Solucao Anpad Ing Set 2007

PROVA DE INGLS
(SETEMBRO 2007)
Repeated Failures in the Management of High Risk Technologies
Introduction
"Both accidents [Challenger and Columbia] were 'failures of
foresight' in which history played a prominent role." (Columbia
Accident Investigation Board, 2003)
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In their review of the Columbia Shuttle accident, the Investigation Board found many "echoes
of Challenger" in the decisions that led to the Columbia tragedy on February 1, 2003. The
board noted that the history of engineering decisions on foam and O-ring incidents had
identical trajectories that "normalized" anomalies in these components- allowing the agency to
justify launches with components that were known to be flawed. Furthermore, in response to
political demands on the space agency, NASA leaders made similar organizational changes that
affected shuttle safety prior to both the Challenger and Columbia launches. Finally, the board
noted the loss of significant information in the two critical decision sequences for these
accidents- namely in the pre-launch teleconferences for Challenger and in the post-launch foam
strike discussions for Columbia.
Unfortunately, these are not the only examples of repeated failure that appear in the
management of high risk technologies. The FDA often finds itself criticized for delaying or
failing to release potential life-saving drugs like Propranolol and Taxotere. The North
American Power Grid experienced a number of brownouts and local blackouts before the major
blackout which hit the eastern United States and Canada on August 14, 2003. Interestingly, the
National Research Council warned the White House in both 1998 and 2001 about the potential
for a catastrophic failure in the power grid in light of the smaller failures that had been
experienced in recent years. Similar examples of repeated failure can be found in many other
industries. Given all these examples, we are compelled to ask why it is that some organizations
seem to struggle with the problem of repeated failure. It is the contention of this paper that
many organizations managing risky technologies are vulnerable to repeated catastrophic failure,
although the degree of this vulnerability may vary depending on the political and
organizationa1 circumstances surrounding the
agency.
HEIMANN, L. Repeated Failures in the Management of High Risk Technologies. European
Management Journal, v. 23, n.1, p.105-117, February 2005.
INSTRUO: As questes de 1 a 5 dizem respeito ao contedo do TEXT 1. Leia-o

atentamente antes de respond-las. Escolha a melhor resposta para cada questo e marque-a
em seu Carto de Respostas.
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1. The author argues that

