]pkvXIw

!
sI. Aivd^v

{_m“-Wnkw
hn⁄m-\hpw A[n-Im-chpw
Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-lnI {]h¿Ø-I\pw Nn¥-I-
\p-amWv Im© sFe-ø. Dkvam-\nb bq\n-th-gvkn-‰n-
bnse s]mfn-‰n-°¬ Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ {]^-k-dmWv
At±-lw. PmXo-b-X-s°-Xn-cmb Xpd∂ t]mcm-´-Øn\v
t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ Im© sFe-ø, Zen-Xv-˛-_-lp-P≥
{]iv\-ßsf A¥m-cmjv{S {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥
klm-bn® hy‡n-Xz-am-Wv. \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS
I¿Øm-hmWv At±-lw. "Rms\-¥p-sIm≠v Hcp lnµp-
h√', "Fcpa tZio-bX', "_p≤≥ F∂ cmjv{Sob XØz-
Nn-¥-I≥' XpS-ßnb ]pkvX-I-߃ ae-bm-f-a-S-°-ap≈
`mj-I-fn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ipdp-a-
sKm√ (Kuruma Golla) F∂ H.-_n.kn hn`m-KØn¬
P\n® Im© sFe-ø-bpsS AO\pw AΩbpw \nc-
£-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p. PmXo-bX sImSn-Ip-Øn-hm-gp∂ {Kma-
Bbn-cØn \m\q‰n ap∏Ønsbm∂v apl¿dw Ccp-]Ø
- n-aq∂v
Øn¬\n∂v Db¿∂p-h-∂-XmWv sFe-ø. AXn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hni-I-e-\-
߃°v k‘n sNøm≥ Xbm-d-√mØ Hcp t]mcm-fn-bpsS Xo£vW-X-bp-≠v. ]n∑-
S-ßm≥ Xbm-d-√mØ t\cns‚ Dd® t_m[y-ß-fp-≠v. A°m-Z-anIv htc-Wy-X-
bpsS Ip∏m-b-߃ Iodnsb-dn-™mWv sFeø kz¥w ho£-W-߃ apt∂m-´p-
sh-°p∂-Xv.
sFe-ø-bpsS G‰hpw ]pXnb ]pkvX-I-amWv skbvPv ]ªn-t°-j≥ ]pd-
Øn-d° - nb Post HIndu India. BtKm-fo-Ic- W
- Ø- ns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ {_“-WnIv
htcWyXbn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb lnµpXzw XI¿∂p t]mhp-I-bm-sW∂pw Zen-Xv-˛-_-
lp-P≥ ap≥-ssI-bn-ep-≈- km-aq-lnI, Bflob, cm-jv{Sob hnπhw C¥y-bn¬
hnI-kn-®p-hc- n-Ib
- m-sW∂pw At±lw hmZn-°p-∂p. PmXn ta¬t°m-bvabn-e[ - n-jvTn-
X-amb lnµpXzw Bflob ^mjn-k-Øn-s‚ {]Nm-c-I-cm-hp-∂-Xns‚ Nn{X-amWv
sF-eø hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ckvemw, {In-kvXp-a-Xw, _p≤-aXw XpS-ßn-bh kz-bw
\ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-eqsS Kan-°p-tºmƒ sslµ-hX Atß-b‰w {]-Xn-tem-
a-I-c-amb imkv{Xob hncp-≤-X-bpw tZi-hn-cp-≤-X-bp-amWv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv
Bflob hnπ-hsØ ap≥-\n¿Øn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ a‰p aX-ß-tf-°mƒ {_m“-
WnIv sslµ-h-Xsb X-I¿°p-∂p. C¥y-bnse ZenXv _lp-P-\-߃ Bflob
hnπ-hsØ sImXn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ {_m“-WnIv sslµ-h-Xsb ssIsbm-gn-bm≥
\n¿_-‘n-Xcm-hp-I-bm-Wv.
