QUYN S HU TR TU

TI LIU BI GING
(b sung, sa i theo
Lut S hu Tr tu 2005)

L NT
Tin s lut hc (LSE, London)
Lut s thnh vin Cng ty lut LCT
Ging vin Khoa Lut Dn s
Trng i hc Lut TP H Ch Minh
Email: net.le@lctlawyers.com

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA

THNH PH H CH MINH
2006
1

MC LC
LI NI U ..................................................................................................... 9
Chng 1:
Gii thiu v s hu tr tu ........................................................ 10
1.1
Khi nim v s hu tr tu................................................................. 13
1.1.1
Th no l tr tu..................................................................... 13
1.1.2
Ti sn v hnh c th l s hu c khng? ....................... 13
1.1.3
Trit hc v s hu tr tu .......................................................... 15
1.1.4
Kinh t v s hu tr tu............................................................. 19
1.1.5
Phn loi s hu tr tu .............................................................. 22
1.1.6
Tnh cht ca quyn s hu tr tu............................................. 26
1.2
Qu trnh hnh thnh lut s hu tr tu trn th gii.......................... 29
1.2.1
Cc quc gia tin phong trong vic bo h s hu tr tu ......... 29
1.2.2
Cc cng c u tin v bo h quyn s hu tr tu .............. 30
1.2.3
Thnh lp T chc S hu Tr tu Th gii (WIPO)................. 31
1.2.4
WTO v s hu tr tu ............................................................... 33
1.3
Cc nc ang pht trin v s hu tr tu ......................................... 33
1.3.1
Cc nc ang pht trin v quyn tip cn kin thc .............. 33
1.3.2
Bo h hay khng bo h quyn s hu tr tu?........................ 35
1.4
Ton cu ho, TRIPS v tng lai ca quyn s hu tr tu .............. 36
1.4.1
Ton cu ho v vai tr ca cc cng ty a quc gia (MNE) .... 36
1.4.2
TRIPS v Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K ............. 37
1.5 Quyn s hu tr tu Vit Nam........................................................ 38
1.5.1
Qu trnh hnh thnh cc quy nh v quyn s hu tr tu ti
Vit Nam trc BLDS 1995 ...................................................... 38
1.5.2
S pht trin ca quyn s hu tr tu t khi BLDS 1995 ra i
n khi ban hnh BLDS 2005.................................................... 39
1.5.3
Lut S hu Tr tu nm 2005 ................................................... 41
1.5.4
Quyn s hu tr tu v l trnh gia nhp WTO ........................ 45
1.6 Ngun thng tin v s hu tr tu v chng trnh ging dy ............ 46
1.6.1
Ngun thng tin ......................................................................... 46
1.6.2
Chng trnh ging dy chuyn ngnh s hu tr tu................ 47
Chng 2:
Quyn tc gi ............................................................................. 48
2.1
Khi nim v c im quyn tc gi ................................................. 48
2.1.1
Khi nim quyn tc gi ............................................................ 48
2.1.2
c im quyn tc gi v ngha v chng minh bo v quyn
.................................................................................................... 49
2.2
i tng, ch th v ni dung quyn tc gi .................................... 50
2.2.1
i tng quyn tc gi............................................................. 50
2.2.2
Ch th ca quyn tc gi .......................................................... 57
2.2.3
Ni dung quyn tc gi .............................................................. 61
2.2.4
Thi hn bo h quyn tc gi ................................................... 64
2

2.2.5
2.2.6

Tha k quyn tc gi ................................................................ 65

So snh ni dung ca Cng c Berne v bo h quyn tc gi
v cc quy nh ca BLDS......................................................... 66
2.3 Hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi v ngoi l ..................................... 66
2.3.1
Hnh vi xm phm ..................................................................... 66
2.3.2
Cc hnh vi s dng khng b coi l xm phm ........................ 69
2.4 Quyn lin quan .................................................................................. 71
2.4.1
Mi lin h gia quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan ................... 71
2.4.2
Khi nim v c im .............................................................. 72
2.4.3
Ni dung ca quyn lin quan v thi hn bo h..................... 73
2.5
Hp ng s dng tc phm v hp ng chuyn nhng quyn tc
gi, quyn lin quan ............................................................................ 75
2.5.1
Hp ng trong nc ................................................................. 75
2.5.2
Hp ng c yu t nc ngoi................................................. 77
2.6 Qun l quyn tc gi v ng k quyn tc gi................................. 78
2.6.1
T chc qun l tp th quyn tc gi ....................................... 78
2.6.2
ng k quyn tc gi v vai tr ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi.... 78
2.7
Kt lun............................................................................................... 79
Cu hi n tp: ............................................................................................... 80
Ph lc Cng c WIPO v Quyn tc gi (1996)..................................... 83
Chng 3:
Nhn hiu ................................................................................... 84
3.1
Khi nim nhn hiu ........................................................................... 84
3.1.1
Nhn hiu trong cuc sng ....................................................... 84
3.1.2
Kh nng phn bit ca nhn hiu ............................................. 85
3.1.3
Cn c pht sinh v thi hn bo h.......................................... 88
3.2 Ch vn bng bo h v phm vi c quyn bo h .......................... 88
3.2.1
Li ch cn bo h v phm vi bo h ....................................... 88
3.2.2
Phm vi c quyn bo h i vi nhn hiu ............................ 89
3.3
Xc lp, nh ch, hy b vn bng bo h......................................... 91
3.3.1
Cc SHTT v Cng bo S hu cng nghip............................ 91
3.3.2
Tho c Madrid v ng k quc t cc nhn hiu ................. 91
3.3.3
Xc lp quyn: Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu ................ 93
3.3.4
nh ch vn bng bo h .......................................................... 97
3.3.5
Hy b vn bng bo h ............................................................ 97
3.4 Nhn hiu ni ting............................................................................. 98
3.5 Hnh vi xm phm quyn SHCN i vi nhn hiu........................... 99
3.5.1
Khi nim hnh vi xm phm v ngha v chng minh ............ 99
3.5.2
Ngoi l: tn thng mi ......................................................... 101
3.5.3
Ngoi l: chm dt quyn (exhaustion of rights) v nhp khu
song song ................................................................................. 102
3.8
Kt lun............................................................................................. 102
Cu hi n tp .............................................................................................. 103
3