A) accidents like those at NASA and the FDA are predictable.
B) Failures are basically the result of technology breakdowns.
C) industries are vulnerable to the White House dealings.
D) recurrent failures lead to high risk technology catastrophes.
E) safety measures are usually taken after the incidents.
2. Like the Challenger, the Columbia Shuttle tragedy was
A) connected to defective materials.
B) considered a normal anomaly.
C) debated in its pre-launch conferences.
D) reviewed by the Board in 2003.
E) unique in the history of NASA.
3. The author explains that
A) the FDA criticized failures in the release of important drugs.
B) the NASA Board lost information about the mission failures.
C) the National Research Council could have solved the power hits.
D) the North American Power Grid had collapsed before the brownouts.
E) the White House could have prevented the 2003 blackout.
4. The examples discussed in the text all show that
A) agencies justify their mistakes by blaming technology.
B) high risk technologies are not yet developed to their full extent.
C) managerial decisions are responsible for repeated accidents.
D) organizations are subject to the authority of the White House.
E) reviewing the trajectories leading to accidents is not very productive.
5. The epigraph to the text by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (2003) reinforces
A) the failure of the Investigation Board.
B) the historical background of the accidents.
C) the lack of perspective on the events.
D) the role of NASA in American history.
E) the significance of anticipating problems.
INSTRUO: A questo 26 consiste de uma expresso, em ingls, seguida de cinco
opes de expresses, tambm em ingls, identificadas de A at E. Escolha a opo que se
apresentar como melhor sinnimo da expresso escrita em ingls na linha indicada do
TEXT 1.
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6. FURTHERMORE (line 5)
A) Based on this.
B) Because of this.
C) In addition to this.
D) Prior to this.
E) Subsequent to this.
INSTRUO: A questo 7 diz respeito a aspectos formais do TEXT 1, mais
especificamente a relaes de coeso e inferncia. Escolha a opo que melhor substitui a
palavra especificada nesta questo tendo em vista a linha indicada no TEXT 1.
7. THESE (line 11)
A) Challenger and Columbia launches.
B) pre-launch teleconferences.
C) brownouts and local blackouts.
D) post-launch foam strike discussions.
E) potential life-saving drugs.
TEXT 2
Who will cheer loudest when frequent-flyer miles celebrate their 25th birthday?
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The mania began in 1981, when American Airlines launched Advantage, the world's
first mileage-based frequent-flyer programme, to encourage customer loyalty. Today more than
130 airlines issue miles, and according to Randy Petersen, the founder of Inside Flyer
magazine, 163m people around the globe collect miles of some sort. Indeed, calculations by
The Economist in January 2005 suggested that the total stock of unredeemed miles was worth
more than all the dollar bills in circulation. The record for the biggest individual account is 25m
miles (enough to fly from London to Sydney and back 250 times), reputedly belonging to a
publishing executive who charged his firms postage bill to his own credit card.
The biggest collectors of miles today are not frequent flyers but frequent buyers. More
than half of all miles are earned on the ground, notably on credit cards linked to airlines'
programmes or on telephone calls. Miles are doled out by hotels, car-rental firms, retailers,
real-estate agents and mortgage brokers. In America, if you pay by credit card you can earn
miles for hospital surgery, income-tax payments and funerals. Some airlines even award miles
to pets that fly with their owner.
On most airlines, one mile is earned for every mile flown. But what is a mile worth?
Airlines sell them to credit-card firms at a rate of between one and two cents a mile. Yet if you
make the best use of your miles, such as flying business c1assacross the Atlantic, the market
value can be up to 10 cents per mile. In 2004, over 20m free tickets were issued, and on a
typical flight 7-8% of passengers were travelling on such tickets. You can also use miles for
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hotel rooms, car rental, holidays, restaurants, CDs and magazines, but these account for a small
fraction of miles spent.
The Economist, December 20,2005.

8. The text states that frequent-flyer programs
A) have not grown according to expectations.
B) are less prosperous today than in the 1980s.
C) involve miles earned on flights and purchases.
D) are a typical American phenomenon.
E) have few reasons to celebrate in 2005.
9. According to the text,
A) American Airlines' is the world's number one frequent-flyer program.
B) the number of miles collectors is higher than the number of airlines issuing miles.
C) customers are more loyal to companies that offer frequent-flyer programs.
D) the record number of miles earned on a trip was for a London-Sydney flight.
E) dollars circulating in the market are necessary to redeem already issued miles.
10. In the text, The Economist is mentioned
A) to argue that unredeemed miles can affect the global economy.
B) to criticize the mania introduced by frequent-flyer programs.
C) to encourage the trend initiated by American Airlines Advantage.
D) to reinforce the assessment made by InsideFlyer's founder.
E) to support the claim that miles are colIected by alI sorts of people.
11. AlI of the following examples of transactions to earn miles are given in the text
EXCEPT FOR
A) acquiring pets.
B) making phone calIs.
C) paying postage bills.
D) purchasing a house.
E) staying at hotels.
12. The text states that
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A) the percentage of business class passengers crossing the Atlantic is low.

B) more miles are issued through credit card transactions than actual flights.
C) fewer than 10% of all passengers choose to fly business class.
D) credit card firms obtain better rates for tickets on most airlines.
E) charging a ticket to your credit card costs you more money per mile flown.
TEXT 2.
13. DOLED OUT (line 11)
A) Awarded
B) Charged
C) Earned
D) Redeemed
E) Sold
INSTRUO: A questo 34 diz respeito a aspectos fonnais do TEXT 2, mais

