Ly Trich Tinh Dau Tu Rau Ma Hydrocotyle Asaciatica

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MC LC
Trang
Trang ph ba..i
Li cm n..ii
Mc lc...1
M U....3
PHN 1: TNG QUAN TI LIU
1.1. S lc v cy rau m..4
1.1.1. Rau m l sen:....5
1.1.2. Rau m m:.......6
1.1.3. Rau m di.....7
1.2. Cng dng8
1.2.1.Trong thc phm: ......8
1.2.2.Trong y hc.8
1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca cy rau m...11
1.4. Tinh du:...11
1.4.1. Trng thi thin nhin.11
1.4.2.Vai tr tinh du i vi thc vt......12
1.4.3. Cng dng...13
1.4.4.Tnh cht c trng ca tinh du..13
1.5. Phng php ly trch tinh du...14
1.6. Phng php chng ct li cun hi nc15
1.6.1. L thuyt chng ct.....15
1.6.2. Cc yu t nh hng chnh trong chng ct li cun hi nc.16
1.6.3. Phng php chng ct li cun hi nc....17
PHN 2: THC NGHIM
2.1. Thit b, dng c v ha cht19
2.1.1. Thit b v dng c19
2.1.2. Ha cht20
SVTH: NGUYN TH TRC LOAN
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KHA LUN TT NGHIP
2.2. Phng php thc nghim20

2.2.1. Thu mu v x l mu..20
2.2.2. S ly trch tinh du...21
2.2.3. Xc nh cc ch s ha l22
2.2.3.1.
Ch s axit.22
2.2.3.2.
Ch s x phng ha..22
2.2.3.3.
Ch s este.23
2.2.3.4.
Ch s it...23
PHN 3: KT QU V BIN LUN
3.1. Ly trch tinh du.25

3.1.1. nh hng lng nc chng ct tinh du...25
3.1.2. nh hng thi gian chng ct tinh du26
3.1.3. nh hng thi gian ho nguyn liu...28
3.2. Xc nh ch s ha l29
3.2.1. Ch s axit..30
3.2.2. Ch s x phng ha..30
3.2.3. Ch s este..31
3.2.4.
Ch s it...31
KT LUN V KIN NGH..33

1. Kt lun..33
2. Kin ngh...33
TI LIU THAM KHO.34
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M U
Tinh du l ngun hng liu c ngun gc thin nhin cy c, thin nhin ngy
cng c con ngi c bit ch n v a chung. Mi loi tinh du c mi c
trng v hng thm ring ca n s gip chng ta th thi, thoi mi, d chu khi
thng thc tinh du. Tinh du hin nay c s dng rng ri v l hn hp cc
cht c gi tr cao trong lnh vc dc phm, thc phm v xut khu.
Vit Nam c iu kin t nhin rt thun li cho vic pht trin nhiu loi thc
vt khc nhau, trong c cc loi c cha tinh du v ang c khng nh
vai tr v v tr ca mnh trong cc lnh vc. Trong , cy rau m l mt loi ang
c tim nng nhng vn cha c khai thc v tn dng ng mc, hu nh n ch
c s dng nh loi rau quen thuc v gn gi trong i sng hng ngy.
Ngy nay, vic dng cc loi thuc c ngun gc thin nhin ngy cng c
a chung v cc cng trnh nghin cu v chng khng ngng pht trin v hiu
qu mang li t cc loi thuc ny kh cao so vi cc loi thuc c ngun gc tng
hp. Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy khi s dng cc loi thuc c ngun
gc thc vt, n t c tc dng ph c hi v y l l do quan trng m ngy nay
cc loi thuc c ngun gc thin nhin ngy cng pht trin Mt khc, rau m l
ngun nguyn liu, d trng, d kim v r tin m cn rt c gi tr v kinh t.
V mt y hc tinh du rau m c kh nng cha mt s bnh thng thng, c
tc dng chng lo ha da, ci thin tr nh, cha cc bnh ngoi da v mau lnh vt
tthng v cn phng chng ung th. V cu hi t ra lm sao tch c tinh
du ca rau m v l vn d ang c quan tm.
Do ti quyt nh chn ti Ly trch tinh du ca cy rau m
(Hydrocotyle asiatica) lm kha lun tt nghip.Vi mc ch l vn dng
nhng kin thc v cc thao tc th nghim c hc trong cc mn hc thc
nghim ha hc tin hnh thc nghim ly trch tinh du v kho st mt s ch s
l ha ca cy rau m.
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PHN 1 : TNG QUAN TI LIU
1.1. S LC V CY RAU M:
- Rau m thuc h Apiaceae, v mc khp Chu nn c nhiu tn khc nhau,
nh Tch tuyt tho (Tu), Phanok (Lo), Trachiek kranh (Min), Gotu kola (Sri
Lanka), Pegagan (Indonesia), Takip kohol (Philippine), Bua-bok (Thi Lan).
- Rau m loi thc vt mc lan trn mt t, c l trng ging nh nhng ng
tin trn c xp ni tip nhau nn cn gi l Lin tin tho.
- Tn khoa hc l Hidrocotyle asiatica
Hnh 1.1.Rau m
M t:
Thn cy rau m gy v nhn, l loi thn b lan, mu xanh lc c r cc mu.
L hnh thn, mu xanh vi cung di v phn nh l trn, kt cu trn nhn vi
cc gn l dng li hnh chn vt. Cc l mc ra t cung di khong 5-20 cm.
B r bao gm cc thn r, mc thng ng. Chng c mu trng kem v c
che ph bng cc lng t r.
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Hoa rau m c mu t nh hng ti , mc thnh cc tn nh, trn gn mt t.

