How to Read Ethnography Paloma Gay y Blasco and Huon WardleREVIZE 2008 rap 7 Sacer ioe Se on Ps abeton Ou OKI Bove oe New ek 0016 Sg pc eX at Cn. Nn ae (© m07 Pans i land He rt Testimony reno acdc roca Rmy Rowe oh Cpt Yas Arrears bape indi ay eer Saaremaa manos anno Seer mes eg he rere eens {ho toe Comping een ‘Secret Beh ay arn Cann ke Seep ‘seueoaisoneer nie SSeeedisners oe) ‘Seon aoe eo ‘Sthiameasounmed Gt Contents Acknowledgments ‘A note om he wz of words in bold Introduction the concerns and distinctiveness of ethnography 1 Comparisons the ethnographic outlook 2 People in context 3 Relationships and meanings 4 Narratng the immediate 5 Ethnography a argument 6 The seting and the audience 7 Positioning the author 8 Big conversations and patterns of commitment Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Index 1B 7 % 47 40 163 186 198 20s aAcknowledgments We are very grateful to Catherine Alexander for er, weil and Inga coment on the le Sef of ht book We alo shank Keth Hare Sh Jona Oveing for tc insve comment or various chapters aad Jan Cana for ber sggestione regarding our extent of hee pee. Deana aneff cme too ese athe very ep when sal fam fs meat ‘we mere about once again, tobe late wah or delivery. As always, we ate in der to her We are very pratt Jun Sera an Tona Dobson who Ilived of some childcare dats and gave vi mich needed time "9 Complete the projet, ao to Mais Aitkeead and Orchid Lin who Swonked very hard preparing the excerpts. Final i was thanks vo Ley Riddle, Sentoe Eslior at Rowtledge, and to her determination, that we got on withthe ob "We ate ptf for the permissions 20 reproe excerpts fom the following vex ln Chapter 1: Bin-Dasid,N, (1990) The Giving Envionment:anober perspective on the economic aye of gathererhunten’, Goren Anabropolgy 312: 189-96 la Chapecr 2: Pages 74-68 from Cowan, J (1990) Dance and he Body Polen Norther Greece, PiceronePineeton Une Pres Jn Chaper 3 Foe, R547) "The Rules of Relationship Behaviour ‘One Kind of Prive Society, Man 47: 108-10. ln Chapter 4: Fages 400-9 fom Lévi Stans, C. (1984) (1985) Testes “Trepiqus, tate John and. Doreen Weightman, Harmondsworth Penguin. ln Chapter §: Fit, R. (1964 [1954] Foreword" wo Poll Stems of Highland Burma: 2 study of Kachin soc stacre, by Edmund esc, London Athlone Pres. ln Chapter 5: Leah, E (1964) [1954] ooductory Note 10 the 1964 Resin in Poli Sate of Highland Burma: asad of Kalin social ruc, London: Athlone Pres crowns 1" Edlape womens mand he wot ttn oe tn Chater 7 Pages 24-2 fom Ward H, 200) An Febery of ta Chap ae te) As npn he fa CE ederrrgttaces ee ee Paloma Gayy Blasco and Hon Warde Univery of Se Andes ‘pri 2006A note on the use of words in bold Tirowghout the book sme words a hgh in bold pe. The wreamefue teda cur ung tubes erp a hela TESTES, Med nbd ont a i sey appetite Tra Se fel eer ins ara can Introduction The concerns and distinctiveness of ethnography This book i guide o reading ethnography sid at those new to the subject o is need of nlc setreshment Int we ly bate th entra, ten implicit, codes, conventions and concerns of ethnographic wring, tnd explore how antbopologists se them ro create and transit Kon ‘le about diverse experi word, We provide ears with he sills to analyse ethnographic texts, and ide them through an investigation inv distinctive qualities of anthropological knowledge. “Anropolgy textbooks have tron ten one of wo approaches citer they ineodacestadens to the core teres and cones inst poloial writing to date or they sammarte the theoreti stn of the variots schools of anthropological thought. Our perspectie 3s Sitierene rater than presenting information, we fsis on emlng Ot Suliece co read ethnoraphycrcally and to tik anthropological, We 4o his by submiting ethnographic texts to the athropaogcl gaze, and Unpacking them as we would anyother ula product By teaching our readers how w analyse ehoographie anthropology we hep the co tnesand what kindof knowlege ehnography is wll at develop Snanthropologcal imagination a thir own, ‘Our staring pone ite conviction that ethnographic wring cons sures 2 valnble ad disinive way of asking and sneering recent question ~ what does it mean to he human” Were of ehnography Approach this sue in'aanigoe manne, aking thet fel! experienc fh stating point and Framing them intern Of shvopgsal san tard, concepts and debates, The ethnographic ergument that rule daw from and convibue to wider Hows and eddie of the human sone fon Of couse, there 4 stking muliplcty of modes of writing sd ven concepeuaising ethnography. Some author ew anthropology a ‘ince and ethnography asthe tol that help delve objtive represen {avon of sos For others, ethnographic writing is akin to trate and at and introspection and aelrefetion should predoinate over the Search for objet. Yer others atempe to nda mile ound, sessing the sbjeity of thelr acsounts But nonethle tring 10 produce2 How to Rend ome communicable knowledge of press and clara word Bt Seo tho and one vaatonn we argue tht there ae more ta petal resnanes ewe wha irene ambropolgits acre a {ie wrtig Therese hey concer and recigus to writen ethno Faphy peat acon a contnoum of aim and values an ye thee ‘Senet tha for he bass foraevoplopsl logue nd expres Sf Uerenes, techy proving sv seta ore oar dace: And {ES by uncovering te commonality aod by inven hs son teoveca Sheri sa con ht ti ook re explore wha mes ‘nosey sce way of knowing a teense the Wo yah sa tk, is by ligt deny how tee cones and techniques pay our in specie text that yw wil ean how to Tead ‘inouapiy. Reading exhpoqraphy snes ore thin bg able lean islormaton about ejurseaar group, an actin, ov «theory: ea {Shing an anroplogeal approach’ to etnogrphc tem And hs ‘tots ing ste ect How wn cs he sor dea Ssrompto the sap athopdoy sisi ow an hnogrphy heres or aturpe to chalege, the shared odes and convenons of ‘he sina ete and how it evhenees the soi ad cll cond los ander hich war prods Ie the Brendth of reponse acon tse dee domains tat pes sty deen ebnopraphc weg, Dt ‘iho price sy tha dnguinhs enor em oe ys Srecamting human expusace such 5 novel el aco of een {exe pode vm dg ie wocoogy oe hua eceaphy. By eosng eae tee Srsin writer of emogaphy ake thee ow {Tne orbutn othe dscphine and etablah tc oro. “The pac in these sms and sup, these cy, eomnen- sions and eos ate randy mad exp tograpies mech ‘Tc ac often iio sty no joe ener ba for wees to. in'ony Grok weeds ngraphie wring, ie aber knowl pe thes gored bya pei dete that taken fo granted Y provsones [2008 388) Altowph she capac 0 sepredice ths enc deanded ofl writer of ethnography in oter words, they mut wit thoqtphy ta ok sod ek ght = Cook tl th te SSaI never expe po tower |. Author earn eo we Ethnography by tal aol so and alo hy repented export the Etnopaphic exes by seating ethnography Bat wha ie of {in cig to we cbnogripay msn tae ofthe ably to read Stodent of ancroplogy ave not uly taught how to eed eho hes te ae expected to develo the know-how by themselves athe repens Il, Mos imped tbe einogzapie tex rere iene sir sche forthe amas of formation or mee Ticary predators ely const nappa forthe cretion oho In this book we conse dhe ral of ethnographic writing the pro tion of anhropeogial knowledge, addressing 8 seis of qustions that fa fundamental ot ony to eeading ethnography, bit aothropology at Inge ‘What are the shared concerss and endersandings that make ‘ommunicaon and dckate among anthopologiat of the most different [esuasons pone? How can renders deny how these cones mould ‘Sinographic texts? And ab, what are the osha ad styl props ‘pon which oue discipline based? How do writers of ethnogray mee dice hese in their work? The trace of the hook follows out unraveling ‘ofthese questions Chaps 1,2 and 3 examine what we eles ace te bse concerns arsed in all hnograpic txts. These (i) de concern with understanding diferent curl or soil ile works by elerence to each other that 09 though ormparon, (i he need, which follows com the comparatie outlook, to context bse: to show how the dileences thrown up through compaisen have meaning within a relevant mutual feaming of come and etal lithe objective of showing hat the fe work! sa question diplys tlements of pattern or logic that hp explain why people mit Be this way or spelen hae Thin i a Gspeing ofthe prose of conten tual, Ethnographic concerns ‘iter fethnographyatempt vo make dhe ways of ving and thinking of purclar groups of people inligb tothe vader no mater how foreign ot tnompcehensble, or how Fama a tken-forrantads hee practices may appear at first. Faced with a new field of ngage and4 How ta and nc behviow,anpoogtsenaoay wart by tog tase what Sy ahh corey om wt hy Sol ine tough inthe tld apa thrown fen teas and expec: Sia Recoe hy wer anaes ey perce the oe of Stuy asin yes comprehensible fo tar ears An ease {he wie wis radtons tng ambropstopeal Koowldg and eb ‘lar ptm of re thy sc compare wht te ka owe te trl ey say ana te owe fer ou hat hey ne ‘Rend ough etc with crops way ofthe, talkag and wring Thy nov enly ae chopra econ ays Compa, bur the ey concep and analy ols hat aevoplo fos ue to ud hn decipiens and cma he argument ae Si pete om and degre o eae, compan, Ando Chater {Te crane ts cenaly of oppo he antoplgeal wor ‘ic: alma the vate Kind of conparton wre of ehnopphy Ini. and to ens cos pra rexe i comparson he sage and sag through which wes of chnogaphy step to ake te fortron of ey direst Stayt kvwing sa behaving conexant rope of Chap 2, ‘he sel re npn sos ond mein ht aya Trp nepiae tc eee the foregone hale eons {eho ircaue heya fama a expaston appease $V wes sls sos! and ell contents fore They sk he {ends ly aide tr med sponses a er appre ‘Svein spc naan at take place ty cr embod face pars ones rw he wane clay be alt ea ony Perrin whca conde ea ay of ae bat he paer ol su orton of gal dt Chap hen, we comer be Sopsconea i daloed in chrogapic wing tanning bow wes Waimopy cxalsh ie dance bewest spss. Stal and conn tame, ow hey sd dine one ysl toate oe Te wrk of xing ed experince wih read o comet depends on the swans at Human fe ney aoa in char = fur Shut uc of ntospg for sag ween hohe and ‘tvs among vores beweer ads sn flowery nd 0 fk ‘Ghper Stepan how abmnpapers amine he many deen el Tensps we algae evening what ty til sb broader ‘oun! and aa ysanice, Wis of ehnopaphy an to asa freer of aonshpe rom on-off nema and ways of ching {goon to ane tis abu daca ro make eve of specie ius and de They ak oth etn ea ‘Ecomnutes " bgren deen et and lve Of experince, for Crampton wh pole dan wha they sy they da bres csivis and eationalaions. And they often fous on thrown relation ships with othes daring feldwork im oder to psn further analy pespective ona conexe “The distinctiveness of ethnography In order to nite the sadly of others, then, writers of ethnography mas Compare. In order to wnvel the parpones so sipniance ofan acy oe A bel, hey mist contestualse: And forts sme eon, they Ms so Eonsider meaning and action relational, understanding bow ter inter Play shapes the quay of le among’ a paricaar group oF people Comparison, contextualistion ofa Ile woe, and an exposion of the ‘elasonship involved = these are the central prs through wish writers tf ehaography look tthe world. And yer, none nique to ethnorsp. Below we tclde excerps frm fv tery ifleene books, both novel, wwhowe authors atempe fo create for tht eeaders parca soil and ual wodds by deploying thse sae three sete In the fist excerpt, ftom The Age of Imocence, Edith Wharton (2006 {1920} tele the render bout the New York upp cas sno which she sexs born: The novel iin the 1870s and in the passe Blow Wharton Aches a dimer tended by Newland Atchey young ta om respectable fri, and Counters Fen Olena, the dace wos he ba fallen in hove wits “The diner was somewhat formidable busines. Dining withthe van der Luydens was at best no ight mate, and dining there with 3 Deke ‘who wae thee cousin was slmost religous semis Ie pened Decker n shin that ony am old New Yorker would perce the shade of diference (fo New York) beeen being mee ¢ Duke od ing the van der Loydens Dake. twas jw for ssh dsinctions that the young man ehershed is ld New Yor even seis he ued 3¢ ‘Wien the men joined the ladies afer dasr the Duke went saight up to the Countess Olesskay and they sat down ia a comer and ‘langed in animated talk: Neither sce sware hat the Duk shold fist have pa hie pects to Mry Lavell Mingot and Ms Headly Chivers andthe Countess have conversed with tat amiable hypo shondiac, Me Urban Dagonet of Washingon Square wh inorder have the pleasue of meeting bu, bad broken rough i fined rl of ot dining ut beeen Janusey 2nd Ape. (Marton 2006: 43-4) Wharton's ironic aration provides a meticlous anatomy of New Yor upper tas sosen he emphases he play an arbi of New4 Howto Rnd nour York moral conventions at wits by Arche, who i able oeflet on ham bur who nonce sabe thi estraiing eft, Wharton wes [Archers rela with Countess less wo hight for the reader the Aisincivenes of old New Yorks conversely, Ache’ fe give meaning by veerene to ths nintivenes Deal and cone ae cael inter fined. as nterpraation. Wiaron uncovers for us the organising prcips behind the sere relationships that ake describes, allowing. {O andes the ie of old New Yorkers in general andy moe species [Aches motives and beavion he moral values hat he has eral in cannot alimatly escape, hi inatly to leave his wif). The end ele {3 sompeliag reconstruction of Woe premised on the awareness hat sores at culaly spec even 8 they appear absolte ad ecssary 10 those who live by them. “A simlar emphosi on the cultural speiciey of morality also runs tivough the nent excerpt fom Richard Morgan's (2002) ered Carbon. “Morgan imagines frre in ich human consciousness are storable td troeferable ram one body or ‘eve anothe. In the excerpt flow the prcigonis, hmm called Takeshi Kovacs, has ast witnessed the union of «young black ma, acy downloaded nto a white mle “ped body wth ho mle and chide, Kovacs members us own fate “The cleaning sb rade off and 1 we back tothe srt [ifgh on the Bench backrest and chilled upside dowry hike any ool of soverted calm i all the rage and desperate pride I Found 2 ras alk in Kan Pl onthe now Res ks borrowed gloves ‘id ure soa ingers one ain Trolled my bead to an empey quadrant ofthe hall. My own far dale sight pet hit waking fal and out of ou ves then he was tesleved. We never ever Knew which one he was, Uikhough Lsomntimes wonder fy eter din catch some sper ‘of recogoion in an sverwed gaze, sme echo of stance or pai as he fused dn know if e was toa ashamed 0 confront sy or mote Fey too ser up wit the Tack of swing a see sounder than is fw aleoholwrcked body had been, and already pling a new ‘Course fr eter ces and younger women. {Monpan 3002: 234-5; orginal tales) Like Wharton, Monpan plays ith comparison, and Aled Carbon revolves around the notion that there mig be nite cal and cle posible By recounting, Kovacs’ Hf. Morgan highligh 20 us he [osyncrae charcee of our own word, and it our inutve under Standing of our own society the works a he fal eeence pont forthe Timagined fate of the novel We are preeted witha complex of ations and expressions that are only meaningfl agains very specific social and Sarat fame %0 ourselves. Once agai the. protagonist's ‘toods and chokes ae ered o explain the singly of is oe but in ‘hrm can ony undrtood if hs soley elf i cooenaed l ‘Sonal pate expel if clara! comparon, cotetalision and anal of reaionships aes important wo ee kinds of wring about human experience sch esi hve eel tha hy at he ma cog switing dnc? Because they take a parca shape in ethnography and TES dele forse es and dy rrp cad. Read thowgh the except below, from Hearts Mowe (1986) thnoeraphy Space Test and Gender stay of soa group called the Endo mho lve in Keays In her book, Moore presets aa argument about ‘ow the clionship erwcen Endo men and women teddy thi Symbolic sof sac. Here she oss oneal ent of Edo apt ‘hiking the Reh nds more pete thea tht comes rom ‘The flowing incden involved so ie om Sibu village, ad wt ofsersed dung the xl mori cleaning ofthe hose and compound “Chepkoce is removing ah fom the fplce Using ene tin, she saps the ases into a wooden container and leaves the house 9 {0 0 the ash placement. Or the way she mee fiend Jer, and in festa sks the ash container toward er frien Jrop stars back Tad lu "This simple sequence of events appears unsurprising toa Western verses Gestures uf mock agresio, purty invlting stances onsdeed "mss" o “iy ae resale ndators of 2 dearee of Feendship and inimacy. However, his particular sequeee of events ‘amon be undeston! with reference to seis of asain linked withthe element of seh The Endo say tht only woman can remove Ish from the bears statement wich confirms the identity of the ‘woman wih the home, hearth apd coking Te, however, a he sme Ue an ili eecogaition ofthe desactve “power” of ash — a wer which derives fom an asoiton berween seh and the scaly find seaually dstrcsve aspects of womanhood. Ash as desoctve apc i hacifl eo men and wo male terest, I woul terete, be unthinkable for'a man to remove ash from the hearth. When Chepkore“hrsten her fend wih the ashy the same dotractve onnottion er snvoked. The destacive quality compounded bythe fect hat sh sls asoced with sey. This nk made by the simple fct hae a gil wishes o elas mariage, then she wl over helt in ash. The Eado say hat this at sigs her dese forthe "Seat andlor sey ofthe proposed nie, (oor 1986: 117)8 Mow so Rad Etnagney Moore goes on dette farther, postive, connotations fas ncading ‘ts lnkage wih ene sexakey and creat, and 8 sigiicance win 1 pturng of the fern of the can a awe Se fnshes by drawing foie theaeial conelasions fon the fact that, forthe End ah ean teen many diferene hing have shown that, 4 symbt, as has distin polemic qualies lind can be wed to represent a nuniber of ferent concepts and reps ina vary of conte, Homers dis sultvoalty i not the product of sn iheent ambiguity of meaning which permis mtane metaphor expansion, The "meaning" of ash cannot be amerpiced in any pattclar conte, ase Beeuse i i 0 bin St ambiguity that i at once mean everyting ard noting, The tneeaphorval extension of meaning 1 only posse onthe Bass of ‘Reopnison ofa more eral mesing, This eal or primary meaning [Eves acess fo seis of secondary meanings or sification, ‘Moore 1986: 118) Here Moot is using her Eado material o ene a long sanding amhropo- Topi comsersaon regarding symbol, how they work and what roles {hey payin soil and uta He Sb deploys concepts ~ mulvocaly, Posen meaphoral, contest — whose meanings have been honed Through Seats and she pts forward her analy 362 consibution this ‘Taeunon, The dinctvenes of her position is eae co readers who are Sami wth theese and tenis that Moores dissing "a ths tage ~ al heefestre wl explored neater depth | ‘his book infos ~ we cin contrat Moores ethoography with thet roves abore on a sumer of ois Fs, this particular ethnographic ex iB'teen by easlcit comparison: Moore tel the ceader that, yond Spiel Wevernaesumptions, 2 further fl of associations needs tbe BRhesed and shee them avers tobe taken at acount. Second, in the cmogrphy the procs contextalaion and ineprstion lic trne opened op primal for inllecaal consideration rather than for Ineauicaetetc appreciation en the novels. Weare, 1 eft being {Sed to uy eur the fesbiy of Moore’ analysis and not merely of her ‘iseripion By the sme token, Moore presets us with evidence in that fer atcount being pot forvard 2s pata substantiation of an overall [rgument, Last, bet wring Mooce responds to the theoretical vie Joins and ethnographic descrip of ter aatvopolgie and tes an thw stance wth regalo thve. The res that a ears, we ae fot asked to suspend ur si in order eo engage withthe alterative ‘wow on fer exe, as we ae im Altered Carbon and The Age of Tmocence, On the contrary, we will hold the ethnogsapher answerable Fo the factuly of what she say, even while We Ise Our asthe and ‘imaginative reset ener her acct. A we argue inthe Cencasion, tho hans ite knowedge servo hut i ano only one apes of ‘chnagaphicKoowledge taken in he cond By poring 4 ful acount of Sn exprenial fe work, ethnography can abo diver a provocation co Cstalisbed) ways of understanding, what it means to be human, And beyond this ican havea lierating oe, feng wt sink outside oor ingrained expectations concerning sey the tel and aman nate ‘Shaping ethnography ography he, nner cll eflction oman exami baton of and an argument about experience ade om parr “cnc, one ta eons to quesons whch have theron he History of sthropoloies sinking Beene ethnographic wring ner 2 reaping of expense rd fo alae mtopeopea cme fonn ll canoer acl o cond the pap ween ext fad he ia ey that they ey 0 exp Thre teson Between he chaos tnd drut of experince and the anc of ha expec int tte ead ann st veo me wh incon beraae chnogeaper sts to make sntroplogeal ame, tecnone they daw om sthropslgal concep and ison shee Alonpe« dace barra knowlege f experince pet forward in ‘Sli and he a wae lag wait he srk ete eoowapy eying to expla. Al etiogrph theo ‘ould by he nab of ean withthe gaps eee Me and xt, “ud bemeea lal nd atropolgsl pepe: And sl chnogrphers se to make dio 0 how tropes tee ep an Hoe 0 brig hem In Chater 4 we dca how athropolgits rasorm expen ito snalyée by wy of steed how belatedly of ‘eiday Iie se shaped by the acd Yoder eaograpic Knowledge Sud conte to athopoiogsal omens. We dss bow “Snacng naive spe see dierent ends in nngraphic te om ely smsorm deine of cls i to feeting ntton of = personal sponse fo yarcsr sation Ths vane Kind of arom ere fon ther suber? parcalar engagement th anacpogy Sod fe Mor, andar such ae meta by ahropologal ebtes and ‘Soccr‘Nartns ofthe neds hey faction a he bung, Iiokt of snropolgil cline o knowledge. "We goto ceamine in Chaper 3 the proses ecough which ia tthnnpaphic tors experience becomes evita evden confined Ss arg. show tha thogrphc arent nd ence tr thie theme, sheye pnsonedssoaly subi ir, The pure ofan angel, whch somtimes cones cond ia he10 How to Red meh form of «key concep is imaiably preset wih ear to he arguments ‘fates anthopologss. The se of conceptual oF argon terminology In "hnograpite hs tobe anders with thi in mind: sabropaogss use Conceal terminology im ender to mae tet fieldwork experience re “ne oa broader anthropological conversation. tis, then by desing on snthropoloiesl debates, coacepts and analy ical yok hat writs rhnogephy make sense of what they have seen tn lived thro in the Beds No mater how close athropologeal sles {nd aime may eto dose of nonanthopolopss, ad in spe ofthe many Sindenable continuities erween ethnographic and other Kids of Writing, itis cis roming of ethnography within sntropoloial debate that ese {part from ofher genre. The rvognton chat ethnographic texts aways Sheage anthropology 4 body of knowlege and dscssion, that they Taken the wader esning a contnbtions fo a Broader anthopologial ‘Sverston, tke opin deta Chapters 6,7 ad 8 Tn Chapter 6 we