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Cng ngh Java cho cng nghip di ng (Java Technology Wireless Industry - JTWI)
ngy cng pht trin v thu ht s quan tm ca nhiu ngi. Nhm p ng nhu
cu ny, TinCNTT m chuyn mc J2ME Tutorial c gng cp y nhiu kha
cnh ca cng ngh Java cho di ng. bt u lot bi, chng ta s cng kho st
cc lp v khi nim quan trng ca J2ME.

Bi 1: Khi qut cc lp J2ME

Mc tiu ca J2ME l cho php ngi lp trnh vit cc ng dng c lp vi thit b
di ng, khng cn quan tm n phn cng tht s. t c mc tiu ny,
J2ME c xy dng bng cc tng (layer) khc nhau giu i vic thc hin phn
cng khi nh pht trin. Sau y l cc tng ca J2ME c xy dng trn CLDC:

Hnh 1. Cc tng ca CLDC J2ME

Mi tng trn tng hardware l tng tru tng hn cung cp cho lp trnh vin
nhiu giao din lp trnh ng dng (API-Application Program Interface) thn thin
hn.
T di ln trn:
Tng phn cng thit b (Device Hardware Layer)
y chnh l thit b di ng tht s vi cu hnh phn cng ca n v b nh v tc
x l. D nhin tht ra n khng phi l mt phn ca J2ME nhng n l ni xut
pht. Cc thit b di ng khc nhau c th c cc b vi x l khc nhau vi cc tp
m lnh khc nhau. Mc tiu ca J2ME l cung cp mt chun cho tt c cc loi
thit b di ng khc nhau.
Tng my o Java (Java Virtual Machine Layer)
Khi m ngun Java c bin dch n c chuyn i thnh m bytecode. M
bytecode ny sau c chuyn thnh m ngn ng my ca thit b di ng.
Tng my o Java bao gm KVM (K Virtual Machine) l b bin dch m bytecode c
nhim v chuyn m bytecode ca chng trnh Java thnh ngn ng my chy
trn thit b di ng. Tng ny cung cp mt s chun ha cho cc thit b di ng
ng dng J2ME sau khi bin dch c th hot ng trn bt k thit b di ng
no c J2ME KVM.
Tng cu hnh (Configuration Layer)
Tng cu hnh ca CLDC nh ngha giao din ngn ng Java (Java language
interface) c bn cho php chng trnh Java chy trn thit b di ng. y l
mt tp cc API nh ngha li ca ngn ng J2ME. Lp trnh vin c th s dng cc
lp v phng thc ca cc API ny tuy nhin tp cc API hu dng hn c cha
trong tng hin trng (profile layer).
Tng hin trng (Profile Layer)
Tng hin trng hay MIDP (Hin trng thit b thng tin di ng-Mobile Information

Device Profile) cung cp tp cc API hu dng hn cho lp trnh vin. Mc ch ca

hin trng l xy dng trn lp cu hnh v cung cp nhiu th vin ng dng hn.
MIDP nh ngha cc API ring bit cho thit b di ng. Cng c th c cc hin
trng v cc API khc ngoi MIDP c dng cho ng dng. V d, c th c hin
trng PDA nh ngha cc lp v phng thc hu dng cho vic to cc ng dng
PDA (lch, s hn, s a ch,). Cng c th c mt hin trng nh ngha cc API
cho vic to cc ng dng Bluetooth. Thc t, cc hin trng k trn v tp cc API
ang c xy dng. Chun hin trng PDA l c t JSR - 75 v chun bluetooth
API l c t JSR - 82 vi JSR l vit tt ca Java Specification Request.
1 My o Java (hay KVM)
Vai tr ca my o Java hay KVM l dch m bytecode c sinh ra t chng trnh
Java bin dch sang ngn ng my. Chnh KVM s chun ha output ca cc
chng trnh Java cho cc thit b di ng khc nhau c th c b vi x l v tp lnh
khc nhau. Khng c KVM, cc chng trnh Java phi c bin dch thnh tp lnh
cho mi thit b di ng. Nh vy lp trnh vin phi xy dng nhiu ch cho mi
loi thit b di ng. Hnh 2 y biu din tin trnh xy dng ng dng MIDlet hon
chnh v vai tr ca KVM.

Hnh 2. Tin trnh xy dng MIDlet

Qu trnh pht trin ng dng MIDlet vi IDE (Mi trng pht trin tch hpIntergrated Development Environment):
Lp trnh vin: To cc tp tin ngun Java
Bc u tin l lp trnh vin phi to m ngun Java, c th c nhiu tp tin
(*.java).
Trn IDE: B bin dch Java (Java Compiler): Bin dch m ngun thnh m
bytecode
B bin dch Java s bin dch m ngun thnh m bytecode. M bytecode ny s
c KVM dch thnh m my. M bytecode bin dch s c lu trong cc tp
tin *.class v s c mt tp tin *.class sinh ra cho mi lp Java.
Trn IDE: B tin kim tra (Preverifier): Kim tra tnh hp l ca m bytecode
Mt trong nhng yu cu an ton ca J2ME l bo m m bytecode chuyn cho
KVM l hp l v khng truy xut cc lp hay b nh ngoi gii hn ca chng. Do

 tt c cc lp u phi c tin kim tra trc khi chng c th c download

v thit b di ng. Vic tin kim tra c xem l mt phn ca mi trng pht
trin lm cho KVM c th c thu nh hn. B tin kim tra s gn nhn lp bng
mt thuc tnh (attribute) c bit ch rng lp c tin kim tra. Thuc tnh
ny tng thm khong 5% kch thc ca lp v s c kim tra bi b kim tra
trn thit b di ng.
Trn IDE: To tp tin JAR
IDE s to mt tp tin JAR cha:
* Tt c cc tp tin *.class
* Cc hnh nh ca ng dng. Hin ti ch h tr tp tin *.png
* Cc tp tin d liu c th c yu cu bi ng dng
* Mt tp tin k khai (manifest.mf) cung cp m t v ng dng cho b qun l ng
dng (application manager) trn thit b di ng.
* Tp tin JAR c bn hoc c phn phi n ngi dng u cui
Sau khi g ri v kim tra m lnh trn trnh gi lp (simulator), m lnh sn
sng c kim tra trn in thoi di ng v sau c phn phi cho ngi
dng.
Ngi dng: Download ng dng v thit b di ng
Ngi dng sau download tp tin JAR cha ng dng v thit b di ng. Trong
hu ht cc in thoi di ng, c ba cch download ng dng:
* Kt ni cp d liu t PC sang cng d liu ca in thoi di ng:
Vic ny yu cu ngi dng phi c tp tin JAR tht s v phn mm truyn thng
download ng dng sang thit b thng qua cp d liu.
* Cng hng ngoi IR (Infra Red) Port:
Vic ny yu cu ngi dng phi c tp tin JAR tht s v phn mm truyn thng
download ng dng sang thit b thng qua cng hng ngoi.
* OTA (Over the Air):
S dng phng thc ny, ngi dng phi bit a ch URL ch n tp tin JAR
Trn thit b di ng:
B tin kim tra: Kim tra m bytecode
B tin kim tra kim tra tt c cc lp u c mt thuc tnh hp l c thm
vo bi b tin kim tra trn trm pht trin ng dng. Nu tin trnh tin kim tra
tht bi th ng dng s khng c download v thit b di ng.
B qun l ng dng: Lu tr chng trnh
B qun l ng dng trn thit b di ng s lu tr chng trnh trn thit b di
ng. B qun l ng dng cng iu khin trng thi ca ng dng trong thi gian
thc thi v c th tm dng ng dng khi c cuc gi hoc tin nhn n.
Ngi dng: Thc thi ng dng
B qun l ng dng s chuyn ng dng cho KVM chy trn thit b di ng.
KVM: Thc thi m bytecode khi chng trnh chy.
KVM dch m bytecode sang ngn ng my ca thit b di ng chy.
2 Tng CLDC (Connected Limited Device Configuration)

Tng J2ME k trn tng KVM l CLDC hay Cu hnh thit b kt ni gii hn. Mc ch
ca tng ny l cung cp mt tp ti thiu cc th vin cho php mt ng dng Java
chy trn thit b di ng. N cung cp c s cho tng Hin trng, tng ny s cha
nhiu API chuyn bit hn.
Cc CLDC API c nh ngha vi s hp tc vi 18 cng ty l b phn ca JCP
(Java Community Process). Nhm ny gip bo m rng cc API c nh ngha s
hu dng v thit thc cho c nh pht trin ln nh sn xut thit b di ng. Cc
c t ca JCP c gn cc s JSR (Java Specification Request). Quy nh CLDC
phin bn 1.0 c gn s JSR - 30.
2.a CLDC Connected Limited Device Configuration
Phm vi: nh ngha cc th vin ti thiu v cc API.
nh ngha:
*
*
*
*
*
*

Tng thch ngn ng JVM

Cc th vin li
I/O
Mng
Bo mt
Quc t ha

Khng nh ngha:
*
*
*
*

Chu k sng ng dng

Giao din ngi dng
Qun l s kin
Giao din ng dng v ngi dng

Cc lp li Java c bn, input/output, mng, v bo mt c nh ngha trong

CLDC. Cc API hu dng hn nh giao din ngi dng v qun l s kin c dnh
cho hin trng MIDP.
J2ME l mt phin bn thu nh ca J2SE, s dng t b nh hn n c th thch
hp vi cc thit b di ng b gii hn b nh. Mc tiu ca J2ME l mt tp con
100% tng thch ca J2SE.

Hnh 3 biu din mi lin h gia J2SE v J2ME (CDC, v CLDC).

2.b S khc nhau gia J2ME v J2SE.
Cc im khc nhau l do mt trong hai l do. Do lp Java b b i gim kch

thc ca J2ME hoc do lp b b bi v n nh hng n s an ton, bo mt ca

thit b di ng hay ca cc ng dng khc trn thit b di ng (c th dn n pht
trin virus).
im khc bit chnh l khng c php ton s thc. Khng c JNI (JavaNative
Interface Support) do bn khng th truy xut cc chng trnh khc c vit
bng ngn ng ca thit b (nh C hay C++). Tuyn on (thread) c cho php
nhng khng c cc nhm tuyn on (thread group) v cc daemon thread.
CLDC nh ngha mt m hnh an ton, bo mt c thit k bo v thit b di
ng, KVM, v cc ng dng khc khi cc m ph hoi. Hai b phn c nh
ngha bi CLDC ny l b tin kim tra v m hnh sandbox.

Hnh 4 biu din cch m b tin kim tra v b kim tra lm vic vi nhau kim
tra m chng trnh Java trc khi chuyn n cho KVM.
Nh cp trc y, cc tp tin lp c gn nhn bng mt thuc tnh trn
my trm ca nh pht trin. Thuc tnh ny sau c kim tra bi b tin kim
tra trc khi m chng trnh c giao cho KVM hay b bin dch m bytecode.
Mt b phn khc ca bo mt trong CLDC l m hnh sandbox.