Cusbmcp hmZ-KX - nsb B{‘-{]-tZ-inse Zen-X˛-v B - Z- n-hm-kn-˛_
- l
- p-P≥ Pohn-
X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØbpw h¿Ø-am-\s- Øbpw ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ib - mWv
sFe-ø.
hn⁄m-\-sØbpw A[n-Im-c-sØbpw _‘n-∏n-®mWv Im© sFe-ø Cu
]pkvX-I-Øns‚ bp‡n (Logic) hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kmaq-lnI kw-hn-[m-\-
Øn-\-IØv B[n-]Xyhpw A[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≈-h¿ Xß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃°-\p-
kr-Xa- mbn hn⁄m-\sØ \n¿an-°p-Ib - pw- \n-e\
- n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. \mS≥
]m´p-I-fnepw ]g-sam-gn-I-fnepw XpSßn P\-{]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ hsc B[n-]Xy
{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI ta¬t°m-bv-a-sb \nc-¥cw Du´n-bp-d-∏n-
°m-dp≠v. hn-⁄m-\-Øn¬ HutZym-KnI thZn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ sSIvÃv _p°p-Iƒ
XpSßn \n-jv-]£ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ tIZm-c-߃ F-∂p \Ωƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂
kwhn-[m-\-߃ hsc Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ B[n-]Xy {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚
lnwksb \nc-¥cw ]p\-cp¬]m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ChnsS sFeø
sNøp∂Xv B-[n-]Xy {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hn-⁄m-\sØ Xpd∂p Im´p-I-bm-
Wv. thZ-߃ ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØnb bp≤-߃ ad-®p-sh-®Xv {_m“-W¿ sNbvXpIq-
´nb ASn-a-Ø-ß-sf-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv, B[n-]Xy hn⁄m-\sØ Xpd∂p
Im´p-∂-Xn-eqsS B[n-]Xy {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ lnwksb Xpd∂p Im´p-I-bm-
Wv.
\ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ t]mse, aÆn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ a\p-jy-∂mWv Pohn-X-
Øn¬ ]pXnb ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ ˛AXv Irjn-bnse ]pXnb km-t¶-XnI
hnZy-bm-hs´˛ a\- n-em-hp-∂X - v. Cßs\ D¬-]m-Z\ - h
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ imkv{Xob
Adn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Iogm-f¿ Fß-s\-bmWv "hnhcw sI´-hcpw', "Xmgv∂
PmXn-°mcpw' B-bXv? Hcp ]Wnbpw sNømsX thZ-{K-Ÿ-߃ shdpsX ]mcm-

c≠m-bn-cØ
- n-]Øv P\p-hcn HºXv
bWw sN-bX v- m¬ "hnhcw' D≠m-hptam? D¬]m-Z\ taJ-eb - mWv hn⁄m-\Ø - ns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-sa-∂Xv hfsc efn-X-amb Hcp kmaq-lnI imkv{X ]mT-am-sW-∂mWv
Im© sFeø ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]pXnb ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂Xv
D¬]m-Z\ taJ-e-bpsS \nc-¥c \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambm-Wv. F-∂m¬ D¬]m-
Z\ taJ-e-bp-ambn Hcp _-‘-hp-an-√mØ {_m“-W¿ Fß-s\-bm-Wv hn⁄m-\-
Øns‚ samØ IpØI t\Sn-b-sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv Im© sFe-ø.
Aßs\ Iogm-fs‚ (Subaltern) hn⁄m-\sØ ]pXn-sbmcp {]X-e-Øn-te°v
\bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hc¿Y-Øn¬ Iogm-fs‚ hn⁄m-\sØ Hcp ]cm∂t`mPn-
(Parasite)-bm-bn Im¿∂p Xn∂pIbm-bn-cp∂p {_m“-W¿.