explore she ratonhip between the ebnograpy and te onder content win wich is wien, taking as ou ating point the sea thatthe fry the text ad conten, are in fact inseparable Because ednogeapiee are writen by individual who ate soclly and Cultural sted ac engaged the cones lays pat of the ex's ‘ey fabri: We slye the inerseaving of text and context hy examining {Be ways ethaographers preset thir tetings for ab assumed adie. ‘We su examine how th inlet climate athe die an ethnography Writen shapes i prodaston fom fork onwards, and nish by Cnseing wider soil clara nd pola mews and Ue pace on the production of edograpie text ‘ecase echnagraphers ae soc crore writing witia parcel socio calf sostexte nd for apse sbdincs,enographic authorship has fo beaten a slain. And indeed, Chapter 7 we argue that ot of “Sntlatins of relationship te eld ad in the acadery that writers “Snere ss authes tat agi withthe capacity to know epesent Shu ables And yet in ehnographi texts this aural agency ot tways openly displayed or awert: it soften Biden and dsl’, So see rcs Se aabigmtion of apeny in elographi text and age shat Sporks to reaem the author ofthe athor Ultimate, she ethnographer 1S hshor wl be aneerale for ther ox as know, CChaprer placer thew sues again within a wider Gamework umoraphis exis as combust lager annapolis comers tions Certainly for he anthropol, her eaography wil exist son ‘pe kind of trance amongst oers~ lesa and tuoi, graduate Stperbions and informal chats eve we explore features ofthis anthro Popa dialogue, While the history of ancropology ioe aug asthe ppltatig of one kind of theoretical paradigm by anothe and anthre flops tpicaly we asf ths were the cvs, the seas crelain of nchropoloical knowledge is mich lee squarely cut. A richer under Standing i pained by exploring the ethnography asthe expresion of Felsionshipe ha sn ctoprapher has ener na erin mes ad he puters of llectal commitment thereby formed, Rather thas look 2 "he ehoograpiy from the vp Jows asthe produto a schol of toute, ‘ve explore the continuing movenear back and forh between personal Jmeleeral commitment and the bigger and smaler conversations of anthropology How we wrote this book and how to use it ‘This book was writen by «vo practising anthropologsslehnographers: Psloma Gay Blasco, whose primary researc hasbeen with apd abou Romain Spain; and Huoo Wardle, who has worked in andon wrken Jamaica. One is of Spanish, the ater of Ens background, both of ws {each amtropoogy in Scotland. We mention this to emphasive the ‘Stering perspectives se incialy bring 0 thin ok, and te degre #0 ‘which eee are Blended in Jus as elnogeapic wing i always pate ‘oF conterstions, this book taste resue ofa logue between us in Which we evaluate, not only the wetiags of ees, but our own sense of ‘ursies a aopoogiss an wer of ethnography. We have wanted te convey thi lecling of an open-ended convention through de Opa acon of this honk pareclary through she way ey themes are inroducrd fom one peeps ad then reexplored wih thes 35 he ‘et anf I shoudl be wate that we bave not slays sgeed on what the priorses of ethnography cr ahropolgy ar, and chs sil tre even wea the ast words and conection, ‘The core chaps inthe Dook, through to 8, are made up of excerpts from ethnographiespublabed in English, indepth sommertry om eee cere, and #camlitive argument derived from both. Here te ae not Primaiy concemed with exposing the chronology of athropelogkal [Hews nor with puting forward anther diacwason of schools of thought imanihropology snd their contrary perspectives om soci ie Instead and "Swe have already explined, we se looking forthe common thera nd sisi elements characteristic of etogzapy. And so in each shaper ‘ex gether texts of very varied theoreti! oremation, writen 3 Uieenc times by aademic rom diverse scholar tsdone Eventhough we have cant our ato, we have snevatably and often fale back on echoographi scletons dat were fae vo uy writen By sutbropologsts whose work we ko wel, Sometines made known 03 by peopl whe have taught us anheopolgy or with whom we have calle jal relasonships In other words, many of che ethnographis hile’ this ok were shored by igres we conr import o teresting ven the pater of out les a6 profesional anthropolopss. Orhes we12 Hon ta Rnd ga simply have found ilstate a point ora tend particularly well We can Fru Gaim, the, thar she etograpie exacts we Bae or discussion ‘ner are epee some greta Or absolute sense tbe mount of Ethooeaphy writen y snthopologss and is thematic and itr syn ve ned ire sed rion gu esponeas ener party on ou expectation ss athopo jou and pry on our presse cogeaphess Likewise em = ‘al rand of our aguriens, we easnot pretend thatthe ope of is Took wands somchow outa the delimited patem of wc relsinships Srscurng our Ine sv sealers And here are bod be people seo wil primary ec fo what wen ein ecm of whats bot Ion inde Our ns or tate bed in combiaton of pee thecal tol, pond a eve way of understanding eboogap “This hes onsegcics for hove wha we ave writen may bo be put to wer, lcaded here are exact from many diferent eenograps Redes can simply browse ths alongside the evan analy pethaps thing thom at starting pes for fre esearch ach of ee eit main ‘apes alo dae wath specie theme and exiss in reacly sl aed form: Sy readers terested petal in, ay, compaion o& ‘Shnographicagunent may with to foc on those chapters (Chap | sal eepectee akng'a reponse sane brs om oer Inks and arti. How fo Reed Ethnography bas however, ben writen tan accumulaon of perspeces and scale f von, moving om the Clnctens that canbe fncineed win an copays. to an unde Standing of the plac of ethnographic. hnowedge within broader thropologealdacesions, alow acho the main cht chapter ate ht lone exer from cehwograpi tox asompanid by aces Ths Tonge cep ean feta (anda wort taking) by theives and’ of coi can be ‘Suda fot purposes outside she objectives of tis bok, Howeves they ae Primary teed hres laste ofthe themes dca i specie {hayes andar sine at providing a dhought too for testing ou some of the sen ated there. Before cach scletion we Rave described the ethno Faphy in beck ad provid some question ate el wl help te ‘ead foc tie ead “Wchave rd ere co ct hrogh igh tewined understandings of and expectations concerning, thogsaph, laying these out 0 view. Out {eal with tis book thereby to gv enography i doe and ts lace Ehnograly nor the only way of undestaning the Raman condition, though inthe lst century thas beome a very amgotat one C5 however worth andesunding th specie paramere of ehnowaphy 984 Kind of tnwlege. And itis worth spec his pci. Chapter | Comparison The ethnographic outlook Imagine yoursel suddenly et down surrounded yal your ea ale fon opial each core to a native ville, wile the Inch oF ‘inghy which has brought you sails away ou of ih. (Malinowski 1978 [1922 4) “Thins how Brisa Malinown described he beimnng of is fieldwork song the Trobiand lander of Pap New Guinea, which he undertook dlrs the Fese World War hs shore sentence Maino lls at atvopolgial eldwork isan adventure, am unusual event separated ftom the humdrum of everday le, charctersed by he Sese of it fed awareness of our surroundings we fel when ativing at ap unknown Place Imagine yourself nny st down eurounded by all your ge, “lon, no sure where 90 oF what t do nex, stanly looking aro, Struck hy how silferent everything i oem what you know well nd ye lady searching for clus chat wl ll you what Me Ie in thin ale tvironment. Atte point you cant alp bur compre all you se, hear nd fel aginst the accumulated total of Your previous experiences, Like fll human, you make sense of what you Iara through cont and “comparison. Mateos a an anthropologist, you ae tuned to search or ‘sd ierpes ference tt o compare (ings and Fox 200220), “This seme of separation fom normale tha typifies anthropolopicl feldwork ib sential too to ethnographic wong Wrens cthnosrapy tho revolves around carving tines and spaces out ofthe coniay of fxpeience, asin Malinowski taterbent above and snvesting them ith Speva significance, showing them to reveal something important about the quality of socal ie among a parculr group. tn the folowing exer ftom her saount of hein Geran Western Borneo Chrisie Hell reflason the sense of unfair she ft experienced when confronted Wwe the sounds of daly ie a the longo ‘While living in the Gera longhouse, L weete many lewers back 19 Asal in which desert mses part ofa ommunity of vos14 How to Rad Enegnphy Conparvonthe rtwogric ook 15 ough his pescepion wast theme, fining way ino ms reba it way neverbony the mont ape way U cold fd the ‘unl quliy of fnghouesndence. Ver ow a a lonhoase iba fost exrotinary ton, ning pan down ts eth eng tonologie ty te ii coin aloe wth eke ‘Wn he longue oes cree» power sene of comma During my is tro monn in Cor, ving with» hosed in iw lnghouse aparient, Twas able ro westand hy oot wa consapiy cope lk wth no oe She woul pe Ibo dspon of ge ad happened ee during he di af ‘rors ao yf ate of er eng ads om ale we Sanding or stag sone er aparemnt, Toa Woe vow ber Behe seit kas aso nc a o0 tah acon fl ip tht Tame tent he womans poset IDmlogues ha lays hd a ue, nd tat hey mere a Wa of “aman and terete acs apartments ht meh pr of {he lnghowe comma. lado, I eng wth tie hat he ts been ponding ogusons fang sts parte partons tht stl Bowl ad ncrele bythe acophony af sound tht threes ongout yh ben rable ngs = rca now te memory of sich cosets filme wih emir {ey wha nwt ary seine Lnghoune ie or me ad which {Tatogosh rie fom ibe Ansan one t which {have see one (Hetive 1996 198) Hetil describes anos physical feng of diconcrednet when fhe wt he Danak ay of Ieing in 2 bos, Her Serpe lastats fom comparing aod conastng shot we find apsin what eae {row or meabr sumac or unavoiabe proce anneal ‘Scat freon wr ote npr bet aa ors {hore is by seting wp berexpecrons se 2 Weer Woman gains her Seu eageces ithe longo ha Heel es tbat there ‘Stang smropologcaly seen sow ving in Daye hoe I Jouteren he eacape above yow wil sc shat asin of factors bel Ensen Helivells nmede snd narod aarnes of leer Sie Lnveledge thot dace abopoogel ab opposed. 0 {our ratte olny fr ean) Fry he deere explores {Re'dsance Fereen Herc sod br informanes drawing ona see of tives comporssve catego ht ae emer to atopy. wow” sdchch hee’ and thet’ and thao sidworhe sd rman ‘Showa and jst, Sond she tales he ese of dle ewees en de West sina nang fo pater ad eu es inthe anh beeen he nycrat and he rege that Hie, like all writers of etbnographs, is inerestd i. So she tls otha her {en's monologues were ot eccentrics they scemed at fit ba ater distactive Dayak seanegy of satfiming and recent the ten sroee apartment and hece of rating 2sense of communi in a Dayak way. Tasty Helvell recount le in Ger in sacha wy that she aden = blqely in this exces, direct elsewhere inher ate ~ a well xa Tnhed anthropological concern with explining the procence through ‘wich communal ie crested (Compara between the sland ‘the Othe bs 2the core of Helvells acl andi ao the ais on which al ebnographie wet revalver all ‘iographers use theueles or tee knowledge ofthe wn sacks ‘hat Hating point for understanding and writing abou thers. How exactly they do this howerer, vases enormously and feveas much about at Suthor® theorenesl and site standpoint and aboot tee sme and ‘rps ns put pee Ths Hell takes very peronl spprosch [rounded ia her ow experince which se scours ian autaoge=p eal way She alle sbout the “iw two months in Gera abou be ner fetur to the field, about feeling inialy“bewiered! and about bow “evenly, 00, was able to appresiace and make sense of his tapestry of sound, and 40 rcognse intl soies at they wove togetir th ‘thers i the ai (1996: 139}. Helliwells fan on experene ist fst {Seental 9 her phenomenological approach to anthropology and 1 het Srgumenc inthis arcle Attending to how people lie im and ene Daya fouses, she expla, le us to move beyond an uabelpal Wester _itiog tn Nia fom er napa nh hale rary mcr Mare ‘examen tthe mater enon fe reo erreen pope td ‘Se ernrermen oat pen eats owe eronman a mgt paren whe nur hacer ental percpicn oh serene a ep Focarg ths an anew The leone ode ht recomend arr {hoe eno metho | ney ip the pe pang amon ad ep ‘Sg eironmen rene on tes psec seh pepe nse scone pst ta Mea How tokendEonogney Gong and euestsberen “The mage frets parr ane enna Naa we sblng im ood nares smog ngs (pei wen ee hochal) Nl fre {0 mach ober requ hom sich ee apart Bt wh hy 25 fo af ‘Sages co gee thy are aad or Tey do nthe recurs 0 ech orn "Chee resid fon wth a ew orca saecing i eH 9 (oe naa can or 3, tal Ji erence n urban grocery een the we in which ‘amet did Among Napa pe bons cero ao ig which totais te pre of sarng and ngs ong sou the ay pera ‘Mien rcp ovate prover fhe mene Nya erbie ie ly to tober Maan th face The hte who returns wi ome pees (TentSSromer mon ad ths man sometine ape yee bart des ach fet tts sl places The utr pes he pcs nls, ach of ‘ih wt be duced tos howto Inthe Ramee pl received ei FWoporterte to he hushols sein are gen est the ame sae Tike Peo snd wound the butcher whe he wore an hep to ae the {ty ane whe of he own pl They consaty make sgperon vf ‘Thee the bac shoul pn each pce of ret Mere presence th at “hoes «prion sos sore, an du nude hw old and ther, who an Site reborn The bumarracoes tare fit i aye le, gh USinly gh in (he eer pacce among he atk fro 1988117). Inert th aah ay Kar sare ge en eleatr se of repocy fe enghasaee tv inporance of eat repayments ‘ece met eum fr thr hapa e re scorn to pete re, er ‘Seopen enw spe of hong. pe detbuvon tats the folowing frm The person who est the rc of ane cals ter ode rece Teniog the ove whore arow or ule frst hte imal rece the esd he feo comaned brwen fv rica he ek ad teeter (Grdog Tone who fs preaches te Sod al ets al ofthe ment bowen ‘Sela sate pl one and wo with trl of elven xtagris fheprs (tien 971110) rum Bete sod Maly Kura ew mre a natn who recreate wh chem and ste kind hey are nk with ech ter tough 3c of ‘arty an runt fr rcpt oer Une Naa view the oe arent “Shep hr fond wl hamaces msgs and ty ae epee wh ech ter ‘hours ping an venus toa en ht ot beh on Se now ‘The ernment ha ges ta “The sme thames come eo the fore quesns of ommersp of ne. Naha ‘lee at here pan es wd suc 0a Naya a a CConpartonthe etncgrt otook_ 31 Neale are bor wih righ of aac persoal acts 0 lnd and anred eters For Nila not ee preparatory wor er the bore 0 an oth Sere ovr a vssurce mth Foe eampia ardertofah, Nasa lo ‘sion of he rer ut pon nthe water and then eth the fh by an The Pepernory wort aes hee to four bows ot ow pope may ech he rn {ated hn tbe nt slong tore nh a te wrk he sion smog the Bra is sei (Ener 19811415. ‘aja rcope rar grouping ht re acted with prt el tes These oupng efommed around mes who are hough to be oh ‘acenant of hove wh bt th aren sede ae econo of hs frst ealed mada (sade The economic inpatoef the soca ton ean bee be undentood i resto oth mes fore pre tras dat nis ae a beer at canbe owned te sting at popes 1 cose accel woh an rested a The arse run pret, whch oc necey the same 3 Seor. ets frtermore eon da No ‘Soited bt pacts not cose bu dope “This eon re-sale one aro tu ene ery few er. ng 2 24 hour eal Throughout the athe ctr wh so ances 3 Inept ané mop!) eres spiro eal re the eal (Gr sarsed wth apa and dd na and ig mote) oven ‘vou the meton af amare My ped record ch erro on ee Sept ccs show tate are tartans on he reply fh le {rams to flow te ws fe bigpren!~tse~ th repory f ‘haar ok she hr the clan Ah eo he ey pele Sedapes shares el ht hs bn oad ono eh “he ode ram espana toons he etn ey a si Nap wh Ine thre ard the srourg ses tay and nay So “ourae te rors dace he et Ty ahs esa ec es {oat wld resource nthe al. ry tar orton ey ei es wt neds a trey tee eceer oe oa fore hen The mode cecupin + pha! pole Inthe recon beween prcelar trou 2 putea locas, bt ha nara arr ar» bo he in ‘he conch ratte eet hl ig ‘among eM and Bes Karun cmr id oie wit howe aks ay fee conposte. The men he had ofthe compose het, locates tind to the hee of he cones fame who er are eb Ing tr det wsocon wher 197: TS 900 Farr amend "os 30, ta Caterers ote ping emtonnet Dravrg on the ces of Naa, Mu and Baa, | ae hom ta there Notre sthugh thy may fot beste dnguthed fom ether people,32 How Ren on29hy (ery rman) nr of he ft fo 3 SSSR 2a) ctor pene ae usin ot Shaws wl Seen hoe pap oreo perenne ey ott of sca ond bop ore ave mee Cumhuriyet niu nape hae Naa (ie aan pee ns he Pa erie tt eeu gut else poarch be express SSotcWheokore, tin ploerehonor sore he enncerae tat Sib Wawra ie vena oar oi oper at no Tee sey nace ugh nx sce on he et raion. Fr nats was conmen va oe sree pr ow © booties “Ter hots de flows: ni ee ammo et exrcnnet ts Pong ode sae core aes of ee ‘So hve Sat neler the Naa rhe Bere. Boej w anon ob eda rncone Seer teres of TE ecron med) We soy re mew conpianaly an ate Spey ars carse se por Een fs men ered mo {Cine form tbacon aman peroneal Pe sree ey eo pone The Mang hrs (Wenner 1977 1D ‘Mise nap tb dsciad sme ong em ss ne ol eS Wane 1827 she seco are normaly conte nm IGomotgvngan rennet prone Dre 97 8) on “iba psn posuere Warr 270) and the ect 7 0 a cg ot ecorory arardan bobur1882) incon aw ban ht thes ong ceo ging eben My mon pent ‘Doroctoer and te nigtbour hough be sounion Items of mode ‘eta may abe carci th former pri un of vor a ‘hee pune pring nt funng The erence bene em rote So lar dnt wow of be crronman St thy Hare which cee und ‘Serene metport-me pen and ate an ances. The peer Star Mente en coma eo an ron tare prere vps ae peopl fovea tong he of arg Beet pace dard sare hy mate derardh on people bt Teer pen hi wh cone pan at are constr bo vecproy he ban doeted exe b numero dopo se Fes 1966 (91th nd of cone yen hate Nea eis not Je bos recap On the whole ate Pre 197) ig ae ot bet toe dsp Wom rcp an een Shin for nes eed errno arn't» ed of rcprocy~ meta + pine empl snore receoy (1972 193-4} There has bean spt el of work the References rei Be (948) The acl Lf Th Ca Cob or a nd (98 toc i aerate "peep day ol lf Wel Pa ate By aes, tes Reiger i lf ron at human and getbomy pos of Psa Nolin: Oxo. Cela Lie) open, Ponce and Confit among te Back of Maly in er Peer eis Sree earner eaten are Lain ae at or sng AEST A sn fein ech ce ‘Miley 1971 Adar of Kappa, Cake: Amol Srey ci vn Monn M. 1957 “The Syl of Fares rat ati Mb cae “nd eal piensa Amoco acopoegr 496 31S ecg Ne) Ress he Dean or Genre paper pened ‘rth Yeh InurnaionalCofetese. on Hating and Cateye indo, Eel st C097) Sng enero ofa onans, Ambrplg 1 oni 8199 The Kus of Maw, PD dinero, ney suing Ne 1968) Now on the Oral Mat Scie a Ma the Hane, aPkIB. Lec anh Deore, Ching Ale SNe St he eh Ale Twa (38% [1965 Wyma Semon the awe wos ofthe Aficon Thums, apr Cr: Greowoad se orate PHS he Mw Py songs end adepttion, New Yorks Hol, Riche va Winton1 Howto Reed beogrpty Fete 1952) eg Nn Sone Commi Wises ia) er eal spe of respon for rag ok tag Sass h:D, Se sie of Mich An Abr Mh TBE hols Mec, nd Soi ane o Kong a Tene TLRS and bir bond sees e Leck and Lat Cae Cbs Univer Prem windbue 1907 lms an arr ey ad eosin of he ps, "eed Wrap. ele, Londo, Duct USES Rican Hae aero ol Organon bet udetod a iat of cacao Caterer, ole so een, gael ee lg B Rc an, occ, Oxo: Bere Chapter 2 People in context 1 190 Bish colonial woops ovecan dhe West Alcan Kinglom of Ans, smalgamating tint the colony of Gold Coast (ow Ghana. Tena dear later, Capeain Rober. Rata anchropologst ad oie i the Beak adminitrason in Weve Airc, publshel an ethnographic mo raph, Religion andr in Ashons. Rtray wae concerto 0 peset & Hols account of Asante social if, incladng elements of tadon tht hha been suppres under inprialrale as ver quer of entry before. nthe following passige of his manograph, Ratray keine ‘setlist how the human sacs tha had foamery oeared on the ‘Seath of king ean be undertnd by placing ones wih the expen tal word of te Asn, One aspect, howeves of these Faerl sts of the Asbante king has faced mach anion. This the so-called “blood ks, and the ‘onsequent apparently ndciminateslughter of rating Tamm Sure sv» that my older fends, venerable greybearded fale who themives were actor in these cvents, will not abet tothe Engi public Knowing he fas, which wil hep, I hops, fo fee che Ast from the sigma of having ben bloody and feacous savages Ieee we took oter the goverament of their county. [Am now wate chat there weze motive other than Hood lot and crel, Which ought co be known and aken io accoue before we past Jadgement onthe sees of slaughter whi seem to have ben imeps table from grest national mowing. Eutopeane sccm to have a innate fear ofthe unknown fnyond the gee thie the psc analyst call thaatophobia, which i aply desired as out “pasonate, absorbing almost Hoodthisy chnging of’ Te will po therefore Be easy to persuade the aerage person tht there war something nde Tying ahs sping of blo, tha ough eo exc, sno admiration, araany rate 4 fecling that should be remote oa diagurt or pious foro (Raay 1927: 108-5)36 How toRessEonognty Ranray proceeds to pent evidence that both the (now ‘reyes fxecttonere and thon exeeted aveped the lepimacy of hua ir fee brea Te fed witin their undertanding of Heath and Penarly the way which the afterword was organised. Noon id Extn fel the necssy of sanfcng itn, ba ‘ti ao ‘fering ocr deat Rarray ane that ear suopend deen Una they Know more about the oly of Asante culture He demands that his reader velingises rade sterorypes(eociows sevages) and famines deer aspects of his ot het own emotional egulbciom Fthenatgphoba Boor clinging co HE). His agus depends ‘on he dai that we anno lly jade one clara ment without ee ‘hc vo the whole or wholes of which i part. Bren something as over Srirsoeinay as human serifer can be unesood if eossced against the overall contest of whichis an ment. Av we wil dcover abs Shaper develo thi senu felt or society as an overarching culty ‘Sp no mea shared by al ednographere. Neverbls he prose of plicngcontent hat Raay demonstrates here remains a the ete of ‘hnoprphic win. "What crest from fieldwork in an Acan kingdom, amonest crack dlr in New Yor on the company of burcaberats in the Word Tank, an ethnography isan exploration of a worl of experince, The trader of etmopayy i iaratly bing asked to dspace see pesoal Knowledge and expectations about ter own worl in ode fo understand wr ft like cote wahin a gute diferent amework of knowing Thrving: and puriaing in events. A key dimension of enographc string volves establishing the grounds on which the reader can nepend Unbelet or even moral ouage about cetain kinds of unfair haviour and understanding. There ar wo complementary movements that oll fom shi One i ody boli, to est an apprecation of the overall ral context or contexts within wih pra dala ‘Searing curl practi, fr inance~ exit: The other i speci 0 Show how these dla oth throw light onto and ae luminte by this lage piu. "Fhe worl of che ehnography, he, i evel trough eng dvs and deal finds i sigiente with’ broader or narower Ramis of COntent.We can explore