COUNCIL OF ENGINEERS

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

DESIGN, INSTALLATION, INSPECTION AND
TESTING OF GROUNDING SYSTEM

xxxx-xx-xxxx
COE STANDARD xx-xxxx-xx-xxxx
ISBN xxx-xxxx-xx-x

1
2554

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN, INSTALLATION, INSPECTION AND TESTING OF GROUNDING SYSTEM



CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN, INSTALLATION, INSPECTION AND
TESTING OF GROUNDING SYSTEM

xxxx-xx-xxxx
COE STANDARD xx-xxxx-xx-xxxx
ISBN xxx-xxxx-xx-x

1
2554







.. 2545



.. 2545



















(Code of Practice for Design, Installation, Inspection and Testing
of Grounding System)


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1-1
1-1
1-1
1-1

2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

2-1
2-3
2-5
2-8
2-10
2-14
2-16
2-16

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

3.7

3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13

3-1
3-1
3-1
3-9
3-9
3-11
3-15
3-19
3-20
3-21
3-22
3-27
3-30

4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

4-1
4-1
4-1
4-5
4-6
4-9
4-11
4-14

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

5-1
5-1
5-1
5-3
5-7
5-7

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7

6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-9
6-9

7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

7-1
7-1
7-1
7-2
7-4

7.6
7.7

7-4
7-4
-1
-1
-1


2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
6.1
6.2
.1
.2

(IEC
60898 Type B)
(IEC
60898 Type C IEC 60947-2 Type C)

2-4
2-15
3-9
3-12
3-28
3-29
4-3
4-8
6-4
6-6
-1
-2


2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13

TN-S
TN-C
TN-C-S

TT
IT
50 1,000

2-3
2-4
2-6
2-6
2-6
2-7
2-7
2-9
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-17
3-2
3-4
3-4
3-6
3-8
3-10
3-10
3-13
3-14
3-14
3-18
3-19
3-19

 3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

TN-C-S

3
P2
Selective

3-20
3-21
3-21
3-23
3-24
3-24
3-25
3-26
3-26
3-27
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-6
4-7
4-7
4-9
4-10
4-12
4-14
4-14
6-3
6-3
6-4
6-5

 6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.2

Stakeless
2

6-5
6-6
6-8
6-8
7-5
7-5

 1

1.1

1.2


1,000

1.3

.. 2545 ( 1 .. 2551)



()

1.4
(Bonding)

1-1

 (Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter)
(Residual Current Device RCD)

(Enclosure)



(Grounded Conductor)

(Grounding Conductor)


(Equipment Grounding Conductor)



/
(Grounding Electrode Conductor)


/

(Effectively Grounded)



(Equipment)

(Service Equipment)



(Separately Derived System)


(Grounded)

1-2

 (Bonding Jumper)

(Circuit Bonding Jumper)

(Equipment Bonding Jumper)


(Main Bonding Jumper)
()

1-3

 2

2.1



(fault)
6

(Equipment Grounding)
2.1.1














2.1.2 (System Grounding)


(overvoltage)

2-1

2.1.3 (Temporary Grounding for

Safety in Maintenance Work)


2.1.4 (Electronic and Computer
Grounding)




2.1.5 (Lightning Protection Grounding)

2.1.6 (Static Grounding)

2-2

2.2
2.2.1
(electric shock)










2.1


1,000 100,000 {12}

2.1
2.1
2.1

2-3

 2.2

L
N

2.2
2.2.2

2.1 {12}
2.1

1

1- 3
10
( )

30 (
)
75 ( )
250 ( )
4

5

2-4

2.3



T
I

T

N

( ) (neutral, N) (protective
conductor, PE)
I
S
C ()
2.3.1 TN
TN
TN 3

2.3.1.1 TN-S (N, PE)
2.3
2.3.1.2 TN-C
(PEN) 2.4
2.3.1.3 TN-C-S
2.5

2-5

 TN-S

L1

L2
L3

N
E

PE

PE

2.3 TN-S

2.4 TN-C
TN-C-S
L1

L2
L3
N

PEN

PE

2.5 TN-C-S
2-6

2.3.2 TT
TT
2.6

2.6 TT
2.3.3 IT
IT
2.7

2.7 IT
2-7

 TN-C-S

2.4
2.4.1
2.4.1.1 50
50
- 150
-
-
2.4.1.2 50

- 50 1,000

- 3 4
- 3 4

- 1 3 1 2
- 3 3
- 1,000




(separately derived systems)


