hf _ ss / ber RUT) ; iN Culture and Civilization in the Middle EastFirst published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2012 David James The right of David James to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him/her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN 978-0-415-66943-6 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-203-80757-6 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Cenveo Publisher ServicesContents Acknowledgements PARTT Introduction 1__The Akhbar majmi‘a: study and speculation A brief history of the manuscript The title ; A brief description of the text A brief description of the manuscript The first accounts of the Akhbar majmu‘a The beginning of the dispute Current theories — The evidence of the manuscript PART II The Akhbar majmd‘a: ‘Collected Accounts’ of the years 86-350/705-961 2__The conquest and the rule of the governors of Damascus [1.BS] The early civil wars[2.RS] Al-Walid restores order [3.BkS] The frontier of | Ifriqiya ‘captures Toledo and the Table of Sulayman | arrival of Misa :Rahman | (138-172/756-788)) [33.R5] The fate of the Saad [61.BkS] The ‘revolt of. [62.B5] The revolt of «[63.RS] The revolt of al-Yazidi [64.BS] The | revolt of al-siqlabi in Tudmir 1651 Scenes from the lives of the Umayyad emirs Synopsis ie BS] Hisham. L(1 fe 180/788 796) [91.BS] The revolt of a Berber of Mérida[93.BS] The comment of Uthman ibn Abi'l-Muthanna 4.RS] Al-hakam’s. love poems [97.BkS] His early days 198. BkS ied dishonest: eunuch |6 The caliph of al-Andalus [128.BkS] ‘Abd al-Rahman Ill (300-350/912-961) Appendix iiAcknowledgements This is the second of what | hope will be three translations of works dealing with the early history of al- Andalus (Islamic Spain and Portugal). Each deals with roughly the same period, from the arrival of the Arab and Berber armies in 92/711 to the rule of the last emir and the first Andalusi Umayyad caliph, ‘Abd al-Rahman Ill (300-350/912-961). The same events and many of the same people appear in each work, but the story is told from a different point of view. The Akhbar majmu’a or ‘Collected Accounts/Anecdotes’ is an anonymous work written some time after the death of ‘Abd al-Rahman Ill. About half of the contents appears nowhere else. Perhaps no other work dealing with history of the first two centuries of Muslim rule in the peninsula has aroused more heated argument among scholars, including several of the greatest twentieth-century historians of the mediaeval Iberian peninsula. The reasons for the controversy are explained to the reader in the Introduction to this translation. The text was initially edited and translated into Spanish in 1867 by Emilio Lafuente y Alcantara, one of a gifted group of Spanish scholars who often worked together to translate and study the then virtually unknown and largely ignored Arabic writings on the history and culture of al-Andalus. This is the first Englishtranslation and is done on the basis of a fresh look at the only surviving manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Arabe 1867 and the Arabic editions of Lafuente y Alcantara, the Egyptian scholar Ibrahim al-Abyari and the Spanish translation of the former. The Akhbar majmu‘a has been the subject of more discussion, argument and theorizing than any other Arabic text dealing with the history of al-Andalus. | have tried to summarize this in the Introduction and | hope | have given a fair account of all points of view. In preparing this study and translation | acknowledge my debt to the scholarship of Emilio Lafuente y Alcantara, Claudio Sanchez Albornoz, Pedro Chalmeta, Luis Molina and Dolores Oliver in particular; to the judicious comments of Pierre Guichard; and to the late Evariste Lévi-Provencal who in the course of having the shortest lines written on the subject, threw a stone into the waters of Akhbar majmu‘a studies which has caused academic ripples ever since his comments