thn pin further sing Rhoda Mera (2000 [19851 dein fom the 1950s of her tempt build an analysis of ‘erin bc of statements made by Hats and by bes in the Caibean ‘Stan of Hit 1 Gade shore. (Gede ihe name ofa Go) 2. Gade ie dancing inthe head a TJ. (TJ is. man.) 3 The milk mounted to er head and mae her ray. (Said of woman beleved te insane) epics 4 The mother gave her cold to her baby. (Said by myself an American) “The fit and the third of thee sentences ae forthe Creole speaker simple matements of fact The fist tea that th god, Gods has Ponsesed s man ora woman ands no erally pees, dancing and njoring Mine The second sentence async pang of the Same fet. The hid setence stan explanation of case and eft using mother was so badly fghened or angered that the il ete tly mounted to her head and made her sane The fourth semen, Se explanation which Lfferd to scene Hasan peasant wes reed ‘with dsb and anxious amusement sine was sede ha ay smother would make her oven cid sk “The fs three sentences and the response t0 the fourth provide ‘lus othe ian Creole pereepion ofthe wodd Br the sentences be inerpreted = only f he sna nial point of reference ‘not his oe s)stem of petrption but rather (hs own system eld in spent) the context in whch the Cra ages occa, (trans 2000 [1953]: 389-90) ‘The ethoogeaphy a complete tea is uit up by drawing together varied elements, sastions behaviours, Matementt and responses, within a ndestanding of the content to which [these] images cured ‘Meoraux implies that there are many other "cine to aitan sce that she could fave worked with hee in adtion or inend of the oes ‘elected She elses that certain feats that were unig to these sate ‘mens (tone of voce, aecompanying gestures, fos example) have bec ost $5 they have become elements within 8 broader iterpettion of this “ont (Hatian Creole perception ofthe wor), She lis hit ute diverse kinds of clara mater, incuding am anhropeogi's ow fer iesons, can provide 4 point ‘of entry which widens ont imo he Conextsled appreciation of anther experiential amework "Anropoogist Roy Diley remarks that the “eynlogy ofthe word ‘context sgets deviation Kom che Latin ver enere “to weave” The related Lain verb contexere canis the meaning “to weave together "to Inwereave™, to oi gether” oreo compose (1998: 4, The metaphor if comtexecreaton 2 weaving i bps When we lok ac woven kth tee recognise she distin colours and shapes a dog, we ce the hth ta whale, but we pebably pay les atntion to ee speci tends rom thick isconstrctd. Ethnography is premised on th de that cont sason can provide we with an explanation of the satered and Sometimes puzling deta that make up umn soil expense by Showing these a clement ofthe “wen” of acy or clare, We ned £0 lay aside our immediate respomte and isead kr to apes he28H tend ogy spcicinwance a takes place within a Iroade design. The creation ‘context ithe procs in which socloclurl species are ondted nd combined wihin'a more of less inewratd larger pcre This tal ‘kpendeny between levels of analysis sometimes refered to 8 the inter Breve a heemeneitic rele (Hodge 1944227; Dilley 1998 14-17). Are Shall se, there are gles of etnograpy ful eh comphate any move techn the cre of meerprettion and eontexaalsation ‘We wl ein this chapter by explsig how the cteation ofan account of people ia contest involves denying o diferetaing the quale hat, Characters thee ives a social actors with pesular poston and rls, Sites trom those of others The nsond secon, then, canes the movement between thee levels and bow they ae negated. Wile the Inverprtve integration of themes nthe hoogeaphy is enctia oak ‘eating oa of cltarl element, there i snetably a balance between the Inherent divesity of ildwork, experience and. the move coward Fhomenenising ethnographic experince in oder to incerpeet i The last ‘ection explores tha lacing! all exhnographersconeatualie, bit what ‘ounts context may vay sutsanly Perwsenetmographies ‘Summary pnts 1 Eshaogrphy emphasises the provision of cleural context over ime slate assesment ofpatcular clara deals 2 Since gies an eney into an experiential word disict from our ‘own, cthnoraphy impli certain Kins of saxpenson of fame. Deum etnoraphy hs mesning a par within = Broder ere tive framework ors of framework Differentiation as the basis for interpretation and ‘explanation In a shor ehnographic anahss of fishermen, Bath (1966) outlines the ‘pevia oe ofthe "etbo on + Norwepian fahing ves. He apc hat the person who har the stata ofnethow ss enabled to do ad say tig ‘hare sould not do and say i he eld another postion on the Bost for fxample av an ordinary crew member. Thats be diferentes the specie ‘Estures that characte the "eto in 4 sation where there sre ‘ange of aces unde: “The nethoss acto avery fret rol tthe skipper he i sponta coy argues snd jokes and ives evidence of imped gucnwork, Mai and sbe sensing. Hes eocognized and lives up v0 hs weputae tion, 3s beng naa ofthe conseguencs of hs actions: be can bra shout gambling and iking bouts. Al these isposton are regarded 2 qualfiations for hs sil in sensing the heeing and daring to ast 2 the ries! momentary optimum. At the sue tine ie joking Iehaioue a comstane dni of ay lam to authority othe bide in challonge ofthe skipper and hin respect in ated contest the insttuonalzed pater of geo and conn crsng aad sec tion of authority on his part during the netasing operation Il the development ofthe netboss, there erence ha is cope ‘was mor limited snd bis ole pity lee masked » generation age. [At tha tne, belag nethors "lacked the prima domnd thaacor epic above. Wah increased capt invesment, echo and foie "ities, the presen aethon emerged a + kind of Joga opposite tothe skipper ro roles which cou omerly be combined ‘anh 1966, 8-9) “The sats of netbos, with its expectation of carat bald and fouhmoathedpertormance, i not writen in sone: i his ber generic, argues Bath, by Broader changes in Norwepan fishing cchlagy ad pctxe, These changes have iainenced the way two divergent kinds of pene have been established (contol ofthe host by the skipper eres oral of Hsing operaions by the netbosy). Cleary Barts ethnography has begun wth cveree personal experiences during ekdmork om sing boat. the proces of tnderstanding thee experienc, the fare of the rneboss has emerged from the general scene a ehnogeaphically ifs ‘ane By focusing on ds gure, contexts fosars ofthe situation have become more clealy defined, the actions of che netbos outing tht sehes sharply within scenario in which other diinctive roles ee It play In parca, we have leat about the spcaised ways in which Frearchy,competivenes, and egalitarianism are managed inthe cho logslly complex stuon of the fishing. Bost, Andy by cling the instewionalsed tehaviour ofthe netbos, Barth alo able ost agin this figure changes and continuities in Norwegian fishing Het, the he lneepetaton of ethnographic deta and wider context workin tandem, increasing our appreciation ofboth. The el 3 cone but vivid entry inro an ethnographi world in which different kinde of beheviour ae comprehensible thin s lea framing of context ‘Meneyng and differentiating the poisoning of particule people as cos witha 2 speiecutral cones i findametal fo throgagby, [Bur ethnographer als diferensate when analysing ter sacl aad ‘aural phenonens, sch a chracernc ways of eaking moral pig ‘ls shared by 2 group, oF secogaable Kinds of physica! behviou. By “afereniacon”e mea, then, the way erin feateres are dinghed od highlighted ns having an intpal importance within the overall ine pretauon, wl acer aspect elf inthe background Etheographers onceatrte on and wot those spices that ber om he gusto$0 How toned Eonogny in hand, describing only those aspects of experience that they think are significant for understanding a practice, a belt or « people, These ‘mensions are given greater explanatory Weight 50 tha once aga eal throws igh on cote and cesta. ‘Although his Toss is very ferent from Barty ike hi Paul Antze (0987) engage in difrenation nh stay of an Alohobes Anonymous froup. Whereas Barth fossed om the gue ofthe nebo it are to findewtand. the combination af technology and socal practice In Norwetian fishing, Antec wises to tow hght on American eolare at large an, sn parila on how mca understandings are incorporated {ito everyday conn sense He doe his by exploring the ie of Ping Sh alcholic clarally spect role in Ameren soe and how the ‘Siginsation Akobolie Anonymas hs impresed ss meanings omt0 this ole Inthe folowing paregraps he examines the patil emphasis placed by Alcoholics Anonymous an the sea tht akohols is a medial Condon form of kes “Tobe an akoholic fst ofall tobe sick person. What doc thi soci? Todsy the notion that alcbolion ts = daease 50 widely "ccoptd that ses wrong fo acord the bal any special igi ance of sn ethnographic mature. One tends to dss fsa simple feleston of popular mei! knowledge To dos, howe, would be ‘seriou mike. The disease mode of alcohols was stl fr from beg fubionale when AA fis proclaimed is view in 1937. EM Jelinek (1960) ha shown infact that this perspective owes much of fis cree popularity 10 AAS own therapeutic sce, and the Testing ntoence the group has acguiced ih both physica and the publica ne: Medical researc, on the hee hand, il ver ae from confirming the appropraten of a dase mol in explaining the compulsive drinking sree (nae 1987: 155) So takes-for grand isthe idea that alcoholism i sickness argues Ants, that ie dif for Amencan to think ofthe alco’ without einking in medal ers in terme of alcoho as dease tht caus alco haviour, And the states slob in American society as taken meaning. fom the pattern of ies and actives nthe Alcoholics ‘Antic inerpettion fring os of the hermenetc cele thas eae the reader fon the specie behaviour or role to wader lees of extra ‘meaning and back ain Inthe process he Guestios ee uthihingacep- fsnce ofthe stu ‘leoolic as atual and lvious by prong and Comestalsng that ide, He shows thatthe significance ofthe roe needs to be revodered as tp of feedback Toop whose sucess dependent Pepe inconie 41 on the willingness of paints odie thei exprenes in he vem ut forward by the iatton,Akbrlice Anonymous In order to rach {his level of iteration, th idea ofthe alcool hasbeen carly {Elneted ay dive clara meaning witht or story aod conse. ‘uence: within an overall amework of explanation Tinogrphic wring works hy towing lily ato conta by ‘solatng snd consaiating certsn kinds of quity ad by caring the orders around particular ape of ree. Ehnogaphic nerpettion tnd anal that i evolves around conanive diferetation, thi sway we move fom geeralied commen about le on 2 Norwegian Tsing hoe to # decion of tangle nteecnmmuninting Yes tthe, spp crew = and fom tat oan expansion of cea ans i heaiow Or we take tate wch hao ahold, by sting it agains reconsidered conetal backround, we csc reser iemeanin ‘Summary points 1 The claboration ofthe world ofthe ethnography iavares process of Aillerenation, for example the contasve highlighting of chara Fc roles or sete 2 The diferentation of social postionings within a context enables a appreciation ofthe kinds of sacl eapaiy or agency spit these 3. The coneasve differentiation of parscular appt of ethnographic realy i what creates the basis Tor inepretionlesplastion a oppose to simple dentin, Individuals and ‘ethnographic Ife world ‘We have seen that key aim of ethnograpy i to show the lies of parti ae people conterased and diferntiaed within sm expec! ie World Boe she proces of diferemation goes beyond demonstrating the racers and agency of» particular socal stats ore sucha the ‘ethoss ov the aloholc Forms of oil personhood ofthese kind then ‘elves aequie fuer meaning once feed within 3 account of how ‘rople act within Inver groupings and organisations Having lated the Felevanefeatre that make up ro, am acting ov 2 coeep there i then the proces of showing the say socal acti iatgated in pari la statons and nthe oer pcre rest hy the enor levels of inegration in the A. [Thonga] debate or dncoion ix conducted in very lifeent lines fom those to which we are generally ascutmed, nothing vet12 How whe Bogrohy z eng put othe vote Te chi presides. A propositions put forward in shore senrences,peerlly sserogtive, by one of the counselors “The ase nen nence ute mover contac with an ener esis ahi’ brig the egunalene of Thar all right. Another Indvidel elaborates the mater rhe, saying “Did you got heat that he sand? He sid go and 0. This the Way of Second the Ipovon, The dete proceeds and lle by Tie, objections are ‘rougi forvand andthe avsembly comes roa dession, Toten happens that the ciel docs. nox sy 2 words when be ses thatthe counsellors ave agreed sd fhe has no obj, he serly Shows his ase yang his Red So the decision arcived at trithot any vote brag taken, The vice af he major has wo ben Trewin by ay show of ands, be i genealyptcived By int iow in very remarkable way and rave couse, who have bee ‘uating na cle throughout discussion, jmp t thei et and ‘depers, knowing perf wel what has been decide. (Toned 1962 [19121 434-5) In this account ofthe South Alcan Thong from 1912, Hen Juno cavempes oases ute nde of arving at agreement which sms ‘Kpend on ntion in avery remarkable way’. Whats absent in ths esse {St dation that fe primary in Wester ideas about group interactions, thac the decion of 2 group the binging together of the individ pspetves of fis partcpants and that sly, this fe signaled by a owing of hands Here y cots, the group apes to have subsumed te Indvvdal perspective tnd yer eich pereipat i able vo itt what the Comenna fe The inp sand of comparsea runing though this psape = comparion Retween Wester and Thangs group dais ~ salem sed in Chapter 1. The value of Janes dscrsion its ‘minder that he cre of contestation and inerpeation im ehnog- faphy may well lead os sway fom falar understandings of the ‘ehtuonship betwen individual and soxity and, nthe procs, anda ‘our imple expecatons about both Ether way the eeaogapher Snead in atalating the kids of group which peowde conte for the lines ofthe people in question, a he Following description and analysis by ‘Wialtam Foote Whyte (1945) abn demonstrates, “The Nortons and she Kain Community Club functioned 2 diferent Social level and they ware onganisod poo fandamentaly diferent ths. At the sane tn, they were repreenasve of 2 lye part of Comer ociy. Most of the gencaliations to be made about the Norns could be applied equally well o a number of ether commer fangs. One eveing in she all of 1937 1 was standing on Norton ‘iret talking with Chick Moral Phil Principio, Fred. Mackey aed Reph incon Lou Danao, when Frank Boolly and Nuey came slong and 0k up 8 postion now 10 us. Twas standing Beswen the two groupe Tle Wien Chick Pi Fed and Loa, and Turned to eae wth Frank and Nu. There was no general conversation... Ato tine did Chik or Pil ommunicate direc with Frank or Naty “Although they had frequen seen one another on Norn Suet, (Chick and Phil nd Num and Frank flanged to social groupe hang bo intimate coat wih one another Low, Fed and 1 "ied with both groups abd could dhetefre sere as intermediaries “The intermediies could fucton onl when the pap separating he ‘wo groups was sufcieny narrow. Whea the gap widened beyond 2 ‘rain pon here were no longer en capable of igi [hye 1943: 94-6) In his excerp, Whyte analyses ogaintioal fetus ofthe alan see ore gas he worked within 1930 Are. An rigger of Sec way ich sna ch aly ie ad skethes ou the chance eounter binging them together (ce Chap ‘eevee Hema car hh macnn in Be sndersood contextually by reference to the lane groupe that Chik, ‘Nissy andthe others ae part of Chick Morelia Nay do ot ak 8 cach other because hey are nil divided fro each ter by what they vce bey and enact a were abou, When, atthe ed oft ert, Whe tals ofthe ‘gap seprating the evo group! he wing 3 Spatial etaphoe to deste the sa stance’ Beween people whose Sox depends on ir beng ted nto diferent subgroups win an ‘cghhourboodwide organation. The metaphor works well ecise Naty and Frank do indeed pace physi dance Berween themes nd Chick and Phil~ the sale station mapping onto te re A pi Sine purpose of ethnography, then, snc onl to characters Cea he asctn and actives of he peopie who ae revo the fe woe of fhe ethnography, bt, a he same time, to show the pace of the {rmereonnecns between these dine kinds of people the rework of Itegraton. Ar arena, mack analysis in ccogaphy Is gen vet (0 ‘planing how the evo, divisors and comectons terwen Kinds of eon and acti re crested aimee and challenge Summary points 1 Ethnography gives farther conte mening to particular ves by 4 Semaine eration win ore hn wc Ethnography shows bow personal agency not ue dependent on te ‘apteie iewent in roles oe sates ~ states pond to re of ‘tzaisation within the socal whaleHow Rend togrty 2 Ehnoraphers sim 20 show how pars of the social pater are not only ifrentised ba lo how the ate nercomected Diversity versus integration ography i ton fildwork. The experience of irk is nb fey nein ts pre Thor ye many human encuntere tie echnogrpher B exposed daring elder ith the nlite Nave an! suey of te f ni yer imaper, behavior and {ost cnonal rest and svt, col lend to aba of eet {ings coments ed analy That oes ot Bcanseehog Taphers end to apy ley hed range of questions ad once {orth meal guesions and concep that have emerged ding he “Eeelopneat othe sii and which have edn sifcnce. Ths {ins tor solve he ptm of dry vers contention hough, ‘icy every chm sr ot pegmatite we nhs chnogrphy fbi ina Engin lla, Wane, Nast Repport (4993) dane ow hn flr experience fed if fis om he iver of dsl wordews ter an om sired cla comet lagers ike Sd and Doro of i ky informa wore characterised tor by coping ecopnseble oes itn an ead cla ames Wea bac alerky ther sry disc psn ays making mesg cof the wot, Sd ad Due oni sarched for leva wht {ihe sa acct por momen of par weap Bur tnt, ty ound sgiance win thrown sabe ops ‘lremoning ae ap of oe sepested phrangy and mots ing thse Srepate ences in fren suai, He argues stony int edicing tho inavidual oheebogeapic contexte hate iBhcren divert of prone! chaser deapeas oople come el ‘peakensrre (993 10) There were vionly Inge deren berween some ofthe asump- ‘old by Drs atone el by Sl No only weet oa oops ‘Femi highly diverse Br berween Deri loops and Su hee was ‘nly pata ovelpping = they could not easy be sad to Be avays Ising within the sume sommensenscal wos. For anther hing «= fi not find [cold se Dor or ids diet sever and opinions 1 Seemingly abet or overly fre stations. ir very coud fot bees nts oul work oles opposed play» of tak tween pseu pened othe beeen people of weg tats (Rappoe 1998 123) Rapport vows individual consioniness as having able coherence that the ier cultural content cannot have, The ft tha ndivieal woe ___epncomi 45 views can only achieve patil overlap mans tht thre i ivenity Bul Jogo human communistion. Rapport a, of coarse, canextusised Sid and Doris by arguing that what defines the varius teres hit inherent individuality and the cjles of expreson tht son within 4 vilige seting. He acces that ethnography sean intelectual acy Inevtabiy iol slong and shaping the kindof information tht the chngraper is aemping to understand Anti Rapport analyse ind "idle gue meaning tothe larger clearal context, Howev in 2 ft ‘um of the cite of snerpetation, he denies tnt incvduality can be fevsone as dvving it fll meaning res cltaral contet To age his Soule obliterate the speci kindof vey be asemping eng to Te fore “To empaise the point we are making hee about the prs of cone ‘ualton venus the dneraty oF work espeinc is sll compe "Rappowtselograpy wih one where sia isa contexts diferent way =n ths ese a dscmson of Wener ver Inn approaches ‘omental les Ia hs example, Sualey Taba (1990) has debe) clade much of te divesity of immediate experienc in onder 10 ompare ro cura contexts ia which two ways of being 2 person foperste Noteworthy here that what Rappont deste st ier 10 Ios indidaskey~ sl consid conscousass neering may eae selven ~"Tambiak anders ar pavtof the wider conert of Western thinking about sfhood. Let us say forthe purposes of sharp comparion that there exits a certain Westen theory ofthe mental lets". predicated on the ‘ouons of hounded wt... Humans exs a bounded being, who are Seltcentre, and soit is ony collection of india and Society exist to pomoe: the interns of these individuals, Sac iad ‘duals extend sled number of deawbriges which connect them With the ouside. (Therapy --- concentrates on the “internal? ‘nd ntirae’ processes ofthe sl Thas self vis een a split ting into mulpe smaller sees or pats, which become cut of fom fone another + knd of fale of ternal consnusiaton “The Indian cosmos by cootastl is seen as constuted of flows... between comments and group, betwen lames, betwee persons and ally within insane "The empiri individual therefore sen as porous and ope to curse lence al he ie, [Miherapy naczally adiesss isl wo. the onenting ofthe patent to having sliary relations with other sgifcane persons I avs no, 1 Wester therapy might do amp tune the pat’ evel of inveral consioumen, self efeniviny sod memory ofthe pas, nor ‘manipulate his eng of gu nd shame n any conscious sy, (Tambiah 1990" 133-4)46 How w Re ogy “Thee i a striking sniarybeeween what Rapport describes a the Inherent diversity of individuality pee clr context and Tamas Dla, eich sold nweet pastries and drink, and were sect a women {nd fais. There was «strong gendered dion of publ ace space that slated to Soha ideas about masculinity an fom In the newer krfeeis, by cones, unmareied worsen soiled wth me. In this part of het book, Cowan fist eontextuans the Rafters at new Kind! ofealorl space, then presets five voices commenting on the KafeHowto Rand ograty tera and changing gender ideas al reltions. Each vice reese a Cisne perspesive on women, their apeney aed dee pesonbood. 19 this eed acere we have inleded two of these Five vices. Read the ‘rer and espn tothe follwing questions: 1 Why isthe kaftria as am inssiution inponane for understanding ee lations in Soon? 2 Flow does sau ofthe contest asa whole merge fron the deal (Conan presenta his excep? 3. Whar pat does the demonstration of divers play in Cowan's arg 44 What kinds of difeen cols and forms of agency does Cowan igh light eaough the voise abe presets? 