Chng 4:

Cc i tng lin quan n uy tn kinh doanh ca doanh nghip

106
4.1 Ch dn a l v cc hnh vi xm phm ch dn a l.................... 106
4.1.1
Ch dn a l v ch dn thng mi ...................................... 106
4.1.2
Xc lp quyn i vi ch dn a l ....................................... 107
4.1.3
Hnh vi xm phm quyn i vi ch dn a l ..................... 108
4.2
Tn gi xut x hng ho: xc lp v bo h ................................... 109
4.2.1
Xc lp quyn i vi tn gi xut x hng ho ..................... 109
4.2.2
Bo h tn gi xut x hng ho ............................................. 109
4.3
Tn thng mi ................................................................................. 110
4.3.1
Tn thng mi, tn cng ty, bng hiu v nhn hiu ............. 110
4.3.2
X l hnh vi xm phm quyn i vi tn thng mi ......... 111
4.3
Cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip .... 111
4.3.1
Phn bit cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong thng mi v trong
lnh vc s hu cng nghip.................................................... 111
4.3.2
Cc hnh thc x l hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh ...... 114
4.5
Tn min ........................................................................................... 115
4.5.1
Khi nim tn min.................................................................. 115
4.5.2
ng k tn min ..................................................................... 116
4.5.3
Tranh chp v tn min v phng php gii quyt ................ 116
Chng 5:
Sng ch (patent) v gii php hu ch .................................... 118
5.1
Khi nim v c im sng ch, gii php hu ch......................... 118
5.1.1
Khi nim................................................................................. 118
5.1.2
Cc c im ca sng ch, gii php hu ch ........................ 119
5.1.3
Con ng i n vn bng bo h sng ch, gii php hu ch
.................................................................................................. 119
5.2
iu kin bo h i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch ...................... 121
5.2.1
Gii php k thut.................................................................... 121
5.2.2
Tnh mi................................................................................... 123
5.2.3
Kh nng p dng .................................................................... 125
5.2.4
Trnh sng to tnh khng hin nhin .............................. 126
5.3
Xc lp vn bng bo h i vi sng ch v gii php hu ch
.................................................................................................. 126
5.3.1
n trong nc ........................................................................ 127
5.3.2
Xc lp vn bng bo h i vi n quc t.......................... 134
5.4 Ch vn bng bo h v phm vi c quyn bo h ........................ 135
5.4.1
Phm vi c quyn bo h i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch
.................................................................................................. 135
5.4.2
Ngha v s dng sng ch, gii php hu ch ph hp vi nhu
cu x hi ................................................................................. 136
5.4.4
Ngha v khc .......................................................................... 137
5.4.5
Quyn ca tc gi..................................................................... 137
4

