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Phương Pháp Tính - ĐTTH
Phương Pháp Tính - ĐTTH
BI GING MN
PHNG PHP TNH
(Dnh cho sinh vin khoa Cng ngh thng tin)
( TI LIU LU HNH NI B )
NNG, NM 2007
MC LC
CHNG I
NHP MN ............................................................................... 5
SAI S.................................................................................... 7
TNH GI TR HM ............................................................ 9
BI TP ...................................................................................................... 26
CHNG V
CHNG I
NHP MN
+ Kh thi
- Xy dng thut ton: s dng ngn ng gi hoc s khi (cng mn
cng tt)
- Vit chng trnh: s dng ngn ng lp trnh (C, C++, Pascal,
Matlab,)
- Thc hin chng trnh, th nghim, sa i v hon chnh.
CHNG II
SAI S
x x
gi l sai s thc s ca x
x
x
- Sai s tng i : x
2.2. Cc loi sai s
y
i 1
Sai s tng i:
y
i 1
f
x i
x i
ln f
x i
x i
y f (x i ) x1 x 2 ... x n
7
Khi :
f
1 i ,
x i
y x i
suy ra:
i 1
x * x * ...* x
y f (x ) 1
i
x
k 1
ln f ln
* ...* x
x1 * x 2 * ...* x k
x k 1 * ...* x n
i
x i
xi
n
x i
x i
suy ra: y
i 1 x i
i 1
n
Vy
y x i
i 1
y = f(x) = x ( 0)
ln y ln f ln x
ln f
x
x
Vy
suy ra
y .
y .
x
x
x
x
x
x
a3
y1
;
b c
y2 a 3 b c ;
Gii y1 (a 3 ) (b c ) 3a b
3a b c / 2
= 3
a
b
1 c
a
b
2 c
y 2 (a 3 ) (b c ) a 3 (a 3 ) b c (b c )
3 a 3 a b c (b c / 2)
3a3
a
b 1 c
b c(
)
a
b
2 c
y1 (3 a 1) / 2bc
y 2 3a /(b c)
y3 2bc(3 a 1)
y 4 3a (b c)
y5 2bc(3 a 1)
y6 3a (b c)
CHNG III
TNH GI TR HM
(a0 # 0)
pn = pn-1c + an = p(c)
S Hoocner
a0
p0
a1
a2
....
an-1
an
p0*c
p1*c
....
pn-2*c
pn-1*c
p1
p2
...
pn-1
pn= p(c)
Tnh p(-2)
p dng s Hoocner:
1
-5
-1
-1
-2
-8
16
-30
-2
-1
-8
15
-31
Vy p(-2) = -31
3.1.3. Thut ton
Cch 1:
10
- Nhp vo: n, c, cc h s ai ( i 0, n )
- X l:
Gn p = a0
Lp i = 1 n : p = p * c + ai
- Xut kt qu: p
Cch 2:
- Nhp vo: n, c, cc h s ai ( i 0, n )
- X l:
Lp i = 1 n : ai = ai-1 * c + ai
- Xut kt qu: an
3.1.4. Chng trnh
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{ int i,n;
float c, p, a[10];
clrscr();
printf(" Nhap bac da thuc: "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf(" Nhap cac he so \n");
for(i = 0; i<=n; i++)
{
}
printf(" Nhap gia tri can tinh: "); scanf("%f", &c);
p = a[0];
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) p = p*c + a[i];
printf(" Gia tri cua da thuc: %.3f", p);
getch();
}
11
(1)
(2)
Nh vy ta phi xc nh cc h s bi (i 0, n)
Xc nh bn
Xt y=0, t (2) => p(c) = bn
Xc nh bn-1
(1)
t x=y+c ta c:
p(x) (x c)(b 0 y n 1 b1y n 2 ... b n 2 y b n 1 ) b n
(2)
p1(c) = bn-1
Tng t ta c:
a1
a2
....
an-1
an
p0*c
p1*c
....
pn-2*c
pn-1*c
p1
p2
...
pn-1
pn= p(c)=bn
p0*c
p1*c
....
pn-2*c
p0
p1
p2
...
pn-1 = p1(c)=bn-1
...
p0
12
Xc nh p(y-1)
p1(x)
p2(x)
p3(x)
p4(x)
p5(x)
2
2
2
2
2
-1
-2
-2
-2
-4
-2
-3
-2
-2
-4
-2
-7
11
-2
-4
-2
-11
-2
-4
-4
-2
-6
10
-2
p6(x)
Vy
-8
...
1!
2!
n!
f (0) x f (0) x 2
f ( n ) (0) x n
f ( x ) f (0)
...
1!
2!
n!
x2 x4 x6
...
V d 3. Cosx 1
2!