14. SUCH (line 18)
A) Tickets issued to business class passengers.
B) Tickets obtained through miles redemption.
C) Tickets offered by most airlines for free.
D) Tickets purchased through credit cards.
E) Tickets sold by airlines to credit card finns.
TEXT 3
India, Inc.
No longer just an outsourcing hub for low-level jobs, India is luring top American
talent and unprecedented new investments by tech giants like Microsoft and Intel.
Erik Simonsen got his M.B.A. at New York University, but the 28-year-old decided to go
half a world away for his internship. He chose Copal Partners, a small technology company
near New Delhi over similar companies on the East Coast and in Silicon Valley. "I was
drawn to India because while U.S. markets are stagnating, so much is happening here", he
explains. "It's a chance to re-experience the dotcom environment of the 1990s. Companies
are growing so quickly here that opportunities to take on responsibility are greater."
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Simonsen is at the leading edge of an increasing number of science, business and

technology students from elite colleges and universities heading to India, the world's thirdIargest economy, to get global experience. "Internships have become a big deal in the last
five years and India is particularly attractive because of its huge language advantage", says
George Day, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business.
"We can't just drop students into China - there's a language problem", says Day. "China is
the big engine, but India is the place to ride the curve upward."
Universities are responding to the demand for international experience, particularly in
emerging Asian markets. Last summer, Yale president Richard Levin took a 12-member
team to set up joint ventures with several Indian universities. The Ivy League school will
send 30 interns over this year and expects to send 50 next year. It also has 30 faculty
collaboration projects underway in a number of subjects ranging from public health, to
management and forestry. And this year, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's India
program, funded by the National Science Foundation, flew over 28 Ph.D.s to pursue their
research in science and economics. "MIT sends students because it's aware of our
globalized world", says coordinator Deepti Nijhawan. "But it's a leap of faith."
Newsweek, December 19, 2005.
15. The text focuses on
A) the consequences of the dotcom phenomenon in the 1990s.
B) the expanding market of colleges and universities offering M.B.A.s.
C) the growing appeal of India's market for American intern students.
D) the harsh competition between Indian and American colleges.
E) the negative impact of stagnation in the U.S. economy this decade.
16. According to the text, Erik Simonsen
A) was an M.B.A. student at an elite college.
B) worked in the U.S. during the dotcom boom.
C) was hired by Copal Partners.
D) worked at Silicon Valley during the 1990s.
E) was sent to India by an American company.
17. According to the text,
A) Asian markets are interested in developing international experience.
B) Chinese universities are less competitive than colleges in India.
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C) Indians are flexible with students who do not master their language.
D) Universities in India benefit from joint ventures with the U.S.
E) Yale is developing various collaborative projects with India.
18. Deepti Nijhawan believes initiatives like the MIT' s
A) are based on expectations that international experience can be acquired in Asia.
B) can help improve the standards of colleges and universities in India.
C) need not be funded by the institutions like the National Science Foundation.
D) prove more economical and more profitable solutions for American colleges.
E) show the relevance of areas like public health, management and forestry.
TEXT 3.
19. TO RIDE THE CURVE UPWARD (lines 12-13)
A) to leam foreign languages.
B) to gain global experience.
C) to experience problems.
D) to enter Asian markets.
E) to compete with China.
INSTRUO: A questo 40 diz respeito a aspectos formais do TEXT 3, mais
20. IT (line 5)
A) Becoming aware of globalization.
B) Demanding international experience.
C) Funding programs in areas such as forestry.
D) Promoting students' internships in India.
E) Pursuing Ph.D.s in science and economics.