5.5 Xm phm sng ch, gii php hu ch ............................................ 137

5.5.1
Hnh vi xm phm ................................................................... 137
5.5.2
Ngoi l: s dng trc............................................................ 138
5.5.3
Ngoi l: li-xng bt buc........................................................ 139
5.6.5
Ngoi l: chm dt quyn (exhaustion of rights) v nhp khu
song song ................................................................................. 139
5.6
Thng tin Patent................................................................................ 139
Kt lun........................................................................................................ 141
Cu hi n tp .............................................................................................. 142
Chng 6:
Kiu dng cng nghip ............................................................ 146
6.1
Khi nim kiu dng cng nghip .................................................... 146
6.3.1
Hnh dng bn ngoi, dng lm mu to sn phm ............ 147
6.4
Phm vi quyn i vi KDCN................................................. 149
6.4.1
Quyn ca ch s hu.............................................................. 149
6.4.2
Quyn ca tc gi..................................................................... 149
6.5
Xc lp, nh ch, hy b vn bng bo h....................................... 149
5.6 Hnh vi xm phm quyn SHCN i vi kiu dng cng nghip.... 150
5.7
Kt lun............................................................................................. 151
Cu hi n tp .............................................................................................. 152
Chng 6:
B mt kinh doanh.................................................................... 153
6.1
Bo h b mt kinh doanh trn th gii............................................. 153
6.2
Bo h b mt kinh doanh ................................................................. 153
6.2.1
Xc lp quyn i vi b mt kinh doanh theo quy nh ca php
lut Vit Nam........................................................................... 153
6.2.2
Chuyn giao quyn s dng b mt kinh doanh....................... 155
6.3 Hnh vi xm phm b mt kinh doanh .............................................. 155
6.3.1
Cc hnh vi xm phm............................................................. 155
6.3.2
Bin php x l cc hnh vi xm phm ................................... 156
Cu hi n tp .............................................................................................. 156
Chng 7:
B tr mch tch hp bn dn ................................................... 158
7.1
nh ngha thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn............................. 158
7.2
Tiu chun bo h i vi thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn..... 158
7.3
Xc lp quyn i vi thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn ........... 159
7.4 Quyn ca ch s hu thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn v cc
ngoi l (s dng hn ch) ................................................................ 159
Kt lun........................................................................................................ 160
Chng 8 Hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh .............................. 161
8.1
Khi nim v c im ..................................................................... 161
8.1.1
Khi nim................................................................................. 161
8.1.2
Hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh............................................ 162
8.1.3
Hp ng li-xng ..................................................................... 163
8.1.4
Hp ng nhng quyn kinh doanh - hp ng franchising . 165
5

8.1.5
8.1.6

Nhng hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh khc........................ 165

c im ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh v hp ng lixng.......................................................................................... 166
8.2
Ph duyt, ng k hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh...................... 167
8.3
i tng ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh v hp ng li-xng
168
8.3.1
Thng tin trong chuyn giao cng ngh v li-xng ................. 168
8.3.2
Phn cng ca chuyn giao cng ngh v li-xng - my mc thit
b .............................................................................................. 170
8.4
m phn k kt hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh c yu
t nc ngoi .................................................................................... 170
8.4.1
Cc yu t cn xem xt khi m phn k kt hp ng .......... 170
8.4.2
Th tc tin hnh k kt, ph chun v ng k hp ng...... 172
8.4.3
iu kin c cp li-xng bt buc .................................. 172
8.5
Ni dung hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh .................... 173
8.5.1
Ni dung ch yu ca hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng
ngh.......................................................................................... 173
8.5.2
Cc iu khon khng c a vo hp ng....................... 173
8.5.3
Gi c v phng thc thanh ton ........................................... 174
8.6 Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng........................................................ 175
8.6.1
Lut p dng ............................................................................ 175
8.6.2
C quan x l tranh chp......................................................... 175
8.7
Kt lun............................................................................................. 176
Cu hi n tp .............................................................................................. 176
Chng 9:
Quyn i vi ging cy trng ................................................ 179
9.1
Khi nim.......................................................................................... 179
9.2
Xc lp quyn i vi ging cy trng ............................................. 179
9.2.1
Tiu chun bo h ging cy trng.......................................... 179
9.2.2
ng k quyn i vi ging cy trng................................... 180
9.2.3
Son tho n yu cu bo h ................................................. 181
9.3 Quyn v gii hn quyn ca ch s hu ging cy trng............... 182
9.4 Chuyn giao quyn s dng ging cy trng.................................... 184
Kt lun........................................................................................................ 185
Chng 10: Thc thi quyn s hu tr tu................................................... 186
10.1. Cc quy nh v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu theo Tha c TRIPS v
Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K..................................... 186
10.1.1 Gii thiu ni dung Tha c TRIPS ...................................... 186
10.1.2
C ch thc thi quyn s hu tr tu theo Tho c TRIPS.... 187
10.1.3 Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M .............................................. 188
10.1.4
Bo h quyn s hu tr tu theo Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M
.................................................................................................. 188

