Th nghim cp ngm

T
Cng ty in lc
Hydro-Qubec
(Canaa) pht trin
v thc hin mt k
thut mi th
nghim cch in ca
cp ngm.

h nghim
cp in h p
bng kh nn
Theo s liu thng k do
y ban Dy dn Cch in
(thuc Vin K s in v in
t (IEEE) cng b th Bc M,
hng nm c hn 32.000 km
cp in ngm h th c lp
t. Tuy nhin, mt cuc kho
st ca y ban Dy dn Cch
in xc nhn rng khong 2/3
cc cng ty in ca M quan
ngi v tin cy ca li cp
ngm h p ca h.
Nguyn nhn ph bin
nht dn n h hng cp

Quang cnh ng ph b thit hi sau v n trong ming cng m nguyn nhn l

cc cht kh to ra do s c h quang h p

[14] KHCN s 1.2014

trong h thng cp ngm h

p ca Cng ty in lc HydroQubec, ni cp c lp t
trong cc ng ng, l do h
hi v c, c nhiu kh nng
b h hi ngay t khi lp t.
Hng cch in trong mi
cht dn in, chng hn nh
nc b nhim, c th dn
n hnh thnh s c phng
in h quang. H quang ny
khi c th lm hng cp
hoc cc thit b lin k, e
da an ninh ca mng cng
ty in lc v nh hng ti
an ton cng cng.
Trong mt s iu kin
nht nh, cc cht kh to ra
bi cc vt liu tip gip vi
s c phng in h quang
thm ch c th dn n v
n mnh. Mt s s c ln
nh vy xy ra hng nm
Bc M. Mc d nhng s c
ny l tng i him trn h
thng phn phi in h p
ca Hydro-Quebec, nhng c
th gy hu qu nghim trng
i vi an ton cng cng
v i vi cc cng trnh lp
t. Cc h thng bo v lp
t trn li in, chng hn

nh cu chy v aptomat, khng c

hiu qu trong vic loi tr loi s
c ny. S c nhiu khi chp chn,
pht trin mt cch ngu nhin v
c th xut hin sau mt khong
thi gian di.

Th nghim kh nn
Nguyn l ca k thut mi v th
nghim cch in cp in h p l
bm khng kh nn vo li cp v
sau theo di nhng thay i v p
sut trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh. Cch in b rn nt gy ra r
r, do c th pht hin c nh
hin tng st p bn trong cp. Da
trn nguyn l ny, mt quy trnh th
nghim c o c pht trin
nhm ti u ha khong thi gian
th nghim v tin cy chn on.
Th nghim bao gm hai bc: Bm
khng kh v chn on. u tin
bm khng kh nn p sut p1 vo
mt u ca cp cho n khi p sut
p2 u kia bt u tng ln. Thi
gian cn thit p sut p2 bt u

P2

Chn on

Bm khng kh

Khng c r r
p sut

Mt s nghin cu i n kt
lun rng hin cha c phng php
no hiu qu, kinh t, c th p dng
ngay kim tra tnh trng cch in
mt khi cp c lp t trong
ng ng hoc chn trc tip. Th
nghim in mi t ra bt lc, khng
th pht hin ra vt liu cch in b
rn nt trong mi trng kh v d
nh trong cc ng dn cp. V vy
loi b vn ny, r rng l cn phi
c mt phng php kim tra tnh
ton vn v c ca cch in cp, c
bit l khi c lp t trong ng
dn trc khi bn giao mch in.
Hydro-Qubec quyt nh pht trin
mt k thut th nghim mi vi s
hp tc ca cc i tc l Dow Chemical Co. (bang Michigan, M) v ndb
Technologies Inc. (Quebec, Canaa).