5 Gon you see nents of cherneneuic cise’ at work in Cowan's sccoant? Pk out some examples Cowan (1990) ance and the Body Politic in Northern (Greece Princeton Princeton Unversy Pres, 74-88. Wer Women Dik Cafe inthe Keto One ofthe Soko’ dee lar Ie paronaed almost ex bythe Wah ‘hos crowd td ugh espace fle eory ding cea ies of he {or poss of is oan Congres hee ae schol They sae both ong ‘Streisand mh thor ale cst The doninane cere ofthe other toe dfn osha men thr prime Seared aor the dora {Soup on ay wha sharon however re one or evo costes of Thay lost mh exepon sare They bay pe. soe nk fa N {hea hile nga ugg among hemos on wt ote a= ‘Snes hey ay nh lf Ye yas ap conus of he ee ‘rove men oun tem They sve a ev Inoue of two or more reer TR an esablibmene dat one ot ny Ie Be far cstin peer and sce the hfe top of acon sng Soho Sah ‘Erourse oxy cance th mor one oe peu wbx evokes {oind te rare tof rol cps ofthe xtegois rt anor eset, oma’ ea food dig ne for peo pas thor eve i the kf? Schoans Gage A te palphony of apibn I the clog supe to Gene gener A ane a sei ose wht her fre cen xh of “ih wena» ce oson om woren and elfen ane out Tse Ue thedomnane gener tenlgy, ugh for afretreworTheFenaing ‘ro calenged Xone baggy th aloe wth eacton a Pea incon 51 Theme ef Sos Selle bees tht 2 woman would with f0 got ht lft or ene rexon yo porno a soma! advenare (Note Me eg rl to 4 ed roan eorced int reece te flare) Seo bls a it “enpngwracon cnx bereits en women dence a hey ‘re fod by reps sea pce ned by noe warn 0 Be there 3 3 Inst ding ue sath wl ean Jone: Telia your we come tothe psc Scie: Noone ana abr es deapng~ 2 he ald about Sort sm "iy dont you po wi ke nebrtcod women!” Se Ing To do whe” Jere: Why Ssh wan come Si "Todo what” She sas. st "Mate you hve ome of np tou te sean thor” ‘an: ra Wy de ou i cht at come nd ian eas se Hs wl tos tls les noon he fe nthe peck on women Iss bt ind ha enretrgaon Wat shes nse wih her para "Tart hd ole nn see i hag a oh he ee ht of vera la ered 93m fora raed won wie =a i ‘ost reed ale Scouve td mon tongues and stat oe Wg 1974 Alou erste terge a he ace 3 cuca (peed by er a of worn who sot presente de her wore Pot Lire waren ~ when pig ther habrd oto aber worn ny wl deny ay wena nga wom ming o gong oto co. She may oven mock oe wh ned he pein mac ral rid, ‘bo tnd sean he mens Day daciion apd who aed or aren ‘ea deeb a bung her andthe woman So marth aon sh oe ‘ier we you gong We mere lr co aver "ire pig oe phe sr cled out a them ‘Come on ih Buta sam ate sd they ‘ared oman fusing Wha 0 wrong ith hinge ha ou wat tetas mene? Wat wile mens eae wh re i at ome, our tans fa hanes id‘Gliar se wt happen: To wich Ama rep: let the amen who Wit are you gig 0" Hay woman ae hes “hoy hu tat woman who cones bret ten ena ang ic That he ars og agent her stan Tre he ai2 How Rend bbnoprpty Sli’ we, the tomnooren A encour an Amal any women soled tough action rather than pant spo thane em 07 {Srethog slr ha the ear to go owt bf, wher fo atone ¢ spochot ant cos pte oho mot or it wich the arid woran changes Fer goed boar for hr hsb “eri repudaton of an iersin gig ot (raat) equa 03 ek of secre eunger maied women stun complied ote a hy So bored rere wd thy wed thre ware paces a wort cul ot gto of te noe They amit ta re war tw 3 much gear redo 9 go out wih thor hss to lib ort and the formal anes spre by foe he Iho dot thy knew tht th expen fr erty ars Comparerly ger an wre te mete and pandmoter. ee ty fae {favs ery scaling thr i to enoy crn sal less wat ‘ot aeknoicies Sich momen len diparagngynotd te boos apse ‘Ber movement np ar nent of he eamunty ring coer Te ‘ther pce hy road mers women can po ov for ap of cafe, bt ref po po Thay hu nesta = bu wh some cotargthe daspron fhm woud gst he wer thy fo act ov thee so dong wy mad the uty Whe dese ne ural, rt, reson fo the word ey La Fried omen pr bd wh rpc both he rene and be ub irae iy Toh etre ea wma ery domenica ‘irs of compan, snort a naan ray be seer ed {e how wal she cries cu her domerte respons, nn te eos Isor af mang ml sora Atte same Ue he publ percpon of er fis sanson mayb ae ngorton to cht woman ahem emer Ind enprence of Maid women fe ery rl er preceing the igs hone fi frie ache woran perce reaper [Dor te fu ay fay apd marta prelene rater ney one The ‘ache woman Bane Carcequamy though sme women a say Ive no dere goto the haters chs aamere cot nee be a {ace le Te dea eres ticle hr oe comrade by sary womens practi th thy woud iat gob dono ou of st pene crsequnnns gop cane char any sere tomes etl Biya! resacon om 4 hahaa or preein tw or prtiens for hr fy {ive marae won vl comag fom weren twa a erbute then, “pl te damian gene eaogy bene, ney gist her eres (Gea wie mosherand ny fhe commune i) ose hr eet | (ronan an autonc person), Ard he womar response tothe cable Comal als anptry sree (198831) “The tse dee voles despite de complete and antec rti 2e vate of be rgrepcon of uated tn and women hpi lear sae. Daou be voles arcu hin pre by stings moa uy athe hae {ero pce athe ent ha argu parr concen of be feral person th mening Rr aecone ha wor it i he ee person ey ‘aking her pear he ara cota 3 map fa ‘arse prs of ox Ths Selo ops of er be arnenp and tle tempos aia Sls the gel sot ino leur! de hid ve ta “het voce is corse by tore ofthe ro Bl Sous ané Arai Thoigh ‘hey hve conmannd trough on ober: rreatny chy share 9 eet ‘ison of wat a ale an they arte both we Sy ya wha ‘bey do Fr hy oot he heh, Uy ope ser in her tyr of sco school and South duh fre whe oe fens ae rather progr we sokrg andi bat eam oe hfe (ora te senor une Tobe sure pl cones 3 sal inary ang th {cst nd the presence renin conzovrsl But he sownepcple sly ‘he lf a4 ming pce or young pose ad thy recog cough hey ‘ay ceapprove that gee ening pr re thee "pf, he use of te tf by gl ws Weed wi rey reser ‘ohranes guar soup wan tan gree ard wren Ta ce (rns rainy pros satu war not he one heya know a hile They ‘ho recognised tgs are comprebense tres n sag Degen Young inn Bing sen fourteen ahaler proces Presa i ‘ir eghars ovr wht ter hae been se ong tere — ach sng fn firang wha Oe rumor ore Bu the convener fran eed [are esr =o a par’ pepe «Ban ors mare wean Isao dear hu eps napa sin conan ki cares frostge a 3 symbl of moder sophazeton and cae iy In conan the preston beg it of busting meropol im conpartin with Oe a ‘ay lage urn Gt oe tha aay ply sere os ack "st crare wit) mde hy of Thelen eh are pare Shoat clam to bang pops This exon at leat in pre wy Leena 3 eran a te 0 oreo rey by Mis rd wy he mora rn {read progres an arg fort Wn ay spech to be hel re iss leer dat the ps rex wall when they wane pint peer tee The encepn ole eration at Sos nd Anaad red ot ‘od front by thir neers fers dacoune a res heh {di pal ano oo rir ening prose aed -oad porn teacup by wr othe ad ede Nate Ss or oa4 Howto Rand mony “comonomer oon race ey nn ay hat ‘Shure woman Thay are orto arcuate a of heal aro ‘taumcisand skating Sul idare tou he ee st Pe ‘errata for mera secon tha i ee nh ge Se es ‘ages contr er a own aeons becuse igor sili he one gat erty thin stove whee i 6 rary to uc enpge to spare or ort gt oat esl What sr peng yf snk wh wl pope ay Hl ge eae see a ‘renal perl yg seed ad bre up pope 37 [Taya ge oreo peopl ?They never wha a tomate mat ip This comple wi sound Similar co ane ho has spent sie i» Grek {amnaty of net ey sn Bathe artnet git on na nde {ed dare ou be reopen ot pe ‘eu and Aral tt 8 moa sald me decent aout how 2 ae sone wht pop ye on bas of er mn ned dere Ince They oe ha concer th repueon a hypoeiiel dconfrms d they deplore he cr ae women erie bes in terms of They do Not baw a's woman bers er hater when she eoreseh af ert sromert masing om ip of cafe wth he fens Tl sre of wha hey reins renoranp mth xan = whch noc racy wn yk hey Glrevgec- stig etre and mati compared with fe here Srotsnenarywarage thy sce Mound tha Thay sa upon he Petar ‘dim 0 age fra irre coco fore peaothoo they Sak {Greil os woman a3 Human bang a= Fee ‘Ateregho? ak decenpoon of the anager beeween ma 34 wom sod te sgpoedy mata beeteton of wore, os epended She ree ‘isc egay- a wordt ha been den senonn = wa no 3 ar ‘Benen fens pe pace Ey are rede te warn ne rover ease iron wwe wart dae at £30 at an ou aka 8 ‘ran an ceo masa pce he ao Wy sod hese et oh (hist cman ute th fr we tn ot a woman poe Acti pina sph eta add har ow emai stron Ste argued ta foal person doce and her recs at por te sae way be owe nb recon legate Afar he ment muy gapped to Sua ‘Sure worn so sus (ht cers ae cjecee]hemAa cour You know wae hppne Erb 7 rn who ene i a boys wo ese gts bt gl saree, frhe 0 appreach he et el abe es he own ashe ad And ye he hc ot nr the et ore Sou an Ama ec the auton of ee moral goodness with ty een the fos npg won hr I ening an serve wo he ere (pen they rede har power ar archer dare nd he aig er enulty tl hr aedons neha worl They ec tha own inpenence ‘oing to the hfe rd then proved by rm he aeroplane a ‘frum oat nd enploe wat wan pron ene Howe ek Se inchete, ar ves draw ov nde tong oe coneion a the ‘theres ol rect expres Anis of essence Inport scl mening of ender ad coal fienceenarg Inthe cao surrounding every sab and are reprodued tough he practices ea Paso and ui ese prac areca, monty power, parses overgrown they appear nonexistent. The Mehinac, howevey, chet Ton their wy. (Grego 198043) Lite Thomas Gregor becoming cacy aware of hi xsignes when ring and aling to find his way back to + small village i the middle of the ‘Amazon foes, al antivopologts are confronted withthe dance Benern the world of tee informants and thee own comprehension of i At the fone ofthis haute and perpheral understanding ar one-off expences Singular eves, and encounters with ida that together bd wp 2 fel for what fe among a parca ru ike Thi what this chp wwe have called ap expeseace of immediacy, eacompussing both parce nent and knowledge, rejection and aecepeanc, empathy sd confor Th ehnographic wring these exces of trnedicy ae watford ico narratives of the immediate, where athorsaemp to convey the texture of everyday ie. The sm ofthe artes, were et le) ‘vocatve or reflexive, but analytical, and they alwaye revolve around & Concer with elucidating a patter, with extracting the wider socal and Cara meaning of eves the mont ieceane of evs Thuy aratives of the immediate ae made todo hard work frtbering am autor theca sandpoins within ethnograpbies that aways am tobe thea28 Hono Res tinoprehy trastion. to the gwo chapters tht follow we explore free he futhontatvenss of ethnography and st ulate aim of producing texts that always adres the dcping, both drawing from and ing eos resevoi of concepes and debate (Chapter 4~ activities {In thi excep rom the clase Tht Topiques, st published ia Fresh i the mig19505 Claude Levitra amass the roe of chil among the Nambikwara ofthe Braziian Amazon. While you read, look fo Passope thar reveal LévStrus" cloehesr withthe Nambewaea, bis Ewes af tee everyday le an oftheir concerns and perspectives (Cami in what ways these narratives a inerated hin a atop legal asgumen and vspond ta the following: 1 What are the key elite devices chat Lav Strauss uses ro give the seer fel for the quality of ie among the Nambikwara? 22 ‘ewhat points docs Lone Staus sae the ethnographic presen and at ‘what pines docs he we the past tens, and what does he aeueve wih ach tle of maseation? 4 Whar sme and iforences might we draw Beran the macaine Sle of Levitan and howe of Benedict and AbwLughod in the haperabore? 4 Gixe examples of che way Lévi-Strauss incewenses marae of the immediate sd theorscal pues. 5 Summarie LévSraat conslasions, and evaluate whether they are equates supported by the ethnographic material be rode Ls Sour C (1984) [1955] THstesTropiques Hermondsworth: Penguin 46-9 190, pos than we er onthe hight pit of th cau beyond argos Novos, corastea of ow has the mi of open space 2 tee ‘ined messes hic Ra ban ted he alder feral re the sue ofthe kre Chg ola Mito Grote | nerd ae i om = ‘itary alain my tne he pan was carponed of ny wo en who [ad recie no pps fore ers wha I vealed, Image oan hones na nate of ctl nce wi herd of det ‘thi provided them wh scarily toned spp of est ‘einem, I race Be tsar feo RoW atte soup, oe of which canprast fteen pope wo sake dct hn to thate with whch Twat ‘grog oe fn were te etn whch 3 tra of nour Irenbersnba wnown ngage hae wa rable sie een ch ‘poup wes ed bys ho noe rst rou Ns aon seed to be pr ech, ore the fader of here group erry cad 0 bese Ke of ‘ura Me Yup wa eed Stato aus me inown Tuan ‘2 fom Om renee ech anges odgsh cre oun ‘rom the ther thy were ite Sth nape ane cate Ta a bean te eae wh th Capos Now debt the ve ies group ted sgh hort cher wer on nay rn lap a had see ‘eh ll perp a oe ene he ‘eo opt didrex pee he engage sal ey eos csr wah ech ter rouge on ort cs hu grap whe sed Steyr The crg coger ms he Ben ute ce. ve sendy exhined tht bree 107 and 90h opais Sey Wy ween ha ect Ste ndn pop A rea eal ops wares rece ube et ‘es cri peer hen opr nanan ent At Cages Nev fa be eo caer the gone wi Rates sey od fod cen he drupe force at morc A era on theca wa seo ‘esther h ‘thom Iwas eam hi worked ou = pn At the les ter goo ‘and hws the ob gyre won ed ete ‘rot seating to he man nthe ofposte gop Th men eth eps soming omc ter ed 2 fom festa shorn tpeoe rg enh cored ton roma woul! wanes rhe” Cnn th Fur preg marge sang oe ambiwar be mateo aes mean ac he aes the poop mere ‘pore pus fe ten oe ther pou flonad tn oult ‘vrarges Bp lt eed ee met 8 Pst he ber wee beac th yf it gat aA do he 12 te Tn ns mowng sound nth ton an fs ee cay te ‘rei an he se ere propre or ny wero Sf ae Irontege ofthe ier tet oh Soon ak ce to eS {up he eer rp with wom In ot comm asthe mare sap Sou ofme am thorn ina posto to epn spl ewe: ean ay ite Td mere tile oh Wed fa apd wat ‘rato rc wn The ed of td pnt i sores be pombe atthe Str ip any seo arg es au not ng bee ear mstmtf oehow wel oded were ‘teeta, One iy wen the men were hang te San hl i ot ce ‘eck atthe unl re No one ssn hm hg ep gent abe feo tn eon he ing he wha cag sna seen Fart he ty fe ting that wan id wee hed ‘Sperin cone ec and pg cc fr fathead nth A at pe sted sow snes ad ae norte2 Howto Reseioe Sow thet coucng onthe fo inden Oe din be wa ia er fa lor ees nes cing rb Srey toch oe ous pnp carpe sein sd em ciatetic tio oe hoped ta oe any te tet doen out sretoge nod nd aon omc troop tins ws aap os red Tin nou wa coos He cprad tan be Kd bo ted oy the tenor ih tue ave ere hbo a sor eng he bp of he apne oe yh tae hm eth espe Rotermet sytney meen (eA). ‘Soma spat snte we a gh Tents Sane ‘Teytoytal wy ind tong orange Sie ca eared ot Slyheual ot har tuto a afro oo re owed SE itn et eps Se ee 7 Salerno ae ene op ot pee man he nn Tey ‘Sain our Sadun ce cong whe ber wart taping of drs who were carpe mop 12h muntan oe cet dante sal eon ‘Soopey ected bc rc coer ended made owe henagpave ono ges kt hry armas nve he ono “hanger thy pens het rong to ee on shorn tte hart pepe an sled ce ue i a Sic cerncin hen Tee ote no no tng epee ol Sitar Nenbiwr pon th pst fang the chr sywoneor ht ete np ct rang» ssn son 0 oe {ol pear te of acy, ccna bce toe aa we {Ese he pad oo om ae oer ce opto Suitace gee arbors yp cd wen he eyo Te hove ace our ort ay hoe sued orm sf trey ns corre chage wh ne pbowig rss the tre noe power set fame nur eon A ya ome hen ci hat args upvc See cope wah he “rou of ey Be rt rath women fom cra Ser Th se hcharto pont group hcp slo eh eran ‘the dand fora vote of condone ins mourn pine When cha gee {5 the poe ying am roc ging ahng mere! fam nop be penton toy rere! Let someon oe be generous and om! he ms nde bes hitpowe:sce hi rons gig Ovouph be rave ose nd oreChapter 5 Ethnography as argument ‘Geegry Bateson opens his 1836 ethnogzaphy, Naves with eelletions on ow to transfor the chaoe and diversity of fildworke experience io meaning ehnogeapie writing Since. itis posi to present the whole fa clue sinlancously ina sl iss, Ist begin at some array chosen poi inthe alge an ine words must neces be arranged in ies mist present the clr, wick ike ll ther cules seal an elaborate Fetclum of iterockng cause and eet, not na metwork of words {Sew word in nea seis The order which soc a descipion Sananged i nceealy aebary and sa, aad I shal heefore Choone tha arrangetent which wil bang my methods of approach tuo sharp rel shall is present de ceremonial Behave ort From it context so that appears Buzre aad nonsensical and shall then desibe the various aopects of culutl sing ad nate how the ceremonial cn be seated the warts sept of alae (seo 1988 (1936: 3) The lationship between ned experience and an chnography a6 sustains icc of writing hight abrary one, argues Bateson. Special, tring is sequential proportions, ideas and examples follow one afer [vother ina poned line) but every anon of soil ify a i ied Inul-steanded and malt-danesonl in order to bring the reer roan derstanding of mhat the ethnographer has nderpone due Belvo, feldork a ved experince must be converted into eidence: That £9 {yy chnogeapy a eldwork must be traformed inc the grounds on ‘which an ethographer makes cersin general aims and egaraing which, {reader wll enberacepeor reject those claims, Evidence mus then be ‘reamed according tot set of proponions that give He relevance and Ineaning The diniaeenes of ethnography ~ a8 opponed, ay to achival esearch comes fom this work of transforming smelt personal, [red expences ofan allen sting into a ne of esening ona Pa oars aunane A fundamental aim of ethnographic wring, then, i 1 convince the reader that a particular fe world can Be anderood in terms of the Specie propenions pot forward bythe ethoographee Another Wa) of capsolting she xy that an etogaphy ont ved experience "elf we have aeady sen in Chapter how thi & mediated), or sit Intended as merely one penn’ interpretation of ined experience, More Prposively and chalenigly, ethnographic wring aga for apart tea) of understanding certain lived experiences: ethnography anunet And, beyond the key ethnographic tecigue comparison, contextual tio, relational analysis isthe argument ofan enna he lain takes, dha wil bring 10 thence of reer and wl fort the inary basis which add. “This chapter is about how argument acs to ive corence and oii to eshnography. We begin by exploring the tensions that exit between the need to provide a tamework of argument andthe request to do juste to ved experienc. In order to persuade, ethnographic mata as wo he rehaped ae rence forthe argent in hands Tis espn ‘wil ineviably eat ston the ways in which the people concerned theme Seles describe reality: The awareness of thi confit a characters of ‘hnograpiy a a Kind of academe knowledge aad reese ne of ‘pos valable contributions. the second secon below we show some of fhe devices ethnographes seo give ther ethnography «Peruse shape: To their wring, ehnographes aim to foc the atenton of the fealee on the slaonship Between evince and cove progestins, roviding evidence appropiate tothe cans made In ore to ore Srsevesdrough she reading ofan ethnography we at readers heed to toe eWay argon and ne tig ed thnographic argument dos not take place in vacum, though, bat father n'a longer conversation. To convince others of thir propo Yas, ethaograpers must denen and adapt conventions and onecPs already avaiable t, and undetood by, this audience” Exnnogap hes Fespond to debates har ave preceded them in the tex aswell an he Scademic dscusions that ae going on when the text hing writen Reference to thse debates Helps reader to. nage new ways of combining evidence and argument. Ehnogeapic segment threo, ‘ypelly postion melation 1 what as been argc steady. eth tgumencative challenge that an edhnograply pose which i ost ikl 0 ‘nse is enduring sigtcance in anthropology se ducing ‘Sumeary pins 1 There is a diference beeen ethnography a ext and enogeaphic98 Mow Rens Eonar 2 Beyond a work of description or personal interpretation, an ethno raphy ie ssoncered stem f0 convince readers of erin elas ting the crdensofeldwork. Fehaogrphy is argument. [5 Toveam 9 ead ethnography ito understand the way ethnopaphic npunents ae contused with context of athropologcl debate, “The tension between ethnographic argument and ‘ethnographic experience ‘We explained in Chapter 2 that ethnographers. nce 1 iterate eho {raph material whi scknowiedging diversity inthe atempt toads Particular ethnographic questions Here we eis hisses tie with Fann to how ethographic materi organise ito concerted arg tment and the confit that enue. Estalishing convincing Balance eewten integration and diversy is crical o che permurenest of ‘hnograpy as agument. Chritine Hugh Jones" (1999) ethoonanbs, rom the Milk River, reminds ofthe diticatss of providing a core set, ‘of propositions abou social realty” when the asc. material of ‘gan what people say an dois wo inacableas evidence ‘The character of Vaupés socal strcture is soch that po mee ean me con othe acs reveled by field revere. Te athroplo [se soc sractre mast epics together rom 3 midding mam of Statements thatthe Indians make aboot kip connections, aoup ames ance dcinations,ingunse afilsons, geographical ses tndso om "To make the presentation as ckat as possible, the model is die fist and the exten 0 which fe fs an accrae reflection of Social aroupings discussed aferwards This eatmert ofthe lager Structural nits is fllowed by an accoune of the lal lomghouse Communes and how thee ace reproduced overtime. Before roofing tothe mol some preliminary pans mus be made about the relation of Pie paran Ind to athe Vaups Tada the se of technical terms for nocialstracarl unis; and the relation of these ‘is pate of langage aiiation, Let he saya the outset tha Sm wll aware that-much ofthe matenal i the remainder of his Caper is oe cay to understand, ot I do noe hebeve H cam be ‘impli! wihostdstorsing the data (Hugh-jons 1979: 13-14) ‘We immediately ntce the srnin beeween the sod 8 pores or fiom and “acs that are, at themselves, 2 seemingly "muddling mas HiieJone refuses to gine up on the Complexity of the material and esd to show the reader fst her model, then ho she simpli version deopaghy agama 92 cannot do fl ustice eo Vaupés social rely, The ina modeling offers out int dhe more complex evidence. By preseting the cthnogrsphy at these two level, the ethnographer endeines the divergence het, ‘the one hand, providing the reader witha sense of sale se kd of ‘map wit which to judge the teestry io question ~ andy onthe othe {aller awarenes of the malifseeted actly concerned. She makes tht iergnce 3 central lament of the auent el “Thooghoue From he hulk Raver we can fin cminrs ike the one love that ive reality is more complied than the cehnogtapers ode Songess alongside highly schematned renderings of Vaupés cure. The kw diagram (Fgue 1) of how metaphors of bh ae inerconnete orl system shows this tendency towards hgh vel abstraction. “The use of diagrams similar 0 ths is widespread in etnographic wing. Here information x preseted inthe mont condensed ad sagt ‘way posible and the eader should no confoe thi sca with he fl ‘work experince shat ts meant ro represen. Md and sche have hearst vale in approximating to, wathot being the same the ways sshich people ie or talk about thar lives. Ar the bok develops, Hugh ones wl elaborace a centl cam tha at the core of Vaupé ute thete fxats an analogy berwen body and soil proces sky he the body ingests excrete, gesates Te ution Tor wing sbarace models in that by removing exe information the mol, however appoint, Wil brag us closer to hi core ser of Vaupes cultural peas. The Fue | Meagan ofr Se apna 7100 How Ren ooh mop starziment_ 1 ‘model mas claim tobe weighed again the more complex evidence, at ‘he sane time focusing our understanding of har evidence, iin Huh-Jones statemen he question i one of complex daa versus ‘mort simplified and abstac explanatory mic the ina rss deeper than dis Peer Lawrence (1984) in tying 2 demenstae the sewcare of Garis society explains how a model of Gai slationships fom a Westere point of view cuts across and potetly nega he way these Papa New Guineas thmselves think about the worl, Enropeans dings the aural andthe ‘spermato, offen with geopophial separation ‘mind ~ ‘dowa”‘on eit, ap" in heaven. Human sory ay ronal ‘ametived entity is separate fom aay notion of supeeat sel, According to this view, society can be modelled beet ultnatly the ‘chnographer can pot vo veal people doing real things he teal wok ioweves, he Papua New Guinan Gaia soe hurt acy x Meade With what Europeans cal supermatr activity This mean tat any ‘tempt to model soil relioshipe and th separately to examine soxmological or clos ideas is arical or arbrary from # Cala Penpeste Taos, the pope regard th ose a ite eesti en ‘onment onsning two teams ne ibabed by buna Begs sd the one by gah and pt They make mo gmclopeal es Between ter seal they ac hem be fmf ome and oor equate them sexpectively wath what Europeans al em Sd the superar or ancendenea {am concerted withthe perm sanenance and restoration of der in thal ons. Lely faut Gara dont conve ot is human and soperuman ree spl sinsealy pre Shoal examine in ar each-- ethnoesape ue) selon in both rains. Yer this h odslgalycumbetones takes toweeeening edt 10 conan and edo Tepito Le McSwain who feed she same Wea, I alow sence onventon a ten hog sei nts ances poset he ‘wo ras ai tey Were det My anasto step fo pore asters oto eof soto Pins wat ke race of Gaia see» Sony what the concased seats ‘the enim ofthe din a the sp othe dead ‘Lawrence 1984: 5) Lene i ord to bow eo ‘amopolgialconsnton in separating sosial from cosmological inst, hecane ethers his ewograpty weal become ‘cumbersome’ asa explanation, and perhaps be icone to people not vers in the sales and competes of Cais aking, He ‘es another anvopolgist as a precedent for hs own deen His Seale na Srl See eee ssl ya ti doe elder upon hap sta it nhs wh Ws eh Stayer crn greece oe sana np dec nt sot city ioterineste nny come ng SS, Sina aan hd te ire ate nt sa cael ee weer Rn ie at Summary pints 1 Ethnographic anmens rely on modes and scbemas co present Simple lis wi gard to more complex eviene. 