Flow with Heat Transfer (or Rayleigh Flow) Analysis

Assume the following:

Steady, one-dimensional flow (uniform flow and properties at each section)
Ideal gas with constant specific heats, cp and cv
Negligible gravitational effects
Constant area ( A = A1 = A2 )
Negligible friction (Rx = 0)
Basic Equations

Conservation
of Mass
Momentum
Balance

Conservation
of Energy

Finite Control Volume

Differential Control Volume

1 V1 A = 2 V2 A

d dV
+
=0

m (V2 V1 ) = ( p1 p2 ) A

dV
dp
=
V
V 2

V 2 V 2
c p (T2 T1 ) + 2 1 = qnet in
2
2

p1
p
= 2
1 T1 2 T2

Equation
of State

2nd Law of
Thermodynamics

dp d dT
=
+
p

T ds qnet in 0

T ( s2 s1 ) qnet in 0

Rayleigh Flow Equations (plotted in Figure D.3 in textbook)

p
1+ k
=
pa 1+ k Ma 2

qnet in
dT
dV 2
+
=
T 2c p T
cp T

V a (1+ k ) Ma
=
=
Va

1+ k Ma 2

T0 =
T0,a

2
T (1+ k ) Ma
=

Ta 1+ k Ma 2

k 1

2 ( k +1) Ma 2 1+
Ma 2

k ( k 1)

p0 1+ k 2 k 1
2
=
Ma
1+


p0,a 1+ k Ma 2
2
k +1

Subscript a denotes the critical state.

2 2

(1+ k Ma )

Rayleigh Flow Behavior

Figure 1. Schematic diagram for flow through a converging-diverging section and

then a constant area duct. At section (1) flow can be either subsonic or supersonic.
p01

p02

T02
T01

Ma = 1/k1/2
Ma = 0.845
Ma = 1

p01

p02

T02
T01

Ma = 1

M<1
1

s
s1

s2

Ma > 1

smax

s1

s2

smax

Figure 2. T-s diagram for 1-D, frictionless flow of an ideal gas in constant area pipe with heat
transfer showing Rayleigh line and flow path from section (1) to section (2) shown in Figure 1.
Table 1. Property changes for 1-D, frictionless flow of
an ideal gas in constant area pipe with heating.
Property
Subsonic (Ma < 1)
Supersonic (Ma > 1)
s
increase
increase

T
increase/decrease
increase
p
decrease
increase

decrease
increase
V (or M)
increase
decrease
T0
increase
increase
p0
decrease
decrease

Temperature decreases with heating for 1 k < Ma < 1 .