DZm-lc- W - Ø
- n\v XpI¬ hyh-km-bw. NØ arK-ßsf kwkvIc- n-°pI F∂Xv
"Aip≤' I¿aam-sW-∂mWv {_m“-Ws‚ "imkv{Xw' ]d-bp-∂-Xv. C-hnsS NØ
arK-Øns‚ XpI¬ FSpØv kwkvI-cn-°p∂ Iogm-f¿ Hcp \mSns‚ kwkvI-c-W-
sa∂ imkv{Xo-b-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Hcp IS-a-bmWv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXv
"imkv{Xhpw' ssh⁄m-\nI {]h¿Ø-\hpw A√m-sX-bm-hp-Ibpw {_m“-Ws‚
I¿Xr-Xz-sØ(subjectivity) am{Xw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp \mSns‚
ipNo-I-c-Whpw a‰pw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb "hn⁄m\w' {_m“-Ws‚
I-Æn¬ (C∂v C¥y≥ apJy-[m-c-bpsS I-Æn¬) Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-cs‚ "tPmen'
Bbn Xcw-Xm-gv∂(-Øn-b)-Xns‚ cmjv{Sobw hfsc {]I-S-am-Wv. Hc¿Y-Øn¬
imkv{Xob At\z-j-W-Øn-(Scientific research)s‚ Xew D≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø\w
Hcp shdpw "tPmen' Bbn ]pe-cp-∂Xv {_m“-WnIv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ "B[n-
]Xy `oI-c-X'-bp-ambn Iq´n hmbn-°p-I. ]pIƒs]‰ Xpº tdm°‰v hnt£-]W
tI{µ-Øn¬ tXß-bp-S-®-Xn\p tij-amWv "imkv{Xob' {]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bcw-`n-
°m-dp-≈Xv F∂Xpw a-s‰mcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. {_m“-WnIv ap-Jy-[mc C¥y≥
apJy-[m-c-bmbn ]cn-h¿Øn-°-s∏-´n-´p-ap-≠v. Aßs\ {_m-“-Ws‚ bp‡n apJy-
[mcm bp‡n-bm-b-Xn-\mepw imkv{Xob bp‡n-bm-b-Xn-\mepw A]c hn`m-K-߃
\nc-¥cw A-im-kv{Xo-b-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw ]m¿iz-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu {]iv\-sØ-bmWv ]pXnb hn⁄m-t\m¬]m-Z-\-Øn-eqsS Im©
sFeø A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xv.
C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-I-fmWv imkv{X-Øn\v hnØp ]mIn-b-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-
tbmSv CWßn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Hcp P\X-bpsS {ia-sØ-bmWv BZn-hm-kn-bpsS
PohnXw {]Xn-\n-[oI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu BZn-hm-knsb NqjWw sN-bv-Xm-Wv apgp-
h≥ {_m“-WnIv hyh-lm-cß - f
- pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂X
- v. sXep-¶m-\b - nse BZn-hmkn
Pohn-X-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-sØ-°p-dn® ^o¬Uv dnk¿®n-eq-sS-bm-Wv Im©
BZysØ A[ymbw (Unpaid Teachers) XpS-ßp-∂X - v. Xp-S¿-∂v s^an-\n-kw, B¿an,
imkv{X-⁄≥, tUmIvS¿- XpSßnb B[p-\nI s{^bn-an-eqsS C¥y-bnse Iogmf
Pohn-X-ssi-ensb hmbn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v Chakalis F∂ PmXn-bnse
kv{XoIƒ Ae-°p-Im-cm-Wv. {_m“-W¿ apX¬ X-߃°v sXm´p apI-fn-ep≈
iq{Z PmXn t{iWn-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsS hsc hkv{Xw A-e-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-W-
h¿. kl-{km-_vZ-ß-fmbn Ae-°p-Im-cmbn Pohn-°p∂ N°m-eokv kv{XoIƒ
Adn-bs- ∏-SmØ "s^an-\n-Ãp-Ifm'sW∂pw C-¥y≥ kmaq-lnI Pohn-XØ - ns‚ ASn-
°-√p-If - m-sW∂pw Im© hmZn-°p-∂p. Chn-sS-bmWv ka-Im-enI s^an-\n-kØ - ns‚

Bbn-cØn \m\q‰n ap∏Ønsbm∂v apl¿dw Ccp-]Ø

- n-aq∂v
Nne {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. Cub-SpØv awK-em-]p-
csØ Hcp ]∫n¬ Ibdn I-≈p-Ip-Sn® Ipd®v Fsse‰v s]¨Ip-´n-Isf {]tamZv
apØ-en-°ns‚ {iocma tk\ X√n-tbm-Sn®p ({]-tamZv apØ-en-°ns‚ {iocma
tk\sb "hm\-c-tk\' F∂p hnfn-®-h-cp-≠v. ]t£ {iocma tk\ F∂p Xs∂-
bmWv IqSp-X¬ \√-Xv). CXn-s\-Xnsc a[y-h¿K s^an-\n-Ãp-Iƒ \S-Ønb Imº-
bn-\mWv ]n¶v jÕn Imº-bn≥. {]tamZv apØ-en-°ns‚ Hm^o-kn-te°v Bbn-
c°-W-°n-\v ]n¶v jÕn-I-fmWv FØn-b-Xv. Imº-bn\v tªmKp-I-fnepw s^bvkv
_p-°n-epw h≥ kzoIm-cyX e`n-®p. Cu kw`-h-tØmSv {]Xn-I-cn-°sh ZenXv
s^an-\n-Ãp-Iƒ ]d-™Xv, ]n¶v jÕn -Im-ºbn≥ Hcp {_m“-Wn-°¬ s^an-
\nÃv G¿∏mSmsW∂m-Wv. AXmbXv C¥y-bnse {Kma-ß-fn¬ aney≥ IW-°n\v
Iogmf kv{XoIƒ PmXo-bX sIm≠pw apkven-am-b-Xns‚ t]cnepw \nc-¥cw A]-
am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ a[y-h¿K s^-an-\n-Ãp-Iƒ ]n¶v jÕn Imº-bn\v t\-XrXzw
\¬In-bXv C¥y≥ s^an-\n-k-Øn\v kw`-hn® D≈-S° cmlnXyw aqe-am-Wv.
