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01 - Cálculos de Cementación Primaria
01 - Cálculos de Cementación Primaria
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................2
SLURRY AND PREFLUSH VOLUMES................................................................................2
CEMENT-SYSTEM QUANTITY..........................................................................................6
DISPLACEMENT VOLUME ...............................................................................................7
CASING CAPACITIES ............................................................................................................ 7
WATER REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................8
MAXIMUM LIFTING FORCE ............................................................................................8
EXAMPLE WELL INFORMATION .............................................................................................. 10
CEMENT CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................... 12
DISPLACEMENT VOLUME ..................................................................................................... 12
WATER REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................... 12
MAXIMUM LIFTING FORCE ................................................................................................... 13
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Introduction
The following must be known before a primary cement job can be successfully completed:
cement-system quantity
displacement volume
water requirements
During the initial cement-job design, drilling is normally still in progress and the caliper log has
not been run. The slurry and preflush volumes are estimated based on the bit size plus an excess
volume (e.g., 30%) determined from field experience or based on government regulations.
Vslurry = Cannulus x Lslurry
where
Vslurry = slurry volume (ft3)
Lslurry = length of slurry column (ft)
Cannulus = annular capacity (ft3/ft; from the Dowell Field Data Handbook).
The job design is later finalized based on annular volumes determined from the caliper log. The
type of caliper can affect the calculated amount of cement, and the resulting fill-up by the
cement. Two- or three-arm calipers, with arms that operate together, may underestimate (or
overestimate in the case of the two-arm caliper) the size of the hole. This is especially true for
deviated wells which tend to have oval boreholes. For these situations, four-arm Hole calipers or
six-arm calipers (with independently operating arms) are preferred.
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This manual section is a confidential document which must not be copied in whole or in any part
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For calculating the annular volume using a basic caliper log, the interval of interest is divided into
increments, and the average hole diameters are estimated for each increment.
Annular-Volume Calculations from Caliper Measurements
Hole Diameter
(in.)
Annular Length
(ft)
Annular Volume
(ft3)
10.0
0.2782
30
8.346
10.5
0.3341
40
13.364
11.0
0.3927
10
3.927
13.5
0.7267
10
7.267
15.5
1.0431
10
10.431
TOTAL
43.335
Once the slurry volume has been calculated, an excess is added (normally 10 to 20%), based on
field experience or government regulations, and then the cement (or blend) requirements are
determined. Assuming a 43.335-ft3 total slurry volume (from Table 98), a 10% excess, and a
slurry yield of 1.18 ft3/sk, the required cement is calculated as follows.
Slurry Volume = 43.335 ft3 x 1.10 (10% excess) = 47.669 ft3
Most logging companies offer computerized annular-volume calculations which are presented on
the basic caliper log (see figure below).
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The tick marks on the depth track represent the total hole volume (left) and the annular volume
between the casing and openhole (right) in 10-ft3 increments. The long tick marks represent 100ft3 increments and therefore replace each tenth small tick mark. For metric logs, the small and
long tick marks indicate the total volume in 1-m3 and 10-m3 increments, respectively. The total
hole volume (VHOL) and cemented annulus (VCEM) are also shown in the header.
Slurry excess is only calculated for the openhole portion to be cemented. This excess is to
account for the inaccuracy of the caliper measurement, cement which may be lost into the
formation, hole enlargement, or fluid loss from the cement into permeable zones. When slurry
returns to the surface are desired or required, excess volumes may be used to ensure that they
are achieved.
The amount of excess must be carefully selected. If the well has a weak formation which is close
to being fractured, then excess cement (which will raise the cement top) may cause the
formation to be fractured because of the increased hydrostatic and friction pressures.
The final slurry-volume calculation is the amount that will remain in the shoe joints (between the
float collar and the shoe). This is simply the casing volume between those two points. This
volume is added to the annular slurry volume and the slurry excess to equal the total slurry
volume for the job.
CEMENT-SYSTEM QUANTITY
Besides the class of cement and additive details, a cement-system description always includes
The slurry yield is the volume occupied by one unit of cement or cement blend (e.g., sack,
equivalent sack, tonne) plus additives and mix water. For cement measured in sacks, the yield is
expressed in cubic feet per sack (ft3/sk) or cubic feet per equivalent sack (ft3/eq sk); for cement
measured in tonnes, the yield is expressed in liters per tonne (liter/t) or cubic meters per tonne
(m3/t). The term equivalent sack is used when the cementitious material is a blend of fly ash and
cement. The amounts of fly ash and cement to equal an equivalent sack can be obtained from
your laboratory. Once the total slurry volume has been determined, the total cement in sacks,
equivalent sacks, or tonnes is calculated using the following equation:
Total Cement = Total Slurry Volume / Slurry Yield
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DISPLACEMENT VOLUME
The displacement volume to land the plug equals the length of the pipe to the float collar times
the pipe capacity.
Vdisplacement = Lfloat collar x Cpipe
where
Vdisplacement = displacement volume (bbl/ft)
Lfloat collar = float-collar depth (ft)
Cpipe = casing capacity (bbl/ft; from the Dowell Field Data Handbook).
During the displacement, the actual volume pumped may be greater than the calculated volume
due to air entrainment in the slurry and pump inefficiency. Overdisplacement of the slurry past
the shoe must be avoided. Therefore, the decision to pump a volume in excess of the calculated
volume must be well thought out.