4!
6!
13
BI TP
14
CHNG IV
f(x) = x3 - x + 5
f(x) = 0 <=> x = 1/ 3
f(x) = 3x2 - 1 ,
Bng bin thin:
-
x
f(x)
f(x)
1/ 3
+
1/ 3
yC>0
yCT>0
2x + x - 4 = 0 2x = - x + 4
p dng phng php th:
y
y = 2x
4
y = -x + 4
2
1
1
16
i = 1, n
i = 0, n 1
x1
an
m
x 1 1 x2
m2 a n
a0
* nh l 4:
Cho phng trnh (1) c a0 > 0, am l h s m u tin. Khi mi nghim
dng ca phng trnh u N 1 m a / a 0 , vi a = max {ai}
sao cho ai < 0, i 0, n .
V d 4. Cho phng trnh:
Ta c a2 = -3 l h s m u tin, nn m = 2
a = max( 3, 6) = 6
Vy cn trn ca nghim dng: N 1 6 / 5
* nh l 5:
Cho phng trnh (1), xt cc trng hp:
1(x) = xn f (1/x) = a0 + a1x + ... + anxn
2(x) = f(-x) = (-1)n (a0xn - a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 - ... + (-1)nan)
3(x) = xn f(-1/x) = (-1)n (anxn - an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 - ... + (-1)na0)
17
Xt phng trnh
3x2 + 2x - 5 = 0
N0 = 1 +
5 / 3 (nh l 4)
(nh l 4)
x < 1+
5/3
nn lim a n lim b n
n
bn
2
1.5
f(
a n bn
)
2
+
-
1.25
1.375
+
1.438
1.406
1.391
1.383
+
1.387
1.385
1.386
1.387
n 10
/* a - b > v f(c) != 0 */
- Xut nghim: c
19
y=x
y=g(x)
y
B
y=g(x)
y=x
A
B
C
x2 x1
x0
Hnh a
x0 x1
x2
Hnh b
n lim
Lu :
- nh l ng nu hm g(x) xc nh v kh vi vi
iu kin g(x) tho mn.
x R
20
q
V d 7. Tm nghim: x3 - x - 1 = 0 bng phng php lp
Gii: - Tch nghim: phng trnh c mt nghim (1,2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
x 3 x 1 0 x x 3 1; x
Chn g(x) =
g' ( x )
x 1
; x 3 x 1
2
x
x 1
1
1
3
1 x (1,2)
3 ( x 1) 2
g(x) =
x 1
1.260
1.260
1.312
1.312
1.322
1.322
1.324
1.324
1.325
1.325
1.325
y=x
x = g(y)
x k 1 x k
f (x k )
f ' (x k )
b. ngha hnh hc
y
f(x)
A0
tip tuyn
A1
[
x2
x1 x0
f(x) = x3 + x - 5
f(x) = 3x2 + 1 > 0 x
x
lim f ( x) ,
lim f ( x)
f(x)/f(x)
0.385
0.094
0.005
0.000
Vy nghim x 1.516
c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x), fdh(x)
- Nhp x
- Lp
y= x
x = y f(y)/fdh(y)
y f (a )
xa
f ( b ) f (a ) b a
Dy cung AB ct trc x ti im c to (x1, 0)
Do :
x a
0 f (a )
1
f ( b ) f (a ) b a
x1 a
( b a )f (a )
f ( b ) f (a )
x2 x1
D
C
B
x 1
f(2) = 2 > 0
(2 1)(1)
1.333
2 (1)
24
f(x)
1.333
-0.147
1.333
1.379
-0.020
1.379
1.385
-0.003
1.385
1.386
-0.000
1.386
1.386
25
BI TP
d. x4 4x 1= 0
e. x3 + x 5 = 0
f. ex + x 2 = 0
2. Tm nghim gn ng cc phng trnh:
a. ex 10x + 7 = 0
b. x3 + x 5 = 0
c. 2x + x - 4 = 0
d. ex + x + 1 = 0
b. 2x + x 5 = 0
c. cos2x + x 5 = 0
d. lnx + x + 1 = 0
x3 + x2 2x 5 = 0
CHNG V
Ann+1
a11
a12
...
a1n
a1n+1
a21
a22
...
a2n
a2n+1
an2
...
ann
ann+1
....
an1
Vn : Tm vect nghim
x (x1 , x 2 ,...,x n )
* Phng php:
- Phng php ng (krame, gauss, khai cn): c im ca cc phng
php ny l sau mt s hu hn cc bc tnh, ta nhn c nghim ng
nu trong qu trnh tnh ton khng lm trn s.