2. Etmogspic mol resin an wi pu of scl ay bog createdon How Rens orm Seopa wane 10 | Tee ee central argument, or arguments, ofan ethnography tae ves ‘veal coherence fo the sccusnlted del abd nana rdence “The co-haping of evidence and argument ‘evidence’, ke ‘ts «highsounding word. And, unsurprisingly, the egies to which fkvork experiences ad Ube narates that emerge om them can he considered at evidence & one ofthe ares of greatest {eneoion in antropolgy We return to these debates the concaxon ofthis book, Here though, we sugges that argument and evidence ae ‘vinnd in eogsape wing, The more an ethnography sves tard [Coherent argument he more ts nographe mater must be presen Shen for tat argument Tht eats acom diflerences of style and ‘Shoal = postmodern, sructrais, interactions, fanctinais, ad soon thee Chapter 8) The ise sn thi secon ss the difering ways in which Siknce and ayiment ate broght ogcther in. ethnograpies We Sompore« feible snl of peeing evdencelargumene wih sige ‘anymore sractred ne Inthe lw shaper we examined how narratives ofthe media form the building locks fom which ethnographic anal is bull We "lainad that, while i i ethnographic areatve tha gives che thnog {phy ts favour and mach ts force as thoughtprowestion, meron ‘Shays subordinated he work of oovincing the reader of erin core Arguments Here we explore furtor how the Kind of argument pared fhe ehnonraply wil shape the kind of evidence presented and ice versa The fellowing segment of ethnographic reportage and argument xraced om the middle of Philippe Bourgas (1985) In Scorch of Respect selling rack Br El Bari. “The contemporary stet senvity co being dissed immediatly merger in thee memories of offce humiliation, The machismo of Steet culture exacerbate the seme of ial cxpecenced by me Ica the majority of oc superior a he ety lel are Wome. "ince the conta references to homes and superiors Ding ches fr cho (whores, andthe frequen judgemental descriptions of hee Bois oy Tor Beample =~. [Casa] upcbed into tirade of mae ‘onrage a having ben ok nthe lel labo market to break ee Sst too agai pblc male sabordnation to « woman (Cara ha fe jot ke that where you go take a lot of she from ft, uply bis and bea wip ‘My worst was at Soler & Henney ~ the advertising agency that works with pharmacetsal sit did Hike but T kept ot working. Toca "Fock you don wat 1 fack up the relasnship. So you tse bea punk ‘Oh my God! hated that head supervisor She was bitch Utmatly the gender dine respond to somone insuaiy and power hiratchies The crack dealers experience of owes Is Uhully expres in act and sexs om (Bourgis 195: 146 Hoargo ok sa stay of dug dealers i New Yor. I epresnts 3 sustained case for understanding crack dealing ‘3 symptom ~ and 3 Vivid sjmbol~ of [the deeper amis of social masginaiation and Blenation’ of people living in EL Barto, New York (1995: 3). The book ie primarily mae up of long trancrpcions of taped conversations with the dealers themelees inching he one quoted bere, followed by vecions fof anal. Throughout the Dock, Bourgois comtnuoasl refoewes our Seon om hb cena claim. Every vivid taserpion b Wd to give nother accent on is concern with how people Lang in = depved Sabsecor of Amencan society be meaning 10 ther eapeince of marginalisation, Inthe excerpe above Rowrgois is working with on the one hand, specific conversions and on the ther, broad generalising and context serements (tbe majority of office spervaors «> “lematy the fede diss rspond to) He emphasises th rack desler dsincive ulual worldview by demonstrating thee use of the language of “set Inachismo’ Bourois Joss aot analyse this nguistic performance i great eas in sustaining his argumen a primary necessity stat our aenon should not be diverted. Instead, he simply feinforss the pone that this "et ana dom’ ie par ofthe armory tat these mene ive poste meaning o thir positioning is stuaion ore which they {face have no conte. "[You dow want to fk up the ratomp. So You just bea punks phrasiogs that would ordinal be lst ss the nose of fi ie, ake ona pew meaning and vevance as evidence forthe ental proposition ofthe book. ourgoi text relatively egy to understand fesse cas ses and analysis are combine loosely ba efestinely according toa clear polemal propos Thin overarching propositions wall reed by the openended Sse of tape tascipaons each of which iene miniere onder lam about marginalty and resistance. Ia ote ethnography though, the prescation auch more abstr since several stands of modeling fc argument are Being peseated in any gives example. What we wil abo meetin almost al eographies specialised teminology of fargo Srell at frequent rfrene 20 other antropeegial aathors who have {Trcoed sma soe othe ones band, These ae al pt of the way Sathropologiss ~ alongide showing thie snellctul athoriey oe CChapers€ and 7) marshal diferent levels of agumentation and iter ‘vin argent with evidenceJO How toReedfOmoarety This excerpt from Davi Parkins alms, Wine and Wineses (1972) shows «denser argumentative seat work than that of Bourois Parkins ‘a + ook in which evidence snd propostions se mich more cloly interwoven, Palm, Wine and Wnts soa study of baw and why he Gian of Kenya have begun 0 change froma radon secety led By lies wo mote cashoieaced one, wid increasing amounts of Wealth “oncentrated in relatively few hands, The agents of this change, Parkin Srzes, are young Gina entrepeeneurs who have sen the potential oe ‘plying parecer canon to create economic opportune for thm felver aeording 10.2 novel framework of ator alee Hence throughou te book, Pain compares two models of Grama society the wadiional society) and, by contra, the society that ss coming sto Ieing, a markecinuenced one In his eogeapicnacaio, be contin ‘ous ihlghs hese wo sides. Below, be deploys the example of 2 funeral eremony amongst he Giriama to integrate certain key themes ‘cuenta ois overall argument about Ginama sity nerds anne Gist have two broad aspects. Oe is the falar te of bringing people together wha in cer coment are oppoed nd, though the se of symbole mos, of obliging them ~ a lest tnensibly = to rvonce their difeences, I say onetibly bcs, Ahatng ee course ofthe faecal, many parckipants se the oecasion wo ices the standing of thet svale or of posuble suppor and to sdverite thei own Aseand spec ofthe Fanta therefore, is that Protdes a8 opportunity for men to dplay thar worthiness as ponible topporers of accumulators or at buyers or ortnges of Pals and land. In ther words, the ecasion ian opporenity forthe ‘ganization “of social credit, played out under an umbrella of ‘oman! ay (Parkin 1972: 77) kins is highly strated se of marae at evidence. fe not Primary inpoctent for the moment who the specie “peopl? ioveved $Me kel o be, or what the ous they we ae, or what Une “illerences onsist i. Instead, we ave Beng asked to dect our attention towards Spectc estar relevant to the model that he has developed atthe beianing of his ethnography. From reading the itrodoton we kao that Pckin sims to show how ah eerpng eneprenea opi ‘maniplang traditional geromocrane Ginama tales for iy on ed. Hence, despe the cotomary syebalsm of recnelemer, we a n0% rovded with intial evidence tha the fanerl can be conorpruled fn Aieren, conoms, cms ~ ie a venue for gamering and gauging Suppoct for enterprises concering palms and land, sources of weal snd te hoya serpin Summary pln 1 Types of evidence and modes of argument work toster inthe proces ot providing the reader with an undestending of 2 cil ome 2 Tac ediographer wil sue to ort the readers attention towards spect etre ofthe evidence using ecosised concep orton. ‘The combination of models organied in an_ argument. provide complex might winch could not have been gained by reading sing ‘findepth decrinons of fieldwork expres. Ethnographic arguments are relational [As readers of ethnography we ate expected to understand a range of concepts of, more rel jargon terms arginaiatin” or ‘commural Smit, for ieance. Tir an represent one ofthe ow sting hurls {oundereandig ethnography. rey to decry jn bt behind tse Js the fe that eehnographer” arguments and ae oF concep resp ‘edbvs the special arguments and concepts of cer aathroplagan, ‘We need to understand how eogsaphes shape thir etlnopraphic cence in respon to the evidence and arguments of ober ethno Pes In other words to use anther jargon word, we must conser [noapic aesomens in rlational terms items, that iy of how ‘hnograpers form itelloceal relationships with oder ehnographes in {hed debuts over shred enograpic cone Here we need to return fo ies that we due from 2 diferent especie athe beginning ofthis book. The currency of particule eho graphic concpes derives ftom their “wefulnest in cncpeulsting Fundamental debates. Continuing the ites logue around »patic™ lar ise wll in ll Hk rouie reference to thee roca cone ideas As we explained in Chapter I, on comparison, key concept ike those may argince im he work of ast oe autho, are then elon Up a revised by others, and Recome portant pots freee fora enti {roup of researchers. Arte basis either for agseonent or daagreren, fey concepts are the shared ground tegtding which antropologss organise tei own ethnographic mater In his scion we look a arg iments developed nally inthe anthropology ofthe Caribbean, ound the concept of matocaliy. We se thn carpe to show now tana raphy-avagument ca only be appecatd whi a larger relational web tt satheopologial dete, We wal sss show bow, as Broder anthropr legal asumvions change, a shit can occur inthe hase meaning of 3 encpt, fom for asta pest radial challenge aking oa 3 onscrative significance, ‘We will fist examine how Raymond Smith coined macifoaliy im onder 9 onanie hie analy of Guanes eae Then we wil ook st106 How Ren ay four authors, wing berween the 1950s and the 1980s al of whom have seated futher arguments on the bos of eile of Re Te Sats oncet Inthe ie xa, dspting RT. Sts analy leads M, Ge Sratho create yet another tm, patsocalty. Wings he 1980, Ong Sperone mutes in fein terms, Blacowood takes thi sep {acter inher work on 2 diferent cepion, We will examine each ethno raphe argument im een, showrng the proses. of dete an conceptual fethinking andy eventually redchntion, Each, of the ethooraphers ‘responds to eave unoretcl arguments, wing tae fo weve tht Oh ‘malyis and arativ ino ee large we of es, Ie is par of the mythology of the West nds tha the lower ass Negeo i nmol and promis, ad tht is aly Hef Tone snd norganned’ and ules iis leary reognied that sich myths fre an itgel prt of the mst of clationshipe benwen vas fours efeting vale judgements iberen im ther satis rankings, hen Serious bas may be needed to objective td TRC T Smith 1986; 259) ALT. Smiths 1956 ethnography, Dh Nogro Fanart Giana study of kindip in Cartes colony He sins show that loess fay Ife has systematic patern and ~ coneay 0 the conemporry (1950s) serecype pat forward by colonia offal and middle sass Gianese 8 not “isorgaisel” oF promscaoa’ The sere pcre tmpasss the fragiy ofthe relonship besween «woman andthe father, bother crn and se apparent lack of eset for mariage Searching for frganisng principle = forthe stem hind the "myths of fama thon ~ Seth ined highlights the way in whch women a mothers Have acetal ole ngansing fami welaonsips. Men by conta ae ‘arial or often act petent at all His evidence ad argument wreaked Upimorder to cetese te contmporay sumption that inal wet te clear wid of ate ee childs a the at offal examin CT. Smith’ ook buiks an extended model of how kisship elton ships workin this cones, presenting extensive evidence ofthe kinds of city going on in she howehold and the way diferent meres of the Housel take distinc family roles He shows in parc that the satus ‘mothe? subsumes a range of eapaciiey, inclading saps of canons and pital Teaderhi, not ieladed in eng a teri, 33, ‘West Africa (moc of Sms analysis based on imple and exc ingeal wordsitw, wbowe command of sottopologkal knowledge and CCnventon nates they to oiler cial aie. The Glendon, onthe ‘ther ban, ck sis competence ad stead cont by sping the utr with manera aaranes and oder tex ‘exept Smee to beanaied Tiling, inthe context of eadenic wrth hd publishing ‘where india agency and crn are considered paramou, is a8 Troup tat the Glendoes are made to share the ethnography abo ipthar ig their collective belonging to len that makes hem the theta He egy and tht tis he pon a he ‘thnograhys ‘The antcoplogss, a nvial ries reader a ommcnatr, are by contant Heads audience And indeed hove Shmed nthe actnowicdgemens stand fo the snropologia orm Sia lege who hc wil read cig, ad fet erie work "The dajuctre toon the roles tat informants and andvopologl colleague are expected to play tens rs the widespread expen that there ml bea cle between anthropological ways of knowing ad of cod ‘ng Informaon and thous af our inormante ‘The cncoumer with shi apr wi ce emuing need fo explanation snd aealaton the ron {Fle fr dipln, Se how Je L, Bigs tanks ber informant a Neve fv Anger (970), Ber chnography of the Udithaingiat of ‘Norte Cade My arses debe of coarse tothe Uhubikhalingnit with whom I Stayed epesily the members of the fay sho adopted me snd host whom ths book i writen. am somy that they woud nat Sinertand or like ian of the things I have wrates about ther hhpe,nevethles, that vat U have nd wil belp farther heise of Estos a ‘genuine poop’ (thei word for themselves) sake than Sseone age me” or happy cide Atigs 1970: 0) Treseig wo he adece 129 Paradoxically he, iis by ceating an ascoun ofthe Unk tht the Uk themselves are not expected to reid and would ot agree With or even understand thar Brig sims ro challenge popalar Westen and asademic Iisepresentations ofthis group. And indeed like Bigs mos author of ‘hnography do ot wie forthe informants eventhough iis that ‘hnographicssomerines become debated bythe very peopl they porteay {Bresel 1993; Rosado 1986. lathe poser to the second en of Sound and Sentient (1990), is enography of the Kali of the Souther Highlands of New Guinea, Seven Fld dseriber reading pats the firs edition co his Kalu fends: Like Biggs, Feld sree the Giance beeween ethnographic and native epemologes and porrays hs comer sacon with the Kall as ‘log editing’ ip which they etetiely eip ‘he anthropology ot of hi accounts: One of the most interesting outcomes of dslogcedting with Kalu eas che way my readers extelysesonsifued versions or portions fof source mately in my fiednots upon heating them summarise, Capstled, or srpped of their sted dn. Kall took my stores fd restated them a ee warm a they had once belre Todo hat they worked generalisations hack ro an insanee, a experience, remembered atv oF action. In eflecthey tured ove ty sry by Providing ecorings ofthe story that sore pclae et behind ‘ny Beldaoes ‘Mose pela he absracing, depersonalicing,smarizings and aeveraliing moments hae spp in my etograpy unanchored fo Specie instances, aibutons ad intentions are he ones which Ral Feades tst often tesponded to with conceiving and repersnal- Iain set of questions side comments or interpretations. Kala refer repre from dec experience That dence state knowledge Sd expenence with spec actor, agendas and instances as ost ‘on their minds in any discussion ofthe book. (Fed 1990:251-2) Thus, whereas ethnographic writing selves around abrction, deper sonalsation, summarising and generation, the Kall enphaise the oneretness and repeal of events Ta ther reinerpecations elds. analyses they challenge. the most base of his ssumotions [Novetels, note how Feld uses the Kall eeations this wits © fi futher insgh eto cei ways of understanding, and to convey Tht Insight ois readers Ta her word, and lthough the Kall ave ed some mediated access to Fells work he dove not engage ttn at ite Iams in his wring Instead they remain the objects of is study aad ‘hei actions apd satement at, a ia the Fisted ofthe book invent fete nd esol for heir amthroplogcalsigaicance. To achieve thi Feld124 Hows en og Aepoysconcepes so frames of reference that belong squarely within aa fsothopologcal ater than a alll epsemolony 'Av me have explinedthroghoae this oly in order to make dhe ‘nformane tlie to their renders wets of enography approsch the sword and mould thar accounts in unigely anthropological ways: AS Mariym Stathrn bas put altheopolegcl anaes achine prox ‘ny to and replat of its subjects compechensions throu a form of ‘Smpechensin, of knowledge, tha Belong diminceey to acl (1988 Xi This diac form of knowledge has parallels with and daw rom but doen comply correspond to poplar Wester understandings, and its esrerccharscer mist siete evi aside nor onl informants but also many'at home’ Than although anthropologists have argued that rowing lier and eae in the spread of informs incest the hancs tha bok out informants and ober non-speca audences wl ‘shal read what sve wrt, and tha thi sho rasfrm he bass of “tographic practice (Marcor 1998), the fae ss that the majoity of harap writing, wheter in artes orn monographs, sill decd ‘imal a ell academics. Inthe previous chater we dacussed how ‘hnographic arguments ae always eonstuted relational by reference {othow pat forward in other ethnographic, Below we expand our dc ‘on by vetting the ways in hic the changing expecations and {tempias bald by an spoils anthropological audience shape the produto of erographic text ‘Summary points 1 Fshnographers ten to separate thse personal and itelectal elation ship inthe el em dos inthe academy. 