Hnh 5 biu din khi nim m hnh sandbox

Hnh trn cho thy ng dng J2ME t trong mt sandbox c ngha l n b gii hn

truy xut n ti nguyn ca thit b v khng c truy xut n My o Java hay

b np chng trnh. ng dng c truy xut n cc API ca CLDC v MIDP. ng
dng c truy xut ti nguyn ca thit b di ng (cc cng, m thanh, b rung,
cc bo hiu,) ch khi nh sn xut in thoi di ng cung cp cc API tng ng.
Tuy nhin, cc API ny khng phi l mt phn ca J2ME.
Th h k tip ca CLDC l c t JSR - 139 v c gi l CLDC th h k tip
(Next Generation). N s nhm n cc vn nh nng cao vic qun l li v c
th php ton s thc.
3 MIDP (Mobile Information Device Profile)
Tng J2ME cao nht l tng hin trng v mc ch ca n l nh ngha cc API cho
cc thit b di ng. Mt thit b di ng c th h tr nhiu hin trng. Mt hin
trng c th p t thm cc gii hn trn cc loi thit b di ng (nh nhiu b nh
hn hay phn gii mn hnh cao hn). Hin trng l tp cc API hu dng hn cho
cc ng dng c th. Lp trnh vin c th vit mt ng dng cho mt hin trng c
th v khng cn quan tm n n chy trn thit b no.
Hin ti hin trng c cng b l MIDP (Mobile Information Profile) vi c t JSR 37. C 22 cng ty l thnh vin ca nhm chuyn gia to ra chun MIDP.
MIDP cung cp cc API cho php thay i trng thi chu k sng ng dng, ha
(mc cao v mc thp), tuyn on, timer, lu tr bn vng (persistent storage), v
mng.
N khng nh ngha cch m ng dng c np trong thit b di ng. l trch
nhim ca nh sn xut. N cng khng nh ngha bt k loi m hnh bo mt
end-to-end no, vn cn thit cho ng dng kinh doanh nhn s th tn dng ca
ngi dng. N cng khng bt buc nh sn xut cch m lp MIDP c thc hin.
Tng bc lp trnh cho in thoi di ng J2ME - Phn 2

1/ MIDlet
Cc ng dng J2ME c gi l MIDlet (Mobile Information Device applet).

Hnh 1. MIDlet
Thng bo import dng truy xut cc lp ca CLDC v MIDP.
Lp chnh ca ng dng c nh ngha l lp k tha lp MIDlet ca MIDP. C th
ch c mt lp trong ng dng k tha lp ny. Lp MIDlet c trnh qun l ng
dng trn in thoi di ng dng khi ng, dng, v tm dng MIDlet (v d,
trong trng hp c cuc gi n).
1.1 B khung MIDlet (MIDlet Skeleton)
Mt MIDlet l mt lp Java k tha (extend) ca lp tru tng
java.microedition.midlet.MIDlet v thc thi (implement) cc phng thc startApp(),
pauseApp(), v destroyApp().

Hnh 2 biu din b khung yu cu ti thiu cho mt ng dng MIDlet

1) Pht biu import

Cc pht biu import c dng include cc lp cn thit t cc th vin CLDC v

MIDP.
2) Phn chnh ca MIDlet
MIDlet c nh ngha nh mt lp k tha lp MIDlet. Trong v d ny
MIDletExample l bt u ca ng dng.
3) Hm to (Constructor)
Hm to ch c thc thi mt ln khi MIDlet c khi to ln u tin. Hm to s
khng c gi li tr phi MIDlet thot v sau khi ng li.
4) startApp()
Phng thc startApp() c gi bi b qun l ng dng khi MIDlet c khi to,
v mi khi MIDlet tr v t trng thi tm dng. Ni chung, cc bin ton cc s
c khi to li tr hm to bi v cc bin c gii phng trong hm
pauseApp(). Nu khng th chng s khng c khi to li bi ng dng.
5) pauseApp()
Phng thc pauseApp() c gi bi b qun l ng dng mi khi ng dng cn
c tm dng (v d, trong trng hp c cuc gi hoc tin nhn n). Cch thch
hp s dng pauseApp() l gii phng ti nguyn v cc bin dnh cho cc
chc nng khc trong in thoi trong khi MIDlet c tm dng. Cn ch rng khi
nhn cuc gi n h iu hnh trn in thoi di ng c th dng KVM thay v
dng MIDlet. Vic ny khng c cp trong MIDP m l do nh sn xut
quyt nh s chn cch no.
6) destroyApp()
Phng thc destroyApp() c gi khi thot MIDlet. (v d khi nhn nt exit trong
ng dng). N ch n thun l thot MIDlet. N khng tht s xa ng dng khi
in thoi di ng. Phng thc destroyApp() ch nhn mt tham s Boolean. Nu
tham s ny l true, MIDlet c tt v iu kin. Nu tham s l false, MIDlet c
thm ty chn t chi thot bng cch nm ra mt ngoi l
MIDletStateChangeException.
Tm tt cc trng thi khc nhau ca MIDlet:
To (Created) Hm to MIDletExample() c gi mt mt ln
Hot ng (Active) Phng thc startApp() c gi khi chng trnh bt u hay
sau khi tm dng
Tm dng (Paused) Phng thc pauseApp() c gi. C th nhn cc s kin
timer.
Hy (Destroyed) Phng thc destroy() c gi.
1.2 Chu k sng ca MIDlet (MIDlet lifecycle)

Hnh 3 biu din chu k sng ca MIDlet

Khi ngi dng yu cu khi ng ng dng MIDlet, b qun l ng dng s thc thi
MIDlet (thng qua lp MIDlet). Khi ng dng thc thi, n s c xem l ang
trng thi tm dng. B qun l ng dng gi hm to v hm startApp(). Hm
startApp() c th c gi nhiu ln trong sut chu k sng ca ng dng. Hm
destroyApp() ch c th gi t trng thi hot ng hay tm dng.
Lp trnh vin cng c th iu khin trng thi ca MIDlet.
Cc phng thc dng iu khin cc trng thi ca MIDlet:
resumeRequest(): Yu cu vo ch hot ng
V d: Khi MIDlet tm dng, v mt s kin timer xut hin.
notifyPaused(): Cho bit MIDlet t nguyn chuyn sang trng thi tm dng
V d: Khi i mt s kin timer.
notifyDestroyed(): Sn sng hy
V d: X l nt nhn Exit
Lp trnh vin c th yu cu tm dng MIDlet trong khi i mt s kin timer ht
hn. Trong trng hp ny, phng thc notifyPaused() s c dng yu cu b
qun l ng dng chuyn ng dng sang trng thi tm dng.
1.3 Tp tin JAR
Cc lp bin dch ca ng dng MIDlet c ng gi trong mt tp tin JAR (Java
Archive File). y chnh l tp tin JAR c download xung in thoi di ng.
Tp tin JAR cha tt c cc tp tin class t mt hay nhiu MIDlet, cng nh cc ti
nguyn cn thit. Hin ti, MIDP ch h tr nh dng hnh .png (Portable Network
Graphics). Tp tin JAR cng cha tp tin k khai (manifest file) m t ni dung ca
MIDlet cho b qun l ng dng. N cng phi cha cc tp tin d liu m MIDlet
cn. Tp tin JAR l ton b ng dng MIDlet. MIDlet c th load v triu gi cc
phng thc t bt k lp no trong tp tin JAR, trong MIDP, hay CLDC. N khng
th truy xut cc lp khng phi l b phn ca tp tin JAR hay vng dng chung
ca thit b di ng.
1.4 Tp tin k khai (manifest) v tp tin JAD

Tp tin k khai (manifest.mf) v tp tin JAD (Java Application Descriptor) m t cc

c im ca MIDlet. S khc bit ca hai tp tin ny l tp tin k khai l mt phn
ca tp tin JAR cn tp tin JAD khng thuc tp tin JAR. u im ca tp tin JAD l
cc c im ca MIDlet c th c xc nh trc khi download tp tin JAR. Ni
chung, cn t thi gian download mt tp tin vn bn nh hn l download mt
tp tin JAR. Nh vy, nu ngi dng mun download mt ng dng khng c
thit b di ng h tr (v d, MIDP 2.0), th qu trnh download s b hy b thay v
phi i download ht ton b tp tin JAR.
M t ni dung ca tp tin JAR:
Cc trng yu cu
Manifest-Version // Phin bn tp tin Manifest
MIDlet-Name // Tn b MIDlet (MIDlet suite)
MIDlet-Version // Phin bn b MIDlet
MIDlet-Vendor // Nh sn xut MIDlet
MIDlet- for each MIDlet // Tn ca MIDlet
MicroEdtion-Profile // Phin bn hin trng
MicroEdtion-Configuration // Phin bn cu hnh
V d mt tp tin manifest.mf:

MIDlet-Name: CardGames
MIDlet-Version: 1.0.0
MIDlet-Vendor: Sony Ericsson
MIDlet-Description: Set of Card Games
MIDlet-Info-URL: http://www.semc.com/games
MIDlet-Jar-URL: http://www.semc.com/j2me/games
MIDlet-Jar-Size: 1063
MicroEdtion-Profile: MIDP-1.0
MicroEdtion-Configuration: CLDC-1.0
MIDlet-1: Solitaire, /Sol.png, com.semc.Solitaire
MIDlet-2: BlackJack, /Blkjk.png, com.semc.BlackJack

Tp tin JAD cha cng thng tin nh tp tin manifest. Nhng n nm ngoi tp tin
JAR.
Cc thuc tnh MIDlet-Name, MIDlet-Version, v MIDlet-Vendor phi c lp li
trong tp tin JAD v JAR. Cc thuc tnh khc khng cn phi lp li. Gi tr trong tp
tin m t s gi tr ca tp tin manifest.
1.5 B MIDlet (MIDlet Suite)
Mt tp cc MIDlet trong cng mt tp tin JAR c gi l mt b MIDlet (MIDlet
suite). Cc MIDlet trong mt b MIDlet chia s cc lp, cc hnh nh, v d liu lu
tr bn vng. cp nht mt MIDlet, ton b tp tin JAR phi c cp nht.

Hnh 4 biu din hai b MIDlet

Trong hnh trn, mt b MIDlet cha MIDlet1, MIDlet2, v MIDlet3. B kia ch cha
MIDlet4. Ba MIDlet trong b u tin truy xut cc lp v d liu ca nhau nhng
khng truy xut n cc lp hay d liu ca MIDlet4. Ngc li, MIDlet4 cng khng
truy xut c cc lp, hnh nh, v d liu ca chng.
Tng bc lp trnh cho in thoi di ng J2ME - Phn 3

Bi 3 - ha trong J2ME
1 ha (Graphic)

1.1 ha mc thp (low level) v mc cao (high level)

Cc lp MIDP cung cp hai mc ha: ha mc thp v ha mc cao. ha
mc cao dng cho vn bn hay form. ha mc thp dng cho cc ng dng tr
chi yu phi v ln mn hnh.
Hnh 1 biu din hai mc ha:

Hnh 1 . Hai mc ha
C hai lp ha mc thp v mc cao u l lp con ca lp Displayble. Trong
MIDP, ch c th c mt lp displayable trn mn hnh ti mt thi im. C th nh
ngha nhiu mn hnh nhng mt ln ch hin th c mt mn hnh.
1.1.a ha mc cao (High Level Graphics) (Lp Screen) ha mc cao l
lp con ca lp Screen. N cung cp cc thnh phn nh text box, form, list, v
alert. Ta t iu khin sp xp cc thnh phn trn mn hnh. Vic sp xp tht s
ph thuc vo nh sn xut.
1.1.b ha mc thp (Lp Canvas) ha mc thp l lp con ca lp Canvas.
Lp ny cung cp cc phng thc ha cho php v ln mn hnh hay vo mt b
m hnh cng vi cc phng thc x l s kin bn phm. Lp ny dng cho cc
ng dng tr chi cn iu khin nhiu v mn hnh.
Hnh 2 biu din phn cp lp ha:

