I HC QUC GIA H NI

***
TRNG I HC CNG NGH

TRN CAO QUYN

ANTEN THNG MINH V P DNG TRONG CC

H THNG THNG TIN A SNG MANG

LUN N TIN S CNG NGH IN T VIN THNG

H NI - 2012

I HC QUC GIA H NI
***
TRNG I HC CNG NGH

TRN CAO QUYN

ANTEN THNG MINH V P DNG TRONG CC

H THNG THNG TIN A SNG MANG

Chuyn ngnh: K thut Vin thng

M s

: 62 52 70 05

LUN N TIN S CNG NGH IN T VIN THNG

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:
1. GS.TSKH Phan Anh
2. PGS.TS Trnh Anh V

H NI - 2012

MC LC
Trang ph ba
Li cam oan
Mc lc
Danh mc cc ch vit tt
Danh mc cc bng
Danh mc cc hnh v th
M U
Chng 1. MT S K THUT CHO H THNG TIN DI NG
TH H MI
1.1 Quy hoch tn s v dung lng h thng
1.2 Bng che Lognormal
1.3 K thut OFDM
1.4 K thut MIMO
1.4.1 Gii thiu h thng MIMO
1.4.2 M hnh h thng MIMO
1.4.3 Dung nng ca h thng MIMO
1.4.4 Dung nng mt knh MIMO 2x2
1.5 K thut SDMA
1.6 Anten thng minh cho OFDM
1.7 Kt lun
Chng 2. TO BP SNG TRONG H ANTEN THNG MINH
2.1 Cc s x l phn t bp sng
2.1.1 S to bp sng truyn thng
2.1.2 S to bp khng
2.1.3 S to bp ti u
2.1.3.1 Ti u khng rng buc v hng cc ngun nhiu
2.1.3.2 Ti u rng buc
2.1.4 S to bp ti u dng tn hiu i chiu
2.2 Cc s x l khng gian bp sng
2.2.1 X l khng gian bp sng ti u
2.2.2 S loi b bp ph
2.2.3 S loi b nhiu sau to bp (PIC)
2.2.3.1 S loi b nhiu sau to bp vi to bp nhiu truyn thng
(CIB)
2.2.3.2 S loi b nhiu sau to bp vi to bp nhiu trc giao
(OIB)
2.2.3.3 S loi b nhiu sau to bp vi to bp nhiu ci tin (IIB)
3

i
iii
vi
viii
ix
1
9
9
10
13
18
18
19
22
27
28
29
30
31
31
33
34
34
34
35
35
36
38
38
39
40
40
41

2.3 So snh cc s loi b nhiu sau to bp vi cc s x l

phn t bp sng
2.4 Anten thch nghi
2.4.1 B lc thch nghi bng hp
2.4.2 Thut ton chn ng theo hng dc nht
2.4.3 Thut ton trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu
2.4.4 B lc thch nghi bng rng
2.5 Dn anten ngh
2.6 Phng php quay bp thch nghi
2.7 Kt lun
Chng 3. XC NH HNG SNG N DNG DN ANTEN
KHNG TM PHA
3.1 Phng php MLE
3.2 Phng php MUSIC
3.3 Mt s m phng minh ha hot ng v nh gi cht lng
ca phng php MUSIC dng dn anten tuyn tnh L phn t
3.4 Phng php ESPRIT
3.5 Anten khng tm pha
3.5.1 Cc khi nim
3.5.2 Mi quan h gia phn b di v c tnh pha
3.5.3 iu kin cho anten c mt tm pha
3.5.4. M rng iu kin ca anten c tm pha cho mt dn anten
3.5.5 Phn tch dn anten khng tm pha vi c tnh pha phi tuyn
3.6 Kt hp dng dn anten khng tm pha v thut ton MUSIC
3.7 Mt s m phng nh gi cht lng ca dn anten khng tm
pha dng phng php MUSIC
3.8 Kt lun
Chng 4. ANTEN THNG MINH DNG CHO H THNG TIN
DI NG TH H MI
4.1 Anten thng minh trm gc
4.1.1Anten trm gc truyn thng
4.1.2 Anten thng minh trm gc
4.1.2.1 Anten thu v pht
4.1.2.2 H anten tm hng ca trm gc
4.1.2.3 Cc tham s h thng
4.2
Anten thng minh ca ngi dng
4.3 Cc h thng c th v m phng
4.3.1 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM (h thng 1)
4.3.2 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM v to bp sng thch
nghi theo hng ngi dng (h thng 2)
4

