Léi cam on Trong thdi gian thyc hién dé tai, cde thy cé trong khoa Dién - Dién Ti, dac biét 1a cé hung din: TS Phan Héng Phuong di gitip d6 em rt nbiét tinh. Voi mot lvong kign thite nhét dinh, néu khong c6 nhang sy gitip 46 dé em da khéng thé hoan thinh duge ludn vain cda minh, vi vay em xin duge néi |i cam dn chan thanh nhat dén vi cdc thay co. Em cing xin gti 181 cm dn ti vin phdng khoa Dign — Dién Ti da tao moi diéu kign t6t nhat dé gidp sinh vién c6 thé | hon thanh lun vn clia minh. Cudi cing, xin duge néi Idi cdm dn tdi t&t cd cae ban trong, ldp 01DD4, da gidp dd Dung rat nhiéu trong qué tinh lam ludn van, Nguyén Khénh Van Dung , 01/2006 i Tp. Hé chi Minh Nga“Thiét ké mach phat FM Myc Luc vi. I. MUC LUC Lai mé dau Page ‘Thuat ngir Char vide tit Phan A Ly thuyét Chuongh TONG QUAN MAY PHAT Gidi thigu Nhimg yéu cau chinh cia may phit.. Nhimg chi tiéu coban cia may phat Phin logi may phét. Su dd téng quit eae logi miy ph 1) May phat diéu bién. 2) May phat don bién 3) May phat digu tin. 4) May phiit FM stered..1on Do long may phit .eresen Churong 1 FREQUENCY MODULATION ( FM ) 2) FMIgi? Ly thuyét FM. 1) Ngudn gc cia him dign ap FM 2) Cée dé thi mé ta qua trinh didu ché goc 3) Phin tich cac a0 thj trér 4) Sw khac nhau gira diéu ché pha ‘SVTH: Nguyén Khanh Vén Dung MSSV: 10101027“Thiét ké mach phat FM Myc Lye Iv. I. 1) Higu img bit 2) Chi sé diéu el 3) Tis6 dG léch 4) Mite thay déi tia s6ng mang, 5) Ti lg phan trim dieu chi 6) Dinh lugt Carson... So do kh6i cia mét may phat sing FM... 1) Bé tién nbn. 2) B6 tao dao dong wan a. Téng quai b. Cac logi bp tgo dao dong 4 Mach tgo dao ding 3 diém. Mach dao dong thach ant or 4) Khuéch dgi dem. 5) B@ nhin tan. 6) Khuéeh dai vo 7) Khuéch dai cong suat i tal ia 8) Antenna 4. Hertz Dipole. €. Monopole (don eye) hay antenna 9) Phoi hop tro Khang ... ach phot hgp hinh I. b. Mach phéi hgp hinh I, T.... Chuong 111 MOT SO PHUONG AN THIET KE MAY PHAT FM ‘Thiét ké 1: May phat FM img dung mach PLL. 40 1) So dé nguyén I 2) Thiét ké mact 3) Kt MAME essere ‘Thigt ké 2: May phat FM sir dung 1) Thiét ké mach 0 2) Phan tich mach dao dngThiécké mach phét FM c I, Thiét ké 3 : May phat FM tng dung bé dao dong thach anh.. | 1» So d6 nguyén I 2) Thiét ké mgech:. 3) Kt UA essere IV. ‘Thiét ké 4: May phat PM sir dyng hai opamp va m@t transistor w-58 1) Sod nguyén ly 2) Nguyén ly hoat dong: | 3) Két lug V. Thiét ké 5: May phat EM sir dyng mt opamp va hai transistor 1) So dd nguyén ly: 2) Nguyén ly hoat dn; VL. Thiét ké 6 : May phat FM sir dyng ba transistor .. 1) So dé nguyén I 2) Nguyén ly hoat dong: _ PhanB : Thiét Ké M6t Mach Phat FM cy thé 1 So dé knéi.. Thidt ké - Tinh toan mach.. BH Két qui dat a & Han ché cr © Huéng mé ciia dé tai Tai Ligu Tham KI Khanh in Dung MSSV: 10101027Loi mé dau xa, con ngudi thug ding phuong php 6 trong ty nhién ahr lira, ting ndi seal truyén tin higu cho nhau. Tir d6, cuge séng con ngudi ngay cang duge nang cao. Con ngudi d3 khong ngimg nghién ciru vi hoc hoi. Cac hign tuomg ty nhign duge con ngudi phét hign ra nhimg wu diém eda ching vi tim céch phat trién rong hon.Sau dé, ching ta nang 1én mot bude vé truyén thong tin cho nhaw la qua duimg cép. Buimg cép c6 mot wu diém 1a truyén nhanh, én dinh, it bj tac dong ‘cua moi trrdng ngoai nhumg Igi han ché vé khodng céch va kha nang co dong khang cao. Dé khiic phye durge van dé nay, con nguoi di phat minh ra vO tuyén. Cé niéu loai v6 tuyén sir dung tin s6 khée nhau nhumg tn s6 FM li tan s6 duge sit dung kha nhiéu. Do 46, mach phat FM da ra déi. Mach phat FM c6 kich thude gon nhe, d& di chuyén va hogt dong véi 46 én dinh cao, suy nghi dé va mong mudn img dyng kién thire ma ¢6 da truyén thu cho em vio nhing vige c6 ich trong cude séng nén em da chon dé tai t6t nghigp la “Thiét ké mach phat FM”Tr ¢é mach phat FM ‘Thugt Net Thuat ng .