Mi hoa c bao ph mt phn trong 2 l bc mu xanh. Cc hoa lng tnh ny
kh nh (nh hn 3 mm), vi 5-6 thy trng hoa. Hoa c 5 nh v 2 vi nhy.
Qu c hnh mt li dy c, y l im phn bit n vi cc loi trong chi
Hydrocotyle c qu vi b mt trn, sc hay ging nh mn cm. Qu ca n chn
sau 3 thng v ton b cy, bao gm c r, c thu hi th cng.
- Phn b: Rau m thng mc nhng ni m t nh thung lng, b mng
thuc nhng vng nhit i nh Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Srilanka, n , Pakistan, Madagasca....
1.1.1 Rau m l sen:
Hnh 1.2. Rau m l sen

- Tn khoa hc: Hyrocotyle bonariensis
- M t: Rau m thn mc b, c r mu.
L mc so le hoc t tp nhiu l trn mu, l hi trn, c kha tai bo, rng 2-3
cm, cung di 3-5cm, phin l xanh, ton cy khi ti c mi hng, v ng. L i
nhn c mu lc, ra hoa t u ma xun n ma thu.
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Qu hnh bu dc, dy 1,5- 2mm, rng 2,5- 3 mm, y v nh c kha sng

lng v phn bn gn ni r.
- Phn b v sinh thi: Cy sng d trong nc, nhng ni t ct, b bin,
mng rnh hay ni t,.. nhng cng chu c mi trng kh, xut x Nam
M, gn y pht hin mc Vit Nam.
1.1.2 Rau m m:
Hnh 1.3. Rau m m

- Tn khoa hc : Hydrocotyle Sibthorpioides Lam
- Tn khc: Rau m h, rau m chut.
- M t: Cy tho nh mc quanh nm, thn mc b, mang r mu, l hi trn,
mp kha rng khng u.
Cm hoa nhiu tn mc nch l, mang hoa mu trng. L v cm hoa u c
cung mu trng di. Qu dt nhn hoc c lng nh.
- Phn b v sinh thi: Cy mc nhng ch m, ven ng, b rung, b ao...Ra
hoa vo thng t.
Rau m m thng gp mc hoang khp ni nc ta v cc nc chu ,
Chu Phi, cn phn b Chu M v xtrylia.
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1.1.3. Rau m di:
Hnh 1.4.Rau m di
- Tn khoa hc: Hydrocotyle Chinenisis (Cunn) Craib
- Tn khc: Rau m rng.
- M t: Cy tho sng dai, c thn di, cnh mc vn ln di 5 -20 cm, c lng
mm, mang t l nhn, phin l hnh thn mt chim, lm su hnh tim, chia 5 thy
hnh trn hay kha tai bo, cung l di, hi c lng, l km mng, trn hay hnh tri
xoan.
Cm hoa nch i din vi l, thng n c to hn l, cung tn di hn
cung l, nhn hay c lng di, cung hoa ngn. Bao chung c l bc nh hnh tri
xoan, khi nguyn mang kha rng gc, qu khi chn hnh trn, c mu en, mang
vi ngn.
Sinh thi v phn b: Cy mc trn t m, gn khe sui trong rng ni cao. Ra
hoa vo ma thu.
Nhiu ti liu cho rng y l loi ca Trung Quc v Vit Nam. nc ta gp
Cao Bng, Sn La, Ha Bnh vo n KonTum.
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1.2 CNG DNG:[8],[9],[10],[11],[13].

1.2.1. Trong thc phm:
Rau m dng trong thc phm nh mt loi gia v (n sng c v thm), rau
n (nu canh, luc, mui da,..) v dng nc gii kht (c cy gi nhuyn vi
nc v ng).
1.2.2. Trong y hc:
t ai bit ung nc rau m nhiu qu c th gy nhc u, mt thc thong
qua, ph n ung nhiu rau m c th lm gim kh nng mang thai. Bn cnh ,
v rau m c tnh hn nn nu ang b y bng, tiu chy phi cn thn khi dng,
nn n km vi vi lt gng cho m bng v trung ha tnh hn ca rau m. Hn
na nu c dng ng cch rau m c th cha nhiu bnh.
Theo ty y:
- Rau m l mt loi rau thng dng c tc dng st trng, gii c, thanh nhit,
lng huyt. Ngoi ra, rau m cng l loi dc tho c tnh b dng rt cao.
- Rau m c nhiu sinh t, khong cht, nhng cht chng oxi ha, c th dng
ci thin tr nh, tng tui th, lm mu lu thng nht l tnh mch v mao
mch, c tc dng st trng, lm chm lo ha, h huyt p.
- Hot cht trong rau m c tc dng ln mt s biu b, kch thch s sng ha v
tc dng n s phn chia t bo lm lnh nhanh vt thng ngoi da.
- Chit xut t rau m c tc dng chng li s lo ha da thc y qu trnh ti
to t bo da lm cho da cng y sc sng v b mt da sn chc hn. Ngoi ra rau
m cn c tc dng chng lot d dy, lm chm pht trin khi u (khi th nghim
chut), khng virus v khng nm.
- Rau m c tc dng gip cho c, xng khe chc, da mn mng, chng lo ha,
chng tress, gii c gan, an thn.
- i vi tun hon huyt, nhng hot cht ca rau m c tc dng ci thin vi
qun cc tnh mch, mao mch, bo v lp o trong ca thnh mch v lm tng
tnh n hi ca mch mu.
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- Kh nng chng ung th ca rau m : Cc nghin cu v tc dng ca rau m

ghi nhn tinh du rau m c tc dng c ch c tng trng t bo gy bnh ung
th .
Theo ng y:
- Rau m c v hi ng, tnh ngt mt, c tc dng thanh nhit gii c, tn , ch
thng, lng huyt tn sinh, Ton b cy rau m c dng lm thuc quanh
nm, dng ti hay phi kh u tt. Trong trng hp dng kh, ngi ta nh c
cy ra sch phi kh, khi dng em thi nh sc v ly nc ung.
Sau y l mt s bi thuc n gin:
- Cha mn nga: Ly khong 50g rau m, ra sch, gi dp ( vi 200 ml nc
si) ung trong ngy.
- Cha rm sy: Dng 50 g rau m ra sch gi vt ly nc, thm t ng cho
d ung hoc n rau m ti trn vi canh hoc dm s cha c bnh rm sy.
- Mn nht : Rau m v l gc mi th 50 g ra sch, gi nh, cho t mui vo trn
u, p ln ch au ri bng li, ngy thay thuc 2 ln v p cho n khi.
- H st: Khi b st, nhc u, ly 30 g rau m ti, ra sch, gi nt, thm nc
si ngui, vt ly nc ri ha 10 g bt sn dy, thm ng ung.
- Cm nng : Ly 40g rau m, l tre, c nm tru, l sn dy, l dui, mi th 20g,
sc c ung ngy 2 l, mi ln mt thang .
- St xut huyt: Rau m, c nm tru, l huyt d, l ci xay mi th 20g, c nhi
ni sao chy, sc c, ung ngy 2 ln , mi ln mt thang.
- H huyt p: R nhu 16g, r kin c12g, l tre 12g, r tranh 12g, r c xc 12g,
rau m 16 g. Sc ung thay nc hng ngy.
- Trong trng hp i rt, i but, i ra mu: C th dng rau m 40g, nn tre
40g ti, gi nt vi vi ht mui, gn ly nc ung.
- Cha mt mi do thay i thi tit: Rau m 40g ngi cu, ta t, kinh gii mi th
20g, sc c ngy ung 2 ln.
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- Cha ho, vim hng : Rau m ra sch, gi vt ly nc ct c thm ng cho