2 Enlogrphic texts ste bu through thetorealdevies, concepts and tiliste conventions that ogetherenstiae a datincive and exclusive form of knowledge 3 Ethnographic texts ae aimed primarily at anthropological audiences ‘ther than at ur informants or at a gnealeadesshipa home’ Anthropological readers and intellectual trends [As 4 distinctive way of knowing and representing the world, then, Andhvopelogy is conseacted through conversations among writes of ‘thnorapty As we explained in Caper 5, thi texts ambopoogss fefer tothe work of others aot an to provide a foundation and a Framing for their contentions, but also te formulate innovations end hale taeneocgrantedowodge, This conserssonal famework aye srutues the prscmaton of ethnographic maria sod. the "clation of arguments, shaping how athropologsts rele: upon and Tresaaeg dhe eee 125 explain dhe fick experience, And ie by paying close atention to thse exchanges that reader iam about the ines coment of 3 parcclar ethnographic reve ~ how writer tacts links to and dees lie hiner har they consider oe the genes of thea and tow they locate theater vie dixiplinay and, nerdy debues and catrens of thought. Those exchanges ae often ae exc to the reader inthe form of summaries and ovicwoy where authors tine thei evluation of the work of hers wise ieating their ow In the excerpt blow Barbara Placido opens ber study of Vener spit possesion by addresing ether anthropologists who kee have ‘tempted wo analaepostenom el. Sh eters he conversation by pulang the discussion co date In mos ahropologcl accouns, humans who become posse by spin are described sill oF dsuese, as lacking power contol and peer thi experience one of ls (Bourgouignon 1973, Capangano 1977; Lewis 1989; Obeyeekere 1981; Ong 1988) Suh accounts euealyastume tha de medioms paripte in pou £9 ‘cute 2 more powerfal and suthonatve vice than the one they have as humans. Spire possesion thus dexcibed by antropologios 26 Hind of veniogism in which the mediums ane the epi in order eo speak (Nourse 1996: 425). (Placido 2001: 207, By singling out some ends and authors cota othe analysis of pice postion Placido costucts her own community of conversions Sut ofa field of debate whose Boundaries cannot tn fact be defined. Her Imecocoors are hese very Same writers 35 wel 3 other readers looking Sndersand sprit powseson andy moce boa, the anropalogial munity at large, And she finds her ow point of etry ito the dnc Son'by sdentiing an analytes void in thse previous accounts and founding her own dinincsve contribution in the understandings of Be {nformants and er observations the Bl ‘What anchropologcal analyses leave unclear, however, i what the spins and the posesed actslly sy ding posession eproder Tesend, they tend to foes onthe contet in whi spit poses develops, on ir form, and on the social economic, ten hac round ofthe parcpans. By contrast, medioms and believes the Venerclan Cal of Maria Lonen debe thir ul tet feaions bith the sity and the spit themcher as being, constituted fhroush and by words. Words, they alm, are what the cl all shout Ths article develops out of an atempe to make sense of tit[Rk How ted Ehnogahy striking discrepancy berween perceptions of sit possession within the Mari Lionza ct and anthropological undereandiags of the phenomenon, (Placido 2001: 207) Plc is deploying eographic material to bighlight the need fora sie In anthropological theoraing, She is aso sing anthropological theories Sn theo in onder to undetine the orginal of ber tights ad eho. raphe mater, Ar a consequence, Paco acount of dhs thee Iwi and thei desi cet: her aim not so much 0 produce @ ‘Somprehenie summary of work to date as to provide the reader with & ‘al nterretation ths work that leads so an appreciation of be em Srsument And, like other athropalogiss using hs widespread stepy Gnd etgace, lacie relies oa her readers vig soe roe aequinance wich he sus and authors she is dics. “This elance on common knowlege of atbroplogy as the eff of cling uinfomed rears and of delineating an anthopoloial aud fnce for ethnographic writing. Te abo apparent inthe except below, ftom Malinowski (1967) [1957 prelace to Raymond Fits Me, the “Tikopin fist pablbed in 1936: ‘A book like this sh more weleome asta this ancare when we are fhlferng fram a sf of new aehroplegial theories, New stam ‘ands are Beng oised every few month and the reality of human lifes feng sited to some queer snd slarming manipulations. On the one hand, re have the application of mathematics in fac calcul ternal and deren equations, to fats a dusve abd ese "ally unmahomasal a bel, Sentiment and wal organisation. On the other hand, steps ate made fo analsecolaes terms of Schistogenesiy or to define the individual and singlar “erin of tach parila soiety a8 Apollonian, Dionysia, or Prato, andthe like, Under the de roach of anoaker weer the womea of one wide appear macuin, wie in anor the males develop feminine qu ‘etalon the verge of actuntion. By cones the preset ook Sh unafisctad pce of genuine scholarship, based on rel expeiene of ‘Toute and foc ons few hypontsisedimpresions. The anhropelo- {Gat who sell teers that his work cane sen can therefore Breathe sigh of elt and grace istainowsk 1967 [1957 ivi Naming no names but clearly expecting his audience to be faa with ‘the works and authors he refering r, Malinowski produces an acerbic Sick om hey figures of midswentth entry anchropolgy,ichadng Gregoy Bateson Ruth Beni ard Marae Mead, He oes on to expla the dstinctivenas ad vale of Fits wor and ro lost hm within dhe Tengterm development of the dacipline, easing links with founding fates like Morgan, Bachofen and Rivers Bur Inter on inthe preface Malinowski also takes ith to task for kis approach to the sty of Kinship. He no only positions Fis monograph bur eviews and empha sss his own tijetoy and standpoint ‘0 cute debates, He that ‘Stables himself the seine academe and pach make, ab the del reader ‘nd model audience, csc bur not snl, Prelces writen by wel exabished anthropologist ae & common feature of ehnogeaph and dey often replicate Malinowski mate of endorsement and eligue. They mediate am ehaogrphy for iy adense find eablh ie crdentils bu alo work to encence senor gues and enforce the sense of tele importance to andopoogy. Book reve {cademic journals and endoncments ited 3th back of we ethno Pies play similar roles. Most import, prefaces, book feviews and dorsemtas evidence the conversonl nate of ethnographic wring, the fac that ethnographic are moulded by pereonal and itllctal rel Uionships, concerns and inclinations, ou of which emer ends within he Sipe "All ctnograpies, chen, te located in time. Not only ae the arguments pt forward by anthropologists reatonal as we explained st our daca Som of marfocaly it Chapter 8, but ethnographic wie responds co Spd embodies partcular intl! climate Lev go bck to Feld® Kall edhograp. Inthe sntredaction to Sound ad Sentiment, fst publshed in 198, Feld eles hs ai fo is ender “hiss an ethoouraphicsudyof sound a a eltaral syste, tha, 36 «system of symbols, among the Kalli peopl of Papua New Guns ‘My itation 0 show how an aba of modes and codes of sound ‘communication leads oan undereanding ofthe ethos and quit of Iie in Kall soci, (ald 1990.3) Alter on he outline his toc framework (the imelletal postions have found most hepfl are the ste tural of Claude Lev tras (1966), the hick description aed interpeivechnography advocated by Clifrd Gere (1973) and the cnograpty of commaniation pursigm proposed by Dell Hynes (1974 (Feld 190414. With these ewo statements, Feld firmly situates his aims, questions and sppcoacher within a clsely defined period in the development of128 Hon to René hora shapoogy the 1970s. Not only the explicit abou the nunces that ‘ould bis work, but he wes concept and term ulurl syste, stern of symbol, dey thar Meewise Indicate the historical specifiy of hs ‘rit Moot tlh, Feld tae «radially iferene tack #0 the Kash lin this words inthe owtctipe to the second etion of Sound ad ‘Sentient bled eight years aera he eight ofthe laence of the lonting care spprosch on. American antropols- Deseribeg the fespone othe Kalu when a copy of hi ok acd she vlge wher eas living he lls tae, {think of the forms of edaographicdscouse hat developed in these encounters 2s diloic editing, neenéasons of what Kall and aid {oy abou, with nd thro enh the jneapotons of Kalai vous tnd ay own. This multiply of voce and views animate the ‘Falogie dimension here, and enmasks editing practices (0 open gue ‘Sons about rights authority, snd the power to conto which woes talk when, how mach, what order, in what Language, Dialogic ‘ling refers othe smpact of Kala yoices 00 wat Tell you about ‘hem in my sik how thet take on my take on them requires 2 ‘eenning ad slong of mp account Thi the ieiable pol tis of wating cre, of podacing ceeons and psig them of 35 “uthente an pune, and then cooing x recentered ew of that “lection proce that both guessons and comments upon the oil Frame and foc Stated voswhat mote dry the lc here 0 et tome Kall vices gets fow words in edgewse among my other renderers and book reviewers (Fatt 1990¢ 241,244) Fels Postips textbook example ofthe mp of postmodernism on late entethcentry American carat anteopology Leaving stems in “rer bind, Feld talk asead of “dialogues and “discourses of “cling praca and “ertextal Biographies’ (1990 253). Whereas the St eson of Sound aad Sentiment was a exer in asthortve ge ‘trim snd thick description in the posteripe Feld scm to be ekg is ‘te fom Clilord and Meu Writing Cale: the poe ad plies of ‘tography (1986) and esribex hn ow work a an explorain of "he polnce of werting care’ (1990 244, Whe, in the invodacton to Wing Culture, Citford talks about ehaograpby being “always caught Up Jn the ovens, no the zepesenain, of cultures’ [1986 2) Feld flee ‘on his own expercae of producing slstione and passing them off at Sithetc sod Benne’ (1990: 248) And while Cliford eal for “Cura poesce that an interplay of voice of pontned trance [1986 12}, Feld talks aboot a "muluplary of voies and views) that ‘animars the dialog dimension” of is posipt 1990" 244), la othe ‘words, te weiter ee wis his account fis conversations with Kala in ‘ede to ogages parse tend within stropolog. Feld subordinates [is Kalu logs tothe islogucheesablsher wit ther anthropaog ‘ea writers and anhropolegy emerges hanging dpe Tne in the eight years between the tro edions of Sound and Sentiment the anopological canon had changed. With it changed 0 what was considered cotting-dge scholarships as wll as-aeetiate theca aehropolopeal enquiry and adeauteahropsngcal approaches, ‘matodologes and tle And ye, we arent aging that anthopolens sively eeurgate doris that are handed tothe, Is wes of "ography theracves who sformalate ths canon though tet engage tment ith each othe, with the nformanes, and with the socal ad Pola! world around them. Ad, although lk with the pas ze never Froken, out ofthis engagement come the defn of nove areas of siscussion, new ways of doing and wing antopolgy, and new sa ‘leds forthe dail Ia she la ction ofthis chapter we explore how ‘wees of ethaography tke om the scl encanta on how sh Poogxal concen and ethnographic convenons ae tansfored as = ‘Summary points 1 Andopology is constructed rough conversions among wets of echooazap 2 ehogtpicweiting eapande ond embasprcar nee 3 Writers of ehnography seformulate the anthropological anon through their engagement with tee informant, with each ster and With the seal and plies world around ther. Feminist anthropology: writers of ethnography as social Throughout this chapter we have agpucd tha, jst bke the people they sto writes ofchnograpyare social ators ad the ons ae cata ‘rods eened at potculr poins in me and ut of speci socal and tral miles, Thew texte emerge though the parison ef et Auors, not only in dipinary exchanges ae we ave fu outed, bat tlko in Ife beyond the academy. Becase anthropologists observe and fxsmine human ney all anthropology erally refers on the socal ‘words in which ethnographer partkpste- But somecimes writers of Ehngraphy ave also actin plist dscusions, movement an og bees and their iroleemene has ab impact oa their wing and on thet ‘Esciplie more broad In this ls ection, we examine the bath and130 How to and emery tyowth of feminit anthropology 2+ = particulary sling example of «| roves the conten shape taogrphic wring: he generation of es Eomcems perspectives and analytical too ara consequence of write” gegemest wih the politic ofthe social world of which they ae a. Inverse ths story we deploy ovo ethoowaphis, Annee Weer {1926} Womor of Vale, Men of Rexown, nd Anna Lowenaupt Tsing [3993) Inthe Rear of the Diamond Once, Tn her enograpy ofthe Trobriandy Annee Weiner (1976) argued for anamfropogy hat gave equal weight and anton co the actives ‘of women and of men. She explained how, upto the m-197y ech “rvivopology had contained ‘male overload, sad how "eatoal areas {Fimeegaton ve too fies blinded ur ee complet of female and tale traction (Wines 1976: 12). With few exceptions sntropologss Rom Malinowski onwards had ther igored oe dened the sigfance of ‘women's ots aad women object Because their assumptions boat (lviey and calve bad followed "-maledominaed pa’ Wid) heir ‘TScruion snd analyses were ibetenly Hawes. This was he ease even in the amvoplogy of Melanesia ~ an area where, according to Wein, women are copy vale and celted ard where anhropologits ike ‘eu, Forme and Eation bad Tong before demonstrated te portance tanh sing ede lations (197617) And so be explains bow, My assumption in ths hook tha, regardless of the vation teres the economic nd plical ols of men and women, the past Stem ply in sory snne be accorded ual tine In any say Tinerned with be bas components of socal organization. {Weiner 1976 11) “Weine was fa from alone in wancng to cotect anthropology’ a is Inthe mid.3970e muny other women writers of ethnography were calling fer an sndropoloy that challenged received knowledge about the sexs ind thir olen society and ature + polly engage anthropology “They were responding ad contbuting to the second wave of Feniism m the United Sees and Brain nd se themselves as both feminists and mbvopologst he Rolo and Lampher’s words (1974 12) “along ‘ith many women today, we are tying to understand our postion and to ‘hinge te We have become inereasngly aware of sexual inequalities in ‘Somme, soil apd polteal stone and are seeking ways fo fight then, Ay ambit and as anhropologits, these wees looked 0 non Wester scieis for hat ight they coal tow on the roots and causes ff sexta ineuaiy both inthe eat and ebewhese they saw nde Sanding aso fundamental stp io the path fo social change and gender uae This be of egiry shaped Weiner ake on the Teobiands 30 {hc ber analyse puts particular emphasis on Teobrand women's en snd on the eed for anthropologies to take ino ascount spell Female forms of power when ivexapating te ots ad foam of sexu inequality cro-cutaaly Troband women, she argued, are ot pase ‘cts af oppression Du rather storia thee own ihe Any sey tha doesnot inde the ole of women ~ ax sen by swomen = as part of the way the sac) i evtured nai aly Partl stad ofthat scer. Whether women ate publi valued ot Privately socked whether they contol pl ange of econom ommodis, or merely magi pl they Fanon win that soci ota abject but a ndinduals with sore measure of onto. We ‘inno begin to understand ether in evolusonay tems om crcent ‘nd histone sustons by and how ramen aso many cases ave teen ele cory we cn wh ow some do have even fis power appears lied and vems cade the pie fd es (Weiner 1976: 228-9), Femi writers ke Weiner wanted to reir sotropology hy making eps seminaries ee on ines 1976236 and also by arguing the nea of ing ito ‘Suture gender conic and ln he aaljing any ase of Socal ifeSo for example ying the Marts Dry of the ndonsan ra forest Anna Loweskoup Ting (1983) enghataes te greed ature of thir margialiy ws the Tne sts by poping steno emer tha he impos of cprting the Mesto ne of feng {he worl rom band rola loa frameworks comes appre ‘Ses ae oan gly a cn Mt the tenining highligh the theres impo of oping el ‘lato sad sees a soled exer fees: Ter al ‘dca cone opr whch neal elarce pace, By puting gender a the cent of my analysis I ereate a comtinsally ‘onpestiona dialogue with more famiarehnogapive genes which Seregate an endogenous cultural ogc from seionlo-bal infu ‘rcen General dies of genet and wider plc flats harly ‘overlap. Hirt of loca lal interconnections stil nore gender, and gender tends wo be raid aan interna curl ise Exera influences are portrayed as inlsencing gender ~anin noch ofthe ler ature on women, coloialism and development ~ only 3+ foreign impostions upon once stable and sllwgulaing tations. These convetions obscure the reponllyramiying debates and practices thar produce both gener and polis. By tansressng conventions of “rebated “internat and “exteroa” cll ena this ook shows12H eo fn oh Tressangand hese 133 ‘he connestions benten intecommunity divisions, icing gender ‘ierence, and Marat reponal and national marginal. Aceon to genders both an imaginative consruct and point of dierent Prstoning, beings wider cultural negotiations the entre oF leat pane (ing 19:9) During the 1980s Black feminists in she USA and elsewhere challenged the feminist assumption of nivale of women, They argued that the subordinason of white women and women of solo ae diferent, bcame wermen of colour lo experince ote forms of oppress. White ‘women the argue went, ae inplested inthe oppremton of people of Colour This challenge was taken up by feminist sokeopolgis who ‘considered the homoge of er concepts and caters s Feminist ‘hanged as politcal movement, wo did ts contbaton eo anthropology In Tsing analysis, nether marginale ar gende ate homogeneous con tions or expeences Rather whe atenon is pai to their maa onnitton oth emerge a agent tn working with Merstus my opening hasbeen the mutual embudded- tse of gener ethniy and poical sats. The de ae mutually “onstfe, Sate ole shape ethnic apd eon ier aod ae ib turn formed by hem. Sete and ethic pols ate gendeet jut as fender diference is created through state and ethnic discourse. Yet ch of the thee creat did oppositions that dewabuie the Snmanities of eet fori bythe other tro. The state's concen {sc model of pois sus both orders and dsarbs dhe dls af fender and of ethnic lferenaon. Gender dillerence breaks up ‘nic unity and imuates diverse aitads towards the sate. BY {reting women and men a individual commentators on thet ela Ths shoot dinrpave a wel as unifing features of eh perspectives ‘without assuming geader, etha: or politcal homogenetis Thing 1993: 38-4) “This has been another key conribution of fins to antopology the realsaion, grounded in cthnographic analy, that communities. are sinaysfeagmented, tht postsoning are alas mule, and tht groups [SF imteret whose boundaries may sppeat obvioue at Fit sigh ae mom Tkaly nor soe Aad afer the ial engagement of rome anthrepologce vith» particule politcal movement in soe, fini, ths shares bas become a Bast ene of early twenty-first century smihropolony, one scope by fines and non fem ale. Anthvoplogal eocers tnd modes of enquiry, mother words, always develop in clos lationship ‘wh changing octal lanscapes and poll climates Summary pons 1 Feminist wets demonstrate hw the anlar of anropol Can be rantrme rough he pls cance sop 2. Artem went hough various stag so i osbaon sth. felogy ec 4 Byebe erly watt centr anthropological enquiry as atts core ings generatdthrogh ts Cagagrnot ch om ‘Concluding remarks In ths book we eet ehnograpic texts anthropological a cera prodacs rete within a article mie by somebody an for sebod ln ths chaper our aim ha ben v0 analyse etnoraphy by psyingsteston both on its consumers and othe conte of progton By aking who ethnographic ext are fog and under what czcemseance ar they gets, “ethnography hs emerged asa way’ of knowing ad repesenting the world that isconversaional Ethnowaphy, we ave argued, depends on ee socal relations the writers esablsh mot only with thei informant, but wath {ach other and with other interlocutor both inthe fad at home “Those rations ener ethnographic teen ways determing by atic ‘conventions aad by dep rotedssumpions about he rok ht ano ‘gts and infornams play inthe creation of smbropoogal knowiedg, “This mode af knowing the word, moreover, sno walated, but responds to and emergs within particule sec, economic and pola cream Seances Ine next chapter we take the neti of ex apd emtet at ‘er sating pont, but prow or os exploring how authors whom we layssce an soil aor postion themache hin enographe texte (Chapter 6 activities In shis excerpt fom “The Female Word of Cards and Hilays* Micaela d eonardo analycs the work that Ilan American wornen do to susan nuh elaom crow howeholds, Her custon draws. and contbutes to debates within feria and feminse theory as well 8 ‘within anthropology. The excerpe highlights the relconship. berwcen Cthnographi wring andthe socal and nll context within which fe isprodiced. Read the exerpe aad respond othe fllowing questions 1 Who are di Leonard's intsocutors inthis pice? How docs she pos sion heel in relation tthe? 2 What roles do dt Leonard’ informants play inthe exer? In what ways do hey partispate inthe commonty Of sonverntnalte that 4 Leonard conus ber aie?1 How so Rand ancy 2 What itll tends is di Leonardo engaging? Hlow i ths engage mene made vise in the excespe? 4 In whae ways ae the concerns of feminism as «politcal movement made cident nthe pis? 5 Whar eanep don di Leonard introduce tthe conversion between Feminism and antropolgy? How does she deploy this concept and wha porns? 1 Leonardo, M(987)"The Fame Word of Cords and Holidye: women frles and the work of kinship Signs 12(3) 440-53 Wy st the mari women of Ameren are spond 6 write he leters wd vendo theca tbat aren! My ol nan rch Serer rar han amt expects et cored wi wl a Wasa him to crraspond wh mana he woul ow pee (Ceca Ao nda) (Cor Gian Dene) Fembit wl i hepa an pct hae ade pests ong understandings fe reaons among gd itp and be ge economy [a's and ofthe ponenngrcerch women are Rely wale 24 able longer subrerged wi tir rex We ste hurls alc of pol Sra, irseprale prs of the rger sce a econ rae ha vent from the hewlss wold of nasa epi Ad sterol an etl vr ‘ton oahip a aly fom hare bia carer wh the matron ot Fenn Nora and soccer cholri To thor erencs have Been hey to tl riarpretaton of womens wort ard famiy domain. The fet isthe weaon > wslty of women ted ngide and coud at prt of ovr socal reprodecson The second ‘eorecal wend isthe nonpaorane focus on womert donee OF He ‘totaredraseorta We now seth She product of coco Hy Power nd pate rary ser of emtionlfllinn, nd 3 mes, he ‘hte tr sed srl lor pal rate Recry eweveadvsn fa developed beeen feist nerpreters ofthe ‘emer work nd to ison woman st seine gues tin, we ‘rn pinay na of ncn. odrranaon rn Taal no are ares space dae tu en a canada x eos excl bcgound ang epleston | al gu at we need fre hah ‘2 opps he camerte Rear an bor perspectives ht allows | Uo. ‘nomen work an oy apo lp dance eri eory nis rer elie ‘net Boundryosing rare ef the concep hs to coven the se ‘nerve hot. fring ut for an exer sce to 8 poiton at ‘ue ath ppc | hope the way to cont a3 move cree ‘evn of womens andthe megan mba We ‘Avim anbopeog Iwas conctad wth peopl Kin ee beyond comanona ‘Ameren nest fay howd Younes T is ea coed nial {amy te itoring abou at ina cae ended he ace ‘ro hovery tarred swan br Aes wi wore an ened her Secours fh asa presents, bent ae at hy were need ‘re ype of war bouework nd hide workin he bor aaa te wok often y hin work rl to te cncaptn. tenes, an a clacton of creator i tes nung vs tos lpr call, prs and rt {in orunatn of iy perngse ceton snd mateo baton cde to ages oF tay pare eth mene werk of ages aly nin es he ages forbs fo and mass mea. sors ay clare tr een miso i ss of house Zhe'donert necrrkpespecoms Incr ws hv won por ‘biter witin howto nd on the fb, me rece she conmon pare of vse le anh ed perp herr sc and economia ‘cos och ter We mse he po of lephone nd sched arson of sromort magne hod inert corimenacn® cond ns for the Tihcl Amaia eee! a Kai coract oes hatchet ch at ‘romert work with, hat Bas cur ctr expan o xg ay Mining te coche a of fy aa anon anh We edt ih of hman sca snd kin vart the piperamana of pron {nd aroun the tea weet cen by ur marl ee Orn he ene tre except tr 2 thy bce cnapion tear the cena ‘serene of in and gain eect in acaned al Soi eh Sediments py womens wor Ft ote now prac on my rman fly hy clbrtan depended on hu prazince fan ads woman Rosa136_ Hows Ren Egy Wen cou dred or meters ded the werk ftp watt don when woman snared cone sno rari radon wh ran a a uncon hy recanened he mars Knipe newark so ennui td nay ealerone dds aped bunerman Al Beano eae, ead the cach of ha mother ini ea alent prota one of he Wigs le i ng ay = yea emer 2 cl hen ay Hom sive the Res were weve with emhosasm a oe. eer she ed the eee wa hr ut oe ae teal’ Ltr wha Bar i ‘ef trated Ns own and ht 3 i parpacon wane conc, erated rp: Bat when ry bps reasonsip with ne arse he ‘ove nw Al rd Jn ap ane began ite i ver fo olay ne Shige tancdy ped sd cocked the ly fe Icio ro ho frie Horn that ard or men este ed Isr wo accompli ee sabes of won Seon ous Bat \romen at mks in harem eeal hd much reste n Kowa (haus fen nung mor erat na ene none of hr ent’ me Thc wast bth of mileage nd yoge cues md {nd in wine? dead tions to henner Nick Magis ne: ‘eed poe coed haan neces in th prc th ie Pe My gainer was 2 very open man. and was reported ‘er gant toe herd your oar My meter hs ter and bate Two er ure! Maan Asin TREETE FOE lamer ware ako much more wig to diss iy eas and eee nd thar ‘roe nthe teed repeat om ues ergy ny nd rpacay (Thi ws ch le run for yong mu) Jw a Ce {eugene ate hae aden pe rexponded my aun shout linrssone We apt song Ar 3 re, Fster, you go hcg Bt Woute! Cer tended fat rstrs with ech of hr rom chien, 1 protien arto seek my ons of her ers Snr, Pra Poe tid {he towing wry of ar Rt wth On of a share ith str ter: "Thre waste ing rd pling and catng wa ar | shoul Tresang