--Khuéch dai dém (thudng [& mot Butfer amplifier... a ‘mach khuéch dai cé tri khang vio lon va trd khang ra bé) BYPASS ornnnnnn Duong 1 (logi b6 nh hudng cia linh kign hay mt thdnh phan dign, nio d6 ). Crystal filter. 1 B@ loc tin thé Exclusive - OR (XOR) Céng OR loai trit (ngd ra 6 mire cao khi hai ng vao khac nhau) Frequency Comparator... ..BO so sanh tan sé Loop filter. e BO loc ving, MOnOIIthiC nnn nntnsnnnnnnnnneenenene NgUYED hd: Modulator..... B6 digu ché Passband un .-Dai thong, Presealet BO chia tin s6 (thud tage nhét néu bé th nhigu 69 chia tin s8) Phase comparator . B® so pha Pre-emphasis .. Mach tién nhan (mach Ige thong ‘cao dé tang bién dé thanh phan am tan trén [kHz nhim chong nhigu — may phiit) Quartz Crystal ... Tih thé thach anh Steering Circuit oe Mach tii ..Diode bién dung (¢6 dign dung. Variable diode (varicap)... thay ddi theo dign p dat len n6) ‘SVTH: Nguyén Khanh Vin Dung MSSV: 10101027Chir viét tat Audio Frequency (am tn) sume Alternative Current (dign xoay chiéu) Direct Current (dign m6t chiéu) Intermediate Frequency (rung tn) «Local Oscillator (dao dong ndi) Low Frequency (ha tin) Phase Locked Loop (vong kha pha) Radio Frequency (Tan sé v6 tuyén) ‘Tuned Radio Frequency (Bidu chinh tan s6 v6 tuyén) al to noise ratio. (i 1g tin higu trén nhiéuy Radio Frequency Choke (cupn cam tin s6 vo tuyén) suneVoltage Controlled Oscillator, {6 tao dao dong duoc diégu khién boi dign ip) ‘SWTH: Nguyén Khanh Dung MSSV:10101027Phan A Ly ThuyétChuong I: Téng Quan Méy Phat LVTN | , _ CHUONG I TONG QUAN MAY PHAT 1 GIGLTHIRU - May phat la thiét bj tgo ra dao déng dign tix cung cp cho anten, anten bite 1 xa ning luting 46 ra KhOng gian du6i dang s6ng dign ti. Séng bite xa thudng. 6 chifa tin tte, ma sau khi tiép nhan séng may thu sé xif ly tin higu nhdn dutge 4€ lay ra tin fc. = Muén truyén tin higu di xa thi phai lim cho m@t trong ahung thong s6 cla dao dng cao tn (bién d6, tén sO, pha) bién thién theo quy ludt cia tin higu. (Qué tinh nay goi la digu ché. U1. NHUNG YEU CAU CHINH CUA MAY PHAT 1) C6 céng suat cao tan dit 1én dé dim bao cho may thu nhin duge tin higu vdi tY sO tin higu S/N di cao véi caf ly qui dinh. 2) C6 tin s6 cia dao dong cao tin én dinh dé mot mat dim bio sy lién lac khéng bi gidn doan vi phi diéu chinh mach vao ciia may thu trong qué tinh thu tin, mat khéc khong gay nhiéu cée may thu cia hing tuyén thong tin kh. 3) C6 kha nang thay déi tin sé lam viéc nhanh chéng, dé c6 thé sit dung. nhitng dang sng truyén thud gi trong ohing diéu kign khéc nhau. 4) C6 kha nang ghi tin higu hit fch (tin te ) vao séng dign ti mot each trung thué. 5) Khong bite xa vao nhing tn sO ngoai in s6 di qui dinh d€ Logi tt kha ning gay ahiéu cho nhiing tuy€n thong tin kh. 6) Mach dign két cu may, ché d6 lam viée ctla cée phan chinh trong may phat bao dim 46 én dinb, tinh kinh té cao va thuan Igi trong kha thée. UL NHUNG CHi TIEU CO BAN CUA MAY PHAT a "Trang |(Chuong I: Téng Quan May Phat LVTN EE 1) BG én din tin sO: 1a mot wong nhiing chi tiGu rat nghiém khdée 46: vvdi may phat + Méy thu chi nhan duige théng tin lién tue va t6t nhit khi tan s6 may phat khSng xé dich ra ngoai gisi han cho phép. Chi tiu dn dinh tin s6 ryéu clu vai phan nghin d6i véi céc may phat thong thing. Ddi véi céc may phat hién dai, yéu cdu 46 én dinh tin s6 dén phin vain hoae vvai phan chuc van va phiin trigu so véi tan s6 phat. * D6 én dinh do khéi chit song quyét dinh 1a chi yeu. 2) Méo tin s6: 18 mite 46 khu€ch dai khéng ding déu ddi voi cdc tin so ila tin higu c6 ich cfin phat di, Lam cho twong quan vé mite 46 cba tin s6 dm thank trong ni dung tin tte khong cdn trung thye nifa. Neue ta thuding bigu thi méo tin sO qua viée do va vé dudng bigu dién 46 Khugch dai & ede tan s6 khée nhau 3 Méo phi tyén (méo khOng dung thang) : lim cho &m thanh khéng tron, tigng noi bi nghet re. 4) D6 sau digu ché dao dong cao tn. 1a oj 86 git bien 46 dign 4p tin higu vdi dign dp 5) Miic bite xa s6ng hai : séng hai c6 tin s6 2,34. Kin tin s6 cng téc may phat. Khi c6 sng hai phét ra, higu sudt may sé gidm, gay can nhiGu cdc dai khdc. Théng thudng chi tiéu bic xa séng hai phdi nhd hon cOng sudt cia séng cong téc khOng dudi 10 dB va khong vust qua ImW di vai cdc tn s6 cao (trén 30 MHZ). 