41
42
43
44
44
46
47
49
50

52
54
55
59
61
61
62
62
63
63
65
69
73
74
74
74
75
75
78
78
79
79
79
80

4.3.2.1 Cc tnh ton dung lng cho ng ln h thng 2

4.3.2.2 Cc tnh ton dung lng cho ng xung h thng 2
4.3.3 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM v MIMO 2x2 (h
thng 3)
4.3.4 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM v MIMO 2x2 kt hp
to bp sng thch nghi (h thng 4)
4.4 Kt lun
KT LN V NGH
DANH MC CNG TRNH KHOA HC CA TC GI LIN
QUAN N LUN N
TI LIU THAM KHO

80
90
95
95
97
99
100
101

A. M U
1. L do nghin cu
Hin nay cc h thng tin v tuyn di ng th h th 4 ang
pht trin mnh m. Yu cu v tng dung lng cho h thng h
tr cc dch v nh truyn d liu tc cao, xem video trc tuyn,
duyt Web..vv, mi lc mi ni cng vi vi dch v thoi phi
truyn thng ang tng ln.
Cc vn nghin cu quan tm khng ch l i vi cc k
thut mi ring r tch bit nh: m ha, iu ch, phn tp, hp
knh vi anten dn, anten thng minh...m cn gc phi hp v
t hp cc k thut trn cng mt lc nng cao hiu qu s dng
ti nguyn h thng. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu gc t hp
k thut ny trong nhng nm qua cn hn ch.
2. t vn
Mc ch chnh ca lun n ny l xy dng mt m hnh v
phi hp k thut anten thng minh, l k thut pht hin c
hng sng n v c th iu khin c bp sng bm theo ngi
dng, b sung cho anten trm gc h thng tin di ng hin hnh.
chng t hiu qu ca h thng ny, chng ti tin hnh nh
gi dung lng v dung nng ca h thng phi hp OFDM/SDMA
c s dng a truy cp theo khng gian dng vi s anten thng
minh ny. Vn ny cha c nghin cu nhiu trong nhng nm
qua.
3. Cc mc tiu nghin cu
- Xy dng mt s anten thng minh bao gm mt h tm hng
xc nh hng sng n dng k thut anten khng tm pha v
mt h iu khin bp sng bm theo thu bao di ng.

- p dng s ny vo h thng thng tin di ng OFDM to

nn mt t hp cu trc mi l OFDM/SDMA vi nhng kch bn c
th.
- nh gi kh nng tng dung lng v dung nng ca t hp cu
trc mi ny.
Kt cu lun n: Lun n gm m u, 04 chng, kt lun,
c 30 hnh, 5 bng, 62 ti liu tham kho, 107 trang lun n.
4. Phm vi v gii hn ca lun n
H anten thng minh xut trong lun n c th p dng
cho cc h thng tin di ng hin hnh c cu trc t bo hnh lc
gic u vi mu s dng li tn s 3x3x1. Mi trng truyn sng
c xem xt l th v vng ph cn vi suy gim cng sut theo
c ly c coi l tun theo lut Lognormal vi phng sai s 8 dB.
Dch tn v PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) khng xem xt
trong lun n. Dn anten mng pha bng rng c kh nng iu khin
bp sng thch nghi.
5. Phng php nghin cu

Tnh ton l thuyt: Da trn c s ca l thuyt anten

dn, anten khng tm pha, x l tn hiu ngu nhin, tch nhn

tn hiu v tng hp cc vn l thuyt c lin quan n ti.

M phng my tnh: c tin hnh vi cc kch bn c th

v so snh vi tnh ton l thyt

B. NI DUNG
Chng 1
MT S K THUT CHO H THNG
TIN DI NG TH H MI
1.4.3 Dung nng ca h thng MIMO
(Multiple Input Multiple Output)
Dung nng ca mt knh MIMO Fading Rayleigh vi
nT anten pht v nR anten thu, cng sut pht tng P, phng sai tp

m 2 biu din l
trong

C Bk log 2 det(I m

P
nT

HH H )

(1.42)

- m min(nT , nR ) ; H l ma trn knh truyn; Bk l bng thng ca

cc knh nh bng nhau.
T cng thc (1.42) ta suy ra khi ma trn knh H c hng y ,
cc anten pht v thu khng tng quan th dung nng knh MIMO
s t l vi det(I m P HH H ) theo hm logarit.
nT 2
1.6 Anten thng minh cho OFDM
Vic p dng anten thng minh cho h thng OFDM c
mt s nghin cu bc u nh ca K. K. Wong [24]; Y. Li v N.
R. Sollenberger [60] v F. Wang cng cng s [16]. K. K. Wong
thc hin ti u trng s phc (bin v pha) ca dn anten ti c
trm gc v ngi dng c mc SNR cc i u ra. Y. Li v N.
R. Sollenberger th xem xt p dng anten thch nghi cho h thng
OFDM nn nhiu ng knh; s dng kt hp c d on knh
thun v ngc; khai thc trng thi knh qu kh, hin ti v tng
lai vo vic d on knh. Do chnh xc ca p ng knh d
on tng ln. Vc-t trng s ph thuc c vo ma trn t tng
3