2.8

2-8

L1

L2

) 1 2

) 1 3
L1
L2
N

L3

) 3 4
L1
L2

L1
L2

L3

) 3 3

L3
N

) 3 4

2.8 50 1,000
2.4.2

2.4.2.2 (health care facilities)

3.8

2.4.2.1

2-9

2.4.3



- 1 2
- 1 3
- 3 3
- 3 4
2.4.4
3
2.4.4.1 (solidly grounded)



2.4.4.2 (low impedance grounded)

(fault current)

2.4.4.3 (high impedance grounded)

2.5
2.5.1
2.9

2-10

L1
L2

N
2

L3
1

4
2

1
2
3
4
5

2.9
2.5.1.1


2.5.1.2

/
2.9

2.5.1.3

2.4.3

2-11

2.5.1.4

2.9


2.5.1.5



/



2.9


2.5.2




2.10
L1
L2
N ()

L3

2.10

2-12






1


1





2.11

2.11




2.12

2-13

 2.12

2.6







()


1
2.13

-

2-14

 2.13
2.2

2.2
(, m)

2 - 50
30

2 - 200
40

20 - 260
100

50 - 3000
200 ()

> 200
200
()
50 - 3000
1000 ()

100 - 8000
2000
( : = 1:3)
50 - 300
150
: = 1:5
400
: = 1:7
500

0.1 - 1
0.5

10,000 - 100,000
50,000

2-15

2.7



(resistance to ground)
5
25 1

2.8
(sensitive electronic equipment)


2

2.8.1




2.8.2


50 (
)
50

(signal reference grid) 0.6 x 0.6

(raised floor)

2-16

2.8.3



(multiple grounding) 2.14 ()
(ground loop)

(central radial
grounding)


2.14 ()

2.14

2-17

2.8.4

2.8.4.1
2.14 ()
2.8.4.2

2-18

 3

3.1

3.2

3.3
3.3.1



3.3.1.1

3-1

3.3.1.2

3.3.1.3
3.3.2
2
3.3.2.1

3.3.2.2
(ground rod) (concrete enclosed electrode)
(buried plate) (ring) (grid)
3.1

3.1
3-2

3.3.3
3.3.3.1

3 16
(5/8 ) 2.4







3.3.3.2
(semi
- conducting medium) 30 20



50
(2 ) 6 (20 ) 12.7
25
6 (20 )


3.2

3-3

 3.2
3.3.3.3

0.18
6
1.5
3.3.3.4

6 (20 )
35
0.76 (2.5 ) 3.3

3.3
3-4

3.3.3.5

0.15 (0.5 )

3.0-3.7 (10-12 )

(step voltage)

3.3.4

3.3.4.1
2.40 14.20 (0.560 )
15.87 (0.625 )

-
600
- 99.9% molecularly
bonded
250

- Jacket
Adherence Test Bending Test UL-467 (UL Standard for Safety
Grounding and Bonding Equipment)
- 85

3.3.4.2 0.18
6
1.50
3.3.4.3

3-5

3.3.4.4
5
3.3.4.5
3.3.5



(common ground bus) 3.4

()

3.4
3.3.6

3-6

3.3.7


3.3.7.1

3-1
4L
R=

(3-1)
ln 1
2 L a
R
L
a

3.1 1 2.4 16
100
L = 2.4
16
a = = 8 = 0.008
2
= 100
4L
3.1 R =
ln 1
2 L a
100 4 2.4
=
1
ln
2 2.4 0.008
R = 40.38
3.3.7.2
0.5
3.5


3-2

3-7

 3.5
R=

2L
ln 1
L a

(3-2)