- Phng php gn ng (gauss siedel, gim d): Thng thng ta cho n
s mt gi tr ban u, t gi tr ny tnh gi tr nghim gn ng tt hn
theo mt qui tc no . Qu trnh ny c lp li nhiu ln v vi mt s
iu kin nht nh, ta nhn c nghim gn ng.
5.2. Phng php Krame
- Khai bo hm Dt tnh nh thc ma trn vung cp n
- Nhp n, aij (i = 1, n; j 1, n 1 )
- d = Dt (A)
- Xt
+d=0
+d#0
{di = Dt(Ai) ;
xi = di/d }
27
A =
a12
a22
...
...
a1n
a2n
a1n+1
a2n+1
an1
an2
...
ann
ann+1
a11
a12
...
a1n
a1n+1
a'22
...
a'2n
a'2n+1
...
a'nn
a'nn+1
........
A =
......
0
-1
-2 2
-1
1 -1
2 -2
-1
-3
17 0
13
0
0
-1
-3
-7
-8
5/3
13
4/3
5
4
14
-1
-7
-8
-3
-7
-8
13/3
-14/3
-1/3
17/3
-7/3
10/3
13/3 -14/3
0
49/13
-1/3
49/13
x4 = 1; x3 = 1; x2 = 1; x1 = 1
Vy nghim h phng trnh x (1, 1, 1, 1)
5.3.2. Thut ton
- Nhp n, aij ( i 1, n, j 1, n 1 ) (nhp trc tip hoc t file)
28
m = -aji /aii
Lp k = i n +1
- Tm nghim
n
x i a in1 a ijx j / a ii ( i =n 1)
ji 1
Lp i = n 1
s=0
lp j = i + 1 n s = s + aij * xj
xi = (ain+1 - s)/aii
x ( x1 , x 2 ,......,x n ) ;
x Bx g
g (g1 , g 2 ,......,g n ) ;
B = {bij}n
Cch bin i:
a11x1 +a12x2 + ....+ a1nxn = a1n+1
a21x1 +a22x2 + ....+ a2nxn = a2n+1
.......
an1x1 +an2x2 + ....+ annxn = ann+1
n
x 1 (a 1 n 1 a 1 j x j ) / a 11 ( j 1)
j1
....
n
x n (a nn1 a njx j ) / a nn ( j n )
j1
29
Tng qut:
n
x1i (a in 1 a ijx 0j ) / a ii ( j i)
j 1
Tng t, tnh x 2 , x 3 ,
Tng qut:
x ik 1 (a in 1 a ijx kj ) / a ii ( j i)
j 1
r1 max b ij 1
i
j1
n
hoc r2 max b ij 1
j
i 1
hoc r3 b ij2 1
i 1 j1
th qu trnh s hi t n nghim.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh bng phng php Gauss - Siedel
10
10
10
12
10
x1 = -0.2x2 0.1x3 + 1
x2 = -0.1x1 0.2x3 + 1.2
x3 = -0.1x1 0.1x2 + 0.8
30
B=
-0.2
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.1
-0.1
Do
x2
x3
1.2
0.8
0.68
0.94
0.58
0.754
1.016
0.638
0.733
0.997
0.623
0.738
1.002
0.627
0.737
1.001
0.626
0.737
1.001
0.626
x i7 x i6 103 i 1,3
t =1 /* cho lap */
31
xi = yi }
trong khi (t)
- Xut nghim: xi hoc yi (i =1n)
5.5. Phng php gim d
5.5.1. Ni dung phng php
Bin i h phng trnh v dng:
a1n + 1 - a11x1 - a12x2 - ... - a1nxn = 0
a2n + 1 - a21x1 - a22x2 - ... - a2nxn = 0
(1)
.......
ann + 1 - an1x2 - an2x2 - ... - annxn = 0
Chia dng i cho aii # 0
b1n + 1 - b12x2 - b13x2 - ... - x1 = 0
b2n + 1 - b21x1 b23x3 - ... - x2 = 0
(2)
.......