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1) Resposta D.
A) Acidentes como os da NASA e da FDA so previsveis. Incorreto. O texto no apresenta
acidentes na FDA, uma organizao que regula remdios e comida, mas apenas afirma que
essa organizao atrasa a aprovao de drogas.
B) Acidentes so basicamente provocados por tecnologias de ponta. Incorreto.
C) As indstrias so vulnerveis a acordos da casa branca. Incorreto.
D) Correto, de acordo com o texto, falhas recorrentes levam a catstrofes tecnologias de
alto risco.
E) Medidas de segurana so usualmente tomadas aps os incidentes. Informao no
presente no texto, incorreto.
2) Resposta A.
Assim como a Challenger, a tragdia com o foguete Columbia foi:
A) relacionada materiais defeituosos. Coerente com o texto.
B) considerada uma anomalia comum. No se trata de casos bem especficos.
C) discutida na comunicao de pr-lanamento. Incorreto.
D) revista pelo conselho em 2003. A reviso focava apenas o caso da Columbia.
E) nica na histria da NASA. Incorreto.
3) Resposta E.
O autor elucida que:
A) A FDA criticava falhas na aprovao de importantes drogas. Incorreto, no era a FDA
que criticava, ao contrrio, ela era alvo das crticas.
B) O conselho da NASA perdeu informaes sobre as falhas da misso. Incorreto, o
conselho no perdeu as informaes, mas notou as perdas.
C) O Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas poderia ter resolvido os problemas de energia.
Incorreto, eles apenas avisaram sobre os problemas.
D) A malha eltrica Norte Americana colapsou antes dos blecautes. Incorreto, o Blecaute
o colapso final.
E) A casa branca podia ter evitado o blecaute de 2003. Correto, pois foi avisada em 1998 e
2001 dos riscos possveis.
4) Resposta C.
Os exemplos discutidos no texto mostram que:
A) As agencias justificam os erros culpando a tecnologia. Incorreto.
B) Tecnologias de alto risco ainda no esto desenvolvidas completamente. Incorreto.
C) Decises gerenciais so responsveis por repetidos acidentes. Coerente com o texto.
D) Organizaes esto submetidas a autoridade da Casa Branca. Os exemplos tm
pouco haver com a relao entre as organizaes e a Casa Branca.
E) Rever a trajetria que leva aos incidentes no produtivo. Incorreto.
5) Resposta E.
A epigrafe do texto do Conselho de Investigao do Acidente da Columbia refora:
A) A falha do conselho de investigao Incorreto.
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B) A perspectiva histrica do acidente. Incorreto.

C) A ausncia de perspectiva dos eventos. Incorreto.
D) O papel da Nasa na histria americana. Incorreto.
E) A importncia de antecipar problemas. Correto.
6) Resposta C.
FURTHERMORE, Trad. Ainda mais. alm disso.
A) Baseado nisso.
B) Por causa disso.
C) Em adio a isso.
D) Prioritariamente por isso.
E) Seqencialmente a isso.
7) Resposta A
O pronome these (esses) refere-se aos exemplos de falhas apresentados anteriormente no
texto. No caso, os lanamentos dos foguetes Challenger e Columbia.
8) Resposta C
O texto afirma que os programas de milhagem:
A) No cresceram como se esperava. Incorreto.
B) So menos prsperos do que eram em 1980. Incorreto.
C) envolvem milhas ganhas em vos e compras Correto, o texto afirma que essas so as
duas formas de aumentar os pontos nos programas de milhagem.
D) So um fenmeno tipicamente Americano. Incorreto.
E) tem poucas razes para celebrar em 2005 Incorreto, o texto afirma que esses
programas so um sucesso.
9) Resposta B
De acordo com o texto:
A) American Airlines tem o maior programa de milhagem do mundo. Incorreto, o mais
antigo.
B) O nmero de empresas que oferecem milhas maior que o de companhias areas com
programas de milhagem. Correto.
C) Consumidores so mais fieis a companhias que oferecem esses programas. Idia no
presente no texto.
D) O recorde de milhas ganhas numa viagem foi obtido numa viagem de Londres para
Sidney. Incorreto, equivale a diversas viagens entre esses pases.
E) Os dlares em circulao so necessrios para resgatar as milhas j ganhas.
Incorreto.