6) Mie tap im va tigng a : thong thuing mute tap am va ting 0 qui dinh khong dufge vugt qué 1% hay 1 theo dién 4p hode 1 phan van va 1 phiin trigu tinh theo cong suit cia tin higu c6 ich, IV, PHAN LOAI MAY PHAT a ‘Trang 2Chuong 1: Téng Quan May Phat LVIN 1) Theo tan s6: Tin sd_ | Tén goi ieee Bute song 3 - 30kHz, Very low frequency (1dn 6 rat tp) VLF 100000-10000m 30 - 300kHz Low frequency (dn s6 thap) LF 10000-1000m_ 300 - 3000kHz Medium frequency (tén s6 trung binh) MF 1000-100m| 3— 30MHz High frequency (tan s6 cao) HE 100-10m PHAT THANH 30 300MHz Very high frequency (tin sO rfi cao) VHF 10-1m| 300 - 3000MHz. ‘Ula High frequency (din 36 sigu cao) _ UHF Im-10em _| Hint PHAT 3— 30GHz, ‘Super High frequency (td s6 cue cao) ‘SHF 1em-Lem| |30- 300GHz Extremely High frequency (ein s6 vo cing cao) EHF lem-Imm| 2) Theo phuong phip diéu ch ee Trang 3‘Chong I: Téng Quan May Phét LVTN "= Méy phat diéu bién + May phat don bien = May phat diéu tin «May phat diéu xung 3) Theo cong susit + May phat cong sudt nhé P,, <100W = May phat cong sudt trung binh : 100W < P,,< 10KW + May phat cOng sufi I6n : 1OKW S0dB ) dé tao ra cOng suit 1én hon IKW. 3) May phat diéu tan (xem chudng IL ‘ang 9) 4) Méy phat FM Stereo + Am thanh néi Stereo duge tgo béi hai nguén 4m thanh Left (L) va Right(R). Vige phét &m thanh thu@ng (Mono) vin nbn duge. Phuong phap don gidn nhat dé truyén tin higu FM Stereo 1a sit dung 2 may phat riéng ré. Tin higu kénh phai R diéu ché song mang cla mot may phat, tin higu kénh tréi L diéu ché s6ng mang méy phét thi hai, Nhu vay khong kinh t€ vi yéu cu chi phf tang gdp d6i LaR Trang 6| Chuong I: Téng Quan May Phat LVIN ae eee ‘May phat FM fy LR Sa dé tao ma dm thank lép thé vai bo diéu che’ cuc + Tin higu dm thanh 6 dai phat thanh c6 tin s6 dao dong f=19KHz. Trong Tinh vue phat hinh thi tn s6 f=15.75 KHz ding bling tn s6 quét dong ( theo tiéu chuan FCC ). = Vivay, ngudi ta thuting truyén cd hai tin higu Stereo qua mgt may phat chung va chi sit dung mot tn s6 sng mang. Nhu vay ngudi nghe chi cfn si dung mot méy thu 4& nhgn tin hiéu Stereo gidng nhu nhén tin higu Mono. Mot trong nhiing phuong phép ddn gidn va phé bién abit la he thdng truyén tin higu Stereo vdi bo diéu ché phan cue tan s6 s6ng mang phy, Tén sO cia hé thong nhan duge la aby sit dung cuc diéu ché hai phia tin s6 sng mang siéu 4m phy: fy = 38 KHz. Bo | May pha May thu didu ché eve ™M FM rays Sa.dé kh6i may phat va may thu FM Stereo * Trong b6 digu ché eye, ngoai thinh phn tin higu ng L+R ( may thu Mono chi thu duige thanh phan nay ), cdn thinh phén tin higu L-R dude dua vio bo digu ché cin bling, nghfa 1a tn s& s6ng mang phy 38 KHz Trang 7Chyong I: Tang Quan May Phat LVIN SEE“ Lee bi nén. BE gitip bén thu dude téch s6ng chinh xée, ngudi ta phat di tin higu Pilot 19 KHz. I. DO LUGNG MAY PHAT = Trong thai ky thiét k& mot may phat, vige do lung cdc may phat rat quan trong. Cac tham s6 nay dulge so sinh véi céc chi tiéu ky thugt cia nha sin xu va cde chudin quée gia, quéc té 4€ xac dinh may phat c6 hoat dong hyp phép va higu qua khOng. Céc chi tiéu ky thu@t quan trong cfin do luting thuting xuyén bao gdm : = Tan sé van hank. + Kigm tra tin higu khong mong mudin ( hai ). = H@ 6 didu ché, dang tin higu digu ché. = Cong suat cung ep mot chigu (Pec). = Céng