Hnh 2 . Phn cp lp ha
Form c th l kiu ha hu dng nht ca cc lp Screen v n cho php cha
nhiu item khc nhau. Nu s dng cc lp khc (TextBox, List) th ch c mt item
c hin th bi v chng u l i tng Displayable v do ch c th c mt i
tng Displayable c hin th ti mt thi im. Form cho php cha nhiu item
khc nhau (DateField, TextField, Gauge, ImageItem, TextItem, ChoiceGroup).
1.2 ha mc cao
L cc i tng ca lp Screen
1.2.a TextBox
Lp TextBox cho php ngi dng nhp v son tho vn bn. Lp trnh vin c th
nh ngha s k t ti a, gii hn loi d liu nhp (s hc, mt khu, email,) v
hiu chnh ni dung ca textbox. Kch thc tht s ca textbox c th nh hn yu
cu khi thc hin thc t (do gii hn ca thit b). Kch thc tht s ca textbox c
th ly bng phng thc getMaxSize().
1.2.b Form
Form l lp hu dng nht ca cc lp Screen bi v n cho php cha nhiu item
trn cng mt mn hnh. Cc item c th l DateField, TextField, ImageItem,
TextItem, ChoiceGroup.
1.2.c List
Lp List l mt Screen cha danh sch cc la chn chng hn nh cc radio button.
Ngi dng c th tng tc vi list v chn mt hay nhiu item.
1.2.d Alert
Alert hin th mt mn hnh pop-up trong mt khong thi gian. Ni chung n dng
cnh bo hay bo li. Thi gian hin th c th c thit lp bi ng dng. Alert
c th c gn cc kiu khc nhau (alarm, confirmation, error, info, warning), cc
m thanh tng ng s c pht ra.
1.3 Form v cc Form Item
S dng form cho php nhiu item khc nhau trong cng mt mn hnh. Lp trnh
vin khng iu khin s sp xp cc item trn mn hnh. Sau khi nh ngha i
tng Form, sau s thm vo cc item.

Mi item l mt lp con ca lp Item.

1.3.a String Item
Public class StringItem extends Item
StringItem ch l mt chui hin th m ngi dng khng th hiu chnh. Tuy nhin,
c nhn v ni dung caStringItem c th c hiu chnh bi ng dng.
1.3.b Image Item
public class ImageItem extends Item
ImageItem cho php thm vo hnh form. ImageItem cha tham chiu n mt i
tng Image phi c to trc .
1.3.c Text Field
public class TextField extends Item
TextField cho php ngi dng nhp vn bn. N c th c gi tr khi to, kch
thc ti a, v rng buc nhp liu. Kch thc tht s c th nh hn yu cu do
gii hn ca thit b di ng.
1.3.d Date Field
public class DateField extends Item
DateField cho php ngi dng nhp thng tin ngy thng v thi gian. C th xc
nh gi tr khi to v ch nhp ngy thng (DATE), thi gian (TIME), hoc c
hai.
1.3.e Choice Group
public class ChoiceGroup extends Item Implements Choice
ChoiceGroup cung cp mt nhm cc radio-button hay checkbox cho php la chn
n hay la chn nhiu.
1.3.f Gauge
public class Gauge extends Item
Lp Gauge cung cp mt hin th thanh (bar display) ca mt gi tr s hc. Gauge
c th c tnh tng tc hoc khng. Nu mt gauge l tng tc th ngi dng c
th thay i gi tr ca tham s qua gauge. Gauge khng tng tc ch n thun l
hin th.
1.4 Ticker
Mt mn hnh c th c mt ticker l mt chui vn bn chy lin tc trn mn hnh.
Hng v tc l do thc t qui nh. Nhiu mn hnh c th chia s cng mt
ticker.
V d:
Ticker myTicker = new Ticker(Useful Information);
MainScreen = new Form(Main Screen);
MainScreen.setTicker(myTicker);

Ticker(String str)
public class Ticker extends Object
Tng bc lp trnh cho in thoi di ng J2ME - Phn 4

1 Lu tr bn ghi (Record Store)

Lu tr bn ghi cho php lu d liu khi ng dng thot, khi ng li v khi thit b
di ng tt hay thay pin. D liu lu tr bn ghi s tn ti trn thit b di ng cho
n khi ng dng tht s c xa khi thit b di ng. Khi mt MIDlet b xa, tt
c cc lu tr bn ghi ca n cng b xa.
Hnh 1 minh ha d liu lu tr bn ghi vi MIDlet

Nh trong hnh, cc MIDlet c th c nhiu hn mt tp lu tr bn ghi, chng ch c

th truy xut d liu lu tr bn ghi cha trong b MIDlet ca chng. Do , MIDlet
1 v MIDlet 2 c th truy xut d liu trong Record Store 1 v Record Store 2 nhng
chng khng th truy xut d liu trong Record Store3. Ngc li, MIDlet 3 ch c
th truy xut d liu trong Record Store 3 v khng th truy xut d liu d liu
trong Record Store 1 v Record Store 2. Tn ca cc lu tr bn ghi phi l duy nht
trong mt b MIDlet nhng cc b khc nhau c th dng trng tn.
Cc bn ghi trong mt lu tr bn ghi c sp xp thnh cc mng byte. Cc mng
byte khng c cng chiu di v mi mng byte c gn mt s ID bn ghi.

Cc bn ghi c nh danh bng mt s ID bn ghi (record ID) duy nht. Cc s ID

bn ghi c gn theo th t bt u t 1. Cc s s khng c dng li khi mt
bn ghi b xa do s tn ti cc khong trng trong cc ID bn ghi. c t MIDP
khng nh ngha chuyn g xy ra khi t n s ID bn ghi ti a, iu ny ph
thuc vo ng dng.
1.1 nh dng (Format), Thm (Add) v Xa (Delete) cc bn ghi
Thm bn ghi gm hai bc. Bc u tin l nh dng bn ghi theo nh dng yu
cu v bc tip theo l thm bn ghi nh dng vo lu tr bn ghi. S tun t
ha (serialization) d liu lu tr bn ghi khng c h tr, do lp trnh vin
phi nh nh dng cc mng byte xy dng d liu lu tr bn ghi
Sau y l v d ca vic nh dng d liu bn ghi, m mt lu tr bn ghi v sau
thm d liu bn ghi vo lu tr bn ghi
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
DataOutputStream outputStream = new DataOutputStream(baos);
outputStream.writeByte(T); // byte [0] Th ch loi bn ghi
outputStream.writeInt(score); // byte [1] n [4]
outputStream.writeUTF(name); // byte [5] n 2 + name.length
byte[] theRecord = boas.toByteArray();
recordStore rs = null;
rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(RecordStoreName, CreateIfNoExist);
int RecordID = rs.addRecord(theRecord, 0, theRecord.length);
Hnh 2. Thm bn ghi

1.1.a nh dng d liu bn ghi

Trong v d trn, hai dng u to mt lung xut gi d liu bn ghi. S dng
i tng DataOutputStream (bc mng byte) cho php cc bn ghi d dng c
nh dng theo cc kiu chun ca Java (long, int, string,) m khng phi quan
tm n tch n thnh d liu byte. Phng thc writeByte(), writeInt(), v
writeUTF() nh dng d liu nh trong hnh (tag, score, name). S dng th (tag)
lm byte u tin c ch xc nh loi bn ghi sau ny. Phng thc toByteArray()
chp d liu trong lung xut thnh mt mng byte cha bn ghi lu tr. Bin
theRecord l tham chiu n d liu nh dng.
1.1.b Thm d bn ghi nh dng vo lu tr bn ghi
Khi d liu c nh dng, n c th c thm vo lu tr bn ghi. Pht biu
openRecordStore() to v m mt lu tr bn ghi vi tn l RecordStoreName. Pht
biu addRecord() thm bn khi (bt u bng byte 0 ca theRecord) v tr v ID
bn ghi gn vi record ny.
1.1.c Xa bn ghi

Bn ghi c xa bng cch chuyn s ID bn ghi cho phng thc deleteRecord()

ca i tng RecordStore.
V d, bn ghi 7 b xa bng phng thc deleteRecord(), nu mt bn ghi khc c
thm vo th s ID bn ghi s l 8 v ID bn ghi 7 s khng c dng li.
1.2 Lc cc bn ghi (Filtering Records)
Giao din RecordFilter cung cp mt cch thun tin lc cc bn ghi theo tiu
chun ca lp trnh vin. RecordEnumeration c th c dng duyt qua cc bn
ghi v ch tr v cc record ph hp vi tiu chun xc nh. Giao din RecordFilter
c phng thc matches() dng xc nh tiu chun ph hp. Phng thc
matches() c mt tham s u vo l mng byte biu din mt bn ghi. Phng thc
phi tr v true nu bn ghi ny ph hp vi tiu chun nh ngha.
Hnh 3 minh ha v d cch s dng giao din RecordFilter

Hnh 3. Lc bn ghi
class IntegerFilter implements RecordFilter {
public boolean matches(byte[] candidate) throws IlleegalArgumentException {
return(candidate[0] == T);
}
Trong v d trn, lp IntegerFilter c dng lc ra tt c cc bn ghi c T byte
u tin. Nh rng cc bn ghi khng phi c cng nh dng. Do c byte u
tin lm th (tag) rt c ch. Phng thc matches() ch tr v true nu byte u
tin l T.
1.3 Sp xp cc bn ghi
Cc bn ghi trong mt lu tr bn ghi c th c sp xp theo th t do lp trnh
vin nh ngha. Vic sp xp c thc hin thng qua giao din RecordComparator.
Duyt k qua cc bn ghi s tr v cc bn ghi theo th t sp xp nh ngha.
Giao din RecordComparator c phng thc compare() phi c implement
nh ngha cch hai bn ghi so snh theo th t. Cc tham s u vo l hai mng
byte biu din hai bn ghi. Phng thc compare() phi tr v mt trong ba gi tr:
EQUIVALENT: Hai bn khi c xem l ging nhau
FOLLOWS: Bn ghi u tin c th t theo sau bn khi th hai.
PRECEDES: Bn ghi u tin c th t ng trc bn ghi th hai.
V d sp xp cc bn ghi s dng giao din RecordComparator
class IntegerCompare implements RecordComparator {
public int compare(byte[] b1, byte[] b2) {

DataInputStream is1 = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(b1));