bnn + 1 - bn1x1 - bn2x2 - ... - xn = 0
-2
-2
-2
10
-1
-10
-8
R 30 max{ R i0 } = 0.8
( i 1,3 )
x13 x 30 R 30 0.8
R12 R 02 b 23 * R 30 0.7 (0.1) * 0.8 0.78
R 1 (0.76, 0.78, 0)
Tng t ta c bng kt qu:
x1
0
x2
0
x3
0
0.8
0.78
0.92
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
1
1
1
R1
0.6
0.76
0.92
0
0.04
0.07
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
R2
0.7
0.78
0
0.18
0
0.02
0.03
0
0
0.01
0
R3
0.8
0
0.08
0.17
0.19
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
a[i,j] = a [i,j]/t
}
- Tnh r[i] ban u (i = 1n)
for i = 1 n do
{ r[i] =a [i, n+1]
for j = 1 n do r[i] = r [i] - a[i,j] * x [j] }
- Lap
t = 0 /* cho thoat*/
/* Tm rs = max {|r[i]|} (i = 1n) & tnh li xs*/
max = |r[1]|; k =1
for i = 2 n do
if (max < |r[i]| ) { max = |r[i]; k= i }
x [k] = x [k] + r[k]
/* Tnh li R[i] kim tra kh nng lp tip theo */
d = r[k]
for i =1 n
{ r[i] = r[i] - a[i, k] * d
if (|r[i]| > ) thi t =1 /* cho lap*/
}
trong khi ( t )
- Xut nghim: x[i] (i = 1n)
Lu :
- Phng php ch thc hin c khi aii # 0, nu khng phI i dng
- Qu trnh hi t khng ph thuc vo x0 m ch ph thuc vo bn cht
ca h phng trnh.
- Mi h phng trnh c gi tr ring 1 u hi t n nghim mt cch
nhanh chng.
- Nu cc phn t aii cng ln hn cc phn t trn dng bao nhiu th qu
trnh hi t cng nhanh.
34
BI TP
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-1
15
-5
-1
-2
-1
-1
b.
c.
d.
b.
10
15
-15
-2
-10
-2
-1
20
20
12
35
3. Vit chng trnh gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php Gauss
a. Nhp d liu trc tip
b. Nhp d liu thng qua file
4. Vit chng trnh gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php lp Gauss
Siedel
a. Nhp d liu trc tip
b. Nhp d liu thng qua file
5. Vit chng trnh gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php gim d
a. Nhp d liu trc tip
b. Nhp d liu thng qua file
36
CHNG VI
6.1. Gii thiu
A =
a11
a12
...
a1n
a21
a22
...
a2n
an2
...
ann
.......
an1
( E : Ma trn n v)
(A - E) x = 0
trnh vic khai trin nh thc (i hi s php tnh ln) khi tm ta c
th p dng phng php anhilepski. phng php ny ta ch cn tm
ma trn P sao cho P ng dng vi ma trn A v P c dng ma trn
Phrbemit.
P =
p1
p2
...
pn-1
pn
...
...
...
....
0
M-1 =
... 0
... 0
an1
an2
... ann
... 1
...
...
1
ann1
a nn
a nn1
a n2
a nn1
0
1
ann1
Mn-1j
M-1n-1j = anj
a n1
a nn1
M =
a nj
a nn 1
...
0)
nu j = n -1
nu j # n - 1
A1 = M-1A M A
* Ln bin i 2: Chn M-1, M sao cho A2 = M-1 A1 M A1
v 2 dng n, n-1 ca A2 c dng ca ma trn P.
A2 A1 , A1 A => A2 A (tnh cht)
.
* Ln bin i th n-1
Ta nhn c ma trn An-1 A v An-1 chnh l ma trn P cn tm.
Khi nh thc:
det (P-E) = (-1)n (n - p1 n-1 - - pn-1 - pn)
38
p1
p2
P3
n=3
ta tm:
P
Ln 1: Chn
M
-1
A1 = M-1A M
-2
-5
-2
Ln 2: Chn
M-1
-1
-5
-5
A2 = M A1M=
-14
=P
3 - 72 + 14 - 8 = 0
39
(C = A x B => c ij a ik b kj
k 1
{M[i,j] = 0; M1[i,j] = 0 }
M[i,j] = - a[k+1,j]/a[k+1,k] }
/* Gi hm nhn 2 ln */
Ln 1 : vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2 : vo M1; B; ra A
- Xut aij ( i,j = 1n)
Thut ton nhn 2 ma trn vung cp n: c = a*b
for (i=1, i < = n; i++)
for (j=1; j< = n; j++) {
c[i] [j] = 0
for (k=1; k < = n; k++) c[i] [j] + = a [i] [k] * b [k] [j]
}
40
Ta c: (P - E) y = 0
P y = E y
M-1. A. M . y = E y
Nhn 2 v cho M:
M M-1. A M y = M E y
A M y = E My
t x = M y
= E x
A x
(A - E) x = 0
Vy x = M y l vect ring ca A
P M n11 .M n12 ...M 11 .A.M 1 .M 2 .M n1
Xc nh y
(P-E) y = 0
p1 -
1
......
0
p2
...
pn-1
pn
y1
...
y2
...
yn
...