d ung. Tr em ngy 2 ln mi ln bt cm, ngi ln ngy 2 ln mi ln 1 bt
cm. Ung lin tc 5 n 7 ngy.
- Tr kh h, ph n au bng lc c kinh: Dng rau m 20g, bng m , r c
tranh, ru ng, c da, rau da mi th 20g, si t 20g. Nu l rau m ti c th
gi nhuyn ly nc ung, nu kh sc ung ngy 2 ln.
- Cha chy mu chn rng, chy mu cam v cc chng chy mu: Rau m 30g,
c nh ni, trc b dip mi v 15g sao ri sc ly nc ung .
- Thng kinh, au lng, au bng, n km u oi: Rau m 30g, ch mu 8g, hng
nhu 12g, hu phc 16g. 600ml nc, sc cn 200ml, chia 2 ln ung trong ngy.
- Thuc li sa: Rau m ti hay luc n c ci v nc .
- Ng c l ngn, say sn: Rau m 50 -100g gi nt, ha vi nc ch c, thm
ng tht ngt, ung mt ln (kinh nghim ngi Thi Ty Bc). Hoc ly c
cy rau m ti, ra sch, gi nt, ha vi nc m ung.
- Ng c nm: Ly 400 g rau m ra sch, gi nt, vt ly nc ct, ha vi 200 g
ng phn ung.
- n thuc c rau m ph bin vo nm 1950 min ng Nam B gm: Rau m,
r c tranh, c mn tru, c nh ni, cam tho nam, k u nga mi th 8 g, l
mung tru, c s, v qut mi th 4 g, gng ti 2 g. Tt c thi nh, phi kh, sc
ung hai ln trong ngy. Thuc iu ha c th vi 6 tc dng chnh l nhun gan,
nhun tiu, nhun trng, nhun huyt, gii c v kch thch tiu ha.
- Hin nay ,vi nc ngi ta ch rau m di dng:
Vin nn 0,01g rau m cha chng gin tnh mch, chng nng chn do mu
tnh mch chy chm tr v tim. Ngy ung 3-6 vin vo ba cm.
Thuc tim 1ml cha 0,02g cao rau m. Cch 1 ngy tim bp mt ng phi hp
thuc bi m (1% cao rau m) hoc dng bt cha 2% rau m cc vt bng, vt
thng do chn thng hoc vt phu thut cc tn thng da v nim mc (tai,
mi, hng)
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1.3. THNH PHN HA HC CA CY RAU M: [5]

Thnh phn ha hc ca cy rau m cha tinh du, du bo (bao gm glycerol
ca cc axit: oleic, linolic, linolenic, lignoceric, palmitic v stearic), cht ng
vellarin; beta caroten, sterol, saponin, alkaloic,
canxi, photpho, km, cc loi
vitamin B1, B2, B3, C v K.

Nm 2004 Yu- Kuan Chou ( Tai wan) s dng phng php chng ct li
cun hi nc chit tinh du ca l cy rau m v xc nh thnh phn ha hc
ca tinh du bng phng php sc k kh ghp ph khi lng. C 19 hp cht
c tm thy trong tinh du rau m ( Hydrocotyle Asiatica) v 39 hp cht t tinh
du ca cy Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.
1.4. TINH DU:[4], [6], [7], [8], [12].
1.4.1 Trng thi thin nhin:
Tinh du gm nhiu hp cht d bay hi ( ch yu l cc tecpen v cc
tritecpenonit), c mi c trng ty thuc vo ngun gc cung cp nguyn liu tinh
du. H thc vt c tinh du khong 3000 loi, trong c 150- 200 loi c ngha
cng nghip.
Phng php ph bin tch tinh du t cy c l chng ct bng li cun hi
nc. Nu cc cht trong tinh du b phn hy bng chng ct li cun hi nc th
ngi ta s dng phng php chit bng dung mi hu c (v d nh ete du ha,
bezen, ).V mt thc hnh tinh du c th xem nh mt hn hp thin nhin c
mi, phn ln c ngun gc t thc vt, ch c mt s t ngun gc t ng vt.
Tinh du c phn b rng trong h thc vt, c bit tp trung mt s h nh h
hoa tn, h cc, h hoa mi, h long no, h sim, h cam, h gng,Tinh du c
chit t mi b phn ca cy nh cnh hoa, l, cnh, r, v tri, cung ht, v
cy,
- L: Bc h, trm, bch n, bc h, hng nhu, khuynh dip, hng chanh, ta t,
kinh gii, i b, cc tn, l trm, l chi, l s, long no, cam, chanh, qut.
- B phn trn mt t: Bc h, hng nhu.
- Hoa: Hoa hng, hoa nhi, hoa bi,hoa hi, hoa inh hng.
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- Qu: Sa nhn, hi, bi, cam, chanh, xuyn tiu, tho qu, pht th.
- V qu: Cam, chanh, bi,qut.
- V thn: Qu.
- G : Long no, v hng, trm hng.
- Thn r: Gng, ngh, ring, hnh, ti, xuyn khung, bch ch, ng quy.
Hm lng tinh du ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh ging, di truyn, t trng,
phn bn, thi tit, nh sng, thi im thu hoch. Tinh du l sn phm cui cng
ca qu trnh trao i cht v khng c s dng tr li cho hot ng sng ca
cy.
1.4.2. Vai tr tinh du i vi thc vt:
Vn v vai tr ca tinh du trong i sng ca cy c cp ti
trong rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu. Theo quan nim c trnh by trong cc
cng trnh khc nhau, vai tr ca tinh du c quy t trong cc ni dung sau y
(Ph. X. Tanaxienco, 1985):
- Bo v cy khi cc tc ng ca su bnh.
- Che ph cc vt thng cy g.
- Ngn chn cc bnh do nm.
- Bin i sc cng b mt ca nc trong cy, thc y s vn chuyn nc, tng
hiu qu ca cc phn ng enzym.
Theo Charabot cho rng::
- Tinh du ng vai tr nh cc cht d tr trong cy, n c kh nng vn chuyn
n cc phn khc nhau ca cy, tinh du c s dng nh mt ngun nng lng
hay to thnh cc sn phm mi c cu trc gn vi n.
Theo Coxtrisep (1937) cho rng tinh du c th c xp vo 2 nhm chc
nng:
- Nhm cc tinh du c chc nng sinh l c cy s dng trong qu trnh sinh
trng.
- Nhm cc tinh du khng c chc nng sinh l, khng c cy s dng, chng
n thun ch l cc cht tit ca c th v c tch ly trong cc b cha tinh du.
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Nh vy, cc thnh phn ca tinh du c tch ly trong tuyn tit khng c