Dy pha

P1

P1

P2

C r r

Thi gian

Th nghim kh nn bao gm hai bc. Khng kh nn (P1) c bm mt

u cp cho n khi p sut (P2) bt u tng ln u kia. Vic chn on
da trn st p theo thi gian.
tng l khc nhau, c trng i vi
tng on cp. Thi gian ny tng
theo chiu di cp v nn cht
ca si cp, v gim theo kch thc
dy dn. Sau bm khng kh nn
ng thi c hai u ca cp. Vic
chn on c r r/khng c r r cn
c vo hin tng st p theo thi
gian. p sut c theo di k t khi
kt thc vic bm khng kh. Khong
thi gian th nghim l hm ca thi
gian c trng ca cp, c xc nh
bc u. K thut ny c th p
dng cho cc loi cp chm bao gm
mt s dy dn pha c th c u
ni thnh mch kn. Tuy nhin, hin
c qui trnh p dng cho cp in
mt pha.
Li th ca vic u ni nhiu cp
thnh mch kn l cc u ca mch kn
nm cng mt ch, do c th bm
khng kh v o p sut c hai u
dy. Ngoi ra, c th kim tra ng thi
tt c cc pha, nh gim c ng
k thi gian cn thit thc hin cc
th nghim.

KHCN s 1.2014 [15]

Th nghim cp ngm

Thit b th nghim cch

in cp
Thit b th nghim cch
in cp, mang tn INSULEAK,
da trn phng php ti u
ha thi gian, c pht trin
dng thit b c lp, di ng,
hon ton t ng. Thit b th
nghim c ba thnh phn chnh:
Mt h thng in kh nn
bm khng kh nn vo li cp.
Mt b iu khin in t
vi phn mm h tr cc chc
nng th nghim thng minh.
ng ng kh nn vi cc
u ni cp ni thit b th
nghim vi cp.
Cc thnh phn th nghim
ny lp va bn trong hp, nh
b thit b nh gn, di ng
v d s dng. Ngun in l
b acquy c th np in li,
c b tr bn trong hp.
Tuy nhin, khng kh nn p
sut 500 kPa phi c cp
t ngun bn ngoi, v d nh
my nn kh di ng hoc my
nn kh lp trn xe ti. Mc p
sut ny khng nh hng n
cch in cp.
Thit b th nghim cch

Khng kh
nn

in cp tin hnh th nghim

mt cch t ng, ch hin th
tnh trng c r r/khng c r r
v khng yu cu nhp vo my
bt k tham s no v cp. Ch
th cng cho php ngi
dng iu khin cc van i vi
cc th nghim c bit.
Vic pht trin cc u ni
cp vn nng c tin
hnh vi s cn trng c bit.
Chng c thit k bng cao
su c gia c, mt bn trong
hnh nn, mt bn ngoi hnh
tr. Hnh dng ny cho php
u ni cp lp va vi cc loi
cp ng knh t 8 mm n 34
mm. Vng ai kp (cli) c b
mt bn trong nhn cho php
ni cp kn hi hon ton.

Th nghim ti hin
trng
Rt nhiu th nghim trong
phng v ti ch chng minh
rng thit b th nghim cp INSULEAK c nhng tnh nng sau:
Pht hin h hi v cp c
ng knh l thng nh hn 1
mm trn on cp chiu di ti
200 m.

t 1 pht n vi pht, ch yu
ty thuc vo tit din cp v
chiu di on cp, thi gian ny
c iu chnh t ng theo
tr khng kh nn ca cp c
th nghim (v d, 1 pht i vi
on cp tit din 380 mm2 di
30 m v 10 pht i vi on cp
3 rut tit din 53,49 mm2 di
200 m.
Kt qu khng b nh hng
bi nhit mi trng v
m khng kh.
c tnh in mi ca cch
in cp khng thay i vi p
sut bm khng kh ti 500 kPa.
Th nghim cp hon chnh
ko di trung bnh t 15 n 20
pht, k c thi gian lp cc b
ni cp.
Thit b th nghim bng kh
nn s dng n gin, khng
yu cu phi nhp d liu v hin
th kt qu r rng: Cch in b
thng hoc cn tt. Nhm cng
tc thc a ang lm vic c th
thc hin th nghim ch sau vi
gi hun luyn.