=0
=0
.....
yn-1 - yn = 0
cho: yn = 1 yn-1 = ,
yn-2 = yn-1 = 2 , ... , y1 = n-1
41
1 = 2 y 1 = (4, 2, 1)
2 = 1 y 2 = (1, 1, 1)
3 = 4 y 3 = (16, 4, 1)
Tm M:
=
M = M1 M 2
-5
-2
-5
-2
x =M y
x1
x2
x3
1
0
-5 5
1 -2
4
2
-1
= 0
-5
-2
= -1
-5
16
-2
2
1
Vy vect ring ca A:
x 1 = (-1, 0, 1) ;
x 2 = (1, -1, 1) ;
x 3 = (1, 2, 1)
- Nhp
- Khi to B1 = E
- Lp k = n-1 1
/* Tnh 2 ma trn M, M1 */
/* Gi hm nhn 3 ln */
Ln 1: vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2: vo M1, B; ra A
Ln 3: vo B1, M; ra B
/* Gn li ma trn B1=B */
- Xut aij, bij
43
CHNG VII
(x0) = f(x0);
xi
x0
x1
...
xn
yi =f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
yi=f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
yi=f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
L n (x)
p in ( x )
y i p in (x )
i0
Ln(x) = W(x)
W(x)
x - xi
(x - x
i 0
MS W' (x i )
yi
i ) W' (x i )
f(xi)
-1
2
3
1
)
x (8) 3(x 1) 4(x 2)
1
( x 4)(( x 1)(x 2) 4x ( x 2) x ( x 1))
4
1
= ( x 4)(4x 2 6x 2)
4
=
1
( x 4)( 2x 2 3x 1)
2
Cch 2:
L3(x) = 2
( x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
x ( x 2)(x 4)
x ( x 1)(x 4)
3
1
(1)(2)(4)
1(1)(3)
2(1)(2)
1
1
( x 4)(4x 2 6x 2) = ( x 4)(2x 2 3x 1)
2
4
2
f(3) L3(3) = (3 - 4)(4*3 - 6*3 - 2)/4 = -4
f(2.5) L3(2.5) = (2.5 - 4)(4*2.52 - 6*2.5 - 2)/4 = -3
=
x x0
, khi :
h
x - x0 = h*t
xi - x0 = h *i
x- x1 = h(t - 1)
xi - x1 = h(i-1)
...
...
xi - xi-1 = h
xi - xi+1 = -h
...
...
x - xn = h(t - n)
xi - xn = -h(n - i)
t t
p in ( x 0 ht )
t ( t 1) ...( t (i 1) ( t (i 1))...( t n )
i(i 1) ...1(1) n i (1)(2)...(n i)
46
t ( t 1) ...( t n )
( t i) (i!) (n i)! (1) n i
yi (1) n i
Ln(x0 + ht) = t(t -1) ... (t - n)
i 0 ( t i)(i!)(n i)!
n
Ln(x0 + ht) =
i 0
n!
t i
V d 2. Tm hm ni suy ca f(x) tho mn:
xi
f(xi)
-2
Gii:
Cch 1:
W(x) = x (x - 2) (x - 4)
W(0) = (0 - 2) (0 - 4) = -8
W(2) = (2 - 0) (2 - 4) = -4
W(4) = (4 - 0) (4 - 2) = 8
L2(x) = x ( x 2)(x 4)(
5
2
1
)
8( x 0) ( x 2)(4) ( x 4).8
1
5
2
1
x ( x 2)(x 4) (
)
8
4x ( x 2) 4( x 4)
1
(5( x 2)(x 4) 4x ( x 4) x ( x 2))
8
1
1
(10x 2 48x 40) (5x 2 24x 20)
8
4
Cch 2:
)
2!
t 0 t 1 t 2
t ( t 1)(t 2) 5
4
1
(
)
=
2
t t 1 t 2
=
1 2
(5(t 1)(t 2) 4t (t 2) t ( t 1))
2
47
1
(10t 2 24t 10) 5t 2 12t 5
2
Vy L 2 ( x )
5 2
x 6x 5
4
c-x0
x0-x1
x0-x2
x0-xn
x1-x0
c-x1
x1-x2
x1-xn
d0
d1
x2-x0
x2-x1
c-x2
x2-xn
d2
xn-x0
xn-x1
c-xn
dn
xn-x2
yi
i 0 (c x i ) W' (x i )
yi
f(c) W(c)
i 0 d i
V d 3. Tnh f (3.5) khi bit f(x) tho mn
xi
yi
-1
48
Gii
-1
-2
-3
-4
60
1.5
-1
-2
-3
-9
0.5
-1
-2
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-36
W(3.5) = 1.40625
f(3.5) L4 (3.5) = (
1 2 7 1
)*1.40625 = 4.210938
20 9 2 3
L01 y 0
x x1
x x0
y1
x 0 x1
x1 x 0
y 0 (x1 x ) y1 (x 0 x )
x1 x 0
y0 x 0 x
y x x
1 1
x1 x 0
49
L0i(x)
y0
x0-x
yi
xi-x
xi-x0
Xt hm p(x) c dng:
L01(x) x1- x
p(x)
L0i(x) xi - x
xi - x1
p(x0) =
xi - x1
y1 (xi - x1)
P(x1) =
xi - x1
-y1 (x1 - xi)
P(xi) =
xi - x1
y0(xi - x1)
xi - x1
y0
= y1
= yi
L012...n-2 n(x)
xn- x
xn - xn-1
Bng Ni suy Ayken (dng 2)
xi
yi
L0i(x)
L01i(x) L012i(x)
...
