NHIM MI

TRNG NC
1/30/15

GVHD:
TS Phm Vn Ngt
Sinh vin thc hin:
inh Th Lam
Dng Th Vn
L Th Tuyt Trm
Kho Ti Chah
L Th Tho
Nguyn Th Anh Th

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T
VN

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 Nc - ngun ti nguyn v cng qu

gi nhng khng phi v tn.

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 Nc - ngun ti nguyn v cng qu

gi nhng khng phi v tn.

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 Khan him ngun nc ngt v ang

gy ra nhng hu qu ht sc nghim trng
mang tnh cht ton cu

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 Do vy ti nhim ngun nc
v hu qu vi mc tiu gii thiu s
lc v hin trng nhim nc trn
th gii v nc ta, cng nh hu qu
m n gy ra. ra bin php gii
quyt, ku gi mi ngi chung tay bo v
ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny, cng chnh
l bo v chng ta v th h mai sau.

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Nc v vai tr ca nc.

2 Nguyn nhn nhim nc.

NI
DUNG

3 Cc cht chnh gy nhim nc.

4

Thc trng nhim nc.

5 Tc hi ca nhim nc.
6 Gii php bo v mi trng nc.
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NC
V
VAI
TR
CA
NC
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10

Nc
Nc ll mt
mt hp
hp cht
cht
ha
ha hc
hc ca
caOOv
vH,
H, c
c
cng
cngthc
thcha
hahc
hcllHH2O.
O.
2

Nc
chim
khong
Nc chim khong
70%
70%trng
trnglng
lngc
cth.
th.
11

Vai tr ca nc
L ti nguyn
c bit quan
trng, l thnh
phn thit yu
ca s sng v
mi trng.

Mt
khc
Quyt nh s nc cng c
tn ti, pht th gy ra tai
trin bn vng ha cho con
ca t nc. ngi v mi
trng.

C th ni s sng ca con ngi v

mi sinh vt trn tri t u ph
thuc vo nc.
12

KHI
NIM

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nhim
mi trng nc
l g?

13

 L s thay i theo chiu xu i cc tnh cht vt

l ho hc sinh hc ca nc, vi s xut hin cc
cht l th lng, rn lm cho ngun nc tr nn
c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt, lm gim a
dng sinh vt trong nc.

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14

 Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha:

nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi
i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy
nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng
nghip, cho ng vt nui v cc loi hoang d.

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15

NGUN
GY
NHIM
NC

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16

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17

Mi lin h gia tc ng t nhin v tc

ng nhn to

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18

 nhim t nhin:
L do ma,tuyt
tan, l lt,gi bo
hoc do cc sn
phm hot ng sng
ca sinh vt, k c
xc cht ca chng.

nhim nc do cc
yu t t nhin (ni la,
xi mn, bo, lt,...)

th rt nghim trng, nhng khng thng xuyn,

v khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi cht
lng nc ton cu.
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19

 nhim nhn to

Nc thi sinh hot

Nc thi y t
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Rc thi

Nc thi cng nghip

Nc thi nng nghip

Nc thi ng nghip
20

a) Nc thi sinh
hot:

Ngun gc:
Cht thi thi ra t cc
h gia nh, bnh vin,
khch sn, c quan
trng hc khng c
x l m thi trc tip
vo mi trng nc
c im:
Ngun thi nh nhng
phn b dy v trc tip
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21

b) Nc thi Cng nghip

Ngun gc: T cc
ngnh sn xut nh
luyn kim, ch bin
thc phm, ha cht,
giy, hp, thuc
da
c im: Nc thi
sn xut rt a dng v
phc tp, cha cc cht
c hi.
22

 Cc tp cht rn, cn,

cht ha hc lng ng
ti vng cng x nc
vo ao h, gy nn men
ym kh lm thiu ht
oxi nghim trng trong
ngun nc.