Casing Capacities
The casing dimensions and weights used by CemCADE and presented in the Dowell Field Data
Handbook are nominal values as defined in API Specification 5CT. Tolerances are associated with
these nominal values. A 9-5/8-in., 36-lbm/ft casing with a nominal ID of 8.921 in. is used in this
discussion to illustrate the possible effect of these tolerances. The casing OD tolerances are
+1.0% with an absolute maximum of 0.125 in. and -0.5%. Therefore, the casing OD can vary
from 9.577 to 9.721 in.
The casing weight tolerances are +6.5% and -3.5%. Therefore, the casing weight can vary from
34.74 to 38.34 lbm/ft.API Specification 5CT does not define a tolerance on the casing ID, but
derives it from the tolerances on the casing OD and weight.
The maximum possible casing ID corresponds to the maximum casing OD and the minimum
casing weight. The minimum possible casing ID corresponds to the minimum casing OD and the
maximum casing weight. Assuming a steel density of 505 lbm/ft3 (value calculated from the
nominal OD, ID and weight), the minimum and maximum ID for a 9-5/8-in., 36-lbm/ft casing are
8.820 and 9.049 in., respectively.
The casing capacities for the different inside diameters are
For a displacement length of 10,000 ft, the absolute errors on the displacement volume (from the
nominal value) are +22 bbl and -17 bbl.
All of the casing joints in a 10,000-ft well do not have their ID at the upper or lower limit.
Statistical ID data from the casing manufacturers are required to calculate more reasonable error
figures. However, this calculation exercise does show that the displacement volume for a given
casing size and depth is not fixed but may vary significantly as a result of the tolerances in the
casing OD and weight.
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WATER REQUIREMENTS
The water requirements for a primary cement-job operation equals the sum of
water required to fill the mixing/pumping units and the treating lines
water required for flushing the treating lines before the displacement
tank bottoms (the tank volume from the tank bottom to about six inches above the
suction valves).
Conditions 2 through 5 are all met when cementing surface or conductor casings.
The Fill Sequence module of the CemCADE program automatically calculates the maximum lifting
force (MLF) based on the static conditions at the end of the job. The CemCADE calculation of the
MLF is not performed for liner cement jobs.
The MLF is manually calculated as follows:
MLF = 0.785 x (Phyd(ann) Phyd(cas)) x Dcas2
where
Phyd(ann) = annular hydrostatic pressure at end of job (psi)
Phyd(cas) = casing hydrostatic pressure at end of job (psi)
Dcas2 = casing outside diameter (in.).
If the MLF value exceeds the total weight of the casing, then the casing can be pumped out of
the hole and must therefore be chained down.
The casing and annular hydrostatic pressures at the end of the job are calculated using the
following equation:
Phyd = 0.052 x H
where
= fluid density (lbm/gal)
H = height having fluid density (ft).
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Openhole:
Casing:
Excess required:
Shoe joint:
42 ft
Top of cement:
4450 ft
Lead system:
Tail system:
Preflush:
density:
12.9 lbm/gal
yield:
1.54 ft3/eq sk
mix water:
7.80 gal/eq sk
Class H + Additives
density:
16.4 lbm/gal
yield:
1.05 ft3/sk
mix water:
4.29 gal/sk
Displacement fluid:
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This well information is illustrated in the figure below. Data is taken from the Dowell Field Data
Handbook.
Annular capacities:
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Cement Calculations
Lead slurry volume between 9-5/8-in. and 13-3/8-in. casings:
V1 = 0.3627 ft3/ft x 300 ft = 108.8 ft3
Lead slurry volume between 9-5/8-in. casing and openhole:
V2 = 0.3132 ft3/ft x (4450 - 1700) ft x 1.25 (25% excess) = 1076.6 ft3
Total lead slurry volume:
VL = V1 + V2 = 1185.4 ft3
Total lead cement
SacksL = 1165.4 ft3 / 1.54 ft3 / eq sk = 770 eq sk
Tail slurry volume between 9-5/8-in. casing and openhole:
V3= 0.3132 ft3/ft x (4950 - 4450) ft x 1.25 (25% excess) = 195.8 ft3
Tail slurry volume in shoe joint:
V4= 0.4341 ft3/ft x 42 ft = 18.2 ft3
Total tail slurry volume:
VT = V3 + V4 = 214.0 ft3
Total tail cement
SacksT = 214.0 ft3 / 1.05 ft3 / sk = 204 eq sk
Displacement Volume
The treating lines are to be flushed with water before commencing the displacement.
Displacement volume:
VD = 0.0773 bbl/ft x (4950 - 42) ft = 379.4 bbl
Water Requirements
Mix water for the cement:
VMIX = 7.80 gal/eq sk x 770 eq sk + 4.29 gal/sk x 204 sk = 6882 gal = 164 bbl
Mix water for the preflush
Vpreflush = 41.5 gal/bbl x 40 bbl = 1660 gal = 39.5 bbl 40 bbl
The rig and two 100-bbl water trucks will supply Dowell with fresh water. Therefore, tank
bottoms are not a concern.
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Water Requirements
Purpose
40
164
(estimate)
(estimate)
(estimate)
10
(estimate)
50
(estimate)
276
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Casing Calculations
Hydrostatic Pressure
(psi)
Interval (ft)
Hydrostatic Pressure
(psi)
467
Preflush
781 to 1400
268
Lead slurry
TOTAL
2935
Interval (ft)
0 to 781
Tail slurry
0 to 4908
Annular Calculations
4908 to 4950 36
2971
3207
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