L012...n(x)
xi - x
x0
y0
x1
y1
L01(x)
x1 - x
x2
y2
L02(x) L012(x)
x2 - x
x3
y3
....
....
xn
yn
x0 - x
...
...
...
L012...n(x)
xn - x
50
yi
Tnh f (2.5)
Gii: p dng bng Ayken (dng 2)
xi
yi
L0i(x)
4.25
4.625
4.5
4.875
4.5
4.25
4.875
4.562
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
4.407
2.5
51
f(xi)
f(xi)
2f(xi)
3f(xi)
nf(xi)
y0
y1
f(x0)
y2
f(x1)
2f(x0)
y3
f(x2)
2f(x1) f3(x0)
....
...
yn
f(xn-1)
nf(x0)
Nhp n, yi (i=0n)
(*)
Trong : 0(x) = 1;
1 ( x )
x x0
h
2 ( x )
( x x 0 )(x x1 )
;
h 2 2!
n ( x )
( x x 0 )(x x1 )...(x x n 1 )
h n n!
* Xc nh cc h s Ci (i= 0, n )
Sai phn cp 1 ca Ln(x) :
Ln(x) = C00(x) + C11(x) + C22(x) + ... + Cnn(x) (1)
= C10(x) + C21(x) + ... + Cnn-1(x)
Sai phn cp 2 ca Ln(x) :
2Ln(x) = C10(x) + C21(x) + ...+ Cnn-1(x)
(2)
(n)
Ln(x0) f(x0) ;
x x0
( x x 0 )(x x1 )
2 f ( x 0 )
h
h 2 2!
( x x 0 )(x x1 )...(x x n 1 )
... n f ( x 0 )
h n n!
L n ( x ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )
yi
f(xi)
2f(xi)
3f(xi)
xi
f(xi)
-1
-1
-2
4f(xi)
-4
Hm ni suy Newton:
x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x x1 )
( x x 0 )( x x1 )( x x 2 )
2
1
2!
3!
( x x 0 )( x x1 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 )
4
4!
L4 (x ) 2 2
x 1 ( x 1)( x 2)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
2
1
2!
3!
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)
4
4!
L4 (x ) 2 2
xi
x0
x1
...
xn
yi =f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
yi=f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
yi= f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
...
yi(k) =f(k)(xi)
y0(k)
y1(k)
yn(k)
54
m=n+
si
i 1
W(x) = (x-x0)(x-x1)....(x-xn),
p= m - (n + 1)
o hm cp 1:
Hm(x) = Ln(x) + W(x) Hp(x) + W(x)Hp(x)
Xt ti cc im xi:
Hm(xi) = Ln(xi) + W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi)Hp(xi) = yi
V W(xi) = 0, Ln(xi), W(xi) v yi bit nn tnh c gi tr ca Hp(xi)
o hm cp 2:
xi
x0
x1
...
xn
Hp(xi)
h0
h1
...
hn
Hp(xi)
h'0
h'1
...
h'n
h1(k-1)
...
hn(k-1)
...
Hp(k-1)(xi)
h0(k-1)
55
f(xi)
f(xi)
-3
L2 (x)
4( x 1)(x 3)
x ( x 3)
2
3
2
1
( x 2 7 x 12)
3
H4 (x)
'
2
7
x (3x 2 8x 3) H1 ( x ) W(x) H1' ( x )
3
3
H 4 (0)
'
H 4 (1)
'
7
22
3H1 (0) 5 H1 (0)
3
9
5
2
2 H1 (1) - 3 H1 (1)
3
3
H1(xi)
22/9
2/3
56
H1(x) =
22 ( x 1) 2 ( x 0) 16x 22
9 (0 1) 3 (1 0)
9
Tuyn tnh
- y = a + bcosx + csinx
- y = aebx
- y = axb
nhng cha xc nh c gi tr ca cc tham s a, b, c. xc nh c
cc tham s ny, ta tm cch tnh mt s cp gi tr tng ng (xi, yi), vi
i=1, 2, 3, n bng thc nghim, sau p dng phng php bnh phng
b nht.