R
L
a

3.2 30 20
100

L = 30
20
a = = 10 = 0.01
2
= 100
100 2 30
2L

3.2 R = ln 1 =
1
ln
L a 30 0.01
R = 8.17
.

3.4
3.4.1



3-8

3.4.2

3.1
3.1

() ()
() ()
35
10
35 50
16
50 95
25
95 185
35
185 300
50
300 500
70
500
95

3.5


3.5.1

3.6

3-9

 3.6

3.5.2


3.7

3.7

3-10

3.5.3

3.5.3.1

3.5.3.2




3.1
3.1
12.5
1
3.1

3.5.3.3





3.2

3.6

3.6.1
3.6.1.1

AC, MI MC

3.6.1.2
10

3.6.2

3.6.2.1



3.2
3-11

 3.2




()
( )
()
16
1.5
20
2.5
40
4
70
6
100
10
200
16
400
25
500
35
800
50
1,000
70
1,250
95
2,000
120
2,500
185
4,000
240
6,000
400

3.8
1
3.1 50
2
3.1 50
3
3.1 50
4 1
3.2 6

3-12

L
N

300 mm 2
3

400A
50A 200A

200A
16A 80A

2
1

10
9

4
L N
1

3.8

5
3.2 16
6
3.2 16
7
3.2 16
8
3.2 16
9
3.2 1.5
10 2
3.2 10
3.6.2.2

3.9

3-13

 3.9


3.10

3.10



3.6.2.3

20

3.2
1.0
3.6.2.4

3.2
3-14

3.7




3.7.1 /

1

2

8

3.7.2



- 2.4 1.5

-
-
- (metal-clad, metalsheath)

3.7.3


-
-
- -

-
3-15

-
( )
-
-
-
3.7.4

-
-
-
-
1,000
-

3.7.5



-
- 150
1
2

3 2

-
-
-

- (hand-held motor-operated tools)

3-16

-

-

2

-
-
-

-
-

-

-
-
1

50
2 2


3.11

3-17

 3.11

3.11







1 3.1

2 3.2


3 3.2


4 3.2


5 3.2

6 3.2

3-18

3.8

3.8.1

3.12

3.13

3-19

 3.12

3.13



3.8.2

3.1
3.8.3

3.9



3.14

3.14



3.15
3-20


()

3.15






3.16

()

3.16

3.10

3-21

3.11













3.11.1

( 1.50
)

3-22

3.11.2
2
RCBO (residual current circuit breaker with overload
protection) RCCB (residual current circuit
breaker)


(Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker; ELCB, Ground
Fault Circuit Interrupter; GFCI Residual Current Device; RCD)

3.17
3.11.3
5 500
30, 100, 300 500
30
300
3.18 3.19

3-23

30 mA

RCD

30 mA

30 mA RCD

3.18

3.19
3.18 3.19

3-24

3.11.4

(wye) 1,000



1

2
(ground fault protection)

3
(1) (Residual Sensing; RS)
IP (IP = I1+ I2+ I3)
(IN)
(IP = IN) (IP IN)
( IF)
3.20
N L3 L 2 L1

3.20
(2) (Source Ground Return; SGR)
(
) 3.21

3-25

 IF IF

N

L3 L2 L1

3.21
(3) (Zero Sequence; ZS)
3.22
( )

IF
N

L3 L2 L1

3.22
NEC 230.95
(maximum current setting) 2,000 (maximum time delay) 1
3,000
3-26

3.12 (Earth Fault Loop Impedance)

( )
3.23
(earth fault loop)

(Z e1)

(Z )
1

(Z2 )

(Z e2)

3.23 TN-C-S
Zs ()
(



) 3.23 Zs = Ze1 + Ze2 + Z1 + Z2 Zs

3-27


3.2 (maximum
earth fault loop impedance)
Zs

U
(3-3)
Zs o
Ia

Ia =

Z s ()
U o
I a

5 Type B
10 Type C
20 Type D

Z s 3.3 3.4
3.3
(IEC 60898 Type B) U o 230

()
6
10
16
20
25
32
40

()
30
50
80
100
125
160
200
3-28

()
7.667
4.60
2.875
2.399
1.840
1.438
1.150

 3.3
(IEC 60898 Type B) U o 230 ()