10.2 Nhng kh khn vng mc trong vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu c

hiu qu trc khi c Lut SHTT ..................................................... 190
10.2.1
Tng kt cc kh khn trong vic thc thi............................... 190
10.2.2
V kin thc thc thi v t duy c quan thc thi..................... 191
10.2.3
V kinh ph thc thi ................................................................. 192
10.3 Vai tr ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT ............................ 192
10.4 Cc quy nh v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu trong lut Vit Nam sau
khi c Lut SHTT ............................................................................. 193
10.4.1 Th tc t tng dn s v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu .......... 193
10.4.2 X l vi phm hnh chnh........................................................ 197
10.4.3
Truy cu trch nhim hnh s .................................................. 201
10.5 Thc thi quyn s hu tr tu ti bin gii........................................ 202
10.6 Kinh nghim ca cc nc trong vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu 203
10.6.1
Ci tin cc quy nh v t tng dn s gip cho vic thc thi c
hiu qu hn............................................................................. 203
10.6.2
Ci tin phng php x l vi phm hnh chnh ..................... 206
10.6.3
Truy cu trch nhim hnh s .................................................. 207
Cu hi n tp .............................................................................................. 208
Chng 11: Lm dng quyn s hu tr tu ................................................ 210
11.1 S dng v lm dng quyn s hu tr tu ....................................... 210
11.1.1 Nguyn tc s dng quyn s hu tr tu ................................ 210
11.1.2
S dng sai nguyn tc v lm dng ....................................... 211
11.1.3 Quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi khc.......................... 212
11.1.4
Gy thit hi v kh nng gy thit hi.................................... 218
11.2 Lm dng quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan..................................... 219
11.2.1
Lm dng quyn tc gi i vi nhn hng ho/bao b sn phm .
.................................................................................................. 219
11.2.2
Lm dng quyn tc gi i vi phn mm............................. 220
11.2.3
Lm dng quyn lin quan....................................................... 221
11.3 Lm dng quyn s hu cng nghip............................................... 221
11.3.1
Lm dng ng k nhn hiu.................................................. 222
11.3.2
Lm dng vn bng bo h sng ch, gii php hu ch, kiu
dng cng nghip ..................................................................... 222
11.3.3
Lm dng i tng c bo h theo Ngh nh 54/2000/NCP............................................................................................. 223
11.3.4
Lm dng cc bin php thc thi quyn s hu tr tu............ 224
11.3.5
Lm dng hnh thc hp ng li-xng..................................... 224
11.4 Bin php chng lm dng: vn dng cc iu khon hn ch quyn s
hu tr tu.......................................................................................... 225
11.5 Bin php chng lm dng: xy dng lut cnh tranh...................... 225
Chng 11: Mt h thng bo h cn bng................................................. 227
11.1 Bn cht ca bo h quyn s hu tr tu ......................................... 227
7

11.2 Bo h v cn bng li ch gia cc ch th..................................... 229

11.3 Cc vn cn nghin cu tm mt c ch bo h thch hp...... 229
11.4 Kt lun............................................................................................. 231
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................... 232
PH LC: LUT S HU TR TU 2005

LI NI U
Trong Hi ngh Ton quc v Thc thi Quyn S hu Tr tu ti H Ni, thng
9/2004, Ph Th tng V Khoan nu ln mt vn - l cho n nay vn
cha c gio trnh v s hu tr tu ti Vit Nam. Trong khi ch son tho v
xut bn gio trnh lut s hu tr tu, quyn Quyn S hu Tr tu - Ti liu
Bi ging ny ra i nhm mc ch cung cp ti liu tham kho cho cc sinh
vin lut, cc hc vin ca cc kho o to v s hu tr tu, cc nh nghin
cu v lut s hu tr tu, v cc lut s. Cch tip cn vn ca quyn sch
l xem xt v nghin cu quyn s hu tr tu di gc ca mt quc gia
ang pht trin, phn tch lut php trn nhng nguyn tc trit hc v kinh t,
da vo iu kin kinh t - x hi ca t nc. T xut pht im trn, tc gi
phn tch nhng mt li, mt hi ca vic bo v v thc thi quyn s hu tr
tu ti Vit Nam, cc cam kt m Vit Nam cn thc hin trong Hip nh
Thng mi Vit - M, hay trong qu trnh tham gia T chc Thng mi Th
gii. Quyn sch c tng hp vo nm 2002 v chnh sa vo nm 2004.
Quyn sch c trnh by nh mt ti liu ging dy, mi chng tng ng
vi mt bi hc. Mi bi hc c phn khi nim, ch th, khch th v ni dung
ca quan h php lut m quyn sch cp n. Sau khi cp ni dung
(quyn v ngha v ca ch s hu tr tu), quyn sch phn tch vic thc thi
quyn s hu tr tu i vi tng i tng c th, nhng kh khn ch quan v
khch quan trong vic thc thi. Cui mi chng c kt lun cng cc cu hi
n tp. Sau khi phn tch tng i tng s hu tr tu, tc gi ra nhng
kin ngh nhm a n mt h thng bo v quyn s hu tr tu mt cch cn
bng, cho ch s hu tr tu v cho ngi tiu dng, ph hp vi s pht trin
kinh t - x hi ca t nc. Mc ch ca quyn sch l phn tch v trnh
by quyn s hu tr tu nh mt cng c ca ch th quyn. Cng c c c
hai mt tch cc v tiu cc. Vai tr ca Nh nc, l ngi iu hnh nn
kinh t, l cho ch s hu tr tu c hi bin nhng u im ca vic s dng
quyn s hu tr tu tr thnh hin thc, v hn ch mt tiu cc ca vic lm
dng quyn s hu tr tu.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n TS Nguyn Vn Vin, nguyn Cc trng Cc
Sng ch, ThS Phm Kim Anh, Trng khoa Lut Dn s Trng i hc Lut
TP H Ch Minh, anh V Duy Quy, chuyn gia bo h nhn hiu cng ty
Unilever Vit Nam v nhiu chuyn gia v s hu tr tu khc ng gp
nhng kin qu bu cho quyn sch. Cc khim khuyt thuc v tc gi. Tc
gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp, ph bnh ca bn c, cng nh cc
ti liu tham kho khc v ngnh khoa hc mi m v y kh khn ny.
L Nt, PhD (London School of Economics and Political Science)
9