Trng hp: y = a + bx
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi
Khi tng bnh phng cc sai s: S
i2
i 1
S
0
a
S
0
b
S n
(2a 2 y i 2bx i )
a i1
S n
2
(2bx i 2x i y i 2ax i )
b i1
n
i 1
i 1
na b x i y i
1
n
i 1
i 1
a x i b x i x i y i
2
i 1
i2
i 1
i 1
i 1
na b x i c x i
S
0
c
i 1
i 1
yi
i 1
a x i b x i c x i x i y i
n
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
a x i b x i c x i 4 x i yi
2
i 1
i 1
Lny = lna + bx
t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
58
Ta a v dng:
Y = A + BX
Y = A + BX
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.15
yi
0.96
1.06
1.17
1.29
1.58
Ta c: y = aebx
Ly Logarit c s e hai v:
Lny = lna + bx
t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
Ta a v dng:
Y = A + BX
Xi = xi
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.15
Yi = lnyi
-0.04
0.06
0.18
0.25
0.46
Xi
Xi2
XiYi
Yi
4.35
3.93
0.92
0.89
59
nA B X i
i 1
i 1
i 1
Yi
i 1
A X i B X i X i Yi
2
i 1
5A + 4.35B =0.89
4.35A + 3.93B = 0.92
Gii h phng trnh ta c: A = - 0.69, B = 1
Suy ra: a = eA = 1/2,
Vy f(x) =
b = B =1
1 x
e
2
60
BI TP
f(x)
-2
f(x)
-5
f(x)
-2
f(x)
-1
f(x)
-1
b.
5. Dng bng ni suy Ayken dng 2 tnh gn ng f(2), f(4.5) khi bit f(x)
tho mn:
a.
x
f(x)
61
b.
x
f(x)
f(x)
c.
f(x)
-4
f(x)
b.
2
4.243
3
5.196
4
6
5
6.708
6
7.348
7
7.937
8
8.485
1
3.3
2
5.4
3
8.96
4
14.78
5
24.36
6
40.17
62
b.
x
f(x)
f(x)
0
7
10
1
2
5
3
4
c.
x
f(x)
f(x)
0
7
10
1
2
5
3
4
3
x
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
0
2
10
3
1
-5
4
2
0
d.
x
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
0
2
10
5
1
-3
2
9
x
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
0
1
0
0
1
2
7
2
129
448
1344
e.
63
x1
x2
xn
x0
x1
x n 1
S1
S
x0 =ax1
f(x
)
Sn
xn-1xn =
b
S1 Shthang
1
h ( y 0 y1 )
2
Tng t:
S2
1
h( y1 y 2 )
2
...
Sn
1
h( y n 1 y n )
2
Vy:
f ( x )dx h (
a
y0
y
y1 y 2 ... y n 1 n )
2
2
x2
x4
x2n
x0
x2
x 2 n 2
f (x) L 2 (x) y 0
( x x 0 )(x x 2 )
( x x1 )(x x 2 )
y1
( x 0 x1 )(x 0 x 2 )
( x1 x 0 )(x1 x 2 )
y2
( x x 0 )(x x1 )
( x 2 x 0 )(x 2 x1 )
65
x2
x2
x0
x0
f (x )dx L 2 (x )dx
f (x )dx 3 ( y 0 4 y1 y 2 )
x0
Tng t:
x4
f (x )dx 3 ( y 2 4y 3 y 4 )
x2
x2n
h
f ( x )dx ( y 2 n 2 4 y 2 n 1 y 2 )
3
x 2 n 2
Vy:
dx
theo 3 cch
1 x 2
1
V d. Tnh J =
Gii
yi
1/2
1/5
1/10
1/17
1/26
a+h
a + 2h
...
ti
1/n
2/n
...
Khi :
b
1/n
2/n
...
(t)
y0
y1
y2
...
yn
1
2
2
( t )(t )...(t 1)
( t 0)(t )...(t 1)
n
n
n
( t ) L n ( t ) y 0
y1
...
1
2
1
1 2
1
( )( )...(1)
( 0)( )...( 1)
n
n
n
n n
n
1
n 1
( t 0)(t )...(t
)
n
n
yn
1
n 1
(1 0)(1 )...(1
)
n
n
Khi :
(t )dt L n (t )dt
1
i 1
i 1
( t 0)(t ) ... ( t
)(t
) ...(t 1)
i
n
n
n
dt
t Pn
i
i 1
i i 1 i i 1
i
0 ( 0)( ) ...(
)(
) ...( 1)
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
1
67
i 0
i
f (x )dx (b a ) y i p n
Vy:
Xt n = 1 ( h = b-a )
t 1
1
P
dt ;
2
0 0 1
b
f (x)dx (b a )(
a
t0
1
dt
2
01 0
0
1
P11
y 0 y1
h
) ( y 0 y1 ) Cng thc hnh thang
2 2
2
Pni
1/2
1/2
1/6
4/6
1/6
1/8
3/8
3/8
1/8
9/71
16/45
2/15
16/45
9/70
19/288
25/95
25/144
25/144
25/95
19/288
68
BI TP
x
0 1 x 2 dx
a.