first appeared in Volume One of the Encyclopedia of Islam . Much of the work on this volume was done in the course of several summer stays at my brother Peter's house in Galicia. My thanks are due both him and his wife Linda. My researches have taken me to London, Paris and Montreal, and | thank Geoffrey and Daphne Roper in London, Francois Déroche in Paris and Adam Gacek in Montreal for their help. My thanks are also due to Geoffrey Roper and Adam Gacek for reading and commenting on parts of the text. My thanks also to my old friend Fadil Bayati for his help with some of the obscure passages and verses in the Arabic text. | have benefitted from the comments of those scholars who read the draft at the request of the publisher and wherever possible | have incorporated _ their suggestions. Any opinions expressed and_ errors detected are however all mine. My thanks to lan Netton, general editor of the series in which this publication appears and to Joe Whittingand Suzanne Richardson of Routledge. | would also like to thank the staff of the Islamic Institute Library, McGill University, Montreal for their patient assistance during my work there in 2009 and 2010. | am very grateful to Marie-Geneviéve Guesdon of the Bibliotheque Nationale de France for answering several questions on the text and_ physical characteristics of the Akhbar majmu‘a. My thanks also to Barbara and family for their support. David James Ronda 1431/2010Map 1 The areas of revolt against the rule of the emir ‘Abd al- Rahmanl Rebellions, plots and conspiracies against ‘Abd al-Rahman | Mérida, 758 CE YdGsuf al-Fihri Seville, 760 CE Rizq ibn al-Nu‘man al-Ghassani 766 CE Abi'l-Sabbah 774 CE ‘Abd al-Ghaffar ibn Hamid/‘ Abd al-Ghafir al-Yahsubi and Hayat ibn Mulamis Toledo 761, 764 CE Hisham ibn ‘Urwa al-Fihri Hayat ibn al-Walid al-Tujibi, al-'Umari Beja 763 CE al-'Ala’ ibn al-Mughith al-Yahsubi Wasit ibn Mughith al-Ta'l, Umayya ibn Qatan al-Fihri Niebla 766 CE Said al-Yahslubi called ‘al-Matari’ Salim ibn Mu‘awiya al-Kala'T Coria and Santaver 768 CE Sufyan [Shaqya] ibn ‘Abd al-Wahid al-Miknasi called ‘al-Fatimi’ Cordova 779-780 CE Yahya ibn Yazid ibn Hisham called ‘al-Yazidi', Ubaydallah ibn Aban ibn Mu‘awiya ibn Hisham ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, Ibn Diwan al-Hishani, Ibn Yazid ibn Yahya al-Tujibi, Ibn Abi Gharib 784 CE Mughira ibn al-Walid ibn Mu‘awiya, Hudhayl ibn al-Sumayl ibn Hatim’ Al-SulmiTudmir 778 CE ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri called ‘al-Siqlabi’ Algeciras al-Rumahus ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-Kinant Saragossa 777 CE Sulayman al-A’rabi, Husayn ibn Yahya al-Ans: Sa’id ibn Husayn Cazlona 785 CE Abi'l-Aswad Muhammad ibn YusufPart | Introduction1. The Akhbar majmu‘a Study and speculation What is the Akhbar majmu‘a , where was it written, when and by whom? Furthermore: why and for whom? There are no simple answers to most of these questions and those which been suggested have produced intense, even furious argument among some of the greatest twentieth-century historians and mediaevalists of France and Spain and this argument continues with scholars divided into two camps. The argument is essentially as follows. Is the Akhbar majmi‘a one of the oldest original sources for the history of early Islamic Spain - pre-CE 961 - or is it simply a late re-compilation of earlier sources? My aim in_ this introduction is to review what has been said on this matter, and is still being argued over, and then to see if a new look at the manuscript - the only surviving copy of the text - as opposed to the printed versions, may give any answers or indeed raise any new questions. There is no English translation of the Arabic text and its only rendition into any other language is the Spanish version of Emilio Lafuente y Alcantara printed in Madrid in 1867. This was a good translation by a good scholar, aided by some of the finest Arabic scholars of