quan ca tn hiu v p ng ca knh truyn. Song hn ch ca cc

cng trnh ny l h anten x l tn hiu phc tp v m hnh cu trc
bp sng cho mng di ng OFDM cha r rng.
Chng 2
TO BP SNG TRONG H
ANTEN THNG MINH
C nhiu phng php to bp sng anten phc v cc
mc ch khc nhau. Chng ny cp n hai phng php iu
khin bp sng l iu khin ti u theo mc tiu c nh (s
phn t bp sng v s khng gian bp sng) v iu khin t hp
bp thch nghi (thut ton LMS) cho trng hp mc tiu di ng.
Do yu cu h x l tn hiu anten phi n gin v anten phi c kh
nng thch nghi vi mc tiu di ng nn chng ti la chn phng
php quay bp sng thch nghi.
Phng php quay bp thch nghi :
Bp sng chnh ca h anten thng minh t trm gc c
kh nng quay bm theo mc tiu di chuyn trong phm vi mt sct [3-4]. Tht vy, v lun n s dng dn anten mng pha nn ch
cn iu khin pha ca cc phn t anten xoay bp sng chnh ca
dn anten hng vo mc tiu. Mc tiu y l v tr c mt
ngi dng cao nht trong mt sc-t.
Vc-t trng s ca dn anten c biu din l
1
w a( )
L
trong L l s phn t (t 4 n 8) ca dn anten mng pha, l
hng sng n t mc tiu trong mt phng phng v.
thc hin c vic quay bp thch nghi, h iu khin
bp sng anten cn c thng tin v hng sng n ca mc tiu
4

(vc-t hng a()) t h thng tm hng (h thng ny s c

trnh by chi tit chng 3). Khi mc tiu di chuyn, vc-t hng
s thay i v vc-t trng s cng s cp nht theo. Kt qu l bp
sng chnh s thc hin vic quay bp thch nghi.
Chng 3
XC NH HNG SNG DNG DN ANTEN
KHNG TM PHA
3.5.5 Phn tch dn anten khng tm pha vi c tnh
pha phi tuyn
Dn anten khng tm pha dng 4 dipole ng xp thnh 2
cp trc ca cp th nht vung gc vi trc ca cp th 2. Ta
Cc ca cc dipole v pha ca dng kch thch ca chng m t
nh sau:
S 1 (0, -d1/2, 0), 0 radian; s 2 (0, d1/2, 0), radian; s 3 (d2/2, 0,
0), /2 radian; s 4 (-d2/2, 0, 0), 3 /2 radian.
Suy ra, h s dn ca cp dipole th nht, AF12 , biu din l
kd
(3.47)
AF12 2I o j 2 sin( 1 sin )
2
trong I o l bin ca dng kch thch v l gc phng v.
Tng t, h s dn ca cp dipole th hai l

AF34 2I o j 2 sin(

d2
2

cos )

(3.48)

c tnh pha ca h anten l

kd1

sin( 2 sin )
AF12
( ) artg

artg
sin( kd2 cos )
AF34
2

(3.49)

Ni chung, ( ) l mt hm phi tuyn theo . Nu chn

d1 5 , d 2 3 ta c

sin(5 sin )
( ) artg

sin(3 cos )

(3.50)

y r rng cng l mt hm phi tuyn theo .

3.6 Kt hp dng dn anten khng tm pha v thut ton
MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
Trc tin s m t cu trc dn anten bao gm hai phn t.
Chng ti xut phn t th nht l mt n cc (monopole) v
nh vy c tnh pha ca n l khng thay i (ng pha).
Chng ti xut phn t anten th hai l dn anten khng
tm pha (vic phn tch chi tit kiu phn t ny m t mc
3.5.5) vi c tnh pha ca phn t th hai c m t Hnh 3.6.
Mt im quan trng l c tnh pha ca anten th nht v
hai u c biu din l cc hm ca gc phng v. C ngha l
A ( ) C, (0,2 )

(3.51)

A ( ) ( ), (0,2 )

(3.52)

