Particulate Nature of

Matter
Matter- anything that has mass and occupies
space
Particle + particle = matter

Iron (Fe) from iron

atom
NaCl from sodium ions
and chloride ion

H2O from water

molecules

Atoms

an atom is the smallest particle of an element

example : O for oxygen atom
Molecules
contains two or more atoms which are bonded
together ( maybe same element or not )
example : H2 and CCl4
Ions
-ions are charged either positive or negative
-are form in liquid or molten state
-lose electron (+ ion),gain electron (- ion)
example : Na+ , Mg2+ , Br-

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Solids

- strong forces of attraction

- particle only vibrate (fixed shape and volume)
Liquids
- force of attraction weak than solid
- particle can move around (follow container
shape)
Gases
- no attraction between particles
- particle move faster and freely (zigzag)

Diffusion

- example : perfume
- light and small particle diffuse faster
- heavy and large particle diffuse slow

The Atomic Structure

Democritus

Democritus proposed that if a piece of gold cut

into smaller until cannot cut anymore, called
atom.
John Dalton (1766-1844)
J.J.Thomson (1856-1940)
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
Neils Bohr (1885-1962)
James Chadwick (1891-1974)

John Dalton(1766-1844)
In 1808, he proposed :
1.All matter is composed of atoms.
2.Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
3.All the atoms of an element are identical.
4.The atoms of different elements are different.
5.When chemical reactions take place, atoms of
different elements join together to form
compounds.

J.J.Thomson (1856-1940)
1. It was the first model of the atom.
2. 1897- Thomson discovered the electron

(negatively- charged).
3. Thomson suggested that an atom is a
positively- charged sphere with electrons
embedded in it like a raisin pudding.

Ernest Rutherford (18711937)

1. 1914- Rutherford discovered the proton
2. Rutherford model was based on the alpha

particle scattering experiment

3. He proposed
1) all the positive charge of an atom is
concentrated in the nucleus
2) an atom consists of a positively-charged
nucleus with a cloud of electrons
surrounding the nucleus

Neils Bohr (1885-1962)

He was a student of Rutherford
He proposed

1) electrons are arranged in orbits (electron

shells) around the nucleus of the atom
2) electrons in a particular path have a fixed
energy.
To move from one orbit to another, an electron
must gain or lose the right amount
of energy

James Chadwick (18911974)

He proposed that the nucleus of the atom
contains proton and neutron and the nucleus
is surrounded by a cloud of electrons

Proton number and

nucleon
number

Proton number = the number of protons in an atom

Also known atomic number
No two different element have same proton
number
Atom are neutral. Proton number also tells us
number of electron.
Nucleon number also known mass number
Nucleon no. = proton no. + neutron number
How nucleon no. and proton no. of an element is
written ?

Symbol of elements
Most symbols are taken from the English

name

Element

Symbol

Hydrogen

Carbon
Nitrogen

C
N

Boron

Some symbol are made up of two letters

Zinc

Zn

Aluminium

Al

Calcium

Ca

silicon

Si

Some symbols are based on the Latin or

Greek name

Silver

Ag

Copper

Cu

Iron

Fe

Gold

Au

Isotopes and their

importance

Are atoms of the same element with the same

proton no. but different nucleon no. or neutron

no.
Isotopes of an element have same chemical
properties but different physical properties
Example of isotopes
Some isotopes are stable while the rest
unstable
( radioactive isotopes)

Uses of isotopes
Medicine

Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope of cobalt. It decays

by giving out gamma radiation. In radiotherapy,
maglinant cancer cells are killed by directing a beam
of gamma rays towards cancer cells
Agriculture
radiation from radioisotopes is used to sterilise pests
such as insects that destroy crops.
Industry
Gamma radiation is used to detect whether canned
food or bottled drink is completely or partially filled

Electronic structure of an
Atom
The electron in atom are arranged in shell around its
nucleus
Electron start to fill up the shells from the inner shells
The first shell is the shell that nearest to nucleus and
can hold just 2 electrons
Second shell can hold 8 electrons
Third shell can hold 8 electrons
All of this is called the electron arrangement or
electronic configuration of the atom
Draw electronic arrangement if proton number is 4,5
and 6

Valence electrons
Outermost shell of an atom is called the

valence shell
This shell should have electrons before it can
be called a valence shell
The electrons in the valence shell are called the
valence electrons
Elements with the same number of valence
electrons have the same chemical properties
Lets see the example
susunan elektron.swf