nineteenth-century Spain. It still holds up to scrutiny but much new information has emerged in the course of Hispano-Arabic studies since the appearance of theMadrid edition of the text and its translation. The study of al-Andalus (Islamic Spain and Portugal) has evolved hugely since the days of Pascual de Gayangos (1809-1897), Francisco Codera (1836-1917), Eduardo Saavedra (1829-1912) and Lafuente y Alcantara (1825-1868), even though their editions and translations of Hispano-Arabic works can still be read and studied with both admiration and enlightenment. Indeed some, like Lafuente y Alcantara’s edition of the Akhbar majma‘a , will continue to be regarded by many as the definitive version. My aim in making this translation is to provide a readable version of this controversial text in English, which will be of use to anyone interested in the history of early Islamic Spain and Portugal from whatever standpoint. It deals with the same material as the History of Ibn al-Qutiya but from a different perspective. Although there are several Arabic accounts of the early history of al-Andalus, few are available in English and those that exist, like Jones’ and Torrey’s versions of Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam’s account of the conquest or Gayangos’ version of al-Maqqari’s relevant chapters, were translated long ago or, like Nichol’s translation of Ibn al- Qitiya, are not easily obtainable The Akhbar majmu‘a does not deal exclusively with the Muslim invasion of Hispania , the former Roman provinces of the Iberian peninsula and in CE 711 an independent kingdom of the Germanic Western Goths or Visigoths: indeed the invasion is not even the most important part of the text. Like the History of Ibn al- QUtiya it gives an account of the invasion before going on to deal at greater length with the events of al-Andalus , the part of the peninsula under Muslim control, during the next two centuries. What both works have to relate about events after the invasion is actually of much more interest. Ibn al-QUtiya's accounts and anecdotes of al- Andalus touch on all aspects of political, social and religious life, involving not just the Arab Muslim élite butaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.may sometimes be abbreviated by the scribe and may be his words rather than those of the author. The least reliable title is the one appearing on the first page, folio la/recto, before the beginning of the text. This could have been composed by anyone, at any time in the history of the text, anywhere.® This unreliability is greatest when we have only a single copy of the text. But there are several instances of works being known under slightly different titles because a scribe has misread a word. In some cases indeed there may even be a fourth title. As manuscripts were usually stored one on top of the other, rather than by being placed side-by-side, a ‘catch-title’ could often be written across the lower edge of the book block, that is, across the edges of the pages. In some cases a manuscript which has lost its opening and closing leaves can still be identified by the title written on the lower edge of the book block.2 Unfortunately the Akhbar majmu‘a does not have a true title on the verso side of the opening folio 50a/recto.1° What it has instead reads more like a description of the contents, written at the top of the page before the basmala . This is ambiguously phrased: Akhbar majmu‘a fi iftitah al-Andalus wa-dhikr man waliyaha min al-umara’ ila dukhdl ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu‘awiya wa-taghallubihi ‘alayha, wa-mulkihi fiha, hawa wa waladuhu wa'l-hurib al-ka’nia fi dhalika baynahum . Collected accounts of the conquest of al-Andalus and mention of the governors who ruled it until the entry of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu‘awiya, his domination over it, his rule over it, he and his son - and the wars which took place over that among them. So these are some accounts of the conquest as the word ‘accounts’ is indefinite, implying that this is not the definitive collection. Then, ‘mention of the governors who ruled it.’ The word governors is theplural of amir / emir rather than walv which could mean the Umayyad emirs but surely does not since it comes before the mention of ‘Abd al-Rahman, the founder of the dynasty. ‘His domination over it, his rule over it, he and his son.’ There has been some speculation as to whether the word for ‘son’ (walad) might be ‘descendants’ (wuld) but the word is vocalized as walad and therefore must logically refer to Hisham, the successor of ‘Abd al-Rahman. The last part of the title says: ‘and the wars which took place over that between/among them.’ This is the most obscure part of the title. It could conceivably mean the attempts of the sons of ‘Abd al-Rahman I, Sulayman ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman called ‘al-Shami’ and ‘Abdallah ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman called ‘al-Balansi’ to overthrow al-Hakam, but these events are not mentioned in the text. It must mean the wars that occurred between ‘Abd al-Rahman and the last governor of al-Andalus, or conceivably the fighting between some of the governors before the arrival of ‘Abd al-Rahman. ‘over that’ means presumably over his attempt at domination (taghallub) rather than over al- Andalus because ‘that’ (dhdlika) is masculine whereas al-Andalus is feminine, as we can see from man waliyaha ‘who governed it ’ (feminine). This is much too long and complex to be a title. The titles of most early Arabic works on any subject including historical compilations whether traditions/accounts/anecdotes (akhbar) or history (ta’rikh) are usually short. Later in the Middle Ages they became much more flowery, written often in ‘rhymed prose’ (saj‘) though they rarely contained as many words as this ‘title’ but if so, then were almost always in rhymed prose, and hardly ever in a mundane, un- rhymed one (nathr). The second ‘title’ is found on folio 117a/recto in the colophon and says: Tamma ma jumi‘a fi hadha'l-ta‘lif min akhbar fath al-Andalus wa umara’iha , ‘What has been collected in this compilation of accounts of the conquest of al-Andalus and its emirs is finished’. The usual wordfor a book in Arabic is kitab or occasionally sifr and the word ta’lif is relatively unusual.11 The third title appears on folio 50a/recto and states: Akhbar majmu’‘a ff fath al-Andalus wa-dhikr umara'iha, rahimahum Allah wa'l-hurdb al-waqi’a biha baynahum ‘Collected accounts of the conquest of al-Andalus and mention of its governors - may God have mercy upon them - and the wars among them’. This is the least accurate of the three. It may be a summary of the description of the words at the top of the verso side, despite using different ones. ‘Conquest’ is given as fath rather than iftitah and ka’ina ‘existing, taking place’ is replaced by waqi’a . There is no difference in meaning between either case but there is a difference in meaning between this title and the longer form. The short form says that the work deals with the conquest, the governors of al-Andalus and the wars among them. Most likely it is based on the more descriptive passage overleaf as it mentions the ‘wars among the governors’, which must actually meant the wars between ‘Abd al-Rahman and the last governor Yusuf al-Fihri or between former governors before the arrival of ‘Abd al-Rahman like ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Qatan and Balj ibn Bishr. It may well be that this ‘title’ was ‘edited’ at least once in the history of the text, with someone - compiler, editor, copyist - adding something to the words of the opening page of text. Before the commencement of the text on folio 50b/verso and before the descriptive title comes the basmala and traditional salutation to the Prophet and his family. Then