suat cao tin 6 dau ra (Pa) = Trong khi kiém tra va digu chinh céc may phit phai c6 tai gid dé khOng gay nhiéu cho ngudi sit dung may thu. Dig bao gi’ van hanh mot may phat khéng c6 t4i gid hode anten, Néu khong BJT cao tn sé phd hy trong vai ms. = Dé do tin s6 van hanh ngudi ta thudng ding may dém tan sO c6 a6 chinh xc cao néi ngay sau tdi gid (P., bé) hodc khong n6i tiép vdi tdi gid ma qua b6 suy gidim 20 dB (Pj 16n) dé dim bio an toan cho may dém tin s6. = Dé do cong suat cao tin 6 diu ra c6 hai phudng phap = Bo céng suat nung néng thyc t€ bdi ning lugng cao tin bling sy cim ting thay d6i trong dign tr ca mOt thermistor hode sy tang nhigt 46 cba nude Janh. Thermistor 1a mot dung cu do lung rit nhay cdm c6 thé phat hign mie cong sudt dvi ImW. N6i chung né cing dude sit dung 6 tin sé cao. + Kigm ta dign dp cao tn én tdi gi va tinh ton cng suit cao tan 6 du ra theo biéu thee Vom P. OER, ‘Trang 8‘Chuomg I: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVTN CHUONG II Frequency Modulation ( FM ) 1. Téng quan: 1) Gidi thigu: - Diu ché tan s6 (PM ~ Frequency Modulation) duge sit dung rat rong rai, ac bigt li 6 tin sé trén 30MHz. N6 mang lai nhiéu thudin loi dae bigt 14. trong cée img dung v6 tuyén di dong 46 kha nang chiu dyng fading va nhigu cia FM 1a mét Igi thé rat lon. No cing duge sir dung rng rai trong phat thanh trong bang tin VHF (very hight Frequency) bang tin nay cé thé cung cip m@t méi trudng c6 kha nang truyén Am thanh vdi chat lugng cao. 2) FMlagi? = Ding nhu tén goi ca n6, digu ché tan s6 ( Frequency Modulation), FM sir dung sy thay déi cua tn s6 dé mang am thanh hode tin tite khdc, né ddi hoi phai durge dat lén m@t s6ng mang. Nhu m6 ta 6 hinh bén dui, c6 thé thiy ring khi dign thé clia tin higu bang tin géc hay con goi la tin higu digu ché thay déi sé dn dén tan sé cia tin higu thay di tuyén tinh véi nd. Loai diéu ché nay mang Iai rét nbidu thugn Igi, Thir nhdt 1a n6 két hop duge voi sw gidm thigu cia nhiéu. Phan 1én nhigu xudt hign duéi dang sy bién déi ciia bign d@ va that dé dang dé tao ra cde may thu FM khéng bj anh hudng béi sur bign déi cita bién d6 va do 46 digu nay mang lai su gidm thiéu mite d6 ciia nhigu, Tuong ty fading va sw thay ddi cudng d6 cia tin higu sé tic dong rat nho. Digu nay die bigt hiru ich cho céc img dung di ding bai cae img dung sy thay ddi cuvng 49 tin higu 1A mét van dé quan trong. Mot thuéin Igi nifa cita FM li bé khuéch dai RF (Radio Frequency - Tan sé v6 tuyén) trong méy phat khéng ddi héi phai tuyén tinh, Khi si dung diéu ché bign d6 hode nhing bién thé cia nd, bat ky 6 khuéch dai nao sau b6 diéu ché déu phai tuyén tinh néu khong su méo dang sé xuat hign. Ddi voi FM nhimg bd khuéch dai Iép C higu sudt cao sé duge sit dung trong khi mite tin higu van khéng di va chi cé tin s6 thay adi. Trang 9Chong II; Frequeney Modulation (EM) LVTN 4 Tin ‘v6 tuyén Hinh : Diéu ché tin s6 m6t tin hiéu > Pham vi ciia tin sé song vé tuyén (RF) va bude song: ~ Séng radio cé pham vi img dung rit réng, bao gém lién lac trong tinh huéng Khin cp (radio transistor va séng ngiin), lién lac quéc té (vé tinh) va vi ba (microwaves), Séng radio duge m6 ta bai bude song cla nd (46 la khoang cach gitta hai dinh ké nhau) hoae tin sé cia né (s6 lugng dinh di qua mét diém trong mot gidy). Budc séng cua séng radio nim trong pham 100000m (100km) t6i Imm. Pham vi tan s6 la tir 3KHz (kilohertz) t6i 300GHz (Giga-hertz). IL. Ly thuyét FM: ~ Didu ché gée va bién 46 la nhimg ky thudt dirgc six dyng trong lién lac dé truyén dit ligu hodc thoai trén mot moi trudng riéng bigt, mOi trig A6 cd thé Li cap kim loai, cdp quang ho&c khéng khi (khi quyén). M6t séng ti 1é ‘voi théng tin bang tan géc (sir dung mét thuge tinh thdi gian thyc ndo dé vi SS ‘Trang 10‘Churong