vai tr sinh l trong hot ng sng ca cy. Trong khi , tinh du thc vt chnh
l sn phm ca qu trnh tng hp v tch ly do cc c quan tit m nhim.
- Tinh du tham gia vo cc qu trnh sinh l ha bn trong t bo.
- Tinh du thng l mt hn hp c thnh phn cu to phc tp, chng thng
gm rt nhiu hp cht dng t do hoc lin kt.
- Cc thnh phn tinh du c tch ly trong tuyn tit khng phi l cc cht tit
c nh m cn tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh trao i cht ca cy, do vy thnh
phn ha hc ca tinh du trong cy lun lun c i mi.
1.4.3. Cng dng:
Tinh du hin nay l nguyn liu khng th thiu trong nhiu lnh vc:
- Thc phm: Gia v lm sn, thc n nhanh, nc ngt, hp, kem lnh, ngt
trng ming, bnh ko, ru mi, nc st, nc chm,..
- M phm: Du thm, kem dng da, bnh xt kh mi, kem nh rng, du gi
u, keo xt tc, son, phn,..
- Dc phm: t mi thuc, st trng, hng v liu php, cht dn d t trong
cc by, bnh xt xua ui cn trng,..
- Cht ty ra: To d chu cho nc ra sn nh, bt git, x phng, nc ra
chn, nc x qun o,
1.4.4. Tnh cht c trng ca tinh du:
- Tinh du l hp cht hu c ha tan ln vo nhau, c mi c trng. nhit
thng hu ht tinh du th lng, c khi lng ring b hn mt (tr mt vi tinh
du nh qu, inh hng c khi lng ring ln hn mt)
- Trong thnh phn ca tinh du, c th gm cc axit hu c v cc ru tng
ng, andehic, cc este. l nhng hp cht lin quan ti nhiu kiu cu trc ha
hc khc nhau v tham gia vo cc h thng ng ha khc nhau. Trong thnh phn
tinh du cn thng thy cc hp cht c nhn thm nh axeton, phenyletilnol,
benzandehic, vanilin, thm ch c cc hp cht c cha nit v lu hunh.
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- Tinh du thng khng mu hay c mu vng, mt s c mu nu sm (nh

tinh du qu), a s c mi d chu, mt s c mi hc kh chu, thng c v cay,
mt s c v ngt v c tnh st trng mnh.
- Tinh du d b bay hi, khng ha tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c.
- Tinh du d b oxi ha, thng xy ra khi trng hp ha, tinh du chuyn thnh
nha.
- Thng thng cc loi tinh du nguyn cht c chia thnh nhng nhm nh:
nhm d bay hi nht (trnh s dng khi tip xc vi nh nng), nhm thng dng
v nhm c bn.
- Mi tinh du c cc hng s vt l c trng nh t trng (d), chit sut (n),
quay cc (), v cc ch s ha hc nh ch s axit, ch s it, ch s este, ch s x
phng ha,Qua cc ch s ngi ta c th nh gi s b tinh du.
Tinh du cha trong thc vt thng c thnh phn khng n nh m lun
thay i theo thi gian sinh trng ca cy v cng bin i theo iu kin kh hu,
thi tit. Trong cc b phn ca cy, hm lng tinh du cng khc nhau.
1.5. PHNG PHP SN XUT TINH DU: [4],[7].
Da trn cch thc hnh, ngi ta chia cc phng php sn xut tinh du ra
lm bn loi:
- Phng php c hc
- Phng php tm trch
- Phng php hp th
- Phng php chng ct hi nc.
Nhng d c tin hnh theo bt c phng php no, quy trnh sn xut u c
nhng im chung sau y:
- Tinh du thu c phi c mi thm t nhin nh nguyn liu.
- Quy trnh khai thc phi ph hp nguyn liu.
- Tinh du phi c ly trit khi nguyn liu, vi chi ph thp nht.
Nguyn tc ly trch ca tt c cc phng php ni trn u da vo nhng c
tnh ca tinh du nh:
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- D bay hi.
- Li cun theo hi nc nhit di 100oC.
- Ha tan d dng trong dung mi hu c.
- D b hp thu ngay th kh.
1.6. PHNG PHP CHNG CT LI CUN HI NC:[2], [7].
Phng php ny da trn s thm thu, ha tan, khuch tn v li cun theo
hi nc ca nhng hp cht hu c trong tinh du cha trong cc m khi tip xc
vi hi nc nhit cao. S khuch tn s d dng khi t bo cha tinh du
trng phng do nguyn liu tip xc vi hi nc bo ha trong mt thi gian nht
nh. Trng hp m thc vt c cha sp, nha, axit bo, th khi chng ct phi
c thc hin trong mt thi gian di v nhng hp cht ny lm gim p sut hi
chung ca h thng v lm cho s khuch tn tr nn kh khn.
1.6.1. L thuyt chng ct:
Chng ct c th c nh ngha l: S tch ri cc cu phn ca mt hn
hp nhiu cht lng da trn s khc bit v p sut hi ca chng. Trong trng
hp n gin, khi chng ct mt hn hp gm 2 cht lng khng ha tan vo nhau,
p sut hi tng cng l tng ca hai p sut hi ring phn. Do , nhit si ca
hn hp s tng ng vi p sut hi tng cng xc nh, khng ty thuc vo
thnh phn bch phn ca hn hp, min l lc hai pha lng vn cn tn ti. Nu
v ng cong p sut hi ca tng cht theo nhit , ri v ng cong p sut
hi tng cng, th ng vi mt p sut, ta d dng suy ra nhit si tng ng ca
hn hp v nhn thy l nhit si ca hn hp lun lun thp hn nhit si
ca tng hp cht.
Chnh v c tnh lm gim nhit si ny m t lu phng php chng ct
hi nc l phng php u tin dng tch tinh du ra khi nguyn liu thc
vt.
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
16
1.6.2 Cc yu t nh hng chnh trong chng ct li cun hi nc:

S khuch tn:
Ngay khi nguyn liu c lm v vn th ch c mt s m cha tinh du b
v v cho tinh du thot t do ra ngoi theo hi nc li cun i. Phn ln tinh du
cn li trong cc m thc vt s tin dn ra ngoi b mt nguyn liu bng s ha
tan v thm thu. Von Rechenberg m t qu trnh chng ct hi nc nh sau:
nhit nc si, mt phn tinh du ha tan vo trong nc c sn trong t bo
thc vt. Dung dch ny s thm thu dn ra b mt nguyn liu v b hi nc cun
i. Cn nc i vo nguyn liu theo chiu ngc li v tinh du li tip tc b ha
tan vo lng nc ny. Quy trnh ny lp i lp li cho n khi tinh du trong cc
m thot ra ngoi ht.
Nh vy, s hin din ca nc rt cn thit, cho nn trong trng hp
chng ct s dng hi nc qu nhit, ch trnh ng nguyn liu b kh.
Nhng nu lng nc s dng tha qu th cng khng c li, nht l trong trng
hp tinh du c cha nhng cu phn tan d trong nc.
Ngoi ra, v nguyn liu c lm v vn ra cng nhiu cng tt, cn lm
cho lp nguyn liu c mt xp nht nh hi nc c th i xuyn ngang lp
ny ng u v d dng.
V cc cu phn trong tinh du c chng ct hi nc theo nguyn tc ni
trn cho nn thng thng nhng hp cht no d ha tan trong nc s c li
cun trc.
S thy gii:
Nhng cu phn este trong tinh du thng d b thy gii cho ra axit v
ancol khi un nng trong mt thi gian di vi nc. Do , hn ch hin tng
ny, s chng ct hi nc phi c thc hin trong mt thi gian cng ngn cng
tt.
Nhit :
Nhit cao lm phn hy tinh du. Do , khi cn thit phi dng hi nc
qu nhit (trn 100oC) nn thc hin vic ny trong giai on cui cng ca s
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
17
chng ct, sau khi cc cu phn d bay hi li cun i ht. Thc ra, hu ht cc
tinh du u km bn di tc dng ca nhit nn vn l lm sao cho thi gian
chu nhit cao ca tinh du cng ngn cng tt.
Tm li, d ba nh hng trn c xem xt c lp nhng thc t th chng
c lin quan vi nhau v quy v nh hng ca nhit . Khi tng nhit , s
khuch tn thm thu s tng, s ha tan tinh du trong nc s tng nhng s phn
hy cng tng theo.
u im:
- Quy trnh k thut tng i n gin.
- Thit b gn, d ch to.
- Khng i hi vt liu ph nh cc phng php tm trch, hp th.
- Thi gian tng i nhanh.
Khuyt im:
- Khng c li i vi nhng nguyn liu c hm lng tinh du thp.
- Cht lng tinh du c th b nh hng nu trong tinh du c nhng cu phn d
b phn hy.
- Khng ly c cc loi nha v sp c trong nguyn liu ( l nhng cht nh
hng thin nhin rt c gi tr).
- Trong nc chng lun lun c mt lng tinh du tng i ln.
- Nhng tinh du c nhit si cao thng cho hiu sut rt km.
1.6.3. Phng php chng ct li cun hi nc:
Mt s cht khng tan trong nc nhng d b hi nc nng cun theo,
ngi ta li dng tnh cht ny tch cht ra khi hn hp phn ng.
Cch tin hnh chng ct li cun hi nc :
Cho cht nh ct li cun hi nc vo bnh ct (ti a bng 1/3 th tch ca
bnh). Ni h thng bnh ct vi bnh un hi nc nng. Bnh nc nng c ni
vi ng thy tinh di tn y theo di p sut ca h thng ct. Khi p sut h
thng cao th nc ng thy tinh tng hoc phun ra ngoi, lc cn m kha 3
thng thng vi p sut kh quyn.
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
18
Sau khi lp xong h thng, m kha 3 thng theo di p sut ca h thng,

un nc si bnh nc. Nc bnh nc si ch khong 2/3 th tch bnh. M
nc ng sinh hn lm lnh hi. ng kha 3 thng hi nc si qua bnh
ct. Theo di lng cht ct ra, khi kt thc ngng un, m kha 3 thng, ly cht
ct ra.
Khi chng ct cn ch cht c th ng rn trong sinh hn gy tc ng, d n
nn cn phi thn trong khi s dng sinh hn.
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
19
PHN 2: THC NGHIM
2.1.THIT B , DNG C V HA CHT:

2.1.1. Thit b v dng c:
- Bnh cu y trn c nhnh 500ml
- Bnh cu y trn 1lt
- H thng chng ct
- Bnh tam gic (bnh nn) 100ml v 50ml
- Phu chit
- Buret 50ml
- Pipet
- Gi
- Cn k thut
- Chu thy tinh.
Hnh 2.1. M hnh chng ct li cun hi nc
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
20
2.1.2 Ha cht:
- ietylete
- Na2SO4 khan
-Etanol 96 0
- Phenolphtalein
- Dung dch h tinh bt
- Dung dch KOH 0,1N ; 0,5N
- Dung dch HCl 0,5 N
- Dung dch I2 0,1 N
- Dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N
2.2. PHNG PHP THC NGHIM:
2.2.1. Thu mu v x l mu:
Rau m c mua ti ch Tn Tch. Khi mua chn rau m ti, l xanh
khng b vng a, ly phn trn mt t gm cung v l ca rau m .
Nguyn liu sau khi mua v loi b l a ,l su, l vng, .v ra sch. Rau m
c bo qun ti cho n khi tin hnh th nghim chng ct li cun hi nc
ly trch tinh du.
21
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
2.2.2. S ly trch tinh du:

Nguyn liu
Xay nhuyn
Bnh chng ct
H thng chng ct
Chng ct
Tinh du v nc
ietyl ete
Bnh lng
Chit
Nc
Tinh du
1)Lm khan bng Na2SO4
2) ui ietyl ete
Tinh du sn phm
Hnh 2.2. S ly trch tinh du
22
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
2.2.3. Xc nh cc ch s ha l:[1]
2.2.3.1. Ch s axit:
Ch s axit l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha cc axit t do c trong 1 gam
cht bo.
KOH trung ha axit trong cht bo theo phn ng:
RCOOH
+ KOH RCOOK +H2O
Cch tin hnh:

- Cho vo bnh nn 100 ml 1g du thc vt v 10ml etanol 96 0, lc cho du tan hon
ton.
- Cho vo bnh 3 git phenolphtalein, chun bng dung dch KOH 0,1 N n khi
xut hin mu hng bn trong 30 giy. Ghi th tch KOH chun .
Tnh kt qu :
IA=
V 5, 61
g
- I A: Ch s axit (mgKOH/g)
- V: S ml KOH 0,1 N dng chun (ml)
- 5,61 l s miligam KOH tng ng vi 1ml KOH 0,1 N
- g: Khi lng du em phn tch (gam).
2.2.3.2 Ch s x phng :
Ch s x phng l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha tt c cc axit t do v
axit kt hp di dng este trong 1 gam cht bo.
Cch tin hnh: Ly 2 bnh nn 100ml
- Cho vo bnh mt (bnh kim tra ) 1ml nc ct v 15ml KOH 0,5 N.
- Cho vo bnh hai: (bnh th nghim) 1g du v 15ml KOH 0,5 N
- un si trn ni cch thy trong 50 pht, sau ngui. Thm vo mi bnh 15
ml nc ct v 3 git phenolphtalein, lc u, dung dch c mu hng.
- Chun bng dung dch HCl 0,5 N n khi mt mu hng. Ghi th tch HCl
dng chun .
23
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
Tnh kt qu:
IX =
(V V ) 28, 05
T
- IX: Ch s x phng (mgKOH/g).

- VT: S ml HCl 0,5 N chun bnh th nghim (ml).
- VK: S ml HCl 0,5 N chun bnh kim tra (ml).
- 28,05: S miligam KOH tng ng vi 1ml KOH 0,5 N
2.2.3.3 Ch s este:
Ch s este l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha lng axit bo lin kt vi
glixerol c gii phng khi x phng ha 1 gam du. Bi vy ch s este c tnh
gin tip: Ch s este bng hiu gia ch s x phng v ch s axit.
Tnh kt qu:
IE = IX - IA
IE: Ch s este (mgKOH/g).

IX: Ch s x phng (mgKOH/g).
IA: Ch s axit (mgKOH/g)
2.2.3.4. Ch s it:
Ch s it l s gam it kt hp vi 100 gam cht bo. It kt hp vo cc lin
kt i trong phn t axit bo khng no. Phn ng sau:
R
I2
Ch s it c trng cho s lng cc axit khng no trong thnh phn ca cht

bo, kh nng n nh ca cht bo i vi s oxi ha, polime ha v cc bin i
khc nhau v mc bo qun cht bo.
Cch tin hnh : Ly 2 bnh nn 100ml
- Cho vo bnh mt: (bnh kim tra ) 1ml nc ct.
- Cho vo bnh hai: (bnh thc nghim) 1g du thc vt.
- Thm vo mi bnh 10ml etanol 96 0 v 10 ml dung dch it 0,1 N trong cn, lc
u.
24
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
- y nt , yn trong bng ti 3 gi, sau chun bng Na2S2O3 0,1 N n

dung dch c mu vng nht.
- Thm vo mi bnh 10 git h tinh bt 1%, tip tc chun n mt mu
xanh.Ghi th tch Na2S2O3 dng chun .
Tnh kt qu :
II =
(V V ) 12, 7 100
K
- II: Ch s it (git/100g)
- VK: S ml Na2S2O3 0,1 N chun bnh kim tra (ml)
- VT: S ml Na2S2O3 0,1 N chun bnh th nghim (ml)
- 12,7 : S miligam I2 tng ng vi 1ml 0,1N
25
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
PHN 3: KT QU V BIN LUN
3.1 QU TRNH LY TRCH TINH DU:

S kho st qu trnh ly trch tinh du c thc hin vi 3 yu t :
- nh hng lng nc chng ct tinh du.
- nh hng thi gian chng ct tinh du.
- nh hng thi gian ho nguyn liu.
Khi tm c thng s ti u, ta c nh thng s v tm thng s ti u cn li
3.1.1. nh hng lng nc chng ct tinh du:
Cho 300g nguyn liu l phn trn mt t gm cung v l ca rau m
c xay nhuyn vi 75ml nc vo bnh cu y trn c nhnh 500ml. Lp bnh
cu vo b chng ct li cun hi nc nh m hnh.
un si nc ri hi nc sang bnh ct. un u la v theo di h
thng qua ng thy tinh bnh nc si. Theo di lng tinh du ct ra. Thi gian
thc hin l 3 gi th ngng. Sau , cho hn hp tinh du v nc vo bnh lng
chit bng ietyl ete v lm khan bng Na2SO4 .
Lp li th nghim vi khi lng nguyn liu l 300 gam, thi gian thc hin
3 gi v lng nc thay i 100 ml, 150 ml v 200ml.
Chng ti thu c khi lng tinh du bng 3.1 sau:
Th
Lng nc
Thi gian
Khi lng
Khi lng
Hm lng
nghim
chng ct
chng ct
nguyn liu
tinh du
tinh du
(ml)
(gi)
(gam)
(gam)
(%)
75
300
0,25
0,083
100
300
0,3
0,1
150
300
0,2
0,067
200
300
0,18
0,06
Bng 3.1: Hm lng tinh du rau m theo lng nc chng ct
26
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
Khi lng tinh du (gam)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Lng nc chng ct (ml)
Hnh 3.1: th hm lng tinh du rau m theo lng nc chng ct