90

120

60
1.5
1

150

30

0.5

180

210

330

240

300
270

Hnh 3.6 c tnh pha ca phn t th hai trong h ta cc

6

Tip theo s phn tch vic s dng dn anten xut ny kt

hp vi thut ton MUSIC xc nh hng cc ngun pht sng:
Thay v s dng mt dn anten L phn t tuyn tnh cch
u, ngh dng mt dn anten 2 phn t kt hp dch pha v ly
mu phn t th hai theo thi gian L-2 ln. Vi cch lm nh vy i
vi phn t th 2 c c tnh pha phi tuyn s hnh thnh mt ma
trn dn c hng L tng t nh ma trn dn truyn thng (s dng
dn anten L phn t tuyn tnh cch u).
Cc bc x l tn hiu tip theo hon ton tng t nh
phng php MUSIC truyn thng.
V ma trn t tng quan u ra ca dn anten ng hng vi
ma trn dn, do khi cho ha n ta s c c L gi tr ring,

1 , 2 ,..., L . Trong s cc tr ring ny chng ta s tm c D tr

ring khng m, tng ng vi D ngun pht sng. Kt qu ny hon
ton tng ng vi kt qu s dng mt dn anten L phn t tuyn
tch cch u.
Trong dn anten L phn t tuyn tch cch u, th khong
cch gia cc phn t nh hn hoc bng / 2 . i vi dn anten 2
phn t kt hp di pha v ly mu theo thi gian th lng di pha
tng ng trong mi ln dch pha s nh hn hoc bng .
V cc phn t sau phn t th nht ca vc-t hng c
xy dng trn cc mu o thi gian khc nhau ca c tnh pha ca
phn t anten th hai nn vc-t hng hiu chnh nh cng trnh
s [2] tr thnh

aM ( ) 1,exp( jB (1 )),...,exp( jB (D )) (3.53)

T

Sau khi thay th vc-t hng thng thng bng

hng hiu chnh th ph MUSIC hiu chnh tr thnh
1
PM ( ) H
a M ( )Vn VnH a M ( )
7

(3.54)

vc-t

3.7 M phng nh gi cht lng ca phng php

MUSIC dng dn anten khng tm pha.
Gi thit c 3 ngun tn hiu iu ch theo mt phng thc bt k
no , t cc hng : 0.2, 1, v 2 radians. Mc tn trn tp ca cc
ngun ny l bng nhau v bng 20 dB (SNR1=SNR2=SNR3=20dB).
Dng 2 dn anten so snh. Dn th nht l mt dn anten khng
tm pha 2 phn t (dn anten ngh), dn th hai l mt dn tuyn
tnh 3 phn t. Cc bc x l tn hiu c m t trong mc 3.6,
chng ti t c cc kt qu m phng sau:
- C hai dn anten u c th pht hin cc ngun ti cc
hng 1 v 2 radians. Cc nh ph ca dn anten ngh v dn
anten tuyn tnh l xp x 30dB v 40 dB (Hnh 3.7).
- Thut ton MUSIC ch c th pht hin ti L-1 ngun trong
dn anten L phn t (dn tuyn tnh 3 phn t ch pht hin c 2
ngun). Song dn anten ngh c th pht hin thm ngun ti
hng 0.2 radians trong khi dn anten tuyn tnh truyn thng th
khng th (dn 2 phn t c th pht hin c 3 ngun).
- Mt cch tng qut nh gii thch mc 3.6 dn anten
ngh c th pht hin D ngun khi s phn t ca dn anten nh
hn D. V nguyn tc, s ngun pht hin c khng gii hn bi
s phn t ca dn anten (Hnh 3.7 v 3.8).
- Cht lng ca dn anten ngh ph thuc vo gc quay
ca anten khng tm pha c c tnh pha phi tuyn. Khi gc quay l
0.1 v 0.5 radians, nh ph ca dn anten ngh l 30dB (Hnh
3.7). Khi gc quay l 0.5 v 0.8 radians nh ph ca dn anten
ngh l 35dB (Hnh 3.8).

Pho MUSIC voi dan anten tuyen tinh va dan anten de nghi(dB)

60

50

40

30

20

10

-10

3
4
Goc quet(Radians)

Pho MUSIC voi dan anten tuyen tinh va dan anten de nghi(dB)

Hnh 3.7. Ph i vi ngun ti 0.2, 1 v 2 radians trong

mt phng phng v. ng lin nt l vi dn tuyn tnh
v ng t nt l vi dn anten khng tm pha. Gc
quay ca anten khng tm pha l 0.1 v 0.5 radians.
60

50

40

30

20

10

-10

3
4
Goc quet(Radians)

Hnh 3.8. Ph ca ngun ti 0.2, 1, v 2 radians trong mt

phng phng v. ng lin nt l vi dn anten tuyn tnh
v ng t nt l vi dn anten khng tm pha. Gc quay
ca anten khng tm pha l 0.5 v 0.8 radians.
9