the text of the manuscript launches immediately into an account of events in the eastern Mediterranean: It is related that when people became involved in civil discord and ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan fought ‘Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr and the followers of al-Azraq,Ibn al-Ash‘ath and others, the power of the Byzantines, the Kurds and the unconquered Persians increased; they took back a lot of territory and expelled the people of Syria. This is followed by an account of events in North Africa, then in Visigothic Spain and finally on folio 52a/recto we get to the account of Tarif’s reconnaissance mission, which preceded the invasion of the peninsula by Tariq ibn Ziyad. Logically and chronologically these accounts follow in order but other works dealing with the invasion open differently. The History of Ibn al-Qutiya begins with the author’s sources and then the confrontation between the Muslim and Visigoth armies, returning somewhat later to the reasons for the invasion. The anonymous later Fath al-Andalus launches straight into the order for the invasion issued by the caliph al-Walid ibn ‘Abd al- Malik to his governor of Ifriqiya , Musa ibn Nusayr. The text is preceded a short descriptive account of the contents followed by the traditional salutation to the Prophet and then a longer and quite accurate description of the contents, though like the Akhbar majmi‘a , it gives no author’s name. Anonymous Arabic texts are not common. Indeed, authors may sometimes have deliberately ascribed their text to the hand of a well-known author to give it better circulation. Such a practice has even been suggested in the case of the History of Ibn al-Qutiya.12 The absence of an author’s name on the Akhbar majmd‘a has given rise to much speculation on his identity - or identities - for it is suggested that more than one person was involved. According to the title the text is a collection of accounts, none of which is attributed to a source - and in this the text is unique. Although Ibn al-Qutiya for example attributes his accounts only rarely, when relating them he does at least state who his sources were at the beginning of his History and occasionallygives the name of other informants. Accounts akhbar (sing. khabar) in Arabic comes from the root kh-b-r meaning ‘to inform’ and ahkbar initially seems to have meant those sayings of the Prophet (ah adith) which could be attributed directly to him. Those of his sayings that were transmitted through his Companions were called athar from a-th-r meaning ‘to transmit.’ But akhbar rapidly came to mean any anecdotal, biographical and historical information and the word was used in the titles of historical works. Historians, particularly modern ones, distinguish between the relater of akhbar (the akhbari) and the assembler and analyser of historical accounts (the mu'arrikh).+3 The difference being that the former appeared to be far less interested in naming his sources than the latter who would always give the oral or written source or even mention that he personally witnessed the events he discusses, though the historians who were witnesses of major events are few and far between. A brief description of the text For those unfamiliar with the history of al-Andalus, | include here a summary of the contents of the Akhbar majmi‘a . The accounts or anecdotes deal with the history of the peninsula from the first reconnaissance expeditions of the Muslim armies crossing the Straits from North Africa: the invasion and subjugation of the Visigothic kingdom; the establishment of Islamic rule, first under the governors of the Umayyad caliph of Damascus and then under the Umayyad emirs of Cordova, down to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph of Cordova ‘Abd al-Rahman Ill. Unlike the History of Ibnal- Qutiya the accounts related are almost exclusively those which deal with the Arabs in the