Th nghim cch in mt

B vi iu khin
Dy dn cch in

Van gim p
B lc
B iu p
Cng tc
p sut

u ni cp
Van cp kh

Van x ng h o p sut

Thit k chi tit ca thit b th nghim cch in cp INSULEAK.

[16] KHCN s 1.2014

Thit b th nghim cch in cp cng vi

cc u ni cp vn nng

V d v v bc b h hi trn cp in h th c
nh v bng thit b th nghim cch in cp

Th nghim dy cch in h p bng kh nn

Cc th nghim ti hin trng bng thit b
INSULEAK trn khong 70 cp in h p thuc
mng cp ngm ca Hydro-Qubec c lp
t bng cch ko qua cc ng ng cho thy
s lin quan ca vic kim sot cht lng lp t.
Ngay c vi nhm c o to k lng, h hng
cch in vn c th xy ra v khng b pht hin.
V d, thit b th nghim INSULEAK pht hin
c l thng trn mt trong nm on cp, mc
d tt c cc bin php phng nga c thc
hin trong qu trnh lp t. on cp tit din
380 mm, di 40 m ny c l b h hi trong qu
trnh lp t. Sau khi tho on cp ny ra, pht
hin c l thng trn v bc cp, cch u dy
khong 10 m. Mc d l r ti tn li cp l ln. Th
nghim in mi trn cp trc khi tho cp
khng pht hin c li ny v mi trng ti thi
im khng dn in.
Th nghim cp ti ch ny chng t thit b
th nghim INSULEAK l cng c hiu qu cho
vic xc minh tnh ton vn v c ca cch in
cp, l k thut duy nht pht hin cc khuyt
tt trong mi trng kh m cc th nghim
in mi khng hiu qu. Vi kh nng kim tra
t ng v cc chc nng c ra kt qu, thit b
c kh nng xc minh v m bo kim sot cht
lng qui trnh lp t cp in h p, nh ngn
nga cc s c phng h quang in, ci thin
an ton cho cc i cng tc hin trng v cho
ngi dn v nng cao tin cy li in.

Mc d c pht trin cho cp lp t trong

ng ng, nhng cng ngh ny cng c th
p dng cho cp chn trc tip. Cng ngh ny
thm ch cn c th c hiu chnh p dng
cho cc loi cp c kt cu khc vi cc loi cp
lp t trong h thng cp ngm phn phi in
ca Hydro-Qubec (v d, kim tra tnh ton vn
v c ca v bc cp in h p nhiu rut c
s dng ti mt s quc gia chu u hoc tin
hnh th nghim vi cc u ni cp c lp t
trn cc u cp).

m bo cht lng
S dng k thut th nghim bng kh nn l
mt la chn hiu qu v chi ph cho vic lp t
cp in h p c cc c tnh thit k k thut
cao nh cp c kh nng t sa cha, t phc hi
hoc cp c o gip. Bng cch th nghim cp
bng kh nn sau khi lp t, chi ph c th thp
hn so vi mua cc loi cp c cch in bn hn
(v d, cp c hai lp cch in hoc cch in
dy hn). Cui cng, th nghim bng kh nn
m bo tnh ton vn ca cch in. Khng th
m bo c iu ny ngay c khi s dng cc
loi cp c thit k c bn cao.
Da trn s so snh cc cng ngh thay th
sn c v c h tr bi cc kt lun r rng
trong cc kt qu th nghim ti ch, Hydro-Qubec quyt nh p dng thit b th nghim
INSULEAK, do ndb Technologies ch to, s
dng trn h thng cp ngm phn phi in h
p ca cng ty. Thit b ny s c s dng nh
mt cng c bo m cht lng cho cp in h
p mi lp t.
Nguyn Th Dung dch
Theo T&D World, s 11 /2013

KHCN s 1.2014 [17]