II: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVTN du: bién 46) durge sir dung 48 bién adi gc hoac bién 46 cua mét séng cd tan s6 cao hon (thong goi la song mang- the carrier). ‘Song mang = A cos6(t) (0) -2nfetta Trong 45 A la bién dé cia song mang = O(t) lagée cla séng mang né duge céu tao gém tan s6 (fc) va pha (a) cia séng mang. diéu ché géc bién ddi géc clia sng mang theo mét ti Ie vi tin higu thong tin, ~ iu ché géc c6 thé phan thanh hai loai rigng bigt 1 digu ché tin sé (Frequency Modulation) va diéu ché pha (Phase Modulation). Dinh nghia chinh thire drge cho boi nhu sau : «= Diéu ché pha (PM —Phase Modulation):la diéu ché géc trong 6 pha cla m@t séng mang duge lam cho léch khdi gid tri tham chiéu cia nd boi mot wong ti Ié voi bién dO cba tin higu diéu ché. = Didu ché tin s6 (FM —Frequency Modulation):la diéu ché géc trong 46 tin s6 tite thai ca m@t séng mang hinh sine durgc lim cho 1éch Khoi tin sé cla séng mang bai mét lugng ti 1é véi gid tr tite thdi cha séng didu ché hoge s6ng tin tite. = Bidu ché pha khdc so véi digu ché tin sé & mét diém quan trong. Xét mot séng mang ¢6 dang : {loge Aeoslgt +0)=Re| el c = PM sé cé phasor (mor sé phitc biéu dién bién dé va pha ctia mét ham sine) cita sng mang nim gitta + va - d@ Igch cua tin higu diéu ché. Digu ché FM cing cé séng mang nim 6 gitta nhung khi ta ly tich phan tin higu diéu ché ‘va dua né qua mét bé digu ché pha ta sé thu duge FM va néu song diéu ché urge dura qua m6t mach vi phan trade khi qua mét b6 diéu ché tan s6 ta sé thu dugc mét séng duge diéu ché pha. Diéu nay cé thé lam chiing ta lin lon nhung nhéng khai niém 6 trén sé duge cing c6 trong phan ké tip. 1) Ngudn géc cdia ham dign 4p FM: = Xét mét bé tao dao dong e6 tin s6 dao ding duge digu khién béi dign ap (VCO ~ Voltage Controlled Oscillator) véi tin sé 6 trang thai rBi (tire khong bi téc dOng bai dign 4p ngoai) 1a fc , mot ngubn dign dp dGe lap vdi a SSS SSS “Trang 11‘Chuomg II: Frequeney Modulation (FM) LVTN ign V(t) duge sir dung dé lam cho tin s6 cia VCO bj Iéch khdi gid tri fe mét lugng Af bing véi dign 4p cia ngudn doc lap nhan voi do nhay cia VCO (K,=> gidng nhu dign dung miller cia mét transistor). Ngé ra cla mét VCO khi 46 14 mét dign dp duge diéu ché tan s6. Bay gid ching ta xem ngudn ap doc lip nhw biéu dién cho bién dO cia théng tin bang tan abe. «(en) - u(t) Vy = Acoso) Safer MY =Ky XV * GO trén 1a cdc phuong trinh chi phéi trang théi ngé ra cua VCO, f 1a ting cOng & ngd ra duge diéu ché 4000 dt aon * Lay vi phan géc O(t) tir phuong trinh (1) ta thu duge van téc géc cia § ma ta thu duge (f). ng ra va né bing 2 lan tin _ = 2afe + Ne = afd + 2adit = Nhan hai vé véi vi phan thoi gian (dt) O(t)= Daf Jar +2aK, Jv (dt Vo (= Vu 0050291, ————— EEE Trang 12Chuomg Il: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVTN 2aKy 0) = 2afe + FE Sn Ah) = Thé phuong trinh vé dign dp cia tin tire (bing tin géc) (4.7) vio phuong trinh (4.6) va ldy tich phan ta duge phuong trinh (4.8), d6 1a sng ciia géc duge diéu ché tin sé 6 phuong trinh (1). KV (0) = Daft + sin(27f4t) = Theo phuong trinh (8) va dat cudomg 46 séng sine li My, 46 la chi s6 diéu ché (modulation index) cia diéu ché tin s6 (FM). Vay = Ac0s0(e) = Acosp2af ot + M pp sin(27f,,()] = Phuong trinh trén biéu dign phuong trinh chudn ca diéu ché tan sd. Phuong trinh cho mot dang diéu ché géc khac, 46 la diéu ché pha thi ciing tong ty nhumg co mot sé khdc bigt ma ta khong dé nhin thay. Vane=A cos0(1)=A cos{2itfc.t+My c0s(2nfnt)] => Su khde bigt 1a 6 chi ‘4 pha trong st bién ddi géc bén trong déu ngode vudng chinh. 2) Cae dé thi mé ta qua trinh diéu ché géc (Angle Modulation): Hinh 2 : Sng mang Volt) = Acos(2afet) Trang 13Chuomg Il: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVTN Hinh 3 : Tin hiéu bang tan goc Vu (= Vox C0S(2f 1) “AV Hinh 4 : Song duoc diéu ché tan s6 (song FM) 1 Ss= cod 2! +2nKy iv, \ 0 Se Vn MAT Hinh 5: Séng da duegc diéu ché pha (song PM) Vpyg = Av0sQhct + K pV (0)3) Phan tich ede dé thj trén: = C6546 thi quan trong 6 tén, dé 1a: Song mang, Bang tin géc, Tin higu FM, Tin higu PM va Sy bién déi cua tin sé theo thoi gian. Song mang va tin higu bang tin géc dugc biéu dién vai ti Ié tuong ximg do dé c6 mot sy ign hé gitta song mang va bang tan géc c6 thé duge nhin thay. © Déi voi FM: tin 36 cia séng mang bién déi ti 1é véi bién dO cla tin higu bang tin géc, s6ng mang tang tan sb i bién dO duong cia bing tan géc va giam tin sé ti 18 véi bién 46 am cita bang tn géc. © Déi vai PM: Tan s6 cla séng ti 1€ vi bién 46 cia tin higu bang tin géc, song mang tng tin s6 ti 1é vi bién d6 duong cia tin higu bang tan gée va giam tan sé ti Ié voi tbe do bién déi Am cia tin higu bang tan géc. Néi cach khéc khi tin higu bang géc dat eye dai hoje eye tidu, tite la téc 6 bién d6i cita bang tin géc bing 0 thi khi dé tan s6 cha song mang bing véi tin sé 6 trang thai ri fo. ~ Trong cd hai hé théng, t6c d6 diéu ché bing véi tin sé cia sy diéu ché (tin sé ciia bing tan géc), DS thj cudi cing biéu dién quan hé gitta tin s6 cua séng FM véi thai gian, quan h nay durge sir dung (theo sau bi mot b6 han bién dé bao dam bién dO cia tin higu 1a mOt hang s6) boi bo phan bist (discrimination) & may thu dé tach bién dO cia tin higu bang tan gde tai may thu, din dén két qua 1a thu duge mét song duge diéu ché bién 45, théng tin sau dé duge giai diéu ché bing cach sit dung mdt diode tach song don gian. Trong may thu AM/FM théng dung Khi sir dung dé giai digu ché ‘AM, b@ han bin (Limiter) va bo phan biét (discriminator) 06 thé duge b6 qua va tin higu trung tin c6 thé duge dura truc tiép vao diode tach séng. 4) Sy khéc nhau gitta digu ché pha (PM) va diéu ché tin sé (FM): = Su khéc biét chi yéu nhdt la 6 chi sé didu ché, PM sir dung chi sé digu ché khéng déi, nguge lai FM thi thay di (cl gitta 6 léch tn sé cyc dai véi tin s6 tire thi cla bang tan géc). Vi ly do nay ma ti Ie ‘SIN sau giai diéu ché cua PM tét hon nhiéu so véi FM. ~ Ly do ma PM khéng duge sit dyng & tin sé throng mai la boi vi PM can mit bd dao déng néi két hop (coherent local oscillator) dé git higu, diéu nay doi hoi m6t PLL (Phase Lock Loop — Vong khod pha), trong nhimg n&m truée day mach cho PLL khéng thé tich hgp duge va do dé FM, khong can giai digu ché két hop dau tién d& xuat hign trén thj trudng, digu ché tin a Trang 15‘Chuong II: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVIN | ‘M6t trong nhiing Igi diém ciia FM so voi PM la VCO elia FM cé thé tao ra chi sé diéu ché lon, Trong khi dé PM ddi hoi phai ¢6 céic b} han (muttiplier) 48 tgo ra chi s6 diéu ché pha lon. Ngay nay mach PM c6 duge sir dung bai kha ning tich hgp eye 16n (VLSI) trong cic chip dign tir, nhu 43 n6i trén ta c6 thé tao ra duge tin higu FM tir bé diéu ché pha bing dich ldy tich phan tin higu bing tan géc, day 18 mot huéng tiép cfn moi dé phat trign cac may phat FM chat lugng cao. Trong cae img dung cla bang tin thuong mai, PM khéng duge xem xét dén ngay cd khi PM bang hep co thé duge sir dung dé tgo ra FM bang rong. TIL. Cae thugt ngir ki thugt thurémg duge sir dung trong FM: = Ngay nay FM da tré thanh mot hé théng truyén dan bang tin géc véi chat lugng cao, mOt vai dic tinh cor ban ciia FM sé durge xem xét sau day: 1) Higu ing bat (Capture Effect) = C6 thé hiéu don gin higu img bit 1a néu cé hai tram phat (hogc nhigu hon) cling phat & mét tan sé (hode phat & cic tn s6 gin ké nhau), thi FM e6 kha ning “bat gid” tin higu manh hom va kim suy gi tin higu khéng mong muén. ~ Ti s6 bat (capture ratio) thudng duge xdc dinh nhur mot dic thu. Bé la ti sé gida tin higu mong mudn va tin higu khéng mong muén dé chéc chin tgo ra sy suy giam vé mirc cia tin higu khong mong mudn tai ng@ ra, Thong thuéng mot su suy gidm tin higu khong mong mudn 6 mite 30dB duoc sit dung dé vi du vé ti sé bat nay c6 thé 24B cho mét b6 diéu chinh dién hinh dé cho ra mét sy suy gidm 30dB d6i véi tin higu khong | mong muén. Néi céch khéc, néu mdt tin higu mong mudn chi manh hon cia may tin higu khong mong muén 2dB thi mite am thanh cia tin higu khong mong, mudn sé bj trigt tigu boi 30dB. 2) Chi sé digu ché (Modulation Index) (pk) Po es “(thuong duge biét dén nhu la chi sé diéu ché-modulation factor) = Chi sé diéu ché duge sir dung trong lién lac nhu 1a mét thude do méi lién hE gita lugng théng tin v6i 49 Ion cia song mang trong tin higu 48 duge 3. N6 cling duge sir dung dé xac dinh sur phar hd cong suat cia ———SS——————————— Trang 16séng di duge diéu ché. Diu niy c6 thé thay duge khi két hop voi ham Bessel. Chi s6 diéu ché cang cao thi cng nhiéu bién bang (side-band) duge tao ra va do dé cang cin nhiéu bang thong dé mang phan lém thong tin cba bang tan géc, 3) Tis6 a6 Igch: - BO lech c6 thé duge xc dinh (vé mat s6 Igng) nhur 1A gid tri lon nhat co thé ctta chi s6 digu ché. Me (Ph) 75Khz Fy max) 1SKhz = Sradians PR = Béi véi bing théng danh cho myc dich thurong mai, d6 léch tan cue dai cia song mang la 77KHz. Tai ngudi cé thé nghe tir tn 36 tir 20Hz t6i 20Khz, nhung tan sé trén 1SKHz cé thé bé qua do d6 d6i véi phat thanh thuong. mai (véi tan sé bang tan géc eye dai 1a 1SKHz) ti s6 d6 Igch 1a 5 radian. 4) Mite thay déi cia song mang (Carrier Swing): Miic thay déi cua séng mang bing hai lin dé Iéch tise thoi khdi tin sé chudn cla s6ng mang (fc). Afe Mite thay ddi tan sé theo ly thuyét la tir OHz cho t6i 150KHz (=2*75KHz). 5) Tile phan trim didu ché (Percentage Modulation): 18 % diéu ché la mot hé s6 migu ta ti s6 gia dO lech tan s6 te thoi cha sng mang so véi G6 Iéch tan sO cuc dai cita séng mang. % dibu ché = 100 Afe(Ph) 6) Dinh lugt Carson: = Dinh lut Carson cho phép ching ta xc dinh bing thong duge tgo ra bai ‘mt may phat FM hode bang théng cin thiét dé mét may thu c6 thé tdi tao lai tin bigu 4 dugc digu ché. Dinh luat carson chi ra rng bang théng tinh theo don vi Hz bing hai lan tng cia 49 léch tan s6 song mang cye dai voi tin s6 tite thoi cla tin higu bang tin géc. Bang théng = 2 ( Afc(pk) + fun) a SSS Trang 17‘Chucmg Il: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVTN = 2fa(1+ Mr) IV. So dé khéi cia mt may phat song FM: Antenna Bo kich thich/Bidu ch Nan san Phin eng sult mgd ra y BS dao dag }-ofB0 Knodeh]_[ Bp Ritch] pf Bo Rhokch do swosing mang[ "| daiaém []"[ nbin ein [ [| dat tst_ [Loong sud ngs ra Bien che ign khsing t NeB vio Auto Hinh 7 : So dé khoi ctia may phat FM dién hink Cé rit nhigu so dd khéi cia m6t hé truyén dan sir dung phuong phap diéu ché tn sé, trong dé hinh 7 1a mét trong s6 nhiig so dé duge sit dung rong rai nhdt. (Mach thi céng thuc té c6 thé khée mot chiit so véi so dé nay), Ching ta sé lan lugt gidi thigu so luge timg phan: © BO kich thich / Diéu ché: B6 dao dong tgo séng mang cé nhiém vy tao ra mot s6 sng sine én dinh dé Jam s6ng mang, Trong qué trinh digu ché tn sé ciia né thay 461 tuyén tinh bug bién 46 khdng (hoge it) thay di = B@ khuéch dai dém déng vai trd nhur ti c6 trd khéng cao clia b} dao dong, 8 gitip bd dao déng én dinh tan 36. = B6 diéu ché sé bién su bién di dign ap o ng6 vao am tin (AF) thanh su bign ddi tin s6 cia séng mang. © BO nhan tan: ‘gO ra b6 niin tn duge dua vao b9 khuéch dai cao tan. Mach eng huéng. 