Chng 1:

Gii thiu v s hu tr tu

S hu tr tu ang ngy cng tr thnh mt lnh vc c quan tm. Mt

doanh nghip mun pht trin phi ngh n chuyn bo v thng hiu (nhn
hiu hng ho) ca mnh. Mt c nhn lut khi ra trng ngy nay i hi phi
c mt s kin thc v quyn tc gi hay nhn hiu hng ho. Cn i vi
nhng ngi mun gn s nghip ca mnh vi mn hc ny, khm ph cc c
tnh ca cc i tng s hu tr tu vn cn l mt vn kh khn song y
hng th.
Ti sao phi hc v s hu tr tu? C phi l mt lnh vc kh hiu v
khng c ng dng? C phi l mt khi nim qu mi? Hay lnh vc ny
c du nhp t nhng khi nim xa l ca nc ngoi v ch bo v ch th
nc ngoi? Thc s khng phi vy. Trong cuc sng chng ta gp rt nhiu
vn lin quan n s hu tr tu. Nh may Tun u ph t khch, bn
m ca hiu may, cng treo bin "Nh may Tun" cho ca hiu ca bn, Nh
may Tun u ph c quyn yu cu bn g bin khng? Bn ang xut khu
sang Nga mt l qun o ang mt, trnh b cc nh bun khc bt chc
kiu dng, bn c nn i ng k kiu dng cng nghip hay khng? Bn vit
mt bi bo, to son chnh sa ni dung bi bo v a vo nhng tng
bn khng h ngh ti. To son c xm phm quyn tc gi ca bn khng?
Bn mang my cassette vo mt bui trnh din m nhc, thu bng v cho bn
b sao chp li. Bng a sao chp c b coi l bng a lu khng? l nhng
vn m lut v s hu tr tu phi gii quyt. Tuy bo ch khng dng nhiu
danh t s hu tr tu, song nhng vn c lin quan trc tip n s hu tr
tu li rt ph bin: hng gi, hng nhi, sao chp lu, cnh tranh khng lnh
mnh, nhng quyn thng hiu, v.v. minh ha vai tr ca quyn s hu
tr tu, chng ta c th xt hai v d di y:
1.

Xe my DREAM II ca hng sn xut t xe my Honda (Nht Bn)

l mt trong nhng xe my ni ting nht ti Vit Nam, gia nhp th
trng t cui nhng nm 1980. Khong 6 nm sau, trn th trng
bt u xut hin nhng loi xe c kiu dng ging ht xe DREAM
II, nh DEALIM, LIFAN, HONGDA v.v. do Hn Quc v Trung
Quc sn xut. y l thit hi khng nh n th phn v li nhun
ca Honda, v Vit Nam l mt trong nhng th trng tiu th xe
my ln nht th gii. Honda yu cu c quan Nh nc c thm
quyn can thip v ngn chn hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu
cng nghip ca mnh nhng khng thnh cng. L do l v Honda
phm sai lm cht ngi: khng ng k bo h kiu dng xe
10

DREAM II trc khi a xe ra th trng. Do kiu dng xe

DREAM II mt tnh mi i vi th gii, nn khng cn kh
nng c bo h, v v vy quyn s hu cng nghip ca
HONDA i vi kiu dng xe DREAM II cng khng c xc lp.
2.

n nm 2005 sai lm ca Honda i vi xe DREAM II li c lp

li, ln ny l cc nh sn xut xe hi Nht Bn v Hoa K, v i
th cng khng ai khc l cc nh sn xut xe hi Trung Quc. Mt
lot cc loi xe bn ti ca Trung Quc nh FAW, Gii Phng, ng
Phong, Hng K c cc x nghip t Vit Nam lp rp c kiu
dng l bn sao kiu dng ca cc loi xe Nht nh ISUZU NHR,
MITSUBISHI. Ti Hoa K, hng xe CHERY ca Trung Quc bt
u xm nhp Hoa K vi kiu dng xe QQ phng theo kiu dng xe
DEAWOO MATIZ ca GM Deawoo (do Hoa K mua li ca Hn
Quc). Cc cng ty Nht v Hoa K mc cng khuyt im ca
Honda nm xa: khng ng k kiu dng cng nghip cho xe trc
khi xut xng:

Hnh 1: sao chp kiu dng cng nghip gia hai loi xe
Vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu xut pht t hai vai tr ni bt ca cc i
tng s hu tr tu: l vic nng cao trnh khoa hc - k thut trn th
gii v vic nh hng pht trin khoa hc - cng ngh ca cc quc gia.
V vai tr th nht, chng ta thy cc i tng s hu cng nghip ang c
bo h k tha nhng thnh qu lao ng sng to ca nhiu th h i trc.
Th d, mt chic in thoi di ng dng th hin nay l kt qu pht trin ca
bit bao nhiu sng ch. T nhng pht minh u tin v sng in t, t "sng
ch" thit b nghe bng hai chic ng b ni li vi nhau, G. Bell v E. Macconi
sng ch ra chic in thoi u tin trn th gii. Ban u, cht lng in
thoi cha cao, v cc tng i phi ni dy bng tay. Ri sau , ngi ta
dng cp ng ni nhng ng dy xuyn lc a u tin. Sau khi c
nhng sng ch v pht sng v tuyn, v nht l sau khi nhng v tinh u tin
c phng vo v tr, ngi ta bt u ngh n chuyn lin lc bng v
tuyn. Tip theo l vic ra i sng ch my in ton cng t ng ha
11

c rt nhiu cng on m trc kia phi lm bng tay. Khng ch dng

, vic ch to ra cng ngh cp quang v cng ngh k thut s (digital)
khin cho cht lng m thanh truyn ti c nng ln khng ngng, cho d
khong cch gia hai ngi ni chuyn in thoi xa bao nhiu. Ngoi cng
ngh truyn tin hu tuyn, cch thc truyn tin v tuyn, thng qua nhng chic
in i u tin pht trin thnh nhng trm in thoi v tuyn c nh, ri
v tuyn di ng u tin trn th gii. Tuy th, cng phi mt gn 10 nm cho
vic i t nhng chic in thoi di ng h NMT to v cht lng khng n
nh u tin n nhng chic in thoi di ng h GSM hin nay qua h
CDMA, n h in thoi v tuyn v tinh VSAT hay h IRIDIUM trong tng
lai. Bn cnh , chng ta cng thy kiu dng, kch thc, trng lng, thi
gian cuc gi v cht lng cuc gi ca nhng chic in thoi di ng cng
khng ngng pht trin. ng lc ca pht trin khng g khc hn l nhng
sng ch trong cng ngh thng tin c bo h c quyn c thi hn,
khuyn khch mi ngi trong vic chy ua ci tin cng ngh.
c mt sn phm sng to, ban u nh sn xut phi hoch nh c
hng pht trin sn phm, sau mi u t tp trung nghin cu. Sau nhiu
ln th nghim v tht bi mi ra i c nhng tng c kh nng p dng
u tin. Tuy nhin, mt tng tr thnh s thc v c ngi tiu dng
chp nhn sn phm, nh sn xut phi lin tc ci tin v hon thin sn phm,
qung co, pht trin mng li phn phi cho n khi thnh cng, ri li phi
khng ngng ci tin ng vng trc sc cnh tranh v nhu cu thay i
ca ngi tiu dng. V th, sng ch l thnh qu lao ng tr c ca nhiu th
h. N xng ng c bo h c quyn.
Vai tr th hai ca cc i tng s hu cng nghip m hin nay chng ta t
n l vai tr thng tin v nh hng u t. Khi np n yu cu bo h
mt i tng s hu cng nghip l sng ch hay gii php hu ch, ch th
np n phi bc l y cch thc to ra sng ch trong bn m t
(description) v thng bo cho cc ch th khc bit v sng ch ca mnh trn
cng bo s hu cng nghip thng qua bn tm tt (abstract) v cc yu cu
bo h (claim). V th, c quan s hu cng nghip cng l ni lu gi nhng
thng tin v gi v trnh khoa hc k thut hin nay trn th gii. Trung tm
Thng tin Khoa hc Cng ngh TP H Ch Minh s 79 Trng nh, hay Cc
SHTT 137 Nguyn Tri - H Ni l mt th d. Ti y mi ngi c th
nm c cc thng tin nh: hng nghin cu sn phm, cng ngh ca mnh
c ngi i trc khm ph ra cha, nhn hiu ca mnh c ngi yu cu
bo h cha.1 Nu c th cc i tng s hu cng nghip cn c bo h
hay khng? Mnh c nn tip tc nghin cu pht trin cng ngh hay khng,
1

Thng tin s hu tr tu (tham lun ti Hi tho v s hu tr tu thng 9 nm 1998 do Cc

SHTT v WIPO t chc).