3.8 Kt lun
Mc d phng php MUSIC tm hng sng n rt hiu qu,
tuy nhin s mc tiu ti a m thut ton ny c th pht hin c gii
hn bi s phn t ca dn anten (s mc tiu pht hin c l L-1 mc
tiu khi dng dn anten L phn t tuyn tnh cch u).
Chng ti xut s dng mt h tm hng mi, trong
dng anten hai phn t v thut ton MUSIC. Phn t th nht ng
pha, phn t th 2 khng c tm pha v c c tnh pha phi tuyn.
Cc kt qu phn tch v m phng cho thy h tm hng
ny lm vic tt.
Do phn t th hai c c tnh pha phi tuyn, nu ly mu
n L-2 ln trong khng gian, s c mt tp d liu tng ng
vi vic s dng mt dn anten tuyn tnh L phn t cch u. V ma
trn dn c hng l D, nn ta c th pht hin c D mc tiu. Ni
cch khc l s mc tiu pht hin c v nguyn tc s khng b
gii hn bi s phn t ca dn ( y chng ti dng anten c 2
phn t m c kh nng pht hin D mc tiu).
Cc ng gp mi ca h tm hng c th hin trn
ba im.
im th nht l v mt cu trc dn anten, h tm hng
ca chng ti c cu trc dn anten hai phn t n gin hn nhiu
cu trc dn anten tuyn tnh L phn t.
im th hai l v s lng mc tiu c th pht hin c.
Theo , s lng mc tiu pht hin c khng b gii hn bi s
phn t ca dn anten s dng.
im th ba l v cht lng d on, cc tnh ton v
m phng chng minh rng cht lng d on hng sng n

10

ca chng ti tng ng nh cht lng ca phng php MUSIC

truyn thng.
Kt qu khoa hc lin quan cng b l cng trnh s [2].
Chng 4
ANTEN THNG MINH DNG CHO H THNG TIN DI NG
TH H MI
4.1 Anten thng minh trm gc
4.1.1 Anten trm gc truyn thng
Cu trc mt trm BTS truyn thng nh Hnh 4.1. Anten
c t trn 3 cnh ca mt tam gic u (trn hnh ch v mt
cnh). Mi mt cnh s phc v mt sc-t 120o. Trn mi sc-t, c
Tx1 v Rx1 dng pht v thu thng tin cn Rx2 v Rx3 dng xc
nh hng sng n.

Rx2

Tx1v Rx1

Rx3

Hnh 4.1 Cu trc dn anten BTS c

4.1.2 Anten thng minh trm gc
4.1.2.1 Anten thu v pht
Chng ti xut dng anten th nht l mt dipole t
tm ca trm gc, k hiu l Tx1 v Rx1 nh trn Hnh 4.2. Anten th
hai l cc dn anten mng pha bng rng L phn t (thng t 4 n

11

8 phn t) t ba cnh ca trm gc, k hiu l Tx2 v Rx2 nh trn

Hnh 4.2. C hai anten u lm vic ch song cng.
4.1.2.2 H anten tm hng ca trm gc
Monopole
(n cc)

Anten khng tm
pha dng xc
nh hng sng
n, t trn nh
ca trm gc.
Tx1 v Rx1 (dipole)

Tx2 v Rx2
(l anten mng pha L phn t)
Hnh 4.2 Cu trc dn anten BTS mi
Chng ti xut dng h tm hng xc nh hng
sng n gm hai phn t v thut ton MUSIC nh miu t mc
3.6. Dn anten ny t trn nh ca trm gc (Hnh 4.2).
4.3 Cc h thng c th v m phng
4.3.1 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM (h thng 1)
Cc anten c t trn 3 cnh ca mt tam gic u. Anten
trn mi cnh s bao ph mt sc-t rng 120o v hot ng ch
song cng. Trong h thng OFDM gi l h SISO-SECTOR-OFDM.
4.3.2 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM v to
bp sng thch nghi theo hng ngi dng (h thng 2)
Khc vi h thng 1 anten trn mi cnh l anten mng pha
bng rng c th to ra mt bp sng chnh c rng 60o hoc (30o,
15o). Bp sng ny c th bm theo mc tiu (v tr c mt ngi
12