DataInputStream is2 = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(b2));
is1.skip(1);
is2.skip(2);
int i1 = is1.readInt();
int i2 = is2.readInt();
if (i1 > i2) return RecordComparator.FOLLOWS;
if (i1 < i2) return RecordComparator.PRECEDES;
return RecordComparator.EQUIVALENT;
}
}
Trong v d trn, cc bn ghi c sp xp da trn gi tr s nguyn cha trong 4
byte sau byte th u tin. Tham s b1 v b2 biu din hai bn ghi c chuyn cho
phng thc compare(). S dng phng thc DataInputStream() cho php s dng
cc kiu d liu chnh ca Java (int, long, String) thay v phi thao tc trc tip vi
d liu byte. Phng thc skip() b qua byte th u tin trong mi lung. Phng
thc readInt() c s nguyn trc tip t lung nhp. Dng cui cng so snh cc s
nguyn v tr v gi tr (FOLLOWS, PRECEDES, v EQUIVALENT). Nh vy th t
sp xp ca ton b bn ghi s c xc nh bi gi tr ca cc s nguyn.
1.4 Lit k (Enumerate) cc bn ghi
Lit k qua cc bn ghi trong lu tr bn ghi c thc hin bng cch dng giao
din RecordEnumeration kt hp vi cc lp RecordFilter v RecordComparator. Lp
RecordEnumerator gi th t lun l ca cc bn ghi. Lp RecordFilter nh ngha tp
con ca cc bn ghi t lu tr bn ghi s c sp xp. RecordComparator nh
ngha th t sp xp ca cc bn ghi. Nu RecordFilter khng c dng th tt c
cc bn ghi trong lu tr bn ghi s c dng. Nu RecordComparator khng c
dng th cc bn ghi s c tr v theo th t ngu nhin.
B lit k c th c thit lp cp nht khi cc bn ghi thay i hoc n c th c
thit lp b qua cc thay i v c cp nht th cng sau. Nu s lit k c cp
nht t ng mi khi thm hoc xa bn ghi, th n c th lm chm hiu sut ca
ng dng. Tuy nhin, nu cc bn ghi b xa th b lit k c th tr v cc bn ghi
khng hp l nu n cha c cp nht. Gii php l t c cc bn ghi ang c
thay i v sau gi phng thc rebuilt() xy dng li b lit k mt cch th
cng.
Cc bn ghi duyt bng cch dng phng thc nextRecord(). Ln u tin c gi
n s tr v bn ghi u tin trong tp lit k. Ln gi k tip n s tr v bn ghi k
tip theo th t sp xp lun l.
V d biu din qu trnh lit k bn ghi
IntegerFilter iFilt = new IntegerFilter();
IntegerCompare iCompare = new IntegerCompare();
RecordEnumeration intRecEnum = null;
intRecEnum = recordStore.enumerateRecords((RecordFilter)iFilt,
(RecordComparator)iCompare, false);
while (intRecEnum.hasNextElement()) {
byte b[] = intRecEnum.nextRecord();
}

// intRecEnum = recordStore(null, null, false);

Trong v d trn, mt i tng IntegerFilter v IntegerCompare c to ra.
IntegerFilter s ch tr v cc bn ghi cha trng s nguyn. IntegerCompare s
sp xp cc bn ghi theo th t s hc.
B lit k bn ghi c nh ngha v c khi to bng output ca phng thc
enumerateRecords() ca lp RecordStore.
Phng thc enumerateRecords() c ba tham s. Tham s u tin l tham chiu i
tng lc (iFilt). Tham s th hai l tham chiu n i tng sp xp (iCompare).
Tham s cui cng l mt gi tr boolean xc nh b lit k c c cp nht khi cc
bn ghi thay i, thm, xa hay khng.
Vng lp while() ch cch duyt cc bn ghi theo th t yu cu. Vng lp while() s
tip tc min l b lit k cn cha mt bn ghi.
Dng cui cng biu din v d cch duyt tt c bn ghi theo th t ngu nhin.
Nh ta thy, cc hai tham s lc v so snh u c t l null.
Tng bc lp trnh cho in thoi di ng J2ME - Phn 5

1 Lp trnh mng
1.1 Khung mng CLDC tng qut (Generic CLDC Networking Framework)
Mng cho php client di ng gi v nhn d liu n server. N cho php thit b di
ng s dng cc ng dng nh tm kim c s d liu, tr chi trc tuyn Trong
J2ME, mng c chia lm hai phn. Phn u tin l khung c cung cp bi CLDC
v phn hai l cc giao thc tht s c nh ngha trong cc hin trng.
CLDC cung cp mt khung tng qut thit lp kt ni mng. tng l n l a
ra mt khung m cc hin trng khc nhau s s dng. Khung CLDC khng nh
ngha giao thc tht s. Cc giao thc s c nh ngha trong cc hin trng.
Hnh 1 biu din cch m khung CLDC lm vic:

Hnh 1. Khung mng CLDC tng qut

Kt ni mng c xy dng bng phng thc open() ca lp Connector trong
CLDC. Phng thc open() nhn mt tham s u vo l chui. Chui ny dng
xc nh giao thc. nh dng ca chui l:
protocol:address;parameters
CLDC ch xc nh tham s l mt chui nhng n khng nh ngha bt k giao thc
tht s no. Cc hin trng c th nh ngha cc giao thc kt ni nh HTTP,
socket, cng truyn thng, datagram, Phng thc open() tr v mt i tng
Connector. i tng ny sau c th ng vai tr l mt giao thc xc nh c
nh ngha trong hin trng.
Connector.open(:
;);
Mt s giao thc v d (nhng khng c h tr bi CLDC hay MIDP):
Socket: Connector.open(socket://199.3.122.21:1511);
Comm port: Connector.open(comm:0;baudrate=9600);
Datagram: Connector.open(Datagram://19.3.12.21:1511);
Files: Connector.open(file:/filename.txt);
MIDP h tr giao thc HTTP:
HTTP: Connector.open(http://www.sonyericsson.com);
Tr v mt i tng Connection
V d trn minh ha kt ni socket, cng truyn thng, datagram, file v HTTP. Tt
c cc kt ni mng u c cng nh dng, khng quan tm n giao thc tht s.
N ch khc nhau chui chuyn cho phng thc open(). Phng thc open() s tr
v mt i tng Connection ng vai tr l lp giao thc (v d. HttpConnection)
c th s dng cc phng thc cho giao thc . J2ME ch nh ngha mt kt ni l
kt ni HTTP trong MIDP.
1.2 Cc lp giao din kt ni (Connection Interface Class)
Dn xut t lp Connection l nhiu lp giao din con cung cp khung kt ni mng.
Cc giao din khc nhau h tr cc loi thit b di ng khc nhau.

Hnh 2 . Cc lp kt ni
Sau y l m t cc giao din kt ni c nh ngha trong CLDC
StreamConnectionNotifier
Giao dinStreamConnectionNotifier c dng khi i mt kt ni pha server c
thit lp. Phng thc acceptAndOpen() b chn cho n khi client thit lp kt ni.
Giao din DatagramConnection
Kt ni datagram cung cp kiu truyn thng gi khng chng thc. Datagram cha
gi d liu v a ch. Chui a ch c nh dng sau:
datagram:[//{host}]:{port}
Nu tham s host c xc nh, th datagram m kt ni ch client. Nu tham
s host khng c xc nh, th datagram c m ch server
c = Connector.open("datagram://192.365.789.100:1234"); // Ch client
c = Connector.open("datagram://:1234"); // Ch server
Giao din InputConnection
Giao din InputConnection dng thc hin mt lung nhp tun t d liu ch c.
Giao din OutputConnection
Giao din OutputConnection dng thc hin mt lung xut d liu ch vit.
Giao din StreamConnection
Giao din StreamConnection l kt hp ca c hai giao din InputConnection v
OutputConnection. N dng cho cc thit b di ng c truyn thng hai chiu.
Giao din ContentConnection
Giao din ContentConnection k tha giao din StreamConnection v thm vo cc
phng thc getType(), getEncoding(), v getLength(). N cung cp c s cho giao
din HttpConnection ca MIDP.
Giao din HttpConnection
Giao din HttpConnection c nh ngha trong MIDP v k tha giao din
ContentConnection ca CLDC. Giao din ny cung cp cc phng thc thit lp mt
kt ni HTTP.
1.3 Kt ni HTTP
Hin trng MIDP h tr kt ni HTTP phin bn 1.1 thng qua giao din
HttpConnection. H tr GET, POST, HEAD ca HTTP. Yu cu GET (GET request)
c dng ly d liu t server v y l phng thc mc nh. Yu cu POST
dng gi d liu n server. Yu cu HEAD tng t nh GET nhng khng c d
liu tr v t server. N c th dng kim tra tnh hp l ca mt a ch URL.
Phng thc open() ca lp Connector dng m kt ni. Phng thc open() tr
v mt i tng Connection sau c th ng vai tr l mt HttpConnection cho

php dng tt c cc phng thc ca HttpConnection.

Mt kt ni HTTP c th mt trong ba trng thi khc nhau: Thit lp (Setup), Kt
ni (Connectd), hay ng (Close).
Trong trng thi Thit lp, kt ni cha c to. Phng thc setRequestMethod()
v setRequestProperty() ch c th c dng trong trng thi thit lp. Chng c
dng thit lp phng thc yu cu (GET, POST, HEAD) v thit lp thuc tnh
HTTP (v d. User-Agent). Khi s dng mt phng thc yu cu gi d liu n hay
nhn d liu v t server s lm cho kt ni chuyn sang trng thi Kt ni. Gi
phng thc close() s lm cho kt ni chuyn sang trng thi ng.
Hnh 3 minh ha cc trng thi kt ni khc nhau:

Hnh 3 . Cc trng thi kt ni HTTP

Lu rng gi bt k phng thc no lit k trn (v d. openInputStream(),
getLenght()) cng s lm cho kt ni chuyn sang trng thi Kt ni.
1.4 V d HTTP GET
Phng thc HTTP GET cho php ly d liu t server v l phng thc mc nh
nu khng xc nh phng thc trong trng thi Thit lp.
V d thc hin mt kt ni HTTP GET c bn:
void getViaHttpConnection(String url) throws IOException {
HttpConnection c = null; InputStream is = null;
try {
c = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url); // M kt ni HTTP
is = c.openInputStream(); // M Input Stream, mc nh GET
type = c.getType();
int len = (int)c.getLength();
if (len > 0) {
byte[] data = new byte[len];
int numBytes = is.read[data]; // Nu bit chiu di
processData(data);
} else {
int ch;
while ((ch = is.read()) != -1) { // c n khi no gp -1
stringBuffer.append((char)ch);
}
processBuffer(stringBuffer);

}
} finally {
if (is != null) is.close();
if (c != null) c.close();
}
}
getViaHttpConnection() nhn mt chui l tham s u vo, l a ch a ch URL
chuyn cho phng thc open() ca lp Connection. Phng thc open() tr v mt
i tng Connection ng vai tr l mt lp HttpConnection. Phng thc
openInputStream() s lm cho kt ni chuyn sang trng thi Kt ni. V khng c
yu cu phng thc no, kt ni s mc nh l mt kt ni HTTP GET.
Phng thc getLength() s tr v chiu di ca d liu gi t server. Nu bit c
chiu di, th bin len s cha chiu di d liu v ta c th c ton b khi d liu.
Nu khng th len s cha gi tr -1 v d liu phi c c tng k t mt cho n
khi gp nh du cui file (-1). Phng thc processData() v processBuffer() x l
d liu n t server. Khi lnh cui cng s ng tt c cc kt ni khng quan tm
n c li t khi lnh try trc hay khng.
1.5 V d HTTP POST
HTTP POST cho php gi d liu n server. D liu gi n server qua phng thc
GET ch gii hn l d liu cha a ch URL. Phng thc POST cho php gi mt
lung byte n server. Phng thc HTTP POST thc hin theo cch tng t vi
phng thc HTTP GET.
V d thc hin mt kt ni HTTP POST:
void getViaHttpConnection(String url) throws IOException {
HttpConnection c = null; InputStream is = null;
OutputStream os;
try {
c = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url); // M kt ni
// Thit lp phng thc POST
// trong khi vn trng thi Thit lp
c.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.POST);
// M lung output stream v chuyn sang trng thi Kt ni
os = c.openOutputStream();
// Chuyn i d liu thnh lung byte
// v gi n server
os.write(Data Sent to Server\n.getBytes());
int status = c.getResponseCode();
// Kim tra status
if (status != HttpConnection.HTTP_OK) throw new IOException(not OK);
int len = (int)c.getLength();
// Ging nh v d HTTP GET:
// Kim tra length v x l tng ng
} finally {
// ng kt ni ging nh v d HTTP GET
}
}
Nh v d trc, phng thc postViaHttpConnection() nhn tham s u vo l mt
chui l a ch URL c chuyn n phng thc open() ca lp Connection.
Phng thc open() tr v mt i tng Connection ng vai tr l mt lp
HttpConnection.