nd be susece 197 ‘rt you.” Nec mene, wat eancemed aout manaing a nage of ‘ny ty sd repacti. "Roman waved Bue whe women were que frie in desing al put and pros ecipatore When ed show thr work It oe Longines [i Nck Meri on taka profes, repcey pe decd ar bres ofthe work carer, Cat Leno and Pia Merv hrc a former reapetne ord ol shore deepens fing on ters of ‘race ch the ny ng sald Con me "Tse para ae ot reputed tthe younger reson, pecs younger women sche Bete who ve mage agar aig and [Each some promec feb Thar ounar woman oh hee oad 3 roto! and deed nest tafe to Wk respon forthe work ‘ough ey oak on any ono ka dy Natori nd econo tartan ering fod rearaon. na pba repent ~or vt {ng ene st urs to one worn Tago cod st was ey ‘Sched wo scqting or reng oneself power win Kin networks, ue women ‘ried in et serpin ofthe meaning fi per Can Lengo fr ‘Sle relat on he foly Cesena dra yal of er ena Hp ‘tnd sled pl aptacon th her dngeanin ver ese “Gacy teed ou She dean want oper he lie ner tegen So at yar we ware here. Bt | fad year the st ay irae s bg dome on Crate Drees of whet coming andes an he ‘abe she whale roti decorate oie msl oo wa es fel Ha he fine wl come when aye | wo ea ha oan ig der ~ she sna ae retage of th ct at | athe dg noma Merah ona wa ‘aatond bythe enerpec force the Seaport was weed ‘Sou he power dytanie meen er negeeacos with augers and moth Inn oer oly eens En wore notes mat of ower ang women Bu ao of th mean of power reper by Roald usa Women sen howe to mnmae sae hte th ka wrk and oe rombor of out nce he ae fy Cat ono terror napa erred ox rf! ran ‘ahve pres hve conde eonomle rererces whe Joe pd Ca vem ‘Somer at ter wa tin Cen at nn rea se tak onthe pore rea mes a woes aed asi thea chile, ded by etn snd ‘aay women percomedRoseewrk cle ae labor th cre fe ryan he work th eka conpetng responses Kim work a3 rogue category howene Decne war nabbed an because women fe hey Sul sib code ame tre to Rnowomen andlor coud ct them tock ‘tera Worn voy eked the presets of mart bor the nena of the1am How Ran oer crn back Che ad a orp oy paring aly der nt, ots pone They expr at nd rere but he x rcs {pra abo tr ure ne er doe rough oman oat ‘eet Gr cope im acoping a kn work god adh than cit bed shows ut 0 omer hin mori amon af runs ot hist anon wera dnp ‘hed women sv nausea socaten. The rcogan in tam cat Sur Cdrsnig of he pegs Sn of wore vag seas fearon ‘everes Aluect women cn‘ out of brewer chil ere and even sre [Grwor reponabites Bu the he al women are ulsmsy remporae, 2 set wo buh gut and le the adrnattors of home here, a reoort Eten the watt wore rast negete the tring ard ere of Fats and sda aly alt wih tha liner ay bat Kh work Pectin of spropratnte of casper or hoaewark hl ae 2 (Setar thelr aries race cts region an generis. (he queicn renin Why do women do hn work! However mater ‘scars ay aap atten tay donot eee Now nh my pres ‘hon And comideng ave of matin of ection conve {on ofan wore we rein the thr vr sefuinares chon ear feninttheory Cone he got oth rl Are women a wort he ‘reo copie Arn Lander Tatar we toast work Yr char ‘rate come cur that ae the are of ehere 2 pry car: amt Or ae we to su kn work a another wy whch meth corm. and {Se zee enact tor rom worn thous 1 rt! An how men 1A toe indexed shove, ve tat the eeson of he slr struom chotony tts oo the robion hare My women ornate ost ‘aera women sete oe primary repay or use a the oe ‘of epandetcre Dep to raj woes fern ev th ery ‘be ganrng of cara cars of psd bo allergy unhere These vorkresponsbles ary mare wh some wana kr fre cononents era lecyce sagen bun mare Inara women af ply rina “re menof ese ge acca and theta agar "Tha for my women Werner 2 for mont Ameran meme, the domed rnin ot cl an aren nich much angi bor mast be undertaken ut shea reaimin whch ona ay sere gin han salons tnd power = ft svat nthe bor marie. Andvopologts Jane Caller tnd Louse Lepore hve wrizn conpelingl onthe may In whlch arg Kip and Ine eced athe hte power preveriy ta of bande roe forcologel resions between pares nf chr we dopt Cllr nd [npr broader cara hgh wet tin werk nto wer bee Irom ih ren nd chen bene bur abort women uber nce {Siete elas mens cen nd a power one on ter Th (CoxaLaghinr soups we her nian ne he ane 3 Csr fur ction Ad thn aah ad fo pesos of thar ares ne ‘hip wah each thr i both an acto marae snd & coopera mes of ‘ting por on ne cide, Cl srry of nt ae erly aegpd 9 women dural scans Ae he {ne ee th concent embosjing oto of Bo loves work an rove the Sounds of hones, hls to reflect on cicrenefemnt deltas of ‘tomers wrk aha commas Were se bth he ere of we Ghanomera and wok rl in erening ad maining ose Iareone Rowang he sal bor embeded m wit we cay concave a Joe Strum Schon sda cones mare caely werent onesie ad borfrce “The eve ve of she concept how ais tobe tasted rough hth hora! an contemporary research on gees nd bor We eed {ste th sugon tn pended Hn work ergs nana the apt emlopman cesta probe te hited fer womens de peg nd enngre onc of ad a reach the carers range of fe es foros an we fad tought bth are nce iferrealy porn nd Th we need eo pec We need pars matte eon of fangng hbo process eden ptr a se of elo charg "Aen he vans sachet he parser sof women’ ae wl be a tte se he houses chlccar and ocaptorl sepa aes Bat bss ft resco eter arn company sed carte, 2 Fesmrchng in work sould hap us ope tpeter the ome, word pu Ti andape tots the re worl of cr and lite concted ‘ned within he charging pla econo How ent word roa {nd we mold ook ae mre nor cso. re quston we cnetChapter 7 Positioning the author ln Bide of My Kalam Country lan Sam Majnep, + Kalas from Psp New Guinea, and Ralph Bulmer Beiisherained soropolgst, se layout an fon visually lag to the reader thee different contbaons tothe book. Before writing a length abou Kslam society and ornitholor, this show they explain ther olaboraton and statey (eth ist sections of general ican in ach chapter. ae etd ‘ersons of Sams own sateent nthe rain rey eae fom Kem or fom Pin Then follows im mos cases addon norms tow deawa by Baier Kom other sours, whether om sateen by tothe Kalas, om his ova field observations o collectors records, ot fom the New Guines onithologkl iru "Th sectins of ths book which are primis Stems ae printed in dan yp thi nen Within thee setons some expan tory mata by Bulmer iin square brackets Adonal mata by Bulmer is peinted in Univers ype as the resto his page (Majep and Baler 197712), “Thus, although Bulmer explains tha ht excess is parly based onthe mae supped by Majnep and other Kalam, the eo Kinds of know fcge are piyscally separated on the page. Morcoves, Majnep’s and Balers setons ze very ferent syscall. Mane ae strongly to lgrapicl and read very mach a ranscriptions of spoken language ‘The sat of «perms naman, a saa i his rar. When he stop Ineathing sed hart stp brating he eed ad isl ha et im. Bat in sth sol cee eave the ody The things yee reams ar the things yours ees whe yon seep. When ‘onl raves him and yes off we be ep, we bw that cantar Ko ajo or another 0 the ris. Often wl have bee shot ane of thes birds het shad, i ike elling your own sol and yo wll sek. Once im Port Morey I rane that H abet two Jog (ale Red Loris), and Twa sry i when Tao, running 2 (anep and Baler 1977 50 By comparison wit he inumeiacy and indvidaly conveyed in Maine's sections, n Bulmer’ we come actos 4 eval voce evi reliant 00 Sisiplinary concep - the vice of personal snd transcendent anehropo legal eraion Consistent with he absence of corporat teitialeroups, Kalam had not developed systems of intergroup ceremonial exchange in any Way Comparable in scale with those operated by the dense population of the Cenul Highlands Bu its to affines at he feasts which accom: Dini he dane fenals and ination ere important, also ws “ndvidal rade and pit exchange (Msp and Balmer 1977233) By distinguishing ewo aaratrs, native and anthvopologist, Majnep and Bulner emphasse at once their ditnct agency and their shared authorship = he fac tha iis fom the encounter of thee ferent under Standings at their cooperation emerges. Birds of My Kalam’ Country therefore illrates ins paren iid way he conversion natre of tthmography shat we have emphansed in previous chap. Echograpbic Knowledge, we have argued, always reltonal the product of mule cros-cuting convesations actos diverse conte, aor aly beeen ‘Shopologs and infortants but alo between snthtopologie and eters Inthe academy’ and mote broadly ‘at home’. In his sense we age with Juoes Cliford when he says thatthe acy of ethnography always ‘pla and beyond the conta of any nda (1983, 139) [And ye, conversations involve exchanges and hence not only depend spon but perpetuate the existence of distinct conversational Ad sb we ics in Chapter 6, some of these contersaonalis have greater oneal over the ensuing epresctations than othes. Thus, its extremely {ate for authorship and eral contol he shared with informants ab happens in Bide of my Kalam Country, mach les relnguse y the anthropologist Although sthnographic knowledge is conversational Sathorn over the inal product stays Emlyn he hands of he ahropa ‘eine Inded, inthis chapter we go further and argue thot ehnograph 36 ‘iprecla mode of knowing, depends a the eeaion ofa sgl o {ndividal authorise Paradonclly, is precisely ou of muliphity ‘of tlaonshipe inthe field and “a home? that ethoogzaph: asthochip “merges a individual and authoritative, rather than as shared at psa. Tous In ethnographic wring relatonehips beeen informant abdHowe Rat oer anthropologist and among ambropologis has are sen to end wali 0 fn author experienes,seounts and conclsione. Thee relaonship, ‘ther words, ae acento endow an indvual with s pacar kind of ‘gency agency to Know o repent and to argue ~t0 write ethnography. ‘Whar we mean when we sty dat in ehnographc tate sutra agency terges ou of flasonsips i the fd and at home sade clear in the "xcept belo, by the French snthropologi Pack Wiliams. Weng Shoot the Maus nomad Roma living centel France, Willan tl us thar i only poenble to undeatand thei way of being inthe work! by ‘derstanding ei connections with thee de, He gr his argument ‘on is elatonships bth withthe Maus and with her anhropelogins ‘We can often achieve a beer percepson of reality than we might have pondered for yes when we come 10 pense diferent horizons. Thoagh I have known the Mas from he tine of child ot sre that, had not heen forthe cana hat Leona Pere ‘nated with Juth Olely about the relation between the ving and {he dead among the Sloeriso Roma [Pass 1948) andthe Traveler Gypsies (Okey 1983), T would have thought of proposing thatthe terms of Mais presence in the world could be traced though the ‘elsionsip af he ving with the dead (tims 2003: 1) As well as rlating his longem family oth che Maus, Willams frmphasics the ince origin of hs project in hit exchanges with Pasere and Okey cis ou of thse evo Set of encounters, wih nor mane and colagues, that his own distinctive insight into Mais he ‘What prtilnlystrck me when I spntematiclyresatched thers Sonships beween the ling and the dead war not 0 mich the fakerence af he icerpetations could dew fom ther a my deeply fet loyalty to someshing Texpecenced when Iwas wit the Madu ‘There is-bo hallway posion for observes: we have to be ether completely ino iemedibly out unable ro rasp anything The pos Son ofprinleged observer total illusory Tren even pose to touch upon the sce of things since, wl ry to show Malus thing donot havea surface. We citer gett the bottom or nowhere aval this wha the nature ofthe expression of Mafe identity Fequies ofthe ethnologist, and tis dilfene ambition a ive apt, (Wiliams 2003.1) [Wiliams cao for himself a remarkable achievement He tll ttt dhe “Mats wil ne allow half eave, that we hae 0 be eter comps in oe remedialy ou He then does proceed to write about che Mats tibich sgests to the reader hat he ur ‘completly in’ Tat, not oak ‘kes Wilms know the Mavs, but he koe hem ely tei ex tenal and ontological poiion demands. Than [propose 10 show everything tell eventing. | propose seeking hI might even dare sa, achieving absolute pesnence, complete incidence. Nothing should be lft out, nothing shouldbe added ‘here should be no breach hroagh which «dispar of Mae pen te could pent (Wir 2003: 2) ‘The Matus worldview is by no means wnivesally shared, and. many anthropologists would shy aay fom he Kind of enterprise that Wiliams propose, emhansing instead he unavondbly partial mare of anthropo Tegal knowledge, Nonetbles Willams text exemplifies at once the relational natre of all ecnographic wring and how i by emphasing ‘his reionaly that anhropegis claim 3 paroclar Kind of ageey = pene to know and represent In other words, ths tlaonality 8 What ‘habe the creation ofan suchortave authors. Ephasising the key role ofthis author self in ethnographic wring and the conto ofthe author over the text does not mean 0 say *Aat futhoral agency i always Hated or openly daplayed. On the conta, thiscontel oe hier o dovenplayed an towne Debora Bata terminology apency is vail ambuated” (1997, $06), Thuy ethno raphe Knowledge ay he presented 2s slide aims may be made that ies informa she than athroplogst, who eal "speak in oF Uivough tes and writes may present theres 38 ete conduits for koowldge, actos or mouthpieces. Crucial in these cases authors Iie thir agency jst hey ream conto ver ednographic text. As ‘ery ferent srtegy anthropologist may emphasise ther ole at nara {ort and iter of knowlege, sessing the paral and pouioned nature of ‘hei secouns Then ashore stessed but authority diced nd Swe are told tha what we ave eading is mote ke a ieary narrative han Tikes wsentbe statement of act, Tn the sections lw we examine how authorship and athoriey— hat we cll author agency = are mcribed and diame, made vile and Invishlein ethnographic writing, and te eect tha eh has bo oa the Constraction of stent and on toe ceaton of anthropological knowles. Following Haag, oor terest a how the notion of agency i inoked of ascribed, concealed or obs: ‘ied; more oe ke staegcally =. how agency attached oF “etal in sci peactics how ti oreo downed 9 whom oeeHow ad hgh te what agency i refered, and what mites agency 0 go around, fone around, and eer sip around. sich an approach wl tnd towards openings of dncurive space in which soc celaonshipe = tnd tnocepatclrly ere eltona of power ~ may emerge not Imuzbiy Sad ispaceaby. Dis-aency, then, ihe be «beer er (Batali 19. 50) In this chats therefore, we explore how auorsbip and auhotity ae onstrated in ethnoprapie texte throagh Both presences and abso ‘We aart by analyang feldwerk accouns: Akhough thee narrates appear to display the agency ofthe ehnograper they abo hide Ose Argument i tat, ffom the cases of easly twentctvcemary to more rece postnederist texts, a she coe of the anlopoloa eterpeie lcs the onsrvron ofan author sl though encounters with oes. ‘And, sthough this sl retain timate contol oer the tex eis ote less vasouly presented as able and notable to make aims eo arias Kinds of Knowledge, ‘Summery points 1 Allehnograpbic writings conversational o relaional and yeti also revolves around indian, thon sthorship, 2. This authorship emerges preiely out of elationships in the filled the cade. 43 Inethnographic witing the author's agency and contol over the text isambiguated fe may be hidden or played, clad or dalam. Stories of fieldwork Asa reader you will eur come across accounts of fear, often placed at he stare or done tothe ogining of ethnographic. Weer Frequently emphass the contextual parpowe of theme martes, the fact tha they provide sential infra regarding the ways knowledge wa acquired inthe fied. Tn some cases, we are wold that i it bec Suthore want to challenge "the conventional fictions of tivity and Srmcience that mark that sthtoqzaphi Ree that they tll ws about the Bel esearch (Abw-aghod 198610) Ae other ces they we hese ore realy dens jective hat hare eadersoed the chil values ofthe Noe and am able to present ave oti oftheir Social srdture (Evans Prichard 1968: 15. ether ease, chnographers typallydesrbearvng inthe ld, thei fies meetings with thee infor ars nd thie ntl impressions of Iie ia an alien context. And they ‘fen emphase the problems snd diicis they expend ab Thing contac snd convincing peopl cooperate nthe rah 1k would at any ine have been diet co do recarch among the uct and a the period of my vs they were unumslly hol, for thar recent defeat by Govemmant forces andthe messes taken 10 tense thir final submission had ocasoned deep resentment. Noet have ofenremacked tome, "You rid ws Yet You say We canor ead the Dinka "You overcame ur with rear ad we ad only spear It ‘we had had frearms we would have routed you 0d 0 forth Whe f herd eae camp st was not only aba sranger bute am ene tn hey seldom red to conceal cei diagut st my psec rfc to anower ay retings and even uring away when addrewed then, (BransPeiehard 1968511) ren spicy also describe experiencing a sense of dsjuncrae and tlaplacement which slowly sepaced by understanding ond 2 ehing of belonging, Un the excerpe blows for example, Ceca Bory tells ivy fof her dicales daring the fee half her fedwork in 3 lage 9 Ker (ne was noe physical hardship cat was an sue was git happy 19 lie in one room, to aw water from the welh to use an ove Ineine and wash in backer of water» What was however 3 greater strain than Thad ever smapned eet experince of lving ‘on in which as completly socal dekilled. Language dices fmeant that thee war no. ponibliy of subuery or auaace ia ey ommunicatons with othes everything had to be leper than Ui 2 tgeat joke or ee a great problem I blindered blindly though sitar Son, sensitie to hoy language and te that told me Twas doing Something wrong, that 1 war noe living up mbes expectations of the yt enables remedy this t etlan how {fs My me of Sel, of personality, cnineprated ander the onlaugh of comeant ‘elation of self om odhes that was tot me, but soe stranger 2 ‘moody, difcue gi, well meaning bea ite slow, very proe 0 losk hessl inher oom for hous witha phenoenal aed for seep and 2 ‘range tenency ta bre int teas for nn ey ood en. (Busby 2000 xx) ‘This sens of personal dsiategeation- of “eng sen lowly mad Busby 2000: x9) nd parallels ia many accounts where snopes explain iaving to elagush contol over hci ves to ote ether trough gn ance ofthe language an social noms or ou ofthe need oii and be cepted and tre, Writers desert» siminshed or slr sense of Sel and Tack of agency ~ in Bashy nari above an inability 0 rect herself a ake wsbes - which sometimes has dneesingeretiol ConsequenceeHow ta Rend gay In these nares ehnographers sess thee incompetence, tes depen ence, and thei ensuing periphery tothe work! of propel fanctoning ‘sus, That hey presen themselves as chilli, ae des Jean Begs ‘when shel thatthe Us anfaing ancpstion of my eed (even when my needs did nor coincide wth thei} was sme warming Tek as cared as thee year ol and Tam sre that is precy one Fact of de ight i which eke Eskimos regarded me (1970: 27). Later on she expla (nthe whole, my helpless seed 0 be ascpted asa mater of ‘Souye by everybody, and was conten rested with tcl soli fae (nati, the sme soiree that charactraesUsks reasons 1 ter ‘elles creature, ike poppies, children and. sk. people ‘Becouie you dnt know how todo thiags, you are one to be eken ‘az of abi)” I by chance I did suceed in acing Soe single ST was eewarded a acid would have been, by he knowledge thar the fact hal been observed "You are ypnning tobe less inc able (ayugh’ someone woul say. It wos stat people tid about nbs when they began to smile, t speak, to gasp. Or "You are becoming am samo, person the word na as bat neni (Beggs 19706252) Dependence si peripheral le athe or ofthe Western underandings shout children on which anthropologists raw inher eldwork acount Schepher Hughes and Sargeant (1998: 10} explain how in postindusal Sener soe chien a dpa! the manny een aan ce liability and 2 burden ethnographic writing they tell ws hldhood i sepressed ‘as a permsoaie sate of becoing her dan 2.2 leit Ste of bing and forshe world and ameopologial work o eden {s dominated by the concepts of socialisation”, “aculeurtion”, “evelopment” and sages” (1998: 13) Tis preisly i his ight that cchnographer alk abour thet carly fidworeexperenset: not oly is Seldvork nate of becoming, an Brgge escerps above, but als ‘marke by sclvation and actuation tothe Ro group, wich tke ae ates Ando wer of hay doe beng eae cle ad ven spendiag fine with them eather dan wat other, being burdens on {he community, oly learning hover function as ads. As clon the ‘agency of ecnographers is incomplete. Ad this agency that they lose {nied by ther infnmanes, who ae presented as she nes in contol in ‘the conversation below between Fran Prichard and Cool, Noor mans 1 Whoareyou? Gach Aru, Fn Whats your name? {Guo Do you want to now my name? Bn Ye Gaol Do you wane to know my name? Te Yexlyoukave come owastme in yt and would ike to know who you are Cook Allg Tam Cool Whats your name? Ke My umes Pitcaed Guo, Whats your fathers name? 1a fathers nme i also Pricacd Guo Noythat cannot here. You cannot hav the sma your father 41, isthe mame of my lineage, What the name of your eae? Geo Do'you wan co koow the name of my lineage? Ln Yes Gaol: What wll ou do with titel you? Will you ake ito your county? 1 Ton wane 0 do anything with 1 jae want to know since 1 sp living a your cam, Guok Ob, well we are Loa I Td got ak you the mame of your tbe. know that. Lam asking you the name of your lineage ‘Guok Why do you wane to know the name of my inage? 