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CU TO NGUYN T
Atomic Structure
CU TO NGUYN T
HT NHN
V IN T
K
hiu
in t
Proton
Neutron
e
p
n
(kg)
vklnt
(C)
in tch
Tng
oi /v
e
-1
+1
0
NHAN XET
S electron bng s proton.
Khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn .
R(nguyn t) 105 R(nhn).
Z v A l hai c trng c bn ca
nguyn t
Z - in tch ht nhn = s proton
Bc nguyn t Z
A s khi lng nguyn t
A = s proton+ s neutron
NG DNG
Hon thnh s liu trong bng di y
Nguyn t
Ca
40
20
20
127
Tl
204
53
81
74
123
N/Z
1
1,40
1,52
NGUYEN TO HOA
HOC
c to thnh t cc nguyn t c cng
Z.
K hiu
A
X nguyn t ha hc
Z
A- s khi
Z in tch ht nhn
NG V
C cng s proton (cng 1 ng t ha hc)
Khc s khi hay s n tron .
V d - Cc ng v ca Hydro (Z = 1)
Hydro hay Hydro nh ( 99,98%)
2
teri ( 0,016 % )
1H
3
Triti ( 0,001%)
1
1
1
NG DNG
Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Argon
36
Ar (0,34%) ;
38
Ar (0,06%) ;
Ar (99,6%)
40
Mol (h SI)
1 mol cht cha 6,022.1023 tiu phn cu
trc ca cht (nguyn t, phn t, ion,
electron.).
V d
2 mol ion H+ cha: 2 . 6,022.1023 ion H+
4 mol electron cha: 4. 6,022.1023 electron.
10
PH BC X IN T
= c
E = h =
hc/
11
QUANG PH LIN TC
12
Hydro
He
Ne
13
THUYT CU TO NGUYN T
Thuyt cu to nguyn t
ca Thomson.(1898)
Mu hnh tinh Rutherford. (1911)
Mu nguyn t theo Bohr. (1913)
14
15
Rutherfords Model
(1911)
16
NHN XT
U IM
Chng minh c s tn ti ca ht nhn
nguyn t chim phn ln khi lng nguyn t
NHC IM
- Khng gii thch c tnh bn ca nguyn t
-Khng gii thch c quang ph ca nguyn t
l quang ph vch
17
18
BA TIN CA
BOHR
mvr = nh/2
Khi quay trn qu o bn electron
khng bc x (khng mt nng lng).
Nng lng ch c pht ra hay hp
th khi electron chuyn t qu o bn
ny sang qu o bn khc.
E = | Et - E c | = h
19
U IM CA THUYT BORH
p dng ng cho h nguyn t c 1electron
Tnh bn knh qu o,nng lng, tc ca
electron trn qu o bn.
Xc minh tnh lng t ha nng lng ca
electron
En = 13,6Z2 /n2 [eV]
c
2 2 me 4 2 1
1
E h h
Z 2 2
2
h
nc
nt
Gii thch c
quang ph vch
ca ng t .
20
Lyman E h 13.6 eV 1 1
2
2
Balmer
Paschen
nc
1
1
E h 13.6 eV 2 2
2 nc
1 1
E h 13.6 eV 2 2
3 nc
21
22
h
nc
nt
= 1/ = RH (1/nt2 -1/nc2 )
n
- s sng (cm-1 )
RH - hng s Rydberg RH = 109678 cm-1
23
nt
nc
()
6563,1
4861,3
4340,5
4101,7
mu
xanh
lam
chm
tm
24
CU TRC LP V ELECTRON
THEO C HC LNG T
Ba lun im c bn ca c hc lng t.
Trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t Hydro.
Trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t ph tp.
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t.
26
BA LUN IM C BN
Lun im 1
Tnh lng nguyn (ht v sng) ca cc ht vi m.