Cc loi mui kim

loi nng ha tan
trong nc xm nhp
vo c th sng lm
cn tr qu trnh
sinh ha.

Nc nhim c st, ng, km

23

 Khai thc qu mc ti nguyn thin nhin

Trn du trong qu trnh vn chuyn trn bin.

24

 Cht phng x r r t
cc nh my in nguyn
t, v kh ht nhn.

Cc v tp trn th v kh

ht nhn.

25

 Mt lng ln v kh,
bom mn, thuc n c
tiu hy bng cch nhn
chm xung bin.

Khi gy nhim
thng qua qu trnh
to ma
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26

 Cc cht thi y t khng c x

l

27

 Qu trnh th
ha
- Nc thi sinh hot,
rc vt ba bi

28

b) Nc thi trong sn xut nng nghip

Sn xut nng nghip c gy

H thng x l cht thi
Ha
cht trong nng nghip

nhim
nc
khng????
cc tri chn nui

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29

b) Trong sn xut ng nghip

Cht thi ao nui cng

nghip c th cha trn 45%
Nitrogen v 22% cc cht
hu c khc l ngun gy
nhim mi trng v dch
bnh thy sn
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30

TC
NHN
GY
NHIM
NC

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31

 Cc kim loi nng:

Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, Mn,...thng c trong nc thi cng nghip.
+ Pb: c c tnh i vi no, c th gy cht nu nhim c nng
+ Hg: rt c vi ngi v thy sinh. Gy nhim c thn kinh..
+ As: rt c, d hp th vo c th. Gy ung th da, phi, xng..
+ Cd, Cr, Sn, Ni c c tnh cao

Hu ht cc kim loi nng u c c tnh cao i vi con

ngi v cc ng vt khc.
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32

 Cc nhm amino: , PO43-, SO4 2-,.

Cc nguyn t N,P,K
+ nng thp cung cp cht dinh dng cho to
+ nng cao gy ph dng ho hoc cc bin i sinh
ho trong c th ngi v ng vt.
Nhiu NO3- gy ra ung th

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33

 Thuc bo v thc vt: thuc tr su, tr nm, tr

bnh, tr c di,..

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34

 PCBS
PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls): l mt nhm cc hp
cht nhn to c s dng rng ri trong qu kh.
PCBs c s dng trong cc sn phm nh thit b
in, cht ph b mt, mc, keo dn, cc cht lm chm
bc chy v sn.
nhit cao, PCBs c th chy v to ra cc sn
phm ph nguy him - nh cc cht c dioxin.
PCBs c th tn ti trong ng vt trong thi gian di v
theo chui thc n.
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35

 PCBs ph hy phi, d dy, tuyn ty, c th

dn ti ung th gan.

Ngi b nhim
PCBs gim kh
nng sinh sn. Hn
na tip xc trong
thi k mang thai
hoc nui con bng
sa m lm nh
hng n hot
ng ca tr nh.
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36

 DDT
L mt loi thuc
BVTV rt bn, c kh
nng tr vi cc phn ng
quang phn v c c
tnh cao.
C tc dng tr su ry
v dit mui.
Gy bnh cho ngi,
nng c th nn ma, hn
m thm ch t vong
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37

DDT tch
t trong
t, nc
v i vo
chui
thc n.

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38

THC
TRNG

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39

 Phn ln cc
bnh vin v c s y
t ln cha c h
thng x l nc
thi; mt lng rc
thi rn ln trong
thnh ph khng thu
gom ht c l
nhng ngun quan
trng gy ra
nhim nc.
40

Hin nay, mc nhim trong cc knh,

sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng.

thnh ph H Ch Minh
Khong 3.000
Ch c 24/142
Lng rc thi
c s sn xut
c s y t ln l
ln ti gn
gy nhim
c x l nc
4.000 tn/ngy.
thuc din phi
thi.
di di.
41

 H Ni

Lng nc
thi ln ti
300.000400.000
m3/ngy

Ch c 5/31
bnh vin c
h thng x l
nc thi,
chim 25%
lng nc
thi bnh vin.

C 36/400 c
s sn xut c
x l nc
thi.

42

 Lng rc
thi sinh hot
cha c thu
gom khong
1.200m3/ngy
ang x vo
cc khu t
ven cc h,
knh, mng
trong
ni
thnh.

Ch s BOD,
oxy ho tan,
cc cht NH4,
NO2, NO3
cc sng, h,
mng
ni
thnh u vt
qu quy nh
cho php.

43

 Hin nay, Vit

Nam c gn 76% dn
s ang sng nng
thn, c s h tng
cn lc hu, phn ln
cht thi ca con
ngi, gia sc khng
c x l nn thm
xung t hoc b ra
tri.

44

Theo s liu thng k ti H Ni, tng lng

nc thi ngy m ln ti 350-450 ngn m3, nc
thi cng nghip: 85-90 ngn m3, tng khi lng
cht thi sinh hot t 1.800-2.000 m3/ngy m.

Trong khi lng thu gom ch c 850

m3/ngy, phn cn li c x vo cc khu t ven

cc h, knh mng trong ni thnh.
45

HU
QU
CA
NHIM
MI
TRNG
NC

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46

 nhim nc mt
S mt cn bng gia lng nc thi ra mi trng nc
(rc thi sinh hot, cc cht hu c...) v cc sinh vt tiu
th cc cht thi ny (vi sinh vt, to..) cc cht hu
c, cht rn... khng c phn hy vn cn lu li trong
nc vi khi lng ln

nhim nc trm trng

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47

 nhim nc ngm

Lm suy gim cht lng nc ngm lm cho nc

ngm kham him nay cng him hn na
48

Sinh vt nc

Do hp cc cht c trong nc, thi gian gian lu

gy bin i trong c th nhiu loi thy sinh
lm cho nhiu loi thy sinh cht.
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49

 nhim t
Nc nhim thm vo
t lm:
Lin kt gia cc ht keo
t b b gy, cu trc t b
ph v
Thay i hot tnh l hc,
ha hc ca t
Vai tr m, tnh oxy ha,
tnh dn in ca mi trng
t b thay i mnh.
Kh nng thot nc v
gi nc b thay i
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50

 Sinh vt t
Khi cc cht nhim t nc ngm vo trong t khng ch nh
hng n t m cn lm nh hng n cc sinh vt sinh sng
trong t.

Cc ion Fe2+ v
Mn2+ nng cao
l cht c hi i
vi thc vt
Cc cht nhim
lm gim qu trnh
hot ng phn hy
cht ca mt s vi
sinh vt trong t.
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Lm cho cy ci cn cc, kh nng

chng chu km, khng pht trin c
v c th b thi gc m cht.
51

 nhim khng kh
Cc hp cht
hu c, v c c
hi thng qua vng
tun hon nc
theo hi nc vo
khng kh lm cho
mt bi bn
trong khng kh
tng ln.
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52

Con ngi
Hu qu chung ca nhim nc l
t l mc cc bnh cp v mn tnh
lin quan n nhim nc nh
tiu chy, ung th.... ngy cng cao.

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53

Thiu nc sch
cho hot ng sn
xut cng, nng
nghip v sinh
hot ca con
ngi.

54

 Nc nhim ch:
gy au khp, vim
thn, cao huyt p vnh
vin, lit, ph v hng
cu, tai bin no, nng
c th t vong.
Bnh do nng nitrat
cao trong mu: Vi ph n
mang thai d b sinh non, hi
chng da xanh tr em Ung
th d dy, vm hng

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55

Gy
ung th v bin i gen.
Nu b nhim c nng c
th t vong

Nc nhim thy ngn:

Nc nhim Crom: gy
ung th phi, gy lot d
dy, rut non, vim gan,
vim thn, gy c cho h
thn kinh v tim
56