12

hay hng sang phng thc khc (th d nh thng lng vi cc ch s hu

cng nghip nhn li-xng cc i tng ni trn)? Bit c nhng thng
tin ny, chng ta s c tm l an tm khi u t nghin cu sn phm, cng nh
tip thu cng ngh t cc doanh nghip khc. t nht chng ta cng bit cng
ngh m chng ta nhp vo c thuc loi hin i nht trn th gii hay khng,
hoc c thch hp vi Vit Nam hay khng. Bit khai thc nhng thng tin v
s hu cng nghip, c bit l cc thng tin v sng ch cng l mt trong
nhng cha kho pht trin cng ngh t nc.
1.1

Khi nim v s hu tr tu

1.1.1 Th no l tr tu
Trn thc t c rt nhiu sn phm ca tr tu. Vic hun luyn vin Weigang
tuyn chn c Hng Sn, Hunh c vo i tuyn Vit Nam, sp xp i
hnh thi u Seagame 18 chc chn l mt sn phm tr tu. Tuy nhin,
Weigang khng c hng quyn s hu sn phm tr tu ca mnh.
Ngc li, hai ch ci (th d nhn hiu kem nh rng P/S) khng c g l tr
tu th li c coi l i tng ca s hu tr tu. Vy khng phi mi th
tr tu u c bo h di dng quyn s hu tr tu. Ngc li khng phi
mi quyn s hu tr tu u l sn phm ca tr tu. Mc d khng c nh
ngha chnh thng v trc tip th no l s hu tr tu, ta c th nh ngha
quyn s hu tr tu l tp hp cc quyn i vi ti sn v hnh l thnh qu
lao ng sng to hay uy tn kinh doanh ca cc ch th, c php lut quy
nh bo h. Trong nh ngha ny, cng cn b sung thm l mc d quyn s
hu tr tu c tn gi v nhiu im tng ng vi quyn s hu, song hin
nay cc hc gi vn cha nht tr xem c nn coi quyn s hu tr tu l mt
loi quyn s hu hay khng.
1.1.2

Ti sn v hnh c th l s hu c khng?

Khi phn tch khi nim s hu tr tu, chng ta thy ni ln mt s vn cn

phi gii thch r. Trc tin l khi nim ti sn v hnh. N khc vi ti sn
theo iu 161 B Lut Dn s (BLDS - cc ti sn hu hnh). Ti sn v hnh
l nhng ti sn khng nhn thy c, nhng tr gi c bng tin v c th
trao i (th d thng quyn, uy tn). Sau chng ta cng cn phi lu khi
nim "thnh qu lao ng sng to".
Yu t th hai, hin din trn hu ht cc i tng s hu tr tu l s sng to.
Nu khng c sng to th cuc sng ca chng ta ngy hm nay cng khng
khc g cuc sng cch y 10 hay 20 nm. Ln v su na trong qu kh cch
y mi c 300 nm, mc sng chu v mc sng chu u khng khc g
13

nhau. Tuy nhin, cuc cch mng cng nghip thay i cch nhn ca mi
ngi v gi tr ca s sng to. Mt lot sng ch, ci tin ra i cho thy sng
to l ng lc pht trin ca x hi, v v th Nh nc phi c c ch khuyn
khch hot ng sng to thng qua quy nh bo h. Tuy nhin, php lut ch
bo v nhng thnh qu lao ng sng to c ng gp nht nh i vi s
pht trin ca kinh t x hi. Mt s thnh qu lao ng sng to khng em li
li ch thc t g v khng ng dng vo thc t cuc sng c (th d nh
mt tr o thut bin mt chic cc mu thnh mu xanh) khng c bo v
di dng s hu tr tu. Ngoi ra, bo v quyn s hu tr tu cng nng cao
c cht lng sn phm. Cu chuyn v chic n Davy l mt th d.
Humphry Davy (1778 1829) pht minh ra chic n an ton ( Vit Nam gi
l n mng-xng). Loi n ny c t trong mng li dy dn ngn
khng cho la trn ra ngoi, gy chy n; gii quyt c nguy c ln nht cho
nhng ngi th m khi phi s dng nn trong hm l. Tuy nhin, Davy
khng xin cp bng sng ch bi ng mun l mt sng ch cu ngi.
Kt qu l rt nhiu thng gia sn xut n an ton v bn trn lan bt chp
cht lng thp v gy ra nhiu v n hm l khin nhiu ngi thit mng.
Thm kch ny dy cho chng ta bi hc: bng c quyn sng ch cn c
dng bo m cht lng sn phm ca nh sn xut.
Bn cnh thnh qu lao ng sng to, uy tn thng mi cng l mt ti sn c
gi tr ln. l nhng ti sn v hnh, song i khi li l nhng ti sn c gi
tr nht v cn phi c bo v. Th d trong khi gp vn lin doanh xy dng
nh my sn xut kem nh rng Elida P/S, gi tr nh xng v quyn s dng
t ca pha Vit Nam c nh gi cha n 1 triu USD, trong khi nhn
hiu P/S c mua vi gi hn 4 triu USD. V sao mt du hiu li c nh
gi cao nh vy? Bi v ng sau nhn hiu (hu hnh) l c mt qu trnh phn
u u t cng sc (v hnh) ca c mt tp th nh my a mt sn phm t
khi cha c ch ng trn th trng tr thnh mt sn phm ni ting chim
hn 2/3 th phn Vit Nam (vo thi im lin doanh). Nh vy, nhn hiu P/S
khng ch n thun l phn bit vi cc hng kem nh rng khc. P/S lc
l biu tng ca uy tn thng mi ca sn phm do Cng ty Ho m phm
P/S sn xut. iu ng tic l trong nhng nm u m ca, cc doanh nghip
Vit Nam khi tham gia gp vn lin doanh khng tnh n chuyn gp vn
bng ti sn v hnh (mng li kinh doanh, c quyn phn phi sn phm,
thng hiu) m tp trung nhiu n quyn s dng t, khin tr gi ti sn gp
vn ca i tc trong nc trong lin doanh thp.