Kt ni by gi trong trng thi thit lp v phng thc yu cu c t l POST

bng phng thc setRequestMethod(). Tt c cc thuc tnh khc phi c thit
lp trong trng thi ny.
Phng thc openOutputStream() s lm cho kt ni chuyn sang trng thi Kt ni.
Phng thc write() v flush() s gi d liu n server.
on m cn li ging nh phng thc GET. Lung input c m, chiu di ca d
liu c kim tra, v d liu c c ton b khi hay tng k t mt ty vo
chiu di c tr v. Khi lnh cui cng s ng kt ni.
1.6 Triu gi CGI script
C hai phng thc GET v POST c th c dng triu gi CGI script (Common
Gateway Interface script) v cung cp d liu nhp. V d, mt MIDlet c mt form
cho ngi dng in d liu, sau c th gi d liu kt qu cho server CGI
script x l. CGI script c th c triu gi ging nh phng thc GET v POST.
Tn ca CGI script v d liu tham s nhp c th chuyn trong a ch URL. Nu cn
gi thm d liu cho server, th c th dng phng thc POST.
V d cc tham s c gi l mt phn ca URL:
url = http://www.asite.com/cgi-bin/getloca...=abc&zip=12345
Trong v d trn, a ch URL c th c chuyn nh l mt tham s ging nh
phng thc getViaHttpConnection() v d trc.
1.7 HTTP Request Header
Nh ta ni trc, HTTP request header phi c thit lp trng thi Thit lp
bng phng thc setRequestMethod() v setRequestProperty(). Phng thc
setRequestMethod() dng thit lp cc phng thc GET, POST, hoc HEAD.
Phng thc setRequestProperty() dng thit lp cc trng trong request
header. V d c th l Accept-Language, If-Modified-Since, User-Agent.
Phng thc getRequestMethod() v getRequestProperty() c th c dng ly
cc thuc tnh trn.
2 Wireless Messaging API
J2ME cha hu ht cc cu hnh v hin trng, kt hp vi nhau nh ngha mi
trng thc thi Java hon chnh cho cc thit b c ti nguyn gii hn.
Tuy nhin, i khi, cn phi c gi giao din lp trnh ng dng (Application
Programming Interface API), c th chi x bi cc ng dng chy trn cc hin
trng khc nhau. J2ME nh ngha API nh vy l cc gi ty chn (optional
package), l mt tp cc lp v cc ti nguyn khc c th c dng kt hp vi
hin trng.
Cng ging nh cc thnh phn ca J2ME, cc gi ty chn c nh ngha l yu
cu c t Java (Java Specification Request JSR) thng qua Java Community
Process. Mt trong nhng gi ty chn u tin cho J2ME l JSR 120, b API nhn tin
khng dy (Wireless Messaging API WMA), dng gi v nhn cc tin nhn vn
bn hoc nh phn ngn trn kt ni khng dy.

WMA da trn khung kt ni mng tng qut (GCF).

Cc tin nhn c gi v nhn vi WMA c gi trn cc mng khng dy ca in
thoi di ng v cc thit b tng t khc, c th l GSM hay CDMA. WMA h tr
Short Message Service (SMS) v Cell Broadcast Short Message Service (CBS). Mc
d tin nhn WMA tng t nh datagram, WMA khng s dng giao din datagram
c nh ngha bi GCF, giao din ny dng cho kt ni UDP. Thay vo , WMA
nh ngha mt tp giao din mi trong gi java.wireless.messaging.
gi hoc nhn tin nhn, ng dng trc ht phi to mt instance ca giao din
MessageConnection, s dng GCF connection factory. a ch URL chuyn cho
phng thc java.microedition.io.Connector.open() ch nh giao thc s dng (SMS
hoc CBS), v s in thoi ch, cng, hoc c hai. V d, y l nhng URL hp l:
sms://+417034967891
sms://+417034967891:5678
sms://:5678
cbs://:5678
URL trong hai dng u tin m kt ni client, ng dng kt ni n mt server vi
a ch thit b v cng ch nh. Nu cng khng ch nh, s dng cng nhn tin
mc nh ca ng dng. Dng URL th ba m mt kt ni server trn thit b, cho
php ng dng i v hi p tin nhn n t cc thit b khc. Dng cui cng cho
php ng dng lng nghi tin nhn broadcast t ngi iu hnh mng.
Sau y l mt v d n gin to mt kt ni SMS client:
import java.microedition.io.*;
import java.wireless.messaging.*;
.....
MessageConnection conn = null;
String url = "sms://+417034967891";
try {
conn = (MessageConnection) Connector.open( url );
// thc hin cng vic g
}
catch( Exception e ){
// x l li
}
finally {
if( conn != null ){
try { conn.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
}
}
gi tin nhn, s dng phng thc MessageConnection.newMessage() to mt
tin nhn rng, thit lp payload ca n (d liu vn bn hoc nh phn gi), v
triu gi phng thc MessageConnection.send():
public void sendText( MessageConnection conn, String text )
throws IOException, InterruptedIOException {
TextMessage msg = conn.newMessage( conn.TEXT_MESSAGE );
msg.setPayloadText( text );
conn.send( msg );
}

Gi d liu nh phn cng hon ton tng t:

public void sendBinary( MessageConnection conn, byte[] data )
throws IOException, InterruptedIOException {
BinaryMessage msg =conn.newMessage( conn.BINARY_MESSAGE );
msg.setPayloadData( data );
conn.send( msg );
}
D nhin, c gii hn lng d liu c th gi trong mt tin nhn. Thng thng, tin
nhn vn bn SMS b gii hn n 160 hoc 70 k t, tin nhn nh phn b gii hn
n 140 bytes.
Nhn tin nhn thm ch cn n gin hn: Sau khi m mt kt ni server, ng dng
gi phng thc receive() ca kt ni, phng thc ny s tr v tin nhn c trong
cng xc nh. Nu khng c tin nhn, phng thc s ng (block) cho n khi
c tin nhn, hoc cho n khi c mt thread khc ng kt ni:
import java.io.*;
import java.microedition.io.*;
import java.wireless.messaging.*;
MessageConnection conn = null;
String url = "sms://:5678"; // khng c s in thoi!
try {
conn = (MessageConnection) Connector.open( url );
while( true ){
Message msg = conn.receive(); // blocks
if( msg instanceof BinaryMessage ){
byte[] data =((BinaryMessage) msg).getPayloadData();
// thc hin cng vic g
} else {
String text =((TextMessage) msg).getPayloadText();
//thc hin cng vic g
}
}
}
catch( Exception e ){
//x l li
}
finally {
if( conn != null ){
try { conn.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
}
}
bo m tnh n nh ca chng trnh, vic gi v nhn thng ip nn giao cho
mt thread ring m nhn.
Tng bc lp trnh cho in thoi di ng J2ME - Phn 6

Lnh vc ng dng khng dy vi cng ngh Java

Khi qut
Cc ng dng Java cho cc thit b khng dy nh (MIDlet) s ng mt vai tr
c th l nh, cng c th l ln trong cc h thng phn mm phn tn. Khi ,

n s sinh ra mt dng phn mm client mi. Chng rt thch hp vi khi nim

thin-client, nhng do chng qu nh, yu cu phi c thm s phi hp lm vic hiu
qu vi cc thng tin c cung cp bi cc servlet v JSP, v c th l EJB ng
sau.
Ta s xem xt cc cng ngh Java ch cht pht trin ng dng khng dy trong
h thng doanh nghip. Ta cng s xt n cc kin trc h tr client khng dy
trong cc h thng doanh nghip.
Trong lc ny, dch v Web (Web service), c th s tr thnh mt phng tin vt
tri h tr cho phn mm client khng dy trong mt vi nm ti.
Cc phin bn Java 2
Nn tng Java 2 c chia thnh ba phin bn, mi phin bn h tr mt dng phn
mm trn cc h thng khc nhau.
Phin bn chun, hay J2SE (Java 2 platform, Standard Edition), l phin bn c nht
v thng dng nht. N h tr cc ng dng Java, applet, lp trnh desktop v cc
h thng ln hn ch yu l cho PC - c th c ni mng hoc khng ni mng.
Ngi ta thng thng s dng J2SE cho cc ng dng GUI n v console, cc
thnh phn middleware v cc dch v RMI.
Phin bn doanh nghip, hay J2EE (Java 2 platform, Enterprise Edition), m rng
phin bn chun vi cc API c cc tnh nng doanh nghip (enterprise features).
J2EE h tr Web service thng qua cc servlet v JSP, d liu bng JDBC, v cc h
thng giao tc ln thng qua EJB y l mt vi cng ngh chnh ca J2EE. Cc
thnh phn J2EE gn cht vi pha server ca cc h thng ln: kh nng x l
mnh, b nh v khng gian lu tr ln v c kh nng m rng.
Phin bn mi nht trong ba phin bn l phin bn thu nh, hay J2ME (Java 2
platform, Micro Edition). N h tr cc thit b micro a dng, m J2ME gi l cc
hin trng (profile) nhng tt c chng u km kh nng hn so vi my tnh c
nhn. Trong J2ME, sc mnh CPU, b nh, lu tr v kh nng kt ni u b hn
ch, c th l rt nghim ngt.
S cn thit ca J2ME
Th gii ca cc thit b di ng v cc thit b sub-PC khng c cc c tnh ging
nh trong lnh vc PC v server.
Ngoi ra, khng phi mi thit b trong lnh vc ny u cng lm mt vic. S khc
nhau v thit k v mc ch gia PDA, in thoi, v my nhn tin l rt ng k.
Bt k n mang li s i mi g cho th trng, th tnh a dng ca cc thit b ny
l mt c mng i vi cc lp trnh vin. Nu ti mun xy dng mt ng dng cho
in thoi di ng, ti c phi vit m li, xy dng li, v kim tra li cho mi thit
b hay khng? Nu ti mun xy dng mt client c kt ni mng, ti phi xt n
cc cng ngh kt ni no? v.v...
J2ME ra i nhm mc ch chnh l thit lp mt chun n m thng qua cc
nh pht trin c th to nn cc phn mm c tnh kh chuyn (portable) cho cc
thit b micro. Ngn ng Java l s la chn ng nhin cho lnh vc ny, bi v v

c bn n hng nhiu v tnh kh chuyn. Bng cch ny, Sun m nhn bi

ton ln v tnh a dng ca thit b mt mc tng qut, do cc nh pht trin
khng phi quan tm n vn ny na. Nu mi nh cung cp PDA, in thoi v
my nhn tin u thc hin J2ME cho thit b ca h, th chng ta c kh nng vit
chng trnh vit mt ln, chy mi ni (write once, run anywhere) trong lnh vc
micro, cng ging nh ta quen vi khi nim ny cc h thng my ln.
Hin trng thit b thng tin di ng (Mobile Information Device Profile)
Mc d khng phi ch c mt hng kin trc J2ME, nhng cc thit b di ng
khng dy dng nh dn dn cng quan tm n J2ME. Bao gm:
*
*
*
*
*

in thoi di ng
Tr t c nhn s (Personal Digital Assistant-PDA)
My nhn tin
Thit b c sch in t
Cc thit b point-of-sale

