1

Cng ngh C in t trong ch to t

PGS.TS. T duy lim

Khoa C kh HBK H Ni
Tm tt:
Cho n nay Vit nam c chng 17 lin doanh lp rp v cung cp cc chng loi xe t
hng trung v nh. Mc d v mu m, kiu dng xe c i mi lin tc p ng th hiu
ca ngi tiu dng, nhng trn thc t cc xe t c trang b nhng h thng c in t
trong cc cm chc nng k thut nh h thng phun xng in t, h thng phanh t ng
iu chnh, h thng dn ng, h thng bo him .v.v. cn rt him, ngi s dng xe vn
rt xa l vi nhng khi nim v hiu bit v vai tr ca c in t trong ngnh cng nghip
quan trng ny.
Chng ti xin gii thiu y nhng ni dung nghin cu ng dng c in t trong cng
ngh t nhm cung cp nhng kin thc tip cn h thng v la chn i su phn tch
mt cm chc nng in hnh l h thng phanh t ng iu chnh minh ho ngha
khoa hc v thc tin ca cng ngh c in t trong cc ng dng k thut c th.
I. Cc khuynh hng ng dng cng ngh c in t trong ch to t
Khuynh hng pht trin ca t hin i l to ra nhng phng tin i li bn p, ng
mt, tin nghi, an ton, d iu khin hoc t ng iu khin, s dng nng lng mi
hoc tit kim nhin liu truyn thng v thn thin vi mi trng. Mi tiu ch hng ti
u da trn mt s gii php k thut kh thi trong cc cm my xc nh, chng thuc v:
1. Cc h thng tr gip v h thng iu khin xa nh :
- H thng cung cp thng tin v bn v tnh trng giao thng cp nht,
- H thng h tr dn ng cho ngi li v
- H thng bo him, an ton tch cc
2. Cc h thng ngt rung ng v iu chnh n nh tch cc nh:
- Kh in tch
- iu chnh n nh thn xe
- m kh gim chn tch cc
- B n nh thch nghi
- T ng iu chnh n nh ton thn xe (Automatic Body Control)
3. H thng qun l cc tc ng vo vnh, bnh xe nh:
- H thng ct rung tch cc
- H thng phanh chng b (ABS)
- H thng chng trn trt (ASR)
- H thng phn b lc phanh in t
4. B phn in t

2
- Kt ni cc h thng ng dn thng tin
- H thng qun l iu ho nhit thng minh
- H thng van iu tit in t
- H thng phun xng in t
Auswahl mechatronischer Systeme in Fahrzeugen

Cc h thng tr gip, h thng

iu khin t xa (Telematik)

H thng khung xe

Kh in tch
iu chnh n nh thn

Cc h thng thng tin v giao

thng

xe

H tr gip li xe
H thng an ton tch cc

m kh gim chn tch

cc

B n nh ch ng
iu khin ch ng v tch
cc ton thn xe
(ABC)

H thng vnh, bnh xe

Quelle: Volkswagen AG

B phn in t

Kt ni cc h thng ng dn thng tin

H thng qun l nhit thng minh
H thng van iu tit in t, phun xng

Ct rung
H thng phanh chng b (ABS)
H thng chng trn trt (ASR)
H phn b lc phanh in t

in t

Hnh 1. cc khu vc ng dng ca h thng c in t trong mt chic xe t

Hin nhin l vic ng dng cc h thng c in t trong xe c s nh hng n gi thnh
ca sn phm. T 1965 n 2005, thnh phn gi c tng dn t 16% n 35% tu thuc
mc ci t ng dng chng. Tuy nhin tnh an ton v tin nghi cng theo ngy mt
nng cao ng k.
Cc h thng c in t c ng dng ph bin v theo mc an ton tch cc t thp n
cao bao gm:
- ABS: H thng phanh chng b
- ASR: H thng iu chnh chng trn trt cho b phn truyn ng
- EBV: h thng phn b lc phanh in t
- ESP: Chng trnh qun l n nh in t
- BAS: H thng h tr qu trnh phanh hm
- ACC: B iu khin gim st thch nghi
- BbW/SbW: H thng kh t / iu tit van in t
- ABC: H iu khin tch cc ton xe
- EMB - EML: H thng tr li, tr phanh c - in
- DbW: H thng li theo tn hiu in t
- CA: H thng cnh bo va chm...
Mc cao nht trong tng lai (n 2020) s l cc c xe c li hon ton t ng hay l
xe khng ngi li.
II. Cu trc h thng c in t trong b phanh ABS