b.
tgx 3
dx
2 x
10
d. (arctg( x 5) 3x )dx
c. (ln( x 5) x )dx
2
ln( x 1)
e.
dx
x
1
ex
f.
dx
1 x 1
10
10
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.06
6.69
11.04
18.2
4.5
30.01 49.47
Tnh gn ng :
a. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [1, 4]
b. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [2, 5]
c. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [1, 4.5]
d. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [1.5, 5]
3. Khai bo hm trong C tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh ca hm f(x)
trn [a, b] (dng i kiu con tr hm)
a. Dng cng thc hnh thang
b. Dng cng thc Parabol
c. Dng cng thc Newton-cotet
4. Vit chng trnh tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh trn [a, b] ca mt
hm f(x) c th (s dng cc hm khai bo trong cu 3). So snh cc
kt qu, nhn xt.
69
b = a;
a = b - f(b)/fdh(b);
}
while (fabs(a-b) >= eps );
printf("\n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f", a);
printf("\n Ban muon tiep tuc ko(c/k)? ");
tt = getch();
if (tt=='k' || tt=='K') break;
}
}
70
<stdio.h>
"conio.h"
"math.h"
max 10
}
printf("\n\n Nghiem he phtrinh: ");
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) printf("%.3f ", x[i]);
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)? ");
tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
int i;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) printf("%8.3f", a[i]);
}
void main()
{ int a[max][max];
float x[max], y[max];
int n, i, j, lap, dem;
FILE *f; char tt;
f = fopen("sediel.txt", "r"); /* mo file de doc so lieu */
fscanf(f, "%d", &n);
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
for (j=1; j<=n+1; j++)
if (!feof(f)) fscanf(f, "%d", &a[i][j]);
else
{ printf("\n So lieu ko hop le");
getch(); return;
}
fclose(f);
printf("\n Cac he so cua he phuong trinh:\n");
xuatmt(a, n);
while (1)
{ printf("\n\n Nhap xap xi nghiem ban dau : ");
nhap(x, n);
dem = 0;
do
{
lap=0; dem++;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
float s=0;
for (j=1; j<=n; j++)
if (j!=i) s+=a[i][j]*x[j];
y[i] = a[i][n+1] - s ;
if (a[i][i]!=0) y[i] = y[i]/a[i][i];
else return; /* ket thuc chuong trinh */
if (fabs(x[i]-y[i])>eps && dem<30) lap=1;
}
75
w*=t-x[i];
d = t-x[i];
for (j=0; j<=n; j++)
if (j!=i) d*=x[i]-x[j];
s+=y[i]/d;
}
printf("\n Gia tri ham: f(%f) = %f", t, w*s);
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
void nhap(float *a, int n, char ten)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<=n; ++i)
{
printf(" %c[%d]=", ten, i);
scanf("%f", a+i);
}
}
scanf("%f", a+i);
}
}
double f(double x)
{
float p = d[0]; int i;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) p = p*x+d[i];
return p;
}
main()
{
float a, b;
char tt;
while (1)
{
printf("\n Nhap can de tinh tich phan: ");
printf("\n a = "); scanf("%f", &a);
printf("\n b = "); scanf("%f", &b);
printf("\n S1 = %.3f", tp(sin, 0, PI));
printf("\n S2 = %.3f", tp(cos, 0, PI/2));
printf("\n S3 = %.3f", tp(g, a, b));
nhap(d, &n);
printf("\n S4 = %.3f", tp(f, a, b));
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
79
TI LI U THAM KHO
[1] ng Quc Lng, Phng php tnh trong k thut, Nh xut bn xy
dng H ni, 2001
[2] Phan Vn Hp, Gio trnh C s phng php tnh tp I,II. Trng H
Tng hp H ni, 1990
[3] Cao quyt Thng, Phng php tnh v Lp trnh Turbo Pascal. Nh XB
gio dc, 1998
[4] T Vn nh, Phng php tnh. Nh XB gio dc, 1994
[5] Dng Thy V, Phng php tnh. Nh XB khoa hc & k thut, 2001
[6] Phan Vn Hp, Bi tp phng php tnh v lp chng trnh cho my tnh
in t. Nh XB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, 1978
[7] Ralston A, A first course in numberical analysis. McGraw Hill, NewYork,
1965
80