dng cao nht trong mt sc-t 120o) da trn kt qu d on hng

sng n dng dn anten khng tm pha v thut ton MUSIC. Trong
h thng OFDM gi l h SISO-ADAPTIVE-OFDM
4.3.2.1 Cc tnh ton dung lng cho ng ln h thng 2
Gi thit bi ton:
Xt cu trc t bo hnh lc gic u v hai lp t bo u
tin xung quanh t bo trung tm (s lng t bo kho st, M=18).
Cc trm gc t ti tm ca cc t bo. Mi sc-t c ti a K ngi
dng hot ng. Mu s dng li tn s l 3x3x1.
C iu khin cng sut trong mi t bo cng sut pht
mi ngi dng l P. Suy gim cng sut theo c ly c coi l tun
theo lut Lognormal, phng sai, s 8 dB.
H thng thng tin di ng OFDM h tr nhiu kiu a truy
cp. Lun n xt v d trng hp a truy cp theo khng
gian(SDMA) xem nh mi ngi dng trong mt sc-t s dng N
sng mang v u c kh nng cng mt lc truy cp vo h thng
theo cc phng khc nhau, khong cch khc nhau.
Anten trm gc l anten mng pha bng rng L phn t cch
u (4 n 8) vi rng bp chnh khong 30o. H tm hng dng dn
anten khng tm pha v thut ton MUSIC ( trnh by Chng 3).
Anten ca ngi dng ch yu cu l anten v hng.
Thng tin v hng n ca mc tiu t h tm hng BTS
dng iu khin bp sng chnh ca dn anten mng pha trn mi
sector bm theo mc tiu ( y chnh l v tr c mt ngi dng
cao nht trong sector).
T , ta tnh ton xc sut vt ngng l hm s ca s
ngi dng v rng bp sng anten vi mc BER=10 -5 ( p
ng kh nng truyn tn hiu hnh nh) nh sau.
13

Tn hiu u vo mt trm gc sau khi qua anten l :

P
N

x(t )
P
N

P
N

N 1

o
n ,o

cos n (t o )ao

n o

K 1 N 1

o
n,k

cos n (t k )a k

(4.1)

k 1 n o

M K 1 N 1

m 1 k o n o

m
km xn , k

cos n (t km )a km (t )

trong
- P l cng sut pht i vi mi ngi dng.
- K l s ngi dng hot ng trong mt sc-t; N l s sng mang
m mi ngi dng s dng (N=2, 8, 16, 32); M l s lng t bo
trong m hnh bi ton (M=18).
- x nm,k l d liu u vo ca ngi dng th k i vi sng mang th
n ti t bo th m.
- a k l vc-t hng ca dn anten i vi ngi dng th k ti t bo
trung tm. a k m l vc-t hng ca dn anten i vi ngi dng th
k ti t bo th m.
- k l tr t ngi dng th k vo tm t bo.

2
km

rm
ko
rk

o
k

km
4

m
k

l t s cng sut nhiu ng knh ca

ngi dng th k, t t bo th m vo t bo
trung tm;

- r l khong cch t ngi dng th k trong t bo th m vo t bo

trung tm;

s 8 dB.

km tun theo lut Lognormal vi phng sai,

- (t ) l tp m tun theo phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng khng,

phng sai, 2
14

Sau khi ly FFT ca x(t ) , d liu thu c t ngi dng

th 0 (ngi dng mong mun) ti sng mang th n t bo trung
tm l
z o ( n)
P
N

P o
P
xn ,o ao
N
N

M K 1

m 1 k 1

K 1

o
n ,k a k

( n)

m
km xn , k a km

k 1

(4.2)

Dng anten mng pha th bin cc trng s i vi cc

sng mang (subcarrier) l nh nhau, nn sau khi nhn vi trng s v
cng chng li ta c
zo

P
N

P
N

N 1

o
n ,o a o

n o

P
N

N 1 K

o
n ,k a k

n o k 1

N 1 M K 1

n o m 1 k 1

m
km xn.k a km

(4.3)

z o So ao I1 I 2
trong I 1 , I 2 l nhiu ng knh t cc ngi dng trong t bo

trung tm v t cc ngi dng trong cc t bo xung quanh.

Qu trnh d on a o : y vic d on a o c thc hin
dng h tm hng gii thiu Chng 3.
Trong trng s dng anten thng minh, th dn anten c p
ng n v theo hng mc tiu, hay l aoH ao 1 . Dng gi tr a o d
on c v tnh cht trn ca dn anten thng minh thnh lp bin
quyt nh: d o z oa oH

15

d o So

P
N

N 1 K

P
N

o
H
n ,k ao a k

n o k 1

N 1 M K 1

n o m 1 k 1

d o So

K 1

m H
km xn , k a o a km

I k aoH a k

k 1

aoH

M 1 K 1

I
m 1 k 1

H
km a o a km

(4.4)

aoH

d o So n1 n2 n3
Phng sai ca n1 v n2 c tnh nh sau
var(n1 ) P

K 1

2
H
o ak

PI 3

k 1

var(n2 ) P

(4.5)

M 1 K 1

m 1 k 0

2
km

2
aoH a k

PI 4

trong :
- I3 l t l cng sut nhiu trn tn hiu ti t bo trung tm
- I4 l t l cng sut nhiu trn tn hiu ti cc t bo xung
quanh.
Xt t s nng lng bit trn mt nhiu v tp m nh sau
Eb
P
1
2
2
No I o

PI 3 PI 4
I3 I 4
L
LP

Yu cu v cht lng BER > 10-5 hay l

Eb
6dB S
No I o

p ng c kh nng truyn tn hiu hnh nh.