()
50
60
70
100
125

()
250
300
350
500
625

()
0.920
0.767
0.657
0.460
0.368

3.4
(IEC 60898 Type C IEC 60947-2 Type C) U o 230

()
()
()
3.833
60
6
2.300
100
10
1.438
160
16
1.150
200
20
0.920
250
25
0.719
320
32
0.575
400
40
0.460
500
50
0.383
600
60
0.230
700
70
0.230
1,000
100
0.184
1,25
125

3-29

3.13

13.1.1
(
3.9)
13.1.2

5

13.1.3 ( )
2.2
3-1 1

4.1 ( 3.3)
13.1.4
3.1
13.1.5 3.5
13.1.6
3.2

13.1.7
3.11
13.1.8
1,000

3.11

3-30

 4

4.1

4.2

4.3
4.3.1

16 (5/8 ) 2.4 4.1

45
0.75 (2.5 ) 4.2

4.1
4-1

- 30
-

0.75
45
L

4.2
1
4.3

()
4.1

4.3
4-2

 4.1
( 2.40 3 3 )

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.58
0.42
0.34
0.28
0.24
0.22
0.19
0.18
0.16

4.3.2

4.4 4.5

4.4
4.5 () 50 (2 )
6 (20 ) 12.7

4.6

4-3

 12.7 (0.5 )

6 (20 )

25

6 (20 )

25

4.5
4.5 () 25
6 (20 )

4.6
4-4

4.3.3

0.18 6
1.5
4.7

4.7
4.3.4

6 (20
) 35 0.76 (2.5 )

4.3.5

4.4
4.4.1
-

4-5

4.5
4.5.1
(Exothermic Welding)


1
1 4.9

4.8

4.9
4-6

 4.10

4.11

4.2
4-7

4.2

4.5.2



4.12

4-8

 4.12

4.6
4.6.1




4.6.1

4.6.2
4.6.3
(knockout)
4.6.4



4.13

4-9

 4.13

4.6.2

4.6.2.1


4.6.2.2

4.6.2.3

4.6.2.4

4-10

4.6.3

4.6.4

4.7

4.7.1

4.7.2


4.7.3



4.14
4-11

 4.14

. 166-2549 . 2162-2547
4.7.4






(grounding screw)




4.7.5



4.7.6
4.7.6.1

4-12


220



600

4.7.6.2
4.7.6.3
600
-
220

- (deadfront)
- (livefront)
220

4.7.6.4
600
( )

4.7.6.5
4

4-13

4.8

4.15
4.15
(I = IL = IN)
(Ileak)

(IL IN)

4.16
4-14

 4.16
(I = IL = IN)
(Ileak)

IN
I

4-15

5.1








3
- (new installations)
- (existing facilities)
- (system modifications)

5.2

5.3
5.3.1

5-1


-

-




-

-


-
(
)

5.3.2


-


(ground pit) (
)
-

-
5-2

5.4
5.4.1

5.4.1.1

)


)


)

)
)
5.4.1.2

5-3

) ( )

)
()

)

)
)
5.4.1.3


)



)

)
)
5.4.2
5.4.2.1

)
-
( 3.5)
-

5-4

)
-
-

-
-
-

-

-
-
)
- ( 3.6)
-
-
- ( 3.6)
-
-
5.4.2.2
)
( 3.1)
)
)
-

-
)
-
-

)
-
5-5

-
)

5.4.2.3
) ( 3.3.3)
) ( 1 )
()
)
5.4.2.4
)
-

-

)
-
)

-
( 3.2)
)
)
5.4.2.5

)
( 3.2)
)
)
)

5-6

5.5

5.6

5-7

 6

6.1

6.2

6.3
6.3.1 2
3
6.3.2
6.3.3

6.3.4 2

6.3.5

6.3.6

6.4


6-1

6.4.1
6.4.2

6.4.3

- OFF
-


-
-
-
6.4.4

6.5
6.5.1
2
(Wenners method) 2.16
(electrode) 4 a b
R

4 aR
=

(6-1)
2a
a

1+
( a2 + 4b2 ) ( a2 + b2 )
a > 20b

= 2 aR

6-2

(6-2)