J2ME c t chc thnh cc mc, mi mc xc nh mt nh ngha tng dn ca

cc thit b ch. C nhiu la chn kin trc tn ti mi mc, v rng buc ty
chn cc mc cao hn. Lp trnh vin ch cn quan tm n hin trng (profile),
nh ngha cc API; cc nh thc hin J2ME cho thit b cn tp trung n mc VM
(Virtual Machine).
Hnh 1. Cc mc t chc J2ME

Cc c t cho cc thit b khng dy l Connected Limited Device Configuration hay

CLDC, v Mobile Information Device Profile hay MIDP. MIDP nh ngha cc c tnh
ti thiu ca thit b nh sau:
* B nh khng bay hi c dung lng 128K (ngha l, b nh c trng thi c gi
li khi thit b tt) dnh cho cc thnh phn MIDP, bao gm KVM, Core API v
chng trnh MIDP.
* 8K b nh khng bay hi dnh cho d liu bn vng ca ng dng.
* 32K b nh bay hi cho b nh ca chng trnh.
* Mn hnh hin th t nht l 96x54 pixel, c th ch l mt bit mu hay h tr nhiu
mu hoc mu mc xm.
* C ch nhp liu h tr t nht mt b phm s, hoc mt mn hnh cm ng c
kh nng cu hnh h tr nhp liu s.
* Kh nng kt ni mng khng dy hai chiu, vi bng thng hn ch v thng
thng l khng lin tc.
Nh vy cc thit b h tr MIDP cung cp mt nn tng chun cho cc phn mm
Java:

Hnh 2. Trin khai h thng J2ME

Cc kiu ng dng MIDP

Cc ng dng MIDP c gi l cc MIDlet. Hu ht cc MIDlet u mt trong hai
dng sau:
1. ng dng n (standalone application) c np hon ton vo thit b v c th
chy bt k lc no thit b c m, khng yu cu ti nguyn bn ngoi. Loi ny
bao gm:
* Cc ng dng PDA v ng dng organizer nh s a ch, danh sch cng vic v
lch hn.
* Cc cng c n gin nh my lm tnh (calculator)
* Tr chi
2. ng dng ni mng (networked application) c chia thnh t nht hai thnh
phn, mt thnh phn l client c trin khai trn thit b di ng. Thnh phn ny
s t c dng nu khng c kt ni n t nht mt server trn h thng. Server
thng l c t trong mi trng J2EE, v phc v bng Web hoc cc giao thc
Internet khc.
y, ta hy xt k thut ng client. Ta khng gi mt MIDlet l mt client ch n
gin l v n s dng kt ni mng MIDP v lin lc n cc thnh phn khc. Cu
hi l phn lun l li ca ng dng t u? MIDlet c m nhn hu ht vic
suy ngh v ch quan tm n mng hay khng? khng phi l client, tht vy
t nht l khng theo ng ngha trong ng cnh ca h thng enterprise. Mt client
l mt MIDlet da vo mt server suy ngh, lu tr, ti, x l, hay ni cch khc
l lm vic thay cho n.
Java 2 Enterprise Edition
Cc MIDlet client khng yu cu phi kt ni n cc server chy Java. Mt MIDlet
c th c vit to HTTP request n mt trang web c t trc, v n khng
cn quan tm l trang web c h tr bi ASP trn IIS, hay servlet trn
Apache/Tomcat,... Tuy nhin, trn thc t, khi ton b h thng phn tn c pht
trin mi, th Java nn c dng mi mc.
Phin bn Java doanh nghip, Java 2 Enterprise Edition, hay J2EE l mt tp cc
chun p dng cng ngh Java cho cc hot ng loi doanh nghip (enterpriseclass), v d nh:
*
*
*
*
*
*

Dch v HTTP, bao gm ng dng Web v dch v Web (Web service)

Lu tr v ly d liu t c s d liu quan h
X l giao tc trc tuyn
Thc hin i tng phn tn (bng CORBA)
Truyn thng ip tin cy gia server v cc tin trnh
X l ti liu XML

Ta xt thut ng Enterprise software (phn mm doanh nghip). y l mt thut

ng c nh ngha khng cht. Ni chung, ta nh ngha cc h thng mc doanh
nghip bng cc yu cu v nhu cu khi thc thi.
* Trong bt k lnh vc v mc no, cc h thng doanh nghip thng phi chu p
lc rt cao: x l hay lu tr nhiu d liu, x l nhiu yu cu, thng l thng
xuyn, nhiu cng vic phi lm cho client. H thng phi c kh nng nng cp, v
phi hot ng c hiu qu di p lc cao.
* H thng phi c tnh sn sng (available).
* Qun l d liu ng dng phi tha mn tt c tnh cht ca giao tc ACID:
atomicity (tnh nguyn t), consistency (tnh ton vn), isolation (tnh tch bit), v
durability (tnh bn vng). Ni chung, iu ny c ngha l server phi h tr mt
chun tin cy rt cao trong vic x l d liu.
* Cc chc nng d liu v ng dng phi an ton (secure): iu ny bao gm cn
phi c xc thc, v chnh sch cp quyn.
* Truyn thng ip gia cc thnh phn phi ng tin cy (reliable) iu ny cng
ging nh tnh ACID ca giao tc, nhng y ta p dng cho cc thng ip ca
ng dng.
Kin trc Ba-tng (Three-tier)
Mt ng dng J2EE nn thc hin theo kin trc ba tng (three-tier architecture), bi
v n s phn chia r rng trch nhim cho tng tng khc nhau trong m hnh ng
dng.

Hnh 3. Kin trc three-tier

* Tng trnh din (presentation tier) ch m nhn phn biu din thng tin n
server v thu thp d liu nhp ca ngi dng. N khng bit hoc khng quan tm
n cch m thng tin c pht sinh, mc d n bit mt s iu v hnh dng
(shape) ca thng tin.
* Tng lun l nghip v (business logic tier) (hay i khi cn gi l domain, hay
n gin l tng gia (middle tier) m nhn chc nng li ca ng dng: cc tnh
nng v cc hm bin dch hay thay i d liu, cc lut phi c p dng cho
d liu khi n thay i. Tng ny cung cp cho tng trnh din trc n, v cng l
phng tin cho vic lu tr v nhn d liu ca tng sau n.
* Tng persistent qun l lu tr bn vng v ly d liu ng dng. Tng ny c th
bao gm m chng trnh cng vi h qun tr c s d liu quan h.
M hnh mu c th biu din nh Hnh 4:

Hnh 4. M hnh mu kin trc three-tier

* JavaServer page v servlet, qun l bi mt Web server J2EE, xc nh tng trnh
din y l giao din do server qun l.
* Mt lp xc nh ca Enterprise JavaBean c gi l session bean thc hin logic
nghip v.
* JDBC l mt loi khc ca EJB, entity bean, qun l d liu trn cc RDBMS.
Tuy nhin client khng dy (wireless client) l mt dng client c bit. N cn phi
c server phc v c bit: d liu phi c x l c bit cho loi client ny.
H tr cc thit b MIDP thng qua tng mi gii (Mediation)
Vic chun b c bit d liu t tng gia cho mt dng trnh din c bit c
gi l s mi gii (mediation). Tng mi gii (mediator tier) l mt tnh nng thng
thng ca cc h thng N-tng, thng c trin khai h tr vic dng nhiu
khung (framework) trnh din khc nhau cho cng mt tng domain.

Hnh 5. V tr ca tng mi gii

i vi cc MIDP client, s mi gii thng l dng mt gateway, bin dch ni
dung mc PC sang ni dung mc micro, v c th x l chuyn i giao thc, v d
nh:
* Ni dung HTML c th c bin dch thnh Wireless Markup Language, hay WML
* Giao thc c bn c th chuyn t HTTP sang Wireless Application Protocol hay
WAP
* Cc datagram s khng c cung cp bng User Datagram Protocol (UDP) m
bng
Wireless Datagram Protocol hay WDP.
Kin trc cui cng s l mt trong hai bin th ca kin trc N-tng ca kin trc
J2EE m ta thy trn.

* Mediation ca domain:

Hnh 6. Mi gii ca tng domain

* Mediation/Translation ca tng trnh din:

Hnh 7. Mi gii ca tng trnh din

MIDP client s da nhiu vo phn mm J2EE v cc gateway hay tng mi gii
n gin ha hay nh dng ni dung cho vic trnh din v x l ngi dng di
ng.
Cc dch v Web (Web service)
ng dng Web dn dn ang chia s vi dch v Web, l mt thnh phn cung cp
truy xut programmatic trc tip n tng business/domain, nhng vn s dng cc
giao thc Web chp nhn v phc v yu cu.

Hnh 8. Dch v Web

Cc MIDlet c th l cc client ca cc dch v Web, nhng vn cn phi c s mi
gii.
C hai n lc h tr MIDP truy xut cc dch v Web:
* Mt tp con ca Java API for XML Processing ang c a vo MIDP 2.0 API
* Mt c t mt Web-service gateway ang c pht trin, s trnh vic x l XML
trong MIDlet.

Tng bc lp trnh cho in thoi di ng J2ME - Phn 7

Lp trnh Web Service vi MIDP

Lp trnh mng MIDP trn HTTP client
Khi qut
c t MIDP 1.0 pht biu rng cc trin khai ca MIDP trn thit b di ng bt
buc phi h tr t nht l kt ni HTTP 1.1 s dng khung kt ni chung (GCF
Generic Connection Framework). S dng kt ni client HTTP 1.1 ngha l thit b gi
mt yu cu (request) v server gi v mt hi p (response) tng ng.