16

(4.6)

Pv Pr( BER Po ) Pr(

Pr(

LP

Eb
S)
No Io

S ) Pr( I 3 I 4

I3 I 4

1 2

)
S LP

(4.7)

Ta suy ra l xc sut vt ngng l mt hm s ca hai bin

s I 3 v I 4 .
Xt ti ti a cho mt sc-t : K ngi dng hot ng. V s
lng cc ngun nhiu do cc ngi dng khc nhau l ngu nhin
nn c th thay

a oH a k trong I 3 , I 4 bi mt bin ngu nhin

Bernoulli, k . Bin ny c xc sut xut hin p.

1 p
0 q 1 p

k
T I 3 vit li l

(4.8)

K 1

I3 k

(4.9)

k 1

Ta suy ra I 3 c phn b nh thc vi tham s (K-1, p).

Tnh p:
Ta gi thit ngi dng phn b thnh cc cm trong mt t
bo. ng thi cng hp l nu gi thit l phn b cm ca ngi
dng theo gc trong mi sc-t tun theo phn b Gauss, trung bnh
bng m; phng sai, .
Ti thi im ban u quan st, v tr trung bnh gia ca
sc-t (trng hp 1). V mi sc-t bao ph mt gc 120o nn ta c

=60o. Suy ra xc sut v tr trung bnh ri vo bp sng

chnh ca anten nh Bng 4.3. Trong trng hp ngi dng phn
b u trong sc-t, th ta s dng anten v hng.
m=60o,

17

Bng 4.3 Xc sut v tr trung bnh, trng hp 1

rng bp chnh

60

30

15

Q(0)

Q(0.5)

Q(0.75)

Vi Q(x) l hm li xc nh nh sau

Q( x )

1
2

y2 / 2

dy

Trn thc t, v tr trung bnh c th di chuyn ngu nhin

trong phm vi mt sc-t quan st. Chng ti xt trng hp, trung
bnh di chuyn n cnh ca sc-t (trng hp 2).

=60o. Xc sut m v tr trung bnh

nm trong bp sng chnh ca anten nh Bng 4.4.
Bng 4.4 Xc sut v tr trung bnh, trng hp 2
Lc ny th m=120o,

rng bp chnh

60

30

15

1-2Q(0.5) 1-2Q(0.25) 1-2Q(0.125)

Vi gi thit v k ta suy ra I 4 c th vit li l

I4

M 1 K 1

m 1 k 1

k2

(4.10)

i vi mt s ln ngi dng, bin ngu nhin I 4 (chu

nhiu t KM ngi dng) c th xp x bi mt bin Gauss vi trung
2
bnh k K v phng sai k K ( k , k ph thuc vo p, phng sai

bng che s v s t bo gy nhiu M).

Nu gi
nh cng trnh [6]

1 2

th xc sut vt ngng ng ln H 2
S LP
18

K 1

Pv Pr(I 4 k I 3 k ) Pr(I 3 k )
k 0

(4.11)

K 1 k
k k K
p (1 p) K 1k Q(
Pv
)
k 0 k
k2 K

K 1

Kt qu m phng xc sut vt ngng ng ln H 2 cho

bi Hnh 4.7, Hnh 4.8 v Bng 4.5.

Xc sut vt ngng ng ln, TH 1, N=2,8,16,32

1
0

100

200

300

400

Pr(BER<10e-5)
0.1

15
30
120
60

0.01

0.001

0.0001

S ngi dung /sc-t

Hnh 4.7 Xc sut vt ngng ng ln H 2,

trng hp 1, N=2, 8, 16, 32, =30.

19

Xc sut vt ngng ng ln, TH 2, N=2,8,16,32

1
0

100

200

300

400

Pr(BER<10e-5)
0.1

15
30
120
60

0.01

0.001

S ngi dng /sc-t

Hnh 4.8 Xc sut vt ngng ng ln H 2,

trng hp 2, N=2, 8, 16, 32, =30.
T cc kt qu trn chng ti suy ra l H 2 c dung lng
cao hn H khong 3 ln. Tng dung lng trong trng hp 2 km
hn trng hp 1 v trng hp 2 l trng hp xu nht (khi
ngi dng nm cnh ca sc-t).
Bng 4.5 Dung lng ng ln h thng OFDM/SDMA dng cc
loi anten khc nhau.