 6.1
6.5.2

IEEE std 81, IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity,
Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potential of a Ground System.
3 (The Three-point or Fall of Potential) 6.2

C1 P2
P2 62% C1 C2
3 6.1
3

C1 P1

P2

C2

L
62%
100%
C2

6.2 3
6-3

 6.1 3

()
2
3
6
10

P2

C2
()
25
30
40
50
C2

P2
()
15
20
25
30

(C2)

6.3 P2
P2 62%
P2
6.3

6-4


Selective
3

6.4

6.4 Selective
Stakeless 2

6.5

6.5 Stakeless
6-5

 2

6.6

6.6 2
6.2

Selective

Stakeless
2

-
-

-

-
-
- -

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-

6-6

6.5.2


6.5.3



-

-

6.5.4



1
6.5.4






6-7





6.7
( Ze) 6.8
( Zs)
3-3 3.4 3.5

Ze

L-E

6.7

6.8
6-8


1.

3.2

2.
3.

Z e Z s
Z s 3-3 Z s 3.3 3.4

4.

Z e Z s

4.1 Z e >> Z s
4.2 Z e Z s

6.6

6.7

6-9

 7

7.1


-
( )

-

-
-

7.2

7.3
7.3.1


(galvanic potential)

-
- -
-
- 3

7-1

7.3.2

-

7.3.3

-

- (
)
-

7.4
7.4.1
7.4.1.1 4
6
-

-

7-2

-

7.4.1.2 1
-
-
- 5 10

-
-

-
-
-

7.4.2
-
( )


-

-

-

7-3

7.5

7.5.1


7.5.2
7.5.3
-


-
-

7.6

7.7
7.7.1


3
(1)

(2) 30
22.5 7.1

7-4

 7.1
(3) 10 15
7.2

7.2
7.7.2

3
(1)

(2)

(3)

7-5



.1

L, a
2 (s > L)
L, a, s
2 (s < L)
L, a, s

2L, s/2

L,
s/2

L,
s/2

L,
s/2

L,
s/2

L,
s/2

R=

2 a

R=

4L
1
ln
2 L a

R=

4L
L2 2 L4
1 +
1 2 + 4 ...
ln
4 L a
5s
4 s 3s

R=

4L
4L
s
s2
s4
+

+
ln
ln
2
...

2
4
4 L a
s
2 L 16 L 512 L

R=

4L
4L
s
s2
s4
+ ln
2+

+
...
ln
2
4 L a
s
2 L 16 L 512 L4

R=

2L
2L
s
s2
s4
+ ln
0.2373 + 0.2146 + 0.1035 2 0.0424 4 ...
ln
4 L a
s
L
L
L

R=

2L
2L
s
s2
s4
+ ln
+ 1.071 0.209 + 0.238 2 0.054 4 ...
ln
6 L a
s
L
L
L

R=

2L
2L
s
s2
s4
+
+

ln
ln
2.912
1.071
0.645
0.145
...

8 L a
s
L
L2
L4

R=

2L
2L
s
s2
s4
+ ln
+ 6.851 3.128 + 1.758 2 0.490 4 ...
ln
12 L a
s
L
L
L

R=

2L
2L
s
s2
s4
+ ln
+ 10.98 5.51 + 3.26 2 1.17 4 ...
ln
16 L a
s
L
L
L

-1

 .1 ()

8D
4D
+ ln
R=
ln

2 D d
s

D,
d,
s/2

4 L a ab
4L
s
s
ln
R=
+
+ ln
1 +

4 L a 2 ( a + b )
s
2 L 16 L
2L,
a x b, b < a/8,
s/2

7 a
33 a
+
+
R=
...
1
8a 4 s 12 s
40 s
a, s/2

7 a
99 a

+
+
R=
...
1 +
8a 4 s 24 s
320 s
a, s/2
2

RS

Rn = R

R 1
S

m
n

.1

R = 40 ()
S = 2.4
-2

s4

...
512 L4

= 100 m
n = 10
= 3.81 ( .1)