Nhn xt:
Tinh du l cht lng trong sut khng mu, mi thm t nhin.
Qua th hnh 3.1, ta thy vi thi gian chng ct l 3 gi v cng khi
lng nguyn liu l 300 gam th hm lng tinh du tng khi lng nc tng, vi
lng nc chng ct l 100 ml th hm lng tinh du l cao nht, nhng khi
lng nc cao hn 100 ml th hm lng tinh du li gim.
T chng ti c th kt lun, chng ct 300 gam rau m th lng nc s
dng tt nht l 100ml. Do chng ti th c nh lng lng nc v thay i
thi gian chng ct tinh du
3.1.2. nh hng thi gian chng ct tinh du:
Cho 300g nguyn liu l phn trn mt t ca rau m c xay nhuyn vi
100ml nc vo bnh cu y trn c nhnh 500ml. Lp bnh cu vo b chng ct
li cun hi nc nh m hnh. un si nc ri hi nc sang bnh ct.
un u la v theo di h thng qua ng thy tinh bnh nc si. Theo di
lng tinh du ct ra.
Thi gian chng ct c thc hin sau 2 gi, 2 gi 30 pht, 3 gi v 3 gi 30
pht. Sau chng ti chit bng ietyl ete v lm khan bng Na2SO4 thu c
khi lng tinh du ln lt l 0,2 gam, 0,24 gam, 0,3 gam, 0,3 gam.
27
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
Khi thay i thi gian chng ct tinh du chng ti thu c kt qu th hin

bng 3.2 v hnh 3.2
Th
Lng nc
Thi gian
Khi lng
Khi lng
Hm lng
nghim
chng ct
chng ct
nguyn liu
tinh du
tinh du
(ml)
(gi)
(gam)
(gam)
(%)
100
300
0,2
0,067
100
2.30
300
0,24
0,08
100
300
0,3
0,1
100
3.30
300
0,3
0,1
Bng 3.2: Hm lng tinh du rau m theo thi gian chng ct
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
Thi gian chng ct (gi)
Hnh 3.2: th hm lng tinh du rau m theo thi gian chng ct

Nhn xt:
Da vo bng 3.2 v hnh 3.2 ta thy, vi cng khi lng nguyn liu 300g
v lng nc chng ct ti u l 100ml, thi gian chng ct thay i. Khi thi
gian tng dn th hm lng tinh du tng. thi im 3 gi hm lng tinh du
t ti u nhng thi gian chng ct trn 3 gi th hm lng tinh du khng tng
V vy, chng ti c nh lng nc chng ct 100ml v thi gian chng ct
tinh du l 3 gi v th thay i thi gian ho nguyn liu
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
28
3.1.3. nh hng thi gian ho nguyn liu:

Ly 300g nguyn liu c ho 0 gi, sau c xay nhuyn vi 100ml
nc vo bnh cu y trn c nhnh 500ml. Lp bnh cu vo b chng ct li
cun hi nc nh m hnh. un si nc ri hi nc sang bnh ct.
un u la v theo di h thng qua ng thy tinh bnh nc si. Theo di
lng tinh du ct ra. Thi gian thc hin l 3 gi th ngng. Sau , cho hn hp
tinh du vo bnh lng tip tc chit bng iety ete v lm khan bng Na2SO4 .
Lp li th nghim nh trn, ly 300g nguyn liu ho trong 2 gi, 4 gi v
6 gi, ri c xay nhuyn trong 100ml nc.
Chng ti thu c kt qu bng 3.3 sau:
Th
Thi gian
Lng
Thi gian
Khi lng
Khi
Hm
nghim
ho
nc
chng ct
nguyn liu
lng tinh
lng
nguyn liu
chng ct
(gi)
(gam)
du
tinh du
(gi)
(ml)
(gam)
(%)
100
300
0,31
0,103
100
300
0,3
0,1
100
300
0,17
0,056
100
300
0,15
0,05
Bng 3.3: Hm lng tinh du rau m theo thi gian ho nguyn liu
29
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
Thi gian ho nguyn liu (gi)
Hnh 3.3: th hm lng tinh du rau m theo thi gian ho

nguyn liu
Nhn xt:
T th hnh 3.3 ta thy, vi cng khi lng nguyn liu 300gam trong
thi gian chng ct ti u l 3 gi v lng nc chng ct ti u l 100 ml thi
gian ho nguyn liu cng tng th hm lng tinh du thu c gim dn.
Hm lng tinh du gim rt t t nguyn liu ti n 2 gi ho, sau hm
lng tinh du gim nhanh nn c th chn thi gian ho nguyn liu t lc thu
mu n 2 gi l khong thi gian tt nht v thun tin nht cho vic ly trch tinh
du.
Hm lng tinh du gim c th l do khi ho nguyn liu qu lu lng
nc trong cy gim nhiu v trong qu trnh hi tinh du c th b li cun theo.
ng thi, khi rau ho c th lm cho mt s thnh phn d b phn hy trong
tinh du mt i do tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng nh nhit , nh sng,.
iu ny hon ton ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim
3.2. XC NH CH S L HA:
phn tch s b tinh du thu c, ti tin hnh xc nh mt s ch s ha
l nh ch s axit, ch s x phng, ch s este v ch s it.
30
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
3.2.1. Ch s axit:
xc nh ch s axit, chng ti tin hnh bng phng php chun axit
bng baz. Chng ti tin hnh nh sau:
- Ly 1g tinh du v 10 ml etanol 960 cho vo bnh nn 100 ml lc cho tinh du tan
hon ton.
- Sau cho vo bnh 3 git phenolphtalein, chun bng KOH 0,1N n xut
hin mu hng bn trong 30 giy. Thc hin phng php 3 ln. Ghi th tch
dung dch KOH 0,1 N. Kt qu thu c bng 3.4 sau:
Th nghim
Th tch KOH (ml)
0,8
0,82
0,82
Bng 3.4: Th tch ca KOH chun

Sau khi x l kt qu, ta c ch s axit ca tinh du rau m l 4,56 mgKOH/g
3.2.2. Ch s x phng :
kho st ch s x phng ca tinh du rau m , ti tin hnh nh sau:
Ly 2 bnh nn :
- Cho vo bnh 1:(bnh kim tra) 1ml nc ct v 15 ml KOH 0,5 N.
- Cho vo bnh 2: (bnh th nghim) 1 g tinh du v 15 ml KOH 0,5N.
un si 2 bnh trn ni cch thy 50 pht ngui. Thm mi bnh 15 ml nc
ct v 3 git phenolphtalein, lc u dung dch c mu hng, chun dung dch
trong 2 bnh bng HCl n mt mu hng.
Thc hin phng php 3 ln. Ghi th tch HCl chun thu c kt qu
bng 3.5:
31
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
Th
Th tch HCl chun
Th tch HCl chun bnh
nghim
bnh th nghim
kim tra VK
VT (ml)
(ml)
10,3
9,7
10,2
9,8
10,2
9,8
Bng 3.5: Th tch HCl chun

X l kt qu thu c, tin hnh xc nh ch x phng ca tinh du theo cng
thc:
IX =
(V
) 28, 05
- IX: Ch s x phng (mgKOH/g)

