased by the DFT ealeulation of the ie domain waveforms. The cae ws selved using a tine-donain simulation method. Frequency domain tethods had slzo Been sed to atalyze the cae in the past (2). The ‘els showed that there were no even order harmonics. “Test System 3: For this particular tet system, the overead ine and cables ae very shot and the shunt capacitances become very small AS such, they have litle effect to shif the dominant resonance point associated wih the power Fer correction capacitor. I shouldbe noted ‘however, that he sbut capacitances can be important for long cables in {indus facilites, Thi i orpecialy ise whea high quency harmonies se iavestgntes 2)Refereaces [0] IEEE Special Publication 98-TP-125-, “Toor on Modeling and Simulation of Power System Hamonss", prepared by the IEEE “Task Fore on Harmonics Modeling and Siolation, 1998. 387 [P]IEEE Task Foree on Hamonics Modeling and_ Simulation, "Modeling and’ Simulaion of the Propagation of Hamonis in letic Power Networks, Pat 1 & 2", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vo. 11, No. January 1996, pp. 452-474