eu PnlmZv {]iv\-Ønepw kq^nb aAvZ\n {]iv\-Ønepw \-Ωp-sS s^an-\n-Ãp-
Iƒ au\w ]men-°p-∂Xv Hcp {_m“-WnIv t_m[w ]pe¿Øn-bXp aqe-am-Wv.
Chn-sS-bmWv Im© ASn-Ø´- n-ep≈ Pohn-XsØ A-`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXv ]pXnb
ssh-⁄m-\nI cq]o-I-c-W {ia-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv, cmjv{So-b-h-XvI-c-
W-Øns‚ BZy {iaw ssh⁄m-\nI cq]-h-XvI-cW-Øns‚ (Knowledge
production) taJe-bm-Wv. Cu kp{]-[m\ Nn¥-bmWv Im© Fgp-Øns‚ kv]ncn-
‰v. Cu kv]ncn-‰ns\ DƒsIm-≈pI F∂-XmWv Im©-bn¬ \n∂v \ap°v ]Tn-°m-
\p-≈-Xv. Im©-bpsS Fgp-Øns‚ dmUn-°¬ kv]ncn-‰ns\ C¥y-bnse ZenXv
Pohn-XØ- ns‚ \Sp-°p∂ bmYm¿Yy-ßs- f-°p-dn® ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ thWw hmbn-
°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\pw.
auenI Nn¥-bpsS I\w sIm-≠mWv Im© \sΩ Aº-c∏ - n-°p-∂X
- v. C¥y-
bnse A°m-Z-anIv _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fn¬\n∂v Im© hyXy-kvX-\m-hp-∂Xv ZenXv,
BZn-hm-kn, apkvenw, _lp-P≥ apt∂-‰-tØmSv ]pe¿Øp∂ \nin-X-amb Iqdn-
\m-em-Wv. Cu ]pkvXIw {_m“-WnIv _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ F{X shdp-Ømepw Iogm-
fs‚ PohnX \nizm-k-߃ icn-sh-°p-sa-∂p-d-∏m-Wv.
ZenXv ^yqU-en-kw;
apkvenw Xo{h-hmZw
iq{Z PmXn-bn¬ s]´-h¿ Ckvemw, {InkvXy≥ a-X-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw
XZv^e - a- mbn ssIh∂ ]pXnb A[n-Imcw hgn ^yqU-en-Ãp-If - m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-
´p-s≠-∂mWv Im© ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXv Ckvem-ans‚ {]m]-©nI aqey-ßtfmtSm
temIm-\p-`h - ß
- t- fmtSm tN¿Øp-Im-Wm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw adn®v C¥y-bnse PmXn-
hy-hÿ- b - psS ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ thWw CXns\ hmbn-°m-s\∂pw At±lw ASn-
h-c-bn-Sp-∂p.