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10) Resposta D
No texto a revista The Economist mencionada:
A) Para dizer que essas milhas no resgatadas podem afetar a economia. Incorreto.
B) para criticar os programas de milhagem. Incorreto.
C) Para encorajar a tendncia iniciada pela American Airlines. Incorreto.
D) Para reforar a afirmao do fundados da revista Inside Flyers. Correto.
E) Para dar suporte ao argumento que as milhas so acumuladas por qualquer tipo de
pessoas. Incorreto.
11) Resposta A
Dos exemplos apresentados como formas de obter milhagens, o nico ausente no texto a
compra de animais de estimao (pets). O texto diz que algumas companhias ofereceram
milhagens para animais em viagem com o dono.
12) Resposta B
O texto afirma que h mais milhas sendo obtidas pelo carto de crdito do que as ganhas
por voar. (linha 10)
13) Resposta A
A expresso DOLED OUT no texto tem traduo distribudas. Sinnimo de
Awarded, que tambm pode significar distribudas, ou premiadas. As outras palavras tm
significados distintos como Charged (cobradas), Earned (Ganhas ou merecidas) ou Sold
(vendidas).
14) Resposta B
A expresso such no texto substitui os bilhetes obtidos com programas de milhagem.
15) Resposta C
O texto foca no desenvolvimento da ndia, e nas oportunidades que esto surgindo por l,
atraindo estudantes americanos. O texto no discute os efeitos da era pontocom, a economia
americana atual, e no compara colgios da ndia e EUA.
16) Resposta A
De acordo com o texto, Erik Simonen fez um MBA na Universidade de NY (uma escola de
elite).
B) Trabalhou nos EUA durante o Boom das pontocom. Incorreto.
C) Foi empregado pela empresa Copal Partners. Incorreto, ele no foi empregado, est em
um programa de intercambio.
D) Trabalhou no Vale do Silcio. Incorreto.
E) Foi enviado a ndia por uma companhia Americana. Incorreto, foi em um programa de
intercambio da universidade.
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17) Resposta E
De acordo com o texto, a universidade de Yale est desenvolvendo vrios projetos na ndia.
(linhas 15 20).
A) Os mercados asiticos tm interesse em desenvolver experincia internacional.
Incorreto.
B) As universidades chinesas so menos competitivas que os colgios da ndia. Incorreto,
a diferena principal a barreira da lngua que no h na ndia.
C) Indianos so flexveis com estudantes que no dominam seu idioma. Incorreto, o que
ocorre que na ndia usa-se tambm a lngua inglesa.
D) Universidades na ndia se beneficiam de parcerias com os EUA. Incorreto.
18) Resposta A
Deepti N. acredita que as iniciativas como as do MIT so importantes para o ingresso em
um mundo globalizado. A alternativa A transmite essa idia, pois afirma que a iniciativa
tem como propsito permitir aos estudantes obter experincia internacional na ndia.
B) Iniciativas como as do MIT podem melhorar o nvel das universidades na ndia.
Incorreto, Deepti no discute essa questo.
C) Iniciativas como as do MIT no tm necessidade de ser fundada pela National Science
F. Incorreto.
D) Iniciativas como as do MIT apresentam solues mais econmicas para as universidades
americanas. Incorreto.
E) Iniciativas como as do MIT evidenciam a relevncia de reas como sade pblica e
administrao.
19) Resposta B
A expresso TO RIDE THE CURVE UPWARD que pode ser traduzida literalmente
como montar na curva ascendente, uma metfora para aproveitar o crescimento global.
No texto a expresso utilizada para dizer que a ndia o lugar certo para ganhar
experincia global.
20) Resposta D
O pronome IT relaciona-se a viagens de intercambio para a ndia, realizada por
estudantes americanos.

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PROVA DE INGLS

INSTRUO: As questes de 1 a 5 dizem respeito ao contedo do TEXT 1. Leia-o

CE - Central de Ensino F.3063 4019

1. The author argues that

The Economist, December 20,2005.

A) the percentage of business class passengers crossing the Atlantic is low.

INSTRUO: A questo 34 diz respeito a aspectos fonnais do TEXT 2, mais

Simonsen is at the leading edge of an increasing number of science, business and

CE - Central de Ensino F.3063 4019

B) A perspectiva histrica do acidente. Incorreto.

CE - Central de Ensino F.3063 4019

CE - Central de Ensino F.3063 4019

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