- VT: Th tch HCl 0,5 N chun bnh th nghim (ml)
- VK: Th tch HCl 0,5 N chun bnh kim tra (ml)
- g: Khi lng tinh du em phn tch (gam)
Vy : Tinh du rau m c ch s x phng l:13,07 mgKOH/g
3.2.3.Ch s este:
Ch s este ca tinh du c tnh gin tip theo cng thc sau:
IE= IX - IA
- IE: Ch s este
- IX: Ch s x phng
- IA: Ch s axit
Vy ch s este ca tinh du rau m l: 8,51 mgKOH/g
3.2.4. Ch s it:
xc nh ch s it ti tin hnh nh sau:
Ly 2 bnh nn 100ml
- Cho vo bnh 1: (bnh kim tra ) 1ml nc ct.
- Cho vo bnh 2: (bnh th nghim) 0,2g tinh du.
32
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
- Thm vo mi bnh 10ml etanol 96 0 v 10 ml dung dch it 0,1 N trong cn, lc

u. y nt, yn trong bng ti 3 gi, sau chun bng Na2S2O3 0,1 N n
dung dch c mu vng nht.
- Thm vo mi bnh 10 git h tinh bt 1%, tip tc chun n mt mu xanh.
Thc hin phng php 3 ln. Ghi th tch Na2S2O3 , chng ti thu c kt qu
th hin bng 3.6:
Th
Th tch Na2S2O3 chun
Th tch Na2S2O3 chun bnh
nghim
bnh th nghim VT (ml)
kim tra VK (ml)
15,2
15,6
15,3
15,65
15,3
15,6
Bng 3. 6: Th tch Na2S2O3 chun

Da vo kt qu bng 3.6, chng ti xc nh ch s it theo cng thc :
II =
(V V ) 12,7 100
K
- II: Ch s it (git/100g)
- VK: Th tch Na2S2O3 0,1 N chun bnh kim tra (ml).
- VT: Th tch Na2S2O3 0,1 N chun bnh th nghim (ml)
- g: S gam tinh du em phn tch (gam)
Vy ch s it ca tinh du rau m bng 2,223 g it/100g
Qua kho st s b tinh du rau m chng ti thu c cc ch s ha l bng 3.7
Ch s
Tinh du rau m
Ch s axit (mgKOH/g)
4,56
Ch s x phng (mgKOH/g)
13,07
Ch s este (mgKOH/g)
8,51
Ch s it (git/100g)
2,223
Bng 3.7: Mt s ch s c bn ca tinh du rau m
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
33
KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. Kt lun:
Qua kt qu kho st tinh du rau m, chng ti a ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
- Tn khoa hc ca cy rau m l: Hidrocotyle Asiatica
- Bng phng php chng ct li cun hi nc, ti tch c tinh du rau m
t phn trn mt t gm cung v l. Qu trnh chng ct c tin hnh vi s
nh hng ca 3 yu t:
+ nh hng lng nc chng ct tinh du.
+ nh hng thi gian chng ct tinh du.
+ nh hng thi gian ho nguyn liu.
- T kt qu thc nghim chng ti tm c cc iu kin ti u cho vic ly trch
tinh du bng phng php chng ct li cun hi nc :
+ Thi gian chng ct tinh du l 3 gi
+ Lng nc chng ct tinh du l 100 ml
+ Thi gian ho nguyn liu l 2 gi
Khi lng tinh du thu c khong 0,3 gam, hm lng tinh du khong 0,1%
Vi lng tinh du thu c, chng ti xc nh mt s ch s ha l c bn
ca rau m.
- Ch s axit bng 4,56 mgKOH/g
- Ch s x phng bng 13,07mgKOH/g
- Ch s este bng 8,51mgKOH/g
- Ch s it bng 2,223g it/100g
2. Kin ngh:
- Tin hnh nghin cu tip tc vic ly trch tinh du rau m bng cc phng php
khc so snh.
- Tip tc kho st tinh du rau m vi ngun nguyn liu cc vng khc so
snh, ty theo tng vng th hm lng tinh du s khc nhau, thnh phn v hm
lng cc cu phn trong tinh du cng c s khc bit.
- Xc nh thnh phn ha hc ca tinh du rau m bng cc phng php phn
tch hin i.
34
KHA LUN TT NGHIP
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Phan Th Trn Chu, Nguyn Th Hin, Phng Gia Tng, (1997), Thc hnh
ha sinh hc, NXB Gio Dc.
2. PGS.TS. L Th Anh o, TS. ng Vn Liu, (2005), Thc hnh ha hc hu
c, NXB i hc s phm.
3. L Vn ng, (2005), Chuyn mt s hp cht thin nhin, NXB i hc
quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh.
4. L Ngc Thch, (2003), Tinh du, NXB i hc quc gia thnh ph H Ch
Minh.
5. http//w.w.w.esc.nsw.gov.au
6 http://www.ktdt.com.vn
7. http//w.w.w.ioop.org.vn
8. http//w.w.w. foun.etu.edu.vn.
9. http://60s.com.vn
10. http://hanoi.vnn.vn
11. http://duocsaigon.com
12. http://tinhdau.vn
13. http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Rau-ma-cay-rau-vi-thuoc

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2.2. Phng php thc nghim20

3.1. Ly trch tinh du.25

KT LUN V KIN NGH..33

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PHN 1 : TNG QUAN TI LIU

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Hoa rau m c mu t nh hng ti , mc thnh cc tn nh, trn gn mt t.

Hnh 1.2. Rau m l sen

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Qu hnh bu dc, dy 1,5- 2mm, rng 2,5- 3 mm, y v nh c kha sng

Hnh 1.3. Rau m m

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1.1.3. Rau m di:

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1.2 CNG DNG:[8],[9],[10],[11],[13].

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- Kh nng chng ung th ca rau m : Cc nghin cu v tc dng ca rau m

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- Cha ho, vim hng : Rau m ra sch, gi vt ly nc ct c thm ng cho

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1.3. THNH PHN HA HC CA CY RAU M: [5]

canxi, photpho, km, cc loi

vitamin B1, B2, B3, C v K.

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Nh vy, cc thnh phn ca tinh du c tch ly trong tuyn tit khng c

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- Tinh du thng khng mu hay c mu vng, mt s c mu nu sm (nh

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1.6.2 Cc yu t nh hng chnh trong chng ct li cun hi nc: