Presentation

Separation Process
Presented to:
Engr. Qasim Ali
Presented by:
Usman Jamshaid
(35)
Safyan Manzoor
(36)
Rao Abdul Rahman
(37)

Liquid-Liquid Extraction:
The separation of the components of a liquid

mixture by treatment with a solvent in which one

or more of the desired components is
preferentially soluble is known as liquidliquid
extraction.

Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent

extraction.

Example:

Some Basic Steps & Extractor Design

Typical liquid-liquid extraction
operations utilize the
differences in the solubilities
of the components of a liquid
mixture. The basic steps
involved include:
1. Contacting the feed with
the extraction solvent.
2. Separation of the resulting
phases
3. Removal/recovery of
solvent from each phase.
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Let's see an example.

Suppose that you have a mixture of sugar in vegetable oil
(it tastes sweet!) and you want to separate the sugar
from the oil. You observe that the sugar particles are
too tiny to filter and you suspect that the sugar is
partially dissolved in the vegetable oil.

What will you do?

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Due to addition of new solvent:

(a) A homogeneous solution may be formed and the

selected solvent is then unsuitable.

(b) The solvent may be completely immiscible with
the initial solvent.
(c) The solvent may be partially miscible with the
original solvent resulting in the formation of one
pair of partially miscible liquids.
(d) The new solvent may lead to the formation of two
or three partially miscible liquids.

Extraction processes:
liquidliquid extraction operations, may be
carried out;
Batch Process
2) Continuous Process
1)

Batch Extraction

Continuous two-stage
operation:

Examples:
Important applications of liquidliquid

extraction include the separation of aromatics

from kerosene-based fuel oils to improve their
burning qualities.
The separation of aromatics from paraffin and
naphthenic compounds to improve the
temperature-viscosity characteristics of
lubricating oils.
Recovery of acetic acid from dilute aqueous
solutions by contact with ethyl acetate

Distribution ratio:
In solvent extraction, a distribution ratio is

often quoted as a measure of how well-extracted

a species is.
The distribution ratio (D) is equal to the
concentration of a solute in the organic phase
divided by its concentration in the aqueous phase.
Depending on the system, the distribution ratio
can be a function of temperature, the
concentration of chemical species in the system,
and a large number of other parameters.

Leaching
What is Leaching?
1) Removal of a substance from a solid via a
liquid extraction media.
2) The desired component diffuses into the

solvent from its natural solid form.

Leaching Process

Factors:
There are four important factors that aid in
leaching:
Temperature
Contact Time/Area
Solvent Selection
Particle size

Temperature is adjusted to optimize solubility

and mass transfer.

Liquid-to-solid contact is essential for the
extraction to take place and maximize contact
area per unit volume reduces equipment size.
Solvent selection plays an important role in
solubilities as well as the separation steps that
follow leaching.
Nearly all leaching equipment employs some
type of agitation to aid in mass transfer and to
ensure proper mixing.

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