6 ng@ ra cia bo nhén tin duge diéu chinh la bdi s6 cua tin s6 4 ngd vao. ‘Thong thuong hé sO nhan tan [a 2,3,4 va 5. © Phan cdng sudt ngo ra: Phan nay c6 nhiém vu nang céng sudt cila séng mang dé phat di Phdn nay cing thuéng c6 mot bd phdi hop tré khang dé uo khdng ng ra bing véi tro khéng cia antenna nhim dim bao céng suat dugc truyén t6i da tir may phat ra antenna dé phat xq ra khéng gian. ——— Trang 18)1) BO tién ahd: nhin duge sir dung 6 may phat dé néng bién 46 cia tin higu am tan iéu ché cé tn s6 trén 1Khz (thye chat dé la mach loc thong cao). (Tuong img bé gidi nhdn duge sir dung & may thu dé tai taolai tin higu 4m thanh di dugc diéu ché tro vé phin bd céng suat ban dau - thye chat la mach loc théng thdp) 4h ‘Mach tién nhan (Mach loc thang cao tin higu thoai ) = Bé tién nhdn (va bé giai nhan) c6 tac dung cai thién ti 1¢ S/N tai may thu d6i véi dm thanh c6 tan s6 cao. Su ed mat ciia b6 tién nhan la do trong mét hé théng FM, nhiéu 6 ng6 ra may thu tng tuyén tinh voi tan $6, diéu nay c6 nghia la ti 1g S/N s& cang thép d6i vai am thanh c6 tin s6 cang cao. Dé gidi quyét van d& nay chiing ta sé nang céng sudt cua nhtmg am thanh cé tn s6 cao & may phét (ding mach tién nhén) nhim cai thign ti 1g S/N. Va turong ing & may thu dé tai tao lai sy phn bd céng suat ban dau cia dm thanh ching ta sit dung mach gidi nhan. (Mach loc théng thap tin hiéu thoai ) 2) B6 tgo dao dng: a, Téng quan - Bé dao dong cé thé tao ra cdc dang dao d6ng khac nhau nhu dao d§ng hinh sin, dao dng xung chir nhat, tam gide. = Cie bé dao déng thuéng ding trong cic hé thong théng tin ( may phat, may thu), trong cae may do, may kiém tra trong cde thiét bi y té. = Cc bé tao dao déng cé thé lim vige trong day s6 tir vai Hz dén vai ngan ‘Mhz. G tn sé thap va trung binh ta thudng ding b6 khuéch dai thuat ——_—_———— ‘Trang 19jong II: Frequeney Modulation (FM) LVTN, toan(OP- Amp) dé tao dao dong 6 tin s6 cao ding TST, FET, dén dign tit, thach anh va cée Diode dac bigt nhu Diode Tunel, Diode Gunn. ..dé ta0 dao dong. = Cfc tham sé co ban cita mach tao dao dong gém tan sé ra, bién d6 dign ap ra, én dinh tin s6, cOng suat ra va higu sudt. = BO tgo dao dong séng mang duge sir dung dé tao ra mot séng sine cé tan ‘va bién d6 én dinh ma ta goi la song mang Khi khdng c6 tin higu diéu ché tée dong vao n6. Khi cé digu ché, tin sé cia né sé thay di tuyén tinh gidng hu mgt VCO - Bd dao déng duge diéu khién biing dign ap. Co nhigu kiéu bé ta0 dao dng nu Mach dao dong 3 diém > Mach dao déng Colpitt > Mach dao dng Harley ‘> Mach dao dng thach anh > Mach dao déng bang thach anh kiéu song song & Mach dao déng bing thach anh kiéu néi tiép => trong cae mach may ching ta c6 thé sir dung dao ding LC hode dao dong bing thach anh = Mé6t mach LC mic song song (hodc thgch anh) 14 trung tam cia b§ dao dong véi m6t mach khuéch dai va mOt mang hdi tiép (hoi tiép dong). Tiéu chudn Karkhausen déi véi mot bd dao dong doi héi bé Igi vong bang 1 va téng dé léch pha cia ving 1a 360°. Trong thuc té d6 Igi vong thudng hoi Jén hon | va duy tri mét 49 rung xuyén qua mang tai tan s6 cng huong 1 are* = Tiéu chudn Barkhausen 46i véi bd dao dong sng sine ¢6 thé durge mé hinh ‘ha nhu so dé sau: “Mach Ia chon tin $8 vdi dd i A2 Bo dich pha ~ ta tn $5 fp Ad SS Mach kiudch dai v6i 6 toi AL Dé dich pha = 2° igi tin fo Trang 20jong I: Frequency Modulation (FM) LVTN, Bidu kign dé xay ra dao dong. x° + y" = 0" hoge 360” Diéu kign dé tao ra sng sine AISA2=1 & On dinh bién d. = Han ché bién 46 dign ap ra bling céch chon tri sé dign 4p nguén cung cp thich hop va phai dm bao sao cho Ven> ics ip = Khi dé ta chi c6 dong i, chay qua 3 phan tr dign khang. = H@ sé khuéch dai s€ duge xdc dinh gan ding nhu: = Theo didu kign cn bang pha, cé hdi tiép duong, téng di pha pha do bd Khuéch dai va mach héi tiép gay nén phai bing khdng, nghfa la X,, Xp cling dae tinh (X1, X2 30) va Xs trdi ddu voi X), Xp. - Do dd, c6 hai logi mach 3 diém: > Mach dao dong 3 diém dign cam (HARTLEY). - Diéu kign can bang pha: X= Xne=oL2>0 X= Xee=OL1>0 Xs=Xee= WoC <0 Trang 22