100
100
=
=
= 0.16
2 RS 2 3.142 40.38 2.4 608.99
1 + ( 3.81 0.16 )
Rn = 40

10
1 + 0.631
= 40
10
= 40 0.16
=7

.2
( n )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

-3

1.00
1.66
2.15
2.54
2.87
3.15
3.39
3.61
3.81



)
______________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________
______________________________
__________________________
______________________________________
______________________________

________________
[___ ___________]
___________
[___ ________ ]
) ( )






(:
)
)
1)
1.1)
1.2)

2)
2.1)
-
-

- ____________________
- __________




_________________________
3.5, 3.6

- ____________________
- __________


_____________________
___________

-1

) ( )
2.2)
-
-

-
3)
3.1)
-
-

-
3.1)
-
-

-
4)
-
-
)
1)
-
-

- ____________________
- __________


_____________________
___________

- ____________________
- __________


_____________________
___________

- ____________________
- __________


_____________________
___________

___________
___________

- ____________________
- __________


_____________________
___________

-2

3.5, 3.6

3.5, 3.6

) ()
2)
-

3)
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________

- _______________
- _____


_______________

___________

- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______

4)
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________

___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________

5)
-
-

___________
___________

-3

3.2

3.3, 3.4

)
1)

2) ()
2.1) 1

3)

)
1)

2)

3)
3.1)

3.2)

3.3.3





_____________________
1 () 1 ()

___________________

5
> 5
____________

- ____________________
- __________



_______________



___________________


___________________

-4

3.1

) ()
4)
()


___________________
5)

5.1)
___________

5.2)
___________
5.3)
___________
()
5.4) ___________
()
6)
___________
)
1)

2)

3)
4)
-
-
)
1)
2) 2
3)

:

3.2

- ____________________
- __________



_________________________
___________

___________
___________

-5

: _____________________________
: _______________________________
: _____________________________
( 1-3 )

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________
___________________________________________
_________________

-6

[1]
(2551), . . 2545,
1, , .

[2] (2546), , , .
[3] ,
., , .

[4] (2548), , 2, , .
[5] (2548), ,
(-), .

[6] (2549), ,
(-), .

[7] (2546), , (-), .

[8] (2548), 4,
, .

[9] (2547), , , .
[10] An International Codes and Standard Organization (2008), ANSI/NFPA 70-2008:
National Electrical Code, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy.

[11] A. Baggini (2008), Handbook of Power Quality, John Wiley & Sons, England.
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[13] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso, and H. W. Beaty (2004), Electrical Power

Systems Quality, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill.

-1

[14] International Electrotechnical Commission; IEC (2001), International Standard:

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[15] IEEE std. 1100-2005 (2005), IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and
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[16] IEEE std. 142-2007 (2007), IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and
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[17] International Association of Electrical Inspectors (2008), Soares Book on Grounding and
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[19] C. Kitcher (2009), Practical Guide to Inspection, Testing and Certification of
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[21] B. J. McPartland, J. F. McParland, and F. P. Hartwell (2009), National Electrical Code

2008 Handbook, 26th ed., McGraw Hill.

[22] R. P. ORiley (1999), Electrical Grounding, 5th ed., Delmar Cengage learning.
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[25] B. Scaddan (2008), 17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations: Explained and Illustrated,
8th ed., Elsevier.

[26] B. Scaddan (2008), 17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations: Inspection, Testing and
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-2

[28] B. Scaddan (2008), PAT: Portable Appliance Testing, 2nd ed., Elsevier.
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[30] R. Tricker (2008), Wiring Regulations in Brief, Elsevier.

[31] G. Vijayaraghavan, M. Brown, and M. Barnes (2004), Practical Grounding, Bounding,
Shielding and Surge Protection, Elsevier, England.

[32] J. C. Whitaker (2007), AC Power Systems Handbook, 3rd ed., CRC Press.

[33] O. W. Zastrow (1967), Underground corrosion and electrical grounding, IEEE

Transaction on Industry and General Applications, vol. IGA-3, no. 3, pp. 237 243.

[34] Y. Li, J. Ma, and F. P. Dawalibi (2006), Power grounding safety: copper Grounding
systems vs. steel grounding systems, International Conference on Power System
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-3