Hnh 1. HTTP client request-response

Bng cch ch dng kt ni HTTP client ngha l server khng th thit lp lin lc vi
thit b ngoi tr bng cch hi p mt request. Mt MIDlet HTTP client thng
thng s dng c hai phng thc HTTP GET v POST.
c t MIDP 2.0 pht biu rng c HTTP v HTTPS bt buc phi c h tr.
Thn ca thng ip HTTP
Thng tin gi trong thn thng ip HTTP request v response n gin l mt lung
byte. MIDlet v servlet chn kiu nh dng thng tin m ha cc byte ny.
Thn ca thng ip SOAP/HTTP
Cc im cui dch v Web da trn SOAP trao i cc thng ip SOAP vi nhau.
HTTP l mt c ch mc nh dng truyn thng ip SOAP. Thng ip SOAP
cha d liu theo nh dng XML. Thng ip XML c th dng c UTF-8 hay UTF-16
lm bng m v m ha.
Khi qut v dch v Web (Web service), SOAP v WSDL
Thut ng Dch v Web (Web service) ni n truyn thng ng dng-n-ng
dng (application-to-application). Mt dch v Web n gin l mt dch v trn
Internet c kh nng c truy xut thng qua giao din theo khun dng s dng
cc giao thc Internet chun nh HTTP.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) nh ngha dch v Web nh sau:
Mt dch v Web l mt h thng phn mm c nhn dng bng mt URI (Uniform
Resource Identifier), m cc giao din chung v s gn kt ca n c nh ngha
v m t bng XML. nh ngha ca n c th c nhn ra bng cc h thng phn
mm khc. Cc h thng ny sau c th tng tc vi dch v Web theo phng
cch c m t trong nh ngha ca n, s dng cc thng ip theo XML c
chuyn bng cc giao thc Internet.
Hai c t quan trng v dch v Web l Ngn ng m t dch v Web (Web Services
Description Language WSDL) v Giao thc truy xut i tng n gin (Simple
Object Access Protocol SOAP). WSDL c dng m t mt dch v Web
c trin khai. SOAP c dng nh ngha nh dng ca thng ip c trao
i gia cc im cui (th d nh client v server) ca dch v Web trong sut qu
trnh hot ng ca dch v Web . Mt dch v Web c th t ng k mt ni
ng k thch hp (v d bng cch cung cp m t WSDL ca n) client c th
nhn ra n. Cc tin trnh ny c gi l qu trnh ng k v nhn bit dch v.
Java, Web service v SOAP
Lnh vc dch v Web ang pht trin nhanh chng. Ti thi im ny y ban cng

ngh Java (Java Techonology Community) xy dng phin bn u tin ca Java

API cho RPC da trn XML (Java API for XML-based RPC JAXRPC) cho J2SE. Mt gi
ty chn cho dch v Web trn J2ME cng ang c xy dng.
c t MIDP 1.0 v MIDP 2.0 khng xc nh bt k h tr no cho XML hay SOAP.
Cc nh pht trin MIDP mun s dng XML hay SOAP thng phi s dng cc th
vin bn ngoi. iu ny rt bt li v mi MIDlet phi cha cc th vin ny. Cc
th vin nh vy thng khong 25 n 50 KB (kch thc file .class). iu ny c
kh nng s lm gim khng gian cho ng dng MIDlet.
Lun n ny c pht trin bng cc th vin m KXML v KSOAP. Mt vi th vin
XML v SOAP khc nhm n thit b J2ME cng c th d dng c tm thy, v c
th c s dng theo phng cch tng t.
Ti u ha truyn thng Client/Server cho cc ng dng di ng
ng dng di ng client/server
Ngoi cc ng dng chy n trn thit b di ng khng cn tng tc vi ti
nguyn bn ngoi, cn c nhu cu mt mi trng phn tn vi client c nhu cu lin
lc vi server s dng kt ni IP. Ta s xt mt s vn in hnh v lin lc
client/server c th pht sinh trong qu trnh kt ni gia Java 2 Platform, Enterprise
Edition (J2EE), nn tng server v MIDlet. Tip theo s so snh cc giao thc khc
nhau, c th c dng pht trin cc loi ng dng phn tn ny.
Ngoi ra, lp trnh vin c th s dng thm cc tng tru tng gia giao thc
chuyn vn, da trn HTTP, v chnh ng dng xy dng mt kin trc linh ng
c th c ti u ha. Vi cch tip cn ny, giao thc chuyn vn c chn c
th c chuyn i tng i d dng m khng cn phi hiu chnh logic ca ng
dng.
y ta s dng mt proxy servlet c th nng cao hiu qu ca cc ng dng di
ng client/server.
Trn thc t, v s ng dng Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) khng ch
chy trn cc thit b di ng, m cng c truy xut n server, v do th hin
mt ng dng phn tn. Nhiu ng dng di ng ch tht s hot ng khi kt ni
n server. Kt ni c th lun lun m (always on) hay ch m khi ng dng cn
lin lc vi server. S dng cch tip cn phn tn, ng dng di ng c th truy
xut n cc c s d liu ngoi, v nhng cng vic qu phc tp i vi kh nng
hn ch ca thit b MIDP c th c chuyn n cho mt server mnh hn. Do ,
li gii cho ng dng di ng doanh nghip ch c th thc hin thng qua tng tc
gia J2EE v Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME). Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh trao
i d liu gia server v client di ng, cn phi quan tm n cc vn lin
quan, c bit l cc vn lin quan n hiu sut truyn ti v x l d liu trn
thit b.
i vi gii php doanh nghip da trn cng ngh J2ME, cn phi quan tm n s
hn ch ca c kt ni mng v ti nguyn ca thit b, khng ging nh mi trng
thng thng ca my tnh c nhn vi kt ni mng c nh. iu ny c ngha l
nh pht trin nn lng trc c cc khong thi gian tr di trn bng thng
hn ch. Hn na, bt k trong tnh hung no cng khng nn cho rng thit b di
ng lun lun c kt ni. V ti nguyn, ta phi i mt vi vn kh nng tnh
ton hn ch cng vi kh nng lu tr tng i ca thit b. Do , trc khi pht
trin mt ng dng phn tn cho client di ng, ta cn phi xem xt k cc yu t
trc khi chn giao thc, bi v quyt nh ny c th c nh hng ln n hiu
sut ca ng dng.
HTTP l mt giao thc lin lc client/server l tng cho ng dng Java di ng. i
vi mi c t, thit b tng thch MIDP 1.0 phi h tr HTTP. Cc giao thc khc
nh TCP hay UDP l ty chn. Bi v khng phi tt c thit b MIDP u h tr
truyn thng socket hay datagram, do trin khai HTTP trn thit b di ng cho
php ti u kh nng chuyn i gia cc thit b t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.

Mc d mt s thit b, nh Nokia 6800 h tr kt ni socket, nhng tng thch

ti a, nn s dng HTTP lm giao thc trao i gia client v server.
Mt li im khc na l giao thc HTTP c hng truy xut khng li (troublefree access) thng qua tng la. Bi v server v client di ng hu nh c tch
bit bng firewall, HTTP khng cn phi cu hnh thm. Mc d vy, ta cng nn qua
tm n cc ri ro bo mt c th c khi m kt ni HTTP ra th gii bn ngoi. Java
cung cp API lp trnh mng, h tr giao thc HTTP 1.1. Ta d dng to ra cc
request GET, POST, v HEAD trong ng dng Java.
Cc loi giao thc khc nhau
By gi ta chn HTTP lm giao thc chuyn vn, vai tr ca ngi pht trin l
phi quyt nh nh dng thng ip trao i d liu gia server v client. Nn
tng J2ME khng a ra cc c ch c chun ha nh Java Remote Method
Invocation (RMI) v Java API for XML-based Remote Procedure Call (JAX-RPC) (vn
rt tn ti nguyn), ngi pht trin phi t mnh nh ngha nh dng v lp truyn
thng trn lp chuyn vn HTTP. C nhiu s la chn, ta s xem xt chi tit di
y.
Ch yu c hai cch nh ngha nh dng thng ip: Mt l nh dng thun nh
phn, c ti u ha bo m hiu sut cao nht. Hai l nh dng phc tp da
trn XML, v d nh SOAP, cung cp kh nng c v kh chuyn cao, nhng hiu
sut rt km, c bit l vi cc thit b di ng vi bng thng v tc x l hn
ch. Ngi pht trin phi i mt vi th thch l phi la chn gii php tt nht
cho ng dng. V c bn, kch thc ca giao thc tng tng ng vi kh nng t
m t, do lm gim hiu qu truyn thng trn mng in thoi di ng bng
thng hp. Tng kh nng human-readability, th ng thi cng gia tng cc nh
dng da trn XML, cng nh hiu sut tnh ton pht sinh v phn tch cc thng
ip n.

Hnh 2. Biu so snh cc giao thc lin lc khc nhau

nh dng nh phn c quyn (Proprietary Binary Format)
nh dng ny c kh nng linh ng cao v c th c pht sinh mt cch d dng
Tng bc lp trnh cho DTDD J2ME - Phn 8

Cc vn thit k ng dng Enterprise khng dy p dng cng ngh Java

M hnh lp trnh c bn
Hnh 1 biu din cu trc tng qut ca mt ng dng enterprise khng dy in
hnh, bao gm mt thit b J2ME v mt server J2EE.

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Hnh 1. Kin trc mc cao ca mt ng dng enterprise Java khng dy.

Kin trc ca mt ng dng enterprise phc v cc client khng dy cng tng t
nh ca mt ng dng J2EE chun:
Mt client ng dng s dng MIDP hay c gi l MIDlet client, cung cp giao din
ngi dng trn thit b di ng. MIDlet giao tip vi mt Java servlet, thng l
thng qua HTTP, v trn mt knh truyn bo mt khi cn thit.
Servlet dch yu cu t MIDlet, v ti lt n, gi yu cu n cc thnh phn EJB.
Khi cc yu cu c tha mn, servlet pht sinh mt hi p cho MIDlet.
Cc thnh phn EJB, hay cc enterprise beans, bao bc logic nghip v ca ng
dng. Mt trnh cha EJB cung cp cc dch v chun nh giao tc, bo mt, v qun
l ti nguyn cc nh pht trin c th tp trung vo vic thc hin logic nghip

v.
Cc thnh phn servlet v EJB c th s dng cc API b sung truy xut d liu
v dch v. V d, chng c th s dng JDBC API truy xut c s d liu quan h,
hay JavaMail API gi e-mail cho ngi dng.
H tr nhiu loi client
Nn tng J2EE nhn mnh vo cc thnh phn c th ti s dng. ng dng c th
dng cc thnh phn ny h tr nhiu loi client m khng (hay t) nh hng
n logic nghip v chnh ca ng dng. Hnh 2 biu din kin trc ca mt ng
dng vi client J2ME v client trnh duyt.

Hnh 2. Kin trc mc cao ca mt ng dng J2EE h tr client J2ME v client trnh
duyt

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Cc vn khi thit k v thc hin
Ta xem xt mt s vn khi thit k v thc hin cc ng dng enterprise khng
dy.
Xy dng ng dng khng dy c nhng rng buc c th. V khi thit k cc ng
dng khng dy, ta s gp phi ba vn sau: rng buc thit k (design

constraint), thng ip (messaging), v trnh din (presentation).