1. Tone want ro know ie Cao “Then why do yo tak ie fori? Give me some tobacco, Evans Prichard 196913, orignal lcs) “This a stage of fork and los f agency i followed in thee sores, ty a period f ealpheenment and recovery of agency wich sepeatedly ites wansformation of the sell as in Okelys acount below of attempting to become accepable to English Traveler Gypsies nthe ey 1970s Here deliberate decepion (concealed some yents and acted inno ey) rsuborinated oan overall persona antormaton in hich te Suthors agency is downplayed: an aerate way of Beng comes epon" ‘Okay and she endergostuncomciont Changes ety wed pss oe ‘oth ephanod and he el shat Obl agency rng eu te was imporane co become inconspicues Learnt as much posible to mite ther enunciation. I threw in swear Words and |Mlopted their akerative Engl pres and weabulary I made Comparable ajastments in eating wearing long skit on, ih rocked sweater. My gestures and sance changed unconscy the aerate way of eng came upon me- A social worker acesed ime of ‘hypociy and ‘ce in ny change of appearance, af che ‘sli bound to a single cultural ientiye The Traveler respondedHow Red Eco favourably 1o thes adjrimens to this rules and ways, scgniing them as spect. On easton being obliged to break fom the fk forthe London research cent or an Oxford semin I would sich persona, a5 well scotia, ins layby en rote Sack transformation my owa, the same land, was the move Biase Teng Sage woman of an age when mow Travel wesmen woud be married with several hire aed tothe somal. I concale some years and acted innocent; honorty virgin Okely 1983: 43-4) Eventually in feléwork stores ‘them’ becomes, enen if oly tansy “a Moments of heightened emotional Gscomfrt lead in these naraies ‘0 paricularly important insights and someies thee 2 gle event that catapults the weer fom the magi tothe este of the commun. ‘This ever allows informants to sr the anthropologist @ new light m0 longer a am outsider ut as an adopted member ofthe group ora st st ‘our outsider, In Lila Abetaghod's dexrption of Reldwork among Egyptian Bedouis, ic i sharing the pain of am old woman over het Irodhers deh that makes her ly hua aes hows ees (19862. “Thins bow she deverbes er sense of belong (On entering the tent crowed wth women, I knew exactly which ‘ase tojon the group of ou relaves They welcomed me trl tnd proceded to ossip conpistoialiy wth me about the sere preset This sens us vermr them 0 ceil to her socal me coons, had become ceotal to me ton and I fl pened tha 1 longed to an "us... Lateg when we sat around the kerosene Lanter, ealking aboot the clean swe had arende, swapping is of lafcemation we had pathered, and eling happy becuse we had fenen meat, Became are how comfortable ey knowing every one Fring dcssed, olleng my oon ibis and inerpeettions, aad earing easily the Weigh facil who had fallen seep on my ls sa crow legged om the ground. Ik wa ely that night, when I ated ‘he page in my journal that I reaoed i was aly 2 Fer days unl ‘Chesemas: My American lie sone very fra IAbLughod 1986:20-1) Asin Rags excerpt in dhe pretous seston, ete to ageny apps and dsappenrs fom sigh lost nd regsne, and mes around between percom the Bedouin have rare Abu Lughod agency by sseping hee but she hese had to citi aecepance by be appropriate beharnat And, ignficamly eis movernent of agency frm etnarapher co ilo Imani and back again goes hand-imband with «tanser of kaowledge. Ricard Fardon as deserted how Foscongte mor 19 “The eboographic and anthropological prone ram research to ing con by sey we suena sb slain dil ype of gnoance and Lola enter of ‘Momant and ethnographer intsce Being in igrovance the ‘thographer aque kw; Bas he infrmane divulge infor ‘cadens the eénoprapier bg ose hima nora of Ri om : (Fandon 1990: 9) “Thos in these sori the process of becoming daring feldwork is not nde Ine bor hava clmiastion aftr a personal and often taunts journey of ‘eansformaton, «new sl comes io view, endowed withthe capac £0 ‘alk abou odes In osber words, hough the ambiguaion of agency that sve ave described the ethnographer evenly emerges as able 0 repre Sit, Often as Fardon explains, he ennangrepesnetions are peeened Superior tho of oor informant Then ethpographers ot on aim the isght of am insider bat aluo the newly and analyte aby of fn comes, ax well as the capacity to deploy specials knowledge ‘Akemativey personal wansformaton is desi but eis not said to ‘Pel any kindof absolute knowledge about the Oke. Instead the oct [tthe ethnography les exploring fom 2 Selberately emphasise ost tion, the reatonship herwren informant snd ethnographer Th borh canes fdwork narrates ae esata tothe contraction of the authori self because they enable Wsiters to cam 3 dual inside Duden satax Cri, these writen acount form part of 2 much trier body of anthropoloial oore which lo inches verbally trans Tite anes and stones cvalitd ina wie variety of conte, rom ‘knee pares to conferences and clasaroome: What bongs thse ferent {slr pode together ithe shared narvevesractare-~the epi fon the stduows process of ‘entering another scety and onthe easton ‘fom marginal and cid like strange o lind and even adopted member ofthe group ~ and the had they ave over the ansvapolgial magi Son, Indeed, whether or noe ehnogtapbiesincude' = descripaon of ekiwork hey seal premise onthe sssimpion tat the ethnographer acounered eters and eventually became able to talk shout them. Tht {Stove anthropologists who write abou the Beldwork experienrs do {Tsilineside ob of jantieaton eat permeates and legiamaes also the wor of ber ‘Summary points 1 Fieldwork sores work ro ambigante the agency of the ehnoprapher| by preening temas children who undergo a proce of socaston tnd acclrstion150 How to Rend incon 2 In Geldwork stories agency and knowledge ave berween infrmanns| tnd edhnoprapher “These stories culminae with the ethnographer tecoming the more koowldgeabeof thes 5 Feldwork maratives doa diiline wie job of osification and leit Claims and the construction f authorial voices Fieldwork natives, the, depend on wo core authori devices: they {mbiguate he agency of stores af endow the wth the capac 0 ‘represent, and they do this by enining the Figure ofthe anhropleget {sitet ousider and isdee Be these twin sage are oot excel fo Sones of Belswork: they shape all ednogaphic wating Wate of hnography present themselves ay at once tides and outsides, 5 able [nd no abe wo make cms eo various Kinds of krowledg, arom all so ‘of ethnographic exc. In fact we argue that these categrics knowles Tenoranc, insides lie a the core of the way in which snthropology 3 Aislin approaches the word. I is by etetvly manipulating these “tego in ther wring that inddaal athropalogise cosract an Suthoral postion for themselves, not only within a specific teat bat ‘wath the dscipine 5 a whole, that they crae their ova. parscular nthropoloy. ‘One such poston har you will come across repay whist reading -hngrapytevolves sound the consrcton ofthe author ae knowledge tbl spacial. Writers then ell us "This 5, downplaying and in fee Iii fom she readers night any uncertain. Authorship here rcs on the etslahmert of authority and ir but om clans to knowledge that take the form of diet anerons ox pesetations of information 3 st, 2 in Phyl Kaleery’s 1939 ethnography, Aboriginal Woman Sacred and Profane: Unie the weiter ha re have cased i the previo section, Kerry dos pt dell on her relaionship wit he informants and does not descibe ber feldwork as pres of pectonal tansormaton. But, Tike them, she does use the notion of “ng there (eure 1988) lan peney 0 know and represent. Thy she opens ee manogzaph by lab ftng on the notion of entry into an alien world, alin abou Sst Impressions and how they might be challenged: At fs the camp sems offer ony the wey monotony of daly exis tence, of presanovs lvlhood that ished for inthe hills nd fried for im the cath «(Later )amumes more and mere ompesity, wart and ieee. Aer one hat become fama wth ‘he Background, attention st st end foc on the human actors, br a time psn the can ceases to Be us a laringIteed wih ‘material objets of the simplest ype». One bssomes absorbed inthe _qetons of fod soppy he chases, gop, and gaara, and one benger wonders ae abcnce of boedorn among nation of the (beer 1939: 7) By wring the presen tense and sing the neutral pronoun one eather {han the ft person, Kaberry ale reader and write 0 that er fist Impressions come iso tho of ker sudience. Her vn ina journey rors as metaphoric device to encourage uo engage mapintvly ih ber acount ann hs description of her st sight of Aba county [As the aeroplane ls inside from Derby to the coat, following the ‘couse ofthe Fearoy River, the couney seems to be sll untouched in Spite offi years of Earopeanpeneration. «Extending nt the ‘lon sate The deraiong sfeca of random wolnce an the ecto rsnoty ofthe sonal econ sine dh mi 10x av oly aed whe ‘cay pole en bling sre he Me 8 he pura reed thse Sstenen~ fp arse anda aberce of deepest consewlty ecire yet re conceal rd quafenton The pepe reset Sie cupneconarng the sparaneurcrenton cf eons wil he 08 eda lr of fea he eal secon of dh book where objective mn sic {trl for ean be een to ache pester lel of eres Hower he ‘ee chpar leanne fre the scares Sing bend the mae (pene ao crcl Kington set Me Big conversations and patterns of commitment ‘This book tan amended version of my doctoral thesis ened ‘Male Ination and Cosmology smong the Heras Indians ofthe Vues ‘ea of Camb’ The thesis bested 1974, wa Based on fl ‘work cared out beeweenSepember 1968 and December 1970 under the auspices of Cambridge University... The Gldwork-.. snolved Inysel, my wife Chrisine and Petr Sverwood-Cope, The pact was ‘dred hy Profesor Sir Edmand Leach and finned from the Soi ‘Stn Reseach Counc 11967, when {gradasted a Universi, Amzonia was an antro= pola tora incopmts,espclly for Engh anthropologists wh their traditional focus oa Aca and Asia, One of the abetes of our ‘esearch as simply ro ill an inportane gap in ethnographic Knowle fee of Arszonia ‘Ar this time alo, the stracualist anthropology of Claude Lés Sten in patil ay spied eo the sy of mth fa lend a 2 uer impact upon antropolgiesl theory in England. But whist ‘he theorsal ens were familiar enough, the etographic Bas on bitch hey were founded was not, .+ Our scimd obetve, and oe tore direyreitd tothe there ofthis bool, was to provide an mpl res for some ofthe grand gersatons tat Lev Seause had offered concerning. the. sructte of South Amedcas_ Idan ‘mythology and relation o Indian thos and clare, The Vaupes, Thang well ote the central Besiian eure area that forme the focal point of LéveStranars ork om Arvada myth, appeared tian sea locaton fr such a et. LéveScraus hel ed only ve sing onsdearon to the myths fom this area, (Fgh Joes 1979: i) In hie preface to The Pal and the Pld Stephen Hugh-ones fniy ts the sigicane of fi reerch so the ies f mae thinker i vopolosy, Claude List Stats, the inator of sacar. Hugh ‘Jone ethaography is intended asa empiri validation or action ofet How Rend ogy Levi Strauss ideas about myth But he makes ater important statements too. The rectch war pid fr by the Brith Social ence Research {Councils was undeaken in the company of his wife Cisne (xe {Chaper 5) Sod another anthropolops, Peter Sivervood-Cope, And wot tupertned by aa august Figure sa Bish anthyoplogy —Drofesoe SirEumund Lea’ Hugh-Jons places emphasis on the chronology ofthe iary esearch st was begun and ended at a cea dates nian Soincided withthe "major impact” of Lev Stas” work on Beth ant Pog: Terbaps the most obrioas way of undentandng this peice is co connor tar janifcaton of Hugh-Jone alliance #0 3 paradigm or imctaarratve, srr, More sat and following what we have Sidi erie chapters, we may recognise the importance of cera ine tral estionship, Relations underlined bere inlade thos with o-oqals (Ghostise Hugh-Joes, Peer Siverwood Cpe) a¢ sell as hierarchical feltionsips with an academic menor (Gdmnd Leach) and wih, for trant ofa heer phrases an inllual hero (Claude LevrSra), Thee ‘elisionshipe have ther own parameters of tan and spaces Cambvidge, Amazonia (ace Alcs or As), Brain (and imply France, the years 1967 10 1974, Herein ths statement we can find the weave of intellectual engagement that characterises the ednography 2, emerging out o partial relations aver ino at parca sme, it becomes am autor work. Inthe ‘hapter we explore the ebnography in terms ofthis patra of engage ‘bert, Whar concer ut he a bow ethnographic weking is bik ‘Ssumpeons sbour tbe broad iatellctal state of play atthe ite of ‘wrtng- Taking this Ine of approach will help us to rethink the way ‘ecibe ethnographic are connected to the Broader history of antno- ology as 4 dpi. We wil ls shed frter light on the proces, xplred in Chapter 7, through which the ethnographer comes eli ‘ot only the insight of ee insider bu, a€ the samen the aalyeal rounding of she utr “Anropologial theory is typically taught i universities as bistory of theories, scons and pains. Ths pe of couse, ofen a compulsory ‘one for higherlevel undertaduaes, consis of a sequence of changing incr rmneworke and discussion of Key fire. In ty eent wl Team bow aintentsenary socal evolutionist anthropology, protapo rived by such figures av Herber Spencer sad Lewis Hemy Morgan, ‘eget the begining of herent centary isto sharia perspec the that incloded der observational fieldwork ~ the fusion of Hud aod Rivers in Bstain aod th historia! pacclrism of Bos 0 Amen These ideas were displaced, during the 19205, by Malinowski functionals that espoused extended. pureeiptony Beldwork and 3 preset orentd, pag Holic undestandng of cule Fanconi _ _ Sgconwraten nd per ofcnmienane_ MS vas given theoretal sophistication by Radlife Bown and retermed ‘rural fnconaim. A divson of nee incesingy eng bee [Xmencan and European anthropology. Amer culaal anthropology fmphasiod the coberene of eturl meanings ax pattern nd incre ingly at a synem, Botch aod Peach socal anthepology, by conto, Prioised the structure and heathy, or sistem, of socal relations, Specially kinship clans Sens wl go onto lain how, bythe 19605 the academic dominance of sacar! fnesonalim had ben 1 erode. On the ome hanson began to ste pony t ndvdual moreation and poll interaction pune the atti of cal equlram chartering tua ne tonalsm. On the othe, n Europe igares suchas Lev Sats, Fmd {ach and Mary Douglas induced 2 new theory, stata, that ‘Wok a much broader view of society and cute tha dhe sal sale face tovace sales typical ofthe ise generation ethoogaphes. Suet tees tam, rte for faire to econo for ses of power and {epletation, and s0 Marxist anchropoogy came tothe fore ding the 1970, Marxism wa complemented by feminist perpetve ee Caper 6, which dred the male-centedieaalaace of previous chnegraphy. By the 1980s, the specialist aowlege of anthropologists wan tal ee new atteround. These postapoden suands of thought, canted i the ‘wing culture group. empbasied the power relions created beween {nthropologs and informant in the process of cukural wanslation. eas "ngs that ethnography at writing gave a fetive and primary theta lteenc to culture which war abc orm experience, By the 1990, ‘he evan fervour of pose moder bad run ost of eam and ws replaced by 4 new pragma that ted to amlgemate and eine te tenet of the various cricques of anthropology by expeimenting ith, inter aha, eeflesive and phenomenelogcal ses of ehoogaphy. By the arly yeas ofthe rwent/-fist century new tends sich a8 an airs in Cosmopolitan standpoins had emerged, bur no paréclar “shad yet ‘Shine the fede ie i smnenanoced variant of thr schematic histor is the standard fae of undergraduate anthopological timing, then, as might he expert, the ‘cut more complex. For one things the ‘paradigm downwards view ‘which emphasises the power ofthe big nlecual movement oer ind ual atademie acvey produces a iffeent piste from an “hnorapher up tandpont onthe spec activines sn relationships ot partclaranhroplogite. For anther paradigms inthe soil cences do fot have the cles eat boundaries or marked paradigm sie characteristic (ofthe ntualacieeet became theories and grousdicg rumor ‘ately disproved in asic sense. We return to ths ot i our omeon. ‘There ae sil antheopoogiss who are, i eet if notin mame, srt fanesonalists, Likewise there-areantheopelogss wring now whoseeb Hw to Rand oy Sigconmraten nd aters ofcmiminene_ M7 asic umpsons are very close those of the lffisionss of thecal ‘weaceth century. Ando goes “he diction is this chaprer takes an “ethnographer up" perpectve, hecatse chs is the viewpoint we wil encounter in ethnographice "rhnographies ace bul out ofa range of theoretical eas and grounding ssumperns brought together by an ethnographer to make. sense of Completed experiences and information st particule point st thet inellacal earee: Sometimes thi proces of coordination Of ment ‘eran Kes, experiences and rescnahipe wll appear tobe sb ‘which case we wil need to recover The excerpt fore Stpben Hag Jone work above, roves wth a tring pi. ’As Rapport his powted ut, we should be aware ofthe sociological teu behind the ln tg i facut dem, nom ed two people so the same thing ti pot the same thing (1994 92). Given the very ‘Alert tationships and experienc thar precede the wong of & puriclae ethaography iis hardly ley that for example to sr furaistethnographice wll be “ihe same’ ar eachother iatlcualy From a deen viewpoint, ten the particule itlectal weave of he «ography becomes an expresion of fhe characters academic person ty or personhood ofthe ethnographer. This oes heyond the question of Indvdaat weting syle that Geerer (1988) seacibes. Instead the tshnosrphy represen, from tis perspective, a culmination of rlton- ‘hipe ved under ceais Conditions aad the creative synthe esponse ‘howe conditions “The ides ofednography as the expression ofa distinctive faing of ‘imelerual commitment captued at 2 pacular moment, eves the cational Yew that woud have us distinguish and eaegorise enor ‘his and theones soning to iret schools sd paradigms Bat Since ethnogaphers thamnlver write in teams of the extense of these Schools and paradgns, then we man take acount of them 0. We mst ome to understand the socal processes and motives tht lend sn ethno aes to discuss, for instance, America clr anthropology oe Bt ‘osial anthropology if these were unitary phnomena, We will bin ‘hen, by taking some clans paradigmatic eatrent by famous weitere of digraph snayng these in terms of the ‘ethnographer uy sane hat ‘weave proposed Summary poins 1 Anthropological theory is characteristic taught in terms of the influence of sehools and paradigms. By cots, this chapter takes an ‘Ghngaphor up wp, 2 Shceethographere emcee wrt in vers of te eximence ofthese schools and padi, then we mst ake account of hem too, 53) A richer understanding is guined by exploring the ethnography as de fxprsion of relatonshipe that an ethnographer has enered nt at eran ies and he paren of inlet commitment thereby fore “The critical thinker and the making of meta-narrative Typically, we lean about anthropology’ guiding asumpcions by rang the works of anthropologists whose statements ae considered be histor kelly prota, Alou By defintion we can say thatthe mos faous !thtopologiste ate those who are most succetel in ving voce 0 the ‘ithopologeal assimptions of ther smes and the confice benreen Assumpeons. Tei academic viewpoint i innovative Deas it they ‘who presen the mont encompassing account of what the cet itll Saal wate of play is seladng and combining elements tbat have noc eciosly Bee ecogisd. When we fed the anthropological statements {6 the great historia figures we pay attention to how they changed the Ineasaaeacve ging the dcpline that me aod how tei ens were, in urn replaced by more sophie formulations Ironsiaw Malinowski say "Mgeh in Primitive Psychology’, originally presented a the Fave Lecture 1925, probably one of the hos if no Ue mont; widely read of thee defining anthopolgkal tremens Malinowski¥ aim iw etal a pathreaking of assumptions aboot ‘vag soci. The mys of eimtve man are not works of pty oF Simic Might of fnoy ax mineeenhenery German scholars have Stsumed, Nor are they historia documents athe mow famous Beish tnd Ameccan ahropaogie take therm coe. Malinowski wil eplace these images with another dhe peimiove 3s pagmatist whose myths aod taped actin sale everday demas, In strong contast to this theory which makes mych naturals, "ali and nagar, tans the theory which regare a sacred ele ‘tt tie hina ear of the pase. This view, exe supported by the socalled Histoneal School in Gerany aod Ament, a fee ‘emt in England by De. Rivers, covers but pat of the tah. Tete s to denying tat story, ae well natural cvigonment, ms bave ee 1 profound space onl portant cultural ahve, bese onal ‘ts Bot take all mythology as mee chronicle sas incorrect st Tega it asthe primitive nator musings. alo endow eave man with 3 sor of sclnife impole and dear for knowledge Although be savage has something ofthe aiguaran at well a ofthe ral in his composts, e's above ally actively engaged io numberof praca prs snd ast strugse wit various dic "heal his ers re ued up to this general pragmatic oulook, {Mainowak 1974 [1925 98)Ho Red cert Guiding assunpions are bre ted okey intelectual figures, 28D. Rives {Willa H. Ke Rives) 5 aken to be onic ofthe storia schoo” We have discussed alcady the proces of hearst simplification nthe presen tavon of specific arguments (Chapter 8) but the simplest in the Proctaton of chook i cren mone ening in ths cai. Mowe spor {any Malinowski presets is view as 4 radial ditiacon beeen ung imagen His picture ofthe savage pragmatic leads wo an etry Aieene understanding of myth. Andy for many years the iden that ‘Malinowski standpoint marked «ctl break fom the msgsel histor ial approach of ely socal anthropology was taught fm iver a Simple face-And ye, nezesingh continues beeen Malinowski and is pProdecesnor Rivers se erp and hs paral the degree co which Mliowsks own sdean have become part of the dsiplines historia [chground (act 1998; Wardle 1999) The oni ue of eka thinkers and asaciaed schools can be seen ‘gsi inthe folowing statement by Cliford Geer from bis book of ‘Seay olested 38 The Interpretation of Callen 1975 (Geez 1993). Tike Malinowski ey this book was fora long tne «reed txt fo sadents on many coures of sntivopology- Geertz ope a a) on "Reign as 2 Cultural Sata? with long mage eatemene i which ‘he dames he achievement ofthe post Second Woe Wat (Bits) social snihopoloicalteadion” with eat vo eligion. vial anthropelog has iecome excesvly narowed inelkcually and is incapable of further clr lpi hat Have been lived ony lf ha, ns rnounting they ae ere resp sesordng tothe anthropologist intentions. Tha douse over the fatal Is of Meads fat rhnoprpty, Comin of Age Samoa (1928), cused 2 remendous tit ia Ase further ae he importance of ethno fraphies as ue knowledge. ‘And this centring in true knowiedg i excl so ethnography’ bes sing pent. Asse uses i, Mead example is 0 fat» provoston quralen to people ive Ines of ether kind, you should be lee cocese fof your own. There i an clement of thin pehaps, Dut the am is ocher- trie Within the complexity of stration in mass society it becomes Telly cay to fall back on habitual experonen routines and under Sandings. These stereotypes propagated in parla through the news| ‘eda, persist because they ae founded in reeved jents and organ [SSd according to simple oppositons Mead approseh, the value of ‘ography as.aninterenion in the human convention, Les 8 [provenance oui thee Knowledge fxmeworks. Ethnography kads 3 ‘ur of the offen rivialy alist racturng of debate in mass soci ito ‘omsidering some alterative ways of being human. To take the eth ‘Seaphicronte iso seep off a narow path n which erative fo oor wn Prsings of ality are simply meanings © merely poeGlossary Allin, final An aline i person related on another through mariage (an inlaw ia Engh palace) The anal of alias ha played naj part in debates about Kaip in Twenteth Contry bol anthropology. In parcolaz, debate has ented on how marrage Saber and necesats te craton of inks with ouside groupe he Ifines) and on the tensions and. procses of egotation and ashange tha this nites Agency ‘The kinds sn degree of influence and power soil aco have tegseing scl sutton or socal plone in which Gey ee eegaged. Detes over agency centre on the Balance between host mach st

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