Loi Anten

S ngi dng ti a trong sc-t

Sc-t

35

Thng minh (Bp chnh rng 60o)

75
o

Thng minh (Bp chnh rng 30 )

o

Thng minh (Bp chnh rng 15 )

120
230

20

4.3.2.2 Cc tnh ton dung lng ng xung h thng 2

Cc tnh ton dung lng cho ng xung H 2 tng t
nh cc tnh ton dung lng ng ln H 2. Kt qu m phng xc
sut vt ngng ng xung H 2 cho bi Hnh 4.9, Hnh 4.10 v
Bng 4.6.
T kt qu ny ta cng c kt lun l H 2 c dung lng
ng xung cao hn H 1 khong 3 ln.
Xc sut vt ngng ng xung, TH 1, N=2,8,16, 32
1
0

100

200

300

400
15

0.1
Pr(BER<10e-5)

30
60

0.01

120

0.001
S ngi dung /sc-t

Hnh 4.9 Xc sut vt ngng ng xun H 2,

trng hp 1, N=2, 8, 16, 32, =30.

21

Xc sut vt ngng ng xung, TH 2, N=2,8,16,32

1
0

100

200

300

400
15

Pr(BER<10e-5)

30

0.1

60
120

0.01
S ngi dung/sc-t

Hnh 4.10 Xc sut vt ngng ng xung H 2,

trng hp 2, N=2, 8, 16, 32, =30.
Bng 4.6 Dung lng ng xung h thng OFDM/SDMA dng cc
loi anten khc nhau.
Loi Anten

S ngi dng ti a trong sc-t

Sc-t

30
o

Thng minh (Bp chnh rng 60 )

60

Thng minh (Bp chnh rng 30o)

110

Thng minh (Bp chnh rng 15o)

200

4.3.3 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM v

MIMO 2x2 (h thng 3)
Ngoi cc anten trn 3 cnh tam gic u nh h thng 1, ta
b sung thm mt anten v hng (thu pht song cng) tm tam
gic u phi hp phc v cho c 3 cnh. Nh vy theo hng ca
22

mi cnh ta c h MIMO 2x2 (ngi dng cng i hi c 2 anten).

Trong h thng OFDM gi l h MIMO 2x2-SECTOR-OFDM.
4.3.4 H thng hin dng ci tin h tr OFDM v
MIMO 2x2 kt hp to bp sng thch nghi (h thng 4)
Ta b sung anten v hng tm tam gic u vo h thng 2
hay l kt hp k thut to bp ca anten trn mi cnh cng s phi
hp ca anten v hng tm to nn h MIMO 2x2. Trong h thng
OFDM chng ti gi h ny l h MIMO 2x2-ADAPTIVE-OFDM. H
anten ny c th dng lm anten trm gc ca th h di ng th 4, b
sung cho cc anten ca th h di ng hin hnh sn c.
C. KT LUN
Lun n nghin cu v xy dng m hnh s dng kt hp k
thut anten thng minh vo h thng thng tin di ng hin hnh v
t c nhng kt qu mi sau:
Xy dng mt h tm hng mi (chng 3) dng anten hai

phn t. Phn t th nht l mt n cc v hng. Phn t th hai

khng c tm pha v c c tnh pha phi tuyn. Khi kt hp vi
thut ton MUSIC th h tm hng ny c kh nng pht hin s
mc tiu khng b gii hn bi s phn t ca h ( y l hai phn
t). Tuy nhin pht hin c s mc tiu nh ca dn anten
tuyn tnh cch u L phn t, phi tin hnh ly mu trong khng
gian L-2 ln na c tp d liu tng ng.
xut m hnh kt hp anten thng minh (l anten iu khin

bp sng theo hng sng ti) vo h thng tin di ng OFDM to

nn h thng t hp OFDM/SDMA vi 4 cu hnh c th:

H1: SISO-SECTOR-OFDM

H 2: SISO-ADAPTIVE-OFDM
23

H 3: MIMO 2x2-SECTOR-OFDM

H 4: MIMO 2x2-ADAPTIVE-OFDM
Kt hp tnh ton v m phng chng minh c rng:

Dung lng ca H 2 cao hn H 1 khong 3 ln.

Dung nng knh ca H 3&4 cn cao hn ca H 1&2 v

dng thm k thut MIMO.

H 2 dng phng php quay bp thch nghi, n gin hn

so vi thut ton LMS.

24