Rng buc thit k (Design Constraint)
Hn ch ca cc thit b di ng dn n nhiu rng buc khi thit k cc ng dng
khng dy. Cc ng dng ny phi cung cp cc giao din c ch v tin li trong khi
phi i mt vi kch thc mn hnh, kh nng nhp liu, sc mnh x l, b nh,
lu tr, v thi gian s dng ngun pin b hn ch.
Nht l cc ng dng enterprise khng dy cng b rng buc, bi v chng da vo
mng. Cc hn ch do mng di ng nh hng n ng dng di ng nhiu hn so
vi trnh duyt Web thng thng. Ni chung, cc thit b di ng s gp phi cc
vn sau:
tr cao
Bng thng hn ch
Kt ni khng lin tc
gii quyt cc rng buc ny, client MIDP c th s dng cc cch sau:
Ch kt ni vo mng khi cn thit.
Ch s dng d liu ng mc cn thit.
Phi c kh nng s dng khi ngt kt ni.
Truyn thng ip
Mc d MIDP khng c cc c ch truyn thng client/server phc tp, nh Java
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) hay Java API for XML-based Remote Procedure
Calls (JAX-RPC), cc nh pht trin vn c th thit k mt giao thc truyn thng
ip s dng nh dng v cch trao i theo mnh.
i vi hu ht cc ng dng, HTTP xng ng l mt giao thc truyn thng ip c
bn, v n c a chung hn so vi cc phng thc truyn thng khc (v d nh
da trn socket hay datagram) v cc l do sau y:
Tt c cc thit b MIDP phi h tr lp trnh mng MIDP. Do , cc ng dng ch
da vo HTTP s c tnh kh chuyn trn cc thit b khc nhau. Mt khc, khng
phi tt c cc thit b MIDP u h tr truyn thng da trn packet hay datagram,
do cc ng dng s dng cc phng thc ny khng bo m tnh kh chuyn.
HTTP c kh nng bo mt tng la (firewall). Hu ht server c tch bit khi
client di ng bng firewall, v HTTP l mt trong s t cc giao thc m hu ht cc
firewall u cho php i qua.
Cc API lp trnh mng ca Java lm cho lp trnh HTTP d dng hn. MIDP h tr
HTTP 1.1 v cc API pht sinh cc GET, POST v HEAD request, cc thao tc
header c bn, v c ch lung cho thng ip. Trong khi , API cho Java servlet,
cung cp kh nng x l HTTP request v sinh cc HTTP response kh mnh.
Khi mt MIDP client lin lc vi mt Java servlet th cc s vic sau xy ra:

Client m ha application request v ng gi n vo mt HTTP request. Cc

Content-Type v Content-Length header phi c thit lp bo m cc gateway
trung gian x l request ng n.
Servlet nhn HTTP request v gii m application request. Server hay mt thnh
phn khc (v d nh enterprise bean) thc hin cng vic xc nh bi application
request.
Servlet m ha application response v ng gi n vo mt HTTP response.
Content-Type v Content-Length header cng phi c thit lp ng bo m
cc gateway trung gian x l response ng n.
Client nhn HTTP response v gii m application response cha trong . Client c
th thit lp mt hoc nhiu i tng v thc hin mt s cng vic trn cc i
tng cc b ny.
Thit k nh dng thng ip (Message Format)
Cch nh dng application request v response l ty thuc vo lp trnh vin. Cc
la chn ri vo hai cch sau:
Mt cch l dng nh dng nh phn. Cc thng ip nh phn c th c c v
ghi s dng cc lp DataInputStream v DataOutputStream trong gi java.io.
Trn thc t, s dng cc thng ip ny t c hiu qu trao i bi v ti c
rt gn. Ch rng tit kim khng gian, cc thng ip phi tha mn tnh t
miu t (self-descriptive). Do , nh dng ca thng ip phi c bit c client
v server, v do chng gn cht vi nhau.
Cch khc l s dng Extensible Markup Language (XML). Trong khi nn tng J2EE
cung cp rt nhiu h tr cho XML (c bit l trong Web service), th c t MIDP
khng yu cu h tr XML, mc d cc nh pht trin c th thm h tr XML vo
ng dng MIDP bng cch kt hp cc th vin b sung.
phn tch v x l ti liu XML, cc nh pht trin c th la chn nhiu cch thc
hin, bao gm hai m hnh x l ph bin, Document Object Model (DOM) v Simple
API for XML (SAX). (SAX v cc b phn tch da trn s kin khc thch hp hn
DOM khi p dng cho cc thit b di ng vi b nh v tc x l b hn ch). Cc
th vin RPC da trn XML cng c cung cp, bao gm cc b phn tch da trn
c t Simple Access Object Protocol (SOAP).
Tuy nhin khi s dng nh dng XML, ngoi vic chi ph cho kch thc v bng
thng, cn c chi ph khng nh v b nh, x l v lu tr.
Lin quan n truyn thng ip, ta c cc vn sau:
Lin lc an ton (Communicating Securely)
Cc client MIDP c th da vo mt s c ch ging cc c ch dng h tr lin
lc an ton gia cc ng dng J2EE v cc client trnh duyt Web.
Server ng dng J2EE v nhiu thit b MIDP h tr HTTP trn Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL). Cc thit b MIDP s dng secure HTTP xc thc vi server v tin hnh
trao i an ton vi server . Khung kt ni tng qut (Generic Connection
Framework) trong MIDP cho php ngi lp trnh m kt ni secure HTTP ch n

gin bng cch gi phng thc Connector.open() vi URL bt u bng https.

xc thc pha client, cc MIDP client da vo vic xc nhn do ng dng qun
l, c th da vo c ch t ng k. Ni cch khc, MIDP client gi thng tin y
nhim (v d nh tn ng nhp v mt khu) n ng dng J2EE, v ng dng s
xc nhn cc thng tin ny, c th bng cch s dng c s d liu.
Qun l giao tc
Nn tng J2EE h tr giao tc theo nhiu cch. Cc nh pht trin c th qun l
giao tc mt cch th cng s dng Java Transaction API, hoc da vo server J2EE
qun l cc giao tc mt cch t ng. Enterprise bean thng thng c thc
hin giao tc, nhng cc thnh phn nghip v trong tng Web cng c th thc
hin giao tc.
Khi thit k mt MIDP client, nh pht trin nn quan tm n vic giao tc khng
th tri qua nhiu HTTP request (Cc client trnh duyt cng b nh hng bi gii
hn ny). Nu mt request xc nh bt k hot ng no yu cu mt giao tc, th
cc hot ng c x l nh mt n v nguyn t; trc khi tr v response, tt c
cc hot ng u c thc hin, hoc khng c hot ng no c thc hin.
Do , nu mt MIDP client mun hon li mt request, th n khng th a ra mt
rollback trong request k tip, bi v request k tip s nm trong mt ng cnh giao
tc khc. Thay vo , ng dng phi s dng mt giao tc b (compensating
transaction) hon li request .
Qun l li
Khi server J2EE khng th thc hin request cho MIDP client, n cn phi thng bo
iu ny cho client. Mc d chng trnh ca server c th s dng c ch qun l
ngoi l ca Java x l li cc b, n khng th s dng c ch ny thng bo
li cho MIDP client khi lin lc trn mng. Ni cch khc, lp trnh vin khng th ci
t mt khi try-catch trong m client bt trc tip ngoi l c nm ra t
server. Thay vo , h phi t chc mt c ch thng bo li vo giao thc truyn
thng ip ca h.
Mt cch l dnh mt phn c nh trong mi response ca ng dng cho mt m
trng thi th hin l request ca ng dng c thnh cng hay khng. V d, khi s
dng truyn thng ip nh phn, hai byte u tin c th dnh cho m trng thi s
nguyn. Khi s dng HTTP, cc nh pht trin ng dng c th dng m trng thi
ca HTTP response th hin thnh cng hay tht bi mc truyn thng. V d,
m trng thi ca 200 (OK) c th dng ch thnh cng, trong khi m trng thi
500 (Internal Server Error) c th dng ch tht bi.
Cc chin lc v trnh din (presentation)
Ngi dng tng tc vi ng dng cng tp trung v trc tip, th ngi dng cng
c d dng s dng. iu ny c ngha c bit quyt nh cho cc ng dng
khng dy do mn hnh hin th v kh nng nhp liu ca cc thit b di ng b hn
ch.
Cc nh pht trin c th s dng mt vi chin lc lm cho cc ng dng khng
dy c kt ni mng tng tnh hu dng hn: thc hin kim tra pha client, cung
cp biu th din tin, cho php ngt cc hot ng, v c nhn ha ng dng. Ta s
nghing cu cc chin lc ny.

Thc hin kim tra pha client

Vic kim tra nhp liu pha client l mt phng thc tt gim vic gi n
server. Xt mt form t hng, c cc trng thng tin th tn dng. Mt MIDlet c
th khng th kim tra thng tin ny mt mnh n c, nhng chc chn n c th
p t mt s phng cch kim tra n gin xc nh thng tin c hp l hay
khng. V d, n c th kim tra tn ch th khng th l null, hoc ch s th phi
c cc con s. Nu d liu nhp c qua cc bc ny, client s chuyn chng
n server. Server c th x l cc cng vic phc tp hn, v d nh kim tra s th
tn dng c tht s thuc v ch th hay khng hoc ch th cn tin hay
khng.
Bng cch thc hin vic kim tra nhp liu pha client, cc MIDlet c th trnh
vic lin lc khng cn thit n server. Cc MIDlet c th ch ng hn trnh
vic nhp liu khng hp l. V d c th gii hn vic nhp s in thoi bng cch
s dng trng nhp rng buc s, do cc s in thoi khng phi l s s
khng th c gi n server.
Cung cp biu th din tin (process indicator)
Bi v cc hot ng kt ni mng tn nhiu thi gian, ng dng nn cung cp cho
ngi dng mt thng tin phn hi v din tin ca hot ng . V d c th a
ra mt hot hnh hoc gauge biu th din tin. Biu th din tin ny dng cho
cc hot ng ko di, v d nh khi download danh sch cc trng trn mng.
Cho php ngt hot ng
Cho php ngi dng c kh nng ngt cc hot ng ko di gip h gi vic iu
khin ng dng. Cc biu th din tin c th c thm mt nt nhn ngng. Biu th
ny s lng nghe s kin ca nt nhn ngng, v khi nhn nt ngng mn hnh hin
th s ngay lp tc chuyn sang mn hnh trc y.
Cn ch rng, khng phi tt c cc hot ng u c th dng. V d, khng nn
dng vic to mt ti khon ngi dng trn server v lu li trn client. Hai cng
vic ny nn thc hin nh l mt hot ng chung hoc l khng thc hin c hai.
Nu hot ng b ngt, s c th dn n s khng thng nht gia d liu ca client
v server.
C nhn ha ng dng
Khi nim c nhn ha (personalization) ch kh nng mt dch v thch ng vi
thng tin m n bit v ngi dng. Thng thng, nhiu thng tin ca ngi dng,
chng hn nh a ch, m ZIP, hay mu sc a thch, s khng thay i t phin
lm vic ny sang phin lm vic khc. Bi v cc d liu ny l n nh, ng dng c
th dng n c nhn ha vic s dng ca ngi dng.
Vic c nhn ha mt dch v l c li v hai l do sau:
N gim vic yu cu nhp liu. Ngi dng s chn nu phi nhp i nhp li cc
thng tin ny mi ln s dng dch v.
N s rt ngn dng chy cng vic (workflow). Ngi dng c th nhp thng tin ti
khon vo ln u, v client s gi li thng tin ng nhp ca h. Trong cc ln s
dng sau , ngi dng c th la chn t ng ng nhp m khng phi qua mn
hnh ng nhp.
Trong khi trng thi phin lm vic c th xem l thng tin tm thi, th d liu c

nhn ha s c tnh bn vng. Lu d liu bn vng ny u l ty vo ngi pht

trin ng dng.
Khi quyt nh lu tr d liu c nhn ha, cc nh pht trin phi xem xt cc cu
hi sau:
D liu c nhn ha c thng xuyn nh hng n client request khng? V d,
ng dng t v s lit k cc rp da vo m vng ca ngi dng. Server lu tr
m vng ny, do client khng cn phi gi li m vng mi ln n gi yu cu.
Tuy nhin cng nn cho php ngi dng c th b qua m vng ny, v d khi h
sang thm mt vng khc.
Thng tin c nhn ha c kh nng s dng gia nhiu loi client hay khng? V d,
ngi dng s dng ng dng t v trn in thoi di ng c th mun truy xut
cng ng dng qua Web. Khi , h c th mun d liu c nhn s c sn
trnh vic nhp li n qua Web.
Quyt nh ni lu d liu c nhn ha khng phi lun lun l mt quyt nh
la chn mt trong hai. D liu c nhn ha c th c lu chng c client v
server. Khi d liu c nhn ha c lu chng trn c client v server, ng dng c
th cn phi c thm mt s tnh nng ng b ha d liu ny. Cc nh pht
trin c khuyn l nn cn nhc n chi ph ca vic thc hin cc tnh nng ny.

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