AtXm-sSm∏w C¥y-bn-se-hn-sSbpw "]ptcm-Ka- \- ˛- B
- Z- ¿i' cmjv{So-bØ
- ns‚
ad-hnepw Xpd-hnepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {_m“-WnIv {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv ZenXv
^yqUen-k-sØ-°p-dn® `oXn \nc-¥cw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ CS-Xp-
]ptcm-K-a\ BZ¿i cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ hen-sbmcp hmKvZm-\-ambncp∂p ktlm-Z-
c≥ Aø-∏s‚ 1935-˛se ]¥n-t`m-P\ {]ÿm-\w. 37 Cug-hcpw Hcp Zen-X\pw

c≠m-bn-cØ
- n-]Øv P\p-hcn HºXv
]s¶-SpØ {]kvXpX ]¥n-t`m-P\w tIc-f-Øns‚ "]ptcm-K-a\' cmjv{So-b-Øns‚
"s]mXp' AP≠-bm-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ "ZenXv' cmjv{So-bs- Ø-bmWv ]¥nt`mP\w
AZr-iy-h-XvI-cn-®-Xv. Hscm‰ Zen-Xs\ am{Xw ]s¶-Sp-∏n®p \S-Ønb A`ym-k-am-
bn-cp∂p ]ptcm-K-a\ BZ¿i cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d. Ch-cm-Wn-t∏mƒ ZenXv
^yqU-en-ks- Ø-°p-dn® `oXn \nc-¥cw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. AtXm-sSm∏w sXmÆq-
tdmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ZenXv ^yqU-en-kw, apkvenw Xo{h-hmZw F∂nh apJy-[mcm
(mainstream) cmjv{So-b-Øn\v `oXn-bp-W¿Øn-b-Xv. CXv as‰mcp Ncn{X hkvXp-
Xsb Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. PmhoZv Be-ans‚ "B¿°mWv P\m-[n-]Xyw th≠Xv?'
(Who Wants Democracy? - Orient Longman) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv,
sXmÆq-dp-I-fn-emWv apkvenw˛ ZenXv cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ km∂n[yw (visibility)
tIm¨{K-kv-˛-C-S-Xv-˛-_n.-sP.]n t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ apJy-[mcm cmjv{So-b-Øns‚
ASn-Ø-d-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂- ssl-µh {_m“-WnIv htcWy \n¿h-l-W-ß-
fpsS cq]-am-Xr-I-Isf tNmZyw-sN-øm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. afi¬ Iao-j≥, _m_cn
[zwk\w Ch-bmWv "]pXnb' cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-WsØ Xzcn-∏n-®-Xv.
Cusbmcp cmjv{Sob ]›m-Øe - Ø
- nemWv Zen-Xv˛- a- pkvenw `oXn, htc-Wy-X, Xo{h-
hmZw XpS-ßnb Btcm-]-W-ß-sfbpw ImtW-≠-Xv. apkvenw htc-Wy-Xsb
ap≥\n¿Øn Cub-SpØv ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "]mtecn amWn-Iyw˛ Hcp ]mXncm sIme-
]m-X-I-Øns‚ IY' F∂ kn\na D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ "apkvenw `oXnbpw' sXmÆq-
dp-I-fpsS tij-ap≈ "]pXnb' cmjv{So-b-tØm-Sp≈ `oXnbpw \mw Iq´n-hm-bn-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ Im© sFe-øb - psS ]pkvXIw Zen-Xv- _-lp-P\ - ß- f- psS khn-
tij cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ Du¿P-t{km-X- mbn amdp-∂p.
]n≥Ip-dn: ]pkvXI - Ø
- n-sem-cn-SØv "B¿.-Fk - v.F
- k- v˛_n.-sP.-]n˛hn.-F®- v.]n
^Xvh' F∂mWv Im© sFeø {]tbm-Kn-®X - v. apkven-an-t\mSv AXoh kulrZw
]pe¿Øp-∂ -Im-©-bpsS At_m[w Hc¿Y-Øn¬ apkvenw hncp-≤am-hp-∂-Xns\
\mw Fß-s\-bmWv hne-bn-cp-ØpI? {]tXy-In®v Dkmam _n≥em-Zns\ t]mepw
AwKo-I-cn®pw BZ¿i-h-XvI-cn®pw Fgp-Xp∂ Im© sFeø F∂ a\p-jys‚
Hcp "A_≤w' am{X-ambn AXns\ hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
Post Hindu India
A Discourse in Dalit Bahujan,
Socio- Spiritual and Scientific
Revolution
KANCHA ILAIAH
Sage Publication

Bbn-cØn \m\q‰n ap∏Ønsbm∂v apl¿dw Ccp-]Ø

- n-aq∂v