Processes and Process

Variables
Chapter 2

Mass and Volume

Density
mass/unit

volume

g/cm3

Specific

Volume

volume/

unit mass

cm3/g

Specific

Gravity

Dimensionless

Specific Gravity
Ratio

of the density of a substance to a

reference substance at a specific
condition
SG=
ref
The reference is often the density of
water at 4 0C
kg/m3
62.43 lb/ft3
1.000 g/cm3
1000

What Does this mean?

0

SG

20
0 .6 0
4

American Petroleum Institute

Example
Ex 2.5/ p. 54
Given: Volumetric flow rate = 10.5 L/min
41.2% drug
sp. gr. =1.024
MW drug = 192
Required: a) conc. [kg/L]
b) flow rate [kgmol/min]

Flow Rate
rate at which material is transported in a pipe per unit
time

Mass

flow rate

Mass/time

Volumetric

flow rate

Volume/time

m
V

m
V

Flow Rate Measurement

Flowmeter
Rotameter
Orifice

Meter

Example
Prob. 1/ p.57
Given: HC fuel
F = 40 gal/min sp. gr. = 0.91
mass = 40,000 lb
Required: time to fill up

Moles and Molecular Weight

Atomic

Weight
Molecular Weight
gram-mole
lb-mole

Example
Ex 2.2/ p.46
Given:
2.00 lbmass of NaOH
Determine
a) lbmole of NaOH
b) gmole of NaOH

Mass and Mole Fraction

Mass

fraction

xA
Mole

yA

mass of A
total mass

fraction

moles of A
total moles

Example
Ex. 2.6/p.57
Given:
solution: mass H2O = 7.5 kg
mass NaOH = 6.5 kg
Required: mass fraction, mole fraction

Multicomponent Solutions
mixtures assume %mass
Gas mixtures assume %n = %vol
Liquid/Solid

Ex. Air ( 79% N2 and 21% O2)

MWave = 28.89 g/mol

Example
Prob 3/p.61
Given
mixture
n-C4H10
n-C5H12
n-C6H14
Required:
a) mass fraction
b) mole fraction

%m
50
30
20
c) % mole
d) MWave

Concentration
Mass

concentration

Mass/volume

Molar

concentration

Moles/unit

volume of the mixture

Molarity
Molar

concentration in gram moles per liter

of solution

ppm

and ppb

Temperature
The

degree of heat as an inherent

quality of objects expressed as hotness
of coldness relative to something else.

TYPES OF TEMPERATURE
SCALES
Relative

Scale

Fahrenheit (0F)
Degree Celsius (0C)
Degree

Absolute

Scale

Rankine (0R)
Kelvin (K)
Degree

TEMPERATURE SCALES

Temperature Conversion

PRESSURE
The

normal (perpendicular) force per

unit area.

PRESSURE
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure +
barometer pressure
Gauge

pressure (relative pressure)

is zero referenced against ambient air

pressure
Absolute

pressure

is zero referenced against a perfect vacuum

Atmospheric Pressure
Absolute

pressure
Gauge pressure

Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric

PRESSURE
Measured

in psi, pascals, bars

Head
Height

of a column of water or mercury

1 atm = a head of 33.9 ft of water
1 atm = a head of 760 mm of Hg

Pressure Measurement
Bourdon

Gauge
Manometer
Barometer

In imperial units the Standard

Atmospheric Pressure is 14.696 psi.
1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101.3 kPa =
14.696 psi (lbf/in2)= 760 mmHg
=10.33 mH2O = 760 torr = 29.92 inHg
= 1013 mbar = 1.0332 kgf/cm2 =
33.90 ftH2O