Iberian peninsula. The Berbers are occasionally mentioned, but the other communities of al-Andalus - Christians, Jews and the Iberian converts to Islam - hardly at all. Thearea outside of Muslim control is a blank, apart from the odd reference to polytheist enemies beyond the Marches. The story commences not with the invasion but with events far away in the East. It tells of how the caliph of Damascus ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (65-86/685-705) had to deal with the opposition of ‘Abdallah ibn Zubayr and his allies and how that led on to uprisings in the newly-acquired territories, as far away as Khurasan, and how these rebellions were not suppressed until the reign of his successor al-Walid ibn ‘Abd al-Malik (86- 96/705-715). Then al-Walid who was most concerned to continue the advance of Islam in North Africa sent Musa ibn Nusayr to the African front. By 89/708 Musa had captured Tangiers and was besieging Ceuta. This was in hands of an able Visigoth governor, Julian/ Yuliyan / Yulyan. But Julian turned against his masters because his daughter was seduced by the king, Roderik/ Rudhriq - a rare form of his name which is usually rendered in Arabic as Ludhriq . Julian surrendered the city to Musa and threw in his lot with the Muslims. Musa dispatched his client Tariq ibn Ziyad to the peninsula with an army consisting mainly of Berbers. At El Lago, which is probably the lagoon of La Janda near the town of Vejer de la Frontera, Tariq defeated the Visigothic army of Roderik, which was disunited because the sons of King Wittiza/ Ghitisha , Roderik's predecessor, who were in charge of the right and left flanks of the Visigothic army, betrayed him. Roderik disappeared in the course of the battle. Tariq pressed on to Ecija where another battle occurred, which he also won. Then at Julian’s suggestion he divided his army into four and dispatched one section against Cordova, another against Malaga, a third one against Granada, while the fourth, he himself led against Toledo. All of these moves were successful and T.ariqaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing 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or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘Anawin , sing. ‘unwan , title, 34 ‘Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, fifth goveror of al-Andalus (102- 107/721-726), 59 ‘Arata , Day of, 93 ‘Arafat al-sud , the negro guard, 105 ‘Arib ibn Sa ‘d 152; Mukhtasar ta’rikh al-Tabari , 152 ‘Arif (pl. ‘urafa’), steward, 119, 120 Armilla, Armila, 96 Arrabal, al-Rabad, 115; revolt of, 120, 121 Artabas/Artabash, Ardabast, 27 Asbagh, al-, ibn Muhammad, 73 Asila, Asila , 81 ‘Asim ibn Muslim al-Thaqafi, 87, 103 ‘Asim al-'Uryan, 91 Asnam, al-, 68 Astorga, Ashturga, 68, 69, 81 Asturias, Wastiras, 81 Athar, traditions, 8 ‘Atiya ibn Salih, 153 Awan, guards, 109 ‘Ayn al-Tamr, 48 ‘Ayn Tariq, Tariq’s Spring, 51 “‘Aysun ibn Sulayman al-A‘rabi, ‘Azio’? 108, 109; ford of, 108 Ayyib ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, 57, 149 Azraq, al-, 7, 47, 65 Bab.sh/Yabsh, 93 Badr, battle of, 81 Badr, freedman of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu‘awiya, 25, 26, 35, 76, 77, 83, 84, 87, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107 Bahr al-akhdar, the Mediterranean, 67 Baladiydn, settlers, 165 n 44 Balat al-Hurr, 97 Balat Mughith, 36 Balat al-shuhuda’, 59 Balay, Pelayo, 42, 61, 81 Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri, 7, 11, 18, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 61, 65-72 Baldha al-Lakhmi, 9 Band ‘Abd al-Dar, 81aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Fatima, the Prophet’s daughter, 104 Fatimi, al-: see Sufyan [Shaqya] ibn ‘Abd al-Wahid al-Miknasi Favila (CE 737-739), 61 Firash, throne, 59 Fredegarius Scholasticus (Fredegar), 151 Fursan, sing. faris, cavalry,105 Galicia, jilliqiya, 53, 55, 61, 68, 69, 80, 81, 88, 152 Garcia Gomez, E., 155 n 22 Gayangos, P. de, 