C in t - nh r - l mt h thng tch hp hu c cc k thut chnh yu nh C kh in, in t - Cng ngh thng tin. Kt ni cc k thut c kh v in t to ra thnh
phm tiu biu l nhng phn t o lng, cm bin cng nh cc cc h thng iu khin
v iu chnh ca c cu chp hnh. Kt ni gia k thut in - in t v x l tin to ra
cc h thng tnh ton qu trnh, ng vai tr ht nhn trong h thng c in t. Kt ni
cc k thut x l tin v k thut c kh li a ra nhng cng c hu hiu l cc phn mm
m phng, m hnh ho... v h thng c in t kt ni mt cch hu c tt c cc th
.
Theo cch tip cn khc, c th thy quan nim ca David M. Auslander trong cun What
is Mechatronics l c l: C in t l mt h thng to lp nhng quyt nh phc tp
iu khin mt h thng vt l. Trong h thng , vic to lp cc quyt nh iu khin
(Decision making) c coi l vn trng tm, i tng iu khin c tc ng trn c
ba dng vn ng c bn: lu thng vt cht, lu thng nng lng v lu thng thng tin
(hnh 2)
M e c h a t r o n i s c h e Sy s t e m e
H t h n g c i n t
Cu trc tng qut ca h thng c in t
iu khin
i lng dn
i lng iu chnh

X l thng tin

i lng o

Dng thng tin

Dng nng lng
C cu
iu khin

Cung ng
nng lng
ph

o lng /
Cm c kh & bin i
cm bin
nng lng
Dng nng lng
Dng nng
tiu th
lng s cp
Cung ng
nng lng

Cung ng
Nng lng

- C - thu - kh
- in - in t
- Quang...
Hnh 2. Nguyn l cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng c in t
H thng vt l hay i tng iu khin y bao gm khng ch cc thit b c kh
truyn thng hay cc my c - in m cn l cc h thng t ng ho sn xut k c h
thng qun l d liu, cc h thng x l trong k thut t, h thng iu khin mi
trng cng nh hu ht cc sn phm ca cng ngh cao, trong nhiu ngnh kinh t khc
nhau.

4
Di y xin trnh by ni dung k thut ca vic nghin cu ng dng h thng phanh t
ng iu chnh hay h thng phanh chng b (ABS = Anti-Blockier System) - mt trong s
h thng x l quan trng nht trong k thut t vi t cch l mt h thng c in t.
H thng phanh ABS l mt cm kt cu thng minh tr gip ngi li trong qu trnh iu
chnh tc v phanh hm xe mt cch mau l v an ton, c phn ng thch nghi vi tnh
trng xe (tc , khi lng ng, trng thi bnh xe, m men dn ng, m men phanh
hm...) v tnh trng ng i (cht lng mt ng, rung chn, khong cch t xe ti
im nguy him...). l mt h thng c gii hn c lp v v tr trong khng gian my
v c nhng c trng ring bit. Qu trnh hot ng ca h thng bao gm nhng tc
dng c - l xy ra theo mt trnh t thi gian hay l cc tnh trng thc ca h thng.
Trn c s nghin cu cu hnh h thng v cc qu trnh tc dng, ngi ta thit lp cc m
hnh (ch yu l m hnh ton, s khi hoc bng trng thi hay s dng tn hiu...)
nhm m t mt cch c mc ch cc chc nng k thut gn st nht vi bn cht ca h
thng thc (Hnh 3).
Hnh 3: S khi ca h thng iu tit Distronic

Bi ton iu khin h thng phanh ABS c t ra vi cc gi thit:

Ma st Coulomb tc ng trong khi phanh
Gia tc tc ng hm xe dng li
Qung ng phanh

= Fb / Fn
a = const = - ( Fn) / m
x = 1/2 (m . Vo2 / Fn)

T phng trnh chuyn ng c bn, nghin cu h thng h tr phanh thu lc, ta c qu

trnh tc ng theo thi gian vi ba giai on (hnh 4):

V d c h o h t h n g 1 b c t d o

Phng trnh chuyn ng:

..
.
mx+bx+cx = F(t)
.
Hay l mx.. = FG (t) mit FG(t) = F(t)-bx-cx
S khi

a) Nt cng

bx

b
F(t)G

F(t)+ -

F(t)-

F(t)G
-

1
m

..

cx

1. Tc ng ca ngi li vo h thng tr gip (pha 1)

2. Th bn p phanh (pha 2)
3. Ngt mch tr gip phanh
Mi giai on u kho st qu trnh din bin ca p lc phanh theo thi gian. Theo
nhng c tuyn p lc phanh do ngi li xe tc ng (c tuyn 1), p lc phanh iu
chnh (c tuyn 2) v p lc phanh khng c tc ng ca ngi li (c tuyn 3) c th
hin. T th c tuyn p lc phanh theo thi gian, nhn r c khong thi gian v
suy gim p lc phanh trong phm vi gii hn tc ng kp phanh.

Hnh 4. c tuyn p lc phanh theo thi gian vi h thng tr gip thu lc

Da trn nhng kt qu nghin cu v bn cht vt l ca qu trnh tc dng, nhng phng
n c tnh nguyn tc ca h thng phanh ABS c xut, chng bao gm:

6
1. Nguyn tc pit tng tc ng mt chiu (Plunger-Prinzip)
2. Nguyn tc tc ng trn ng hi ca dng du (Rueckfoerder-Prinzip)
3. Nguyn tc dng mt chiu thu ng (Dynamisches Einstroem-Prinzip)
Hnh 5 nu r h thng thu lc bao gm cc b khuych i lc phanh theo nguyn l chn
khng (1) hoc nguyn tc thu lc (2), cc bnh tch p cao p (3), cc van iu tit ABS
(4), Mch iu chnh p lc phanh (5), cc xi lanh tc dng mt chiu (6), bm trn ng
hi du (7), van thu lc chnh (8), Mch iu chnh ABS (9) v bnh tch p thp (10)...
Hnh 5:

Cc phng n c bn ca b phanh thu lc ABS

Cui cng l h thng phanh c in t EMB, trong i tng iu khin hay h thng
vt l chu tc ng ca cc quyt nh iu khin chnh l cc b ng c iu tit, km
theo hp s kt ni vi c cu phanh c kh thnh nhng m un ring bit, lp rp cho lp
trc bn tri, bn phi v cho lp sau bn tri cng nh bn phi (hnh 6). Bn p phanh
ca ngi li cung cp mt trong s cc tn hiu u vo ca h thng tnh ton trung tm,
thng qua b m phng Pedal. Ngoi cc b phn c kh nh cc m phanh, a phanh, bc
m cn c cc b cm bin s vng quay ca bnh xe v Chip vi tnh trung tm x l tc
ng thch nghi ca lc phanh. H thng mch gm cc ng dn tn hiu trc tip t cc
sensor v cm x l trung tm, cc mch phanh c in t iu tit h cung ng nng lng
t c quy 36 von n cc b ng c v ng dn ni ti ca h thng EBM c lin h hai
chiu gia cm x l trung tm v h iu khin ng c.
Hnh 6.

H thng phanh c in t Elektromechanische Bremse

Kt cu tng th ABS

H thng phanh ABS

Trong h thng c in t, cc b cm bin ng vai tr thu thp thng tin v bin i cc

tn hiu tng t ca nhng i lng vt l khc nhau thnh tn hiu s (dng xung) ri
chuyn v cm x l trung tm. Nguyn l ph bin ca cc sensor cm nhn tc quay
bnh xe cho n nay vn da trn hiu ng cm ng in t (hnh 7).
Hnh 7. B cm bin s vng quay ca bnh xe vi hiu ng cm ng in t

III. Kt lun
Cc h thng c in t l nhng sn phm ra i trong giai on pht trin mi ca cng
ngh cao, tim cn nn kinh t tri thc. Hm lng tri thc cao trong sn phm ny th hin
khng nhng qu trnh nghin cu c bn trong lao ng qu kh m cn hm cha trong
nhng gii php k thut tch hp c kh, in v in t cng nh k thut x l tin trong
mt h thng tng th. Thng qua mt dn chng c th v ng dng b phanh ABS trong
k ngh t, c th thy tng lai ca cng ngh c in t ang m rng v chc chn s
chim lnh nhng v tr xng ng trong nn k thut ca k nguyn kinh t tr thc hin
hu.