 Nc nhim Mangan
Tc ng mnh n h
thn kinh trung ng,
gy tn thng thn,
tun hon, phi v c
th dn n t vong
Nc nhim arsen: Gy

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nn ma, au bng, tiu

chy ra mu v c cho
l mi lin h vi cc
bnh ung th nh da,
phi, thn v bng
quang.
57

 Hp cht hu c, thuc tr
su, thuc dit c, dit cn
trng, thuc kch thch tng
trng... gy ng c, vim gan,
nn ma, tip xc lu di s gy
ung th

Vi khun, k sinh trng

l nguyn nhn gy ra cc
bnh ng tiu ha,
nhim giun sn
Kim loi nng cc loi: Titan,
St, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Zn gy au
thn kinh, thn,h bi tit, thiu
mu
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58

Gii
php
bo v
mi
trng
nc
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Gii php php l

Tip tc hon thin h thng php lut v bo v
mi trng
+ Nhng ch ti x pht phi thc s mnh
sc rn e cc i tng vi phm.
Xy dng ng b h thng qun l mi trng
trong cc nh my, cc khu cng nghip theo quy
chun quc t v phi gim st cht ch nhm hng
ti mt mi trng tt p v thn thin hn vi con
ngi.
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Tng cng cc cng tc thanh tra, kim tra,

gim st v mi trng (thng xuyn, nh k, t
xut).
Tng cng kim tra, thanh tra, cc c s trn
cc lu vc sng, nu pht hin vi phm s x l
nghim theo quy nh ca php lut.
Phi hp cht ch gia cc c quan chuyn
mn, c bit l lc lng thanh tra mi trng vi
lc lng cnh st cc cp, nhm pht hin v x l
kp thi, trit nhng hnh vi gy nhim mi
trng ca cc t chc, c nhn.
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61

Bin php kinh t, quy hoch

i
vitrng
cc khucng
cng tc
nghip,
c quy
nhtrin
bt buc
cngcm,
ty
Ch
quycn
hoch
pht
cccc
khu,
u
t h
tngnghip,
phi xycc
dng
h ngh,
thng thu
x nhm
l ncm
thi v
im
cng
lng
khugom,
th
bo
ng thi phi thng xuyn bo co nh k v hot ng x l nc
tnhrckhoa
hc
thi,
thi ti
.cao.

Ngun nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng cn phi c x l.

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62

Ch trng v t chc nghim tc vic khim nh, nh

gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n u t.
Trn c s , c quan chuyn mn tham mu chnh xc
cho cp c thm quyn xem xt quyt nh cp hay khng
cp giy php u t.
Vic quyt nh cc d n u t cn c cn nhc k
lng gia li ch em li trc mt vi nhng nh hng
m n n mi trng lu di.
Thc hin cng khai minh bch cc quy hoch cc d n
u t.
i vi ngun nc ngm th phi tng cng xy dng
cc h, p, khu d tr nc b mt lm sch ngun nc
ngm t nhin.
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63

Bin php gio dc

y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc v mi
trng trong ton x hi nhm to s chuyn bin v
nng cao nhn thc, thc chp hnh php lut bo
v mi trng.
Ngi dn, doanh nghip phi c trch nhim
trong vic gi gn v bo v mi trng, xy dng
thc sinh thi, lm cho mi ngi nhn thc mt cch
t gic v v tr, vai tr, mi quan h mt thit gia t
nhin con ngi x hi.
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66

HY BO V NGUN NC CA CHNG
TA NGAY T HM NAY CHO CON CHU
MAI SAU
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67

1.
2.

Ti liu tham kho

CM N THY
V Trung Tng, C s sinh thi hc. Nh xut bn gio dc
Vit Nam.V CC BN
Hng,
CH
Dng,1976. Sinh tha hc Thc
Phan Nguyn
V Vn
vt. Nh xut
bn gio NGHE
dc H Ni.
LNG

3.

Th vin bi ging in t.

4.

68