3, 4, 14, 15, 152 Ghalib ibn Tammam ibn ‘Algama, 26, 108, 109 Ghamr, al-, ibn Yazid, 73, 74 Ghazat al-dawr, 105 Ghazat al-qudra, 135 Ghitisha, Wittiza (CE 702-710), 9, 48 Ghiyath ibn ‘Alqama al-Lakhmi, 102 Ghulam, servant, 87 Gormaz, 13 Granada, Gharnata, 51, 52, 151 Guadajoz, Wadi Shawsh/Shish, 106 Guadalajara, Wadi'-hijjara, 53, 150 Guadalete, Wadi Lakuh/Laku, 159 n 16 Guadalquivir, al-Wadi al-kabir,102 Guadiana, Rio Wadi Ana, 84 Guarrazar, ‘Treasure of, 151 Guazalete, Wadi Salit,69 Guichard, P., 18, 19 Ha’ for intaha, ‘(the account) is finished’, 14 Habib ibn ‘Abd al-Malik al-Qurashi, a descendant of ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-Wahid, 93, 107 Habib ibn Abi ‘Ubayda ibn ‘Ugba ibn Nafi’ al-Qurashi, 66 Hadith, pl. ahadith, tradition, account, 122 Hafs ibn Maymun, 108 Hajib, Chamberlain, 26, 87 Hakam | al-, the emir (180-206/788-796), 116-22; the concubine from Jaén, 116-17; the death of his judge, 117; his response to a woman from Lajdaniya, 119; calls for perfume,120; the revolt of the Berber of Mérida, 120-21; his verses, 121-22aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Khalifa ibn Marwan al-Yahsubi, 103 Khatim, seal-ring, 84 Kharijites, Khawarij, 135 Kitab al-dala’il, 165 n 36 Kitab al-dhakha’ir wa'l-tuHaf, 153 Kitab al-hidaya, 151 Khums, fifth due to the state, 58 Khurasan, 47 Khushan’, al-, Abd ‘Abdallah Muhammad ibn al-Harith, 167 n 78,170 ns 12, 13, 14 Kinana ibn Kinana al-Kinant, 91, 94 Kinana ibn Sa‘id al-Aswad, 107 Kufa, al-Kufa, 26, 78 Kulthdm, slave girl of ‘Abd al-Rahman, 100 Kulthim ibn ‘lyadal-Qaysi, 11, 16, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 65-67 Kumyat, al-, ibn Zayd al-Asadi, 29 Kurds, 47 Kuttab, Qur’anic school, 104; plural of katib, secretary, 13 Lafuente y Alcantara, 3, 11, 15 Lajdaniya/Lujunyéta, Roman Egitania (?) Idanha a Velha, 105, 119 Laqant, Fuente de Cantos (?), 98, 99 Layth, al-, ibn Sa‘d, 152 Levant, the, 4, 5, 14 Lévi-Provencal, E. 18, 19, 22, 33, 150 Louis XV (1715-1774), 14 Madina, al-Madina, in Arabia, 70, 72, 74, 104 Madinat al-ma‘ida, Almet, Olmedo (?), 150 Madinat al-zahra’, 13 Madinat al-zahira, 13 Maghila, 87 Mahmid ibn ‘Abd al-Jabbar al-Maridi, 172 n 35 Ma‘idat Sulayman, the ‘table’, ‘altar’ of Solomon, 53, 56, 62, 150-153 Makhadat ‘Aysin, the Ford of ‘Aysiin, see ‘Aystn Makki, M.A., 40 Malaga Malaga, 52 Malhab al-Kalbi, 105aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Sabra, Sabra , 47 Sa‘d ibn ‘Ubada, 107 Sahib al-hammam , bath-house keeper, 109 Sahib al-khayl cavalry commander, 106 $4 hib al-rajjala , infantry commander, 105 S: ah: ib al-shur t: a, police commander, 103 Sahib al-suq , market spervisor, 165 n 45 Sa‘id ibn Abi Hind, 114 Sa‘id ibn Husayn ibn Ya hyha al-An sari, 108 Sa‘id al-Ya hsubi called ‘al-Matari’, 103 Saffa h, al- ‘Abbasid caliph (132-136/749-754), 73 Sakan ibn Ibrahim, 22, 28 Sali h ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdallah, 164 n 25 Salim Abu'l-Shuja’, 77-78 Salim Abu Za‘bal, 105 Salim ibn Mu‘awiya al-Kala‘l, 103 Samh, ibn Malik al-Khawlani, 58 Santaver, Shantbariya , Ancient Centobriga, 107 Sara, Sarah, al-QU t Ilya, 27 Saragossa, Saraqus ta, 56, 68, 70, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 100, 107, 108, 111, 136 Secunda, Shaqunda , 51, 79, 82, 83, 91, 97, 132 Seville, Ishbiliya , 54, 55, 56, 91, 92, 99, 102, 104, 105, 136; province of, 98 S- h -a‘an (Shuj‘an?), 106 Shadiina , Medina Sidonia, 54; river of, 78, province of, 81, 91, 102 Shakir, servant of Hisham, 87 Shaqya al-Miknast: see Sufyan [Shaqya] ibn ‘Abd al-Wahid al- Miknasi Shamir ibn Dhi’l-Jawshan, 78 Shishbirt , Sisibert, 48, 50 Shuhayd, 107 Siff in, battle of, 79 Simancas/Alhandega, battle of, 173 n2 Siqlabi, al-, see ‘Abd al-Rahmaan ibn Habib al-Fihri Sisenand (CE 631-636), 151 Straits of Gibraltar, the, 8, 31, 129 Sufriya sect, 61 Sufyan [Shaqya] ibn ‘Abd al-Wahid al-Miknasi, al-Fatimi, 104-06aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.