H thc L. de Broglie (1924):
mv
27
28
Lun im 2
NGUYN L BT NH HEISENBERG
Khng th xc nh ng
thi chnh xc c v tr
v tc ca ht vi m.
x.v
m 2m
h
x.v x
m 2m
29
Lun im 3
Phng trnh sng Schrdinger
2 2 2 8 2 m
E V 0
2
2
2
2
x
y
z
h
m t chuyn ng ca ht vi m trong trng
th nng trng thi dng (trng thi ca h
khng thay i theo thi gian).
30
31
2 ( x, y , z ).dV
all space
n tr , lin tc v hu hn
v E l nghim ca phng trnh
Phng trnh sng Schrdinger ch gii c
chnh xc cho trng hp nguyn t Hydro v ion
c mt electron . i vi cc nguyn t nhiu in
t phi gii gn ng.
32
x = r.sin.cos
y = r.sin.sin
z = r.cos
33
KT QU
(ng t Hydro )
(ion dng Hydro)
m = - ,,0,.,+
Orbital nguyn t c xc nh bi tp
hp ba s lng t.
34
35
a0 n 2
1
l l 1
r
1
1
Z
2
n
36
Lp e
37
Phn lp electron
38
Xc nh tn v hnh dng ca AO
= 0 orbital S , Y(, ) = 1/2 hnh qu cu.
= 1 orbital p , dng hai qu cu tip xc nhau
= 2 orbital d , dng bn qu cu
=3 orbital f
39
ngha s lng t t m
m = - , 0,.+
C mi gi tr ca c (2 + 1) gi tr ca m .
Xc nh s nh hng khc nhau ca AO
40
= 0 m= 0 1 Orbital S
41
= 1 m= 0, 1 3 orbital p
m = 1
m= 0
42
= 2 m= 1, 2, 0 5 orbital d
m
=1
m =
m=0
43
= 3 m= 1, 2, 3, 0 7 orbital f
44
ms
Lp e
Phn lp e
AO
46
NHN XT
B ba s lng t (n, ,m) xc nh hm
orbital nguyn t AO
n, , m = hm orbital
Tp hp b bn s lng t (n,, m , ms )
mi xc nh y trng thi ca electron
trong nguyn t (chuyn ng spin v
chuyn ng orbital)
n, , m, ms = hm sng ton phn
= hm orbital-spin
47
48
Z
Z = Z - S
49
Hiu ng chn
Cc electron c s lng t n v
cng nh c tc dng chn cng
mnh v b chn cng yu. Ngc li
cc electron c s lng t n v
cng ln c tc dng chn cng yu
v b chn cng mnh.
50
51
52
53
HIU NG XM NHP
Hiu ng xm nhp lm tng bn lin
kt gia electron vi ht nhn nn lm
gim nng lng ca electron.
Hiu ng xm nhp cng mnh khi cc
s lng t n v ca electron cng
nh.
54
55
Nguyn l vng bn
Trong nguyn t in t c phn
b vo cc orbital nguyn t sao cho
tng nng lng ca nguyn t l
thp nht.
56
Quy tc Klechcowski
in e vo cc phn lp c (n + ) tng dn.
Khi (n + ) bng nhau th in e vo phn mc c n
tng dn.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8
57
58
Quy tc Klechcowski
Quy tc Klechcowski l mt quy tc gn
ng mang tnh khi qut nghim ng
trong nhiu trng hp, nhng cng c
nhng trng hp quy tc ny khng
nghim ng.
59
ms= - 1/2
60
S in t ti a = 2(2 + 1).
phn lp s
phn lp p
phn lp d
phn lp f
- c ti a 2 in t
- c ti a 6 in t
- c ti a 10 in t
- c ti a 14 in t
61
Trong mt lp lng t n, ta c:
n phn lp (0,1,2,(n-1))
s orbital trong mt lp l n2
s electron ti a trong mt lp l 2n2.
Lp :
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
S electron: 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 72, 98
ti a
62
QUY TC HUND
Trong mt phn lp vi cng nhiu AO
c mc nng lng nh nhau, cc
electron c khuynh hng phn b u
vo cc lng t sao cho tng spin ca
chng l cc i (tng s electron c
thn l ti a)
63