Hnh 2: nhn hiu kem nh rng P/S c nh gi 5 triu USD

14

Th d, x nghip ch bin thc phm A qua bao nhiu nm kinh doanh pht
trin c mng li tiu th trn khp c nc, nhn hiu ca A tr nn
quen thuc vi ngi tiu dng. Gn y A nhn c li ngh ca cng ty B
ca Nht thnh lp lin doanh, vi mc ch nng cao cht lng sn phm
tiu th ni a v xut khu (ch yu l sang M). Tr gi ti sn c nh gp
vn ca A l 3 triu USD (bao gm quyn s dng t, nh xng, my mc
thit b). B ngh ng gp vn 7 triu USD bng tin mt thnh lp lin
doanh 30/70. Trong trng hp ny, t l gp vn ca A s cao hn nu A yu
cu lin doanh s dng nhn hiu ca mnh v tnh n nhng ti sn v hnh
m mnh gp vn vo cng ty (nhn hiu, mng li tiu th).
1.1.3 Trit hc v s hu tr tu
Trit hc v s hu tr tu a s bt ngun t trit hc v quyn s hu. cc
nc t bn ch ngha, vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu bt ngun t ba c s
trit hc: trit hc v gi tr ca lao ng (ca John Locke),2 v quyn t do
sng to (ca Emmanual Kant v George Hegel) v v phng tin
(utilitarialism ca Jeremy Bentham).3 Theo trit hc ca Locke (th k 17), bt
c ti sn g l thnh qu lao ng ca ngi no th ngi lm ch s hu.
Ngi lao ng c th cho, bn, trao i ti sn ca mnh. Lao ng tr c cng
khng phi l ngoi l, v th ngi lao ng tr c c quyn s hu i vi
thnh qu lao ng sng to ca mnh. Theo trit hc ca Kant v Hegel (th k
18 v 19), con ngi c t do v tinh thn v ch. thc hin quyn t do
ca mnh, con ngi cn phi c quyn s hu ( ton quyn nh ot mt vt
theo ch ca mnh). Nh vy quyn s hu l cng c t c t do.4
Theo trit hc ca Bentham, quyn s hu ch l cng c, lm n by Nh
nc khuyn khch c nhn lao ng, nhm t c mc ch sau cng l
phc li x hi.5 Mt th d in hnh l sn lng nng nghip ca nc ta
gia tng ng k t khi quyn s dng t c giao cho nng dn.
Cc trit hc k trn mi nu c mt kha cnh ca vn : l u im ca
quyn s hu. Trit hc Marx-Lenin cng cng nhn c s ca quyn s hu l
lao ng. Tuy nhin, Marx cng nhn thy bn cht giai cp trong khi nim s
hu. Giai cp no s hu nhiu ca ci hn c s tr thnh giai cp thng tr.6
2

Butler, B. E. (2001) Internet Ecyclopedia of Philosophy. University of North Carolina at

Asheville (re: Legal Pragmatism, G.W.F. Hegel, J. Locke, Right to Private Property). Available
at http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/.
3
Schofield, P. S. and Harris, J. (1998) The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham Legislator of
the World: Writing on Codification, Law and Education. Clarendon, Oxford.
4
Duquete, D. (1999) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Social and Political Thought. Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
5
Schofield, P. S. and Harris, J. (1998) sd.
6
Schumpeter, J. (1997) Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. Routledge.

15

i vi giai cp cn li, nhng gi tr nh t do, bnh ng s tr nn km

ngha nu h khng c quyn s hu, nht l s hu t liu sn xut, mt khi
phn ln ca ci x hi trong tay ngi khc. Nh vy, vic s dng quyn
s hu khng phi khng c kha cnh tiu cc, l vic tp trung qu nhiu
ti sn vo tay thiu s c quyn lc, dn ti vic cc thiu s ny c kh nng
lm dng quyn s hu. Th d in hnh nht l vic tp trung t liu sn xut
vo mt s cng ty s dn n vic cc cng ty ny tr nn c quyn, nng gi
sn phm v km hm s pht trin ca cc cng ty khc. Nh vy, trit hc
Marx-Lenin mt mt coi trng quyn t do sng to, mt khc cng coi trng
vic kim sot vic lm dng quyn s hu v mc ch c nhn. Theo thng k,
cc cng ty a quc gia chim 90% tng s vn bng bo h sng ch i vi
nhng cng ngh quan trng. t c thnh tch ny, cc nc pht trin
chi 90% trong tng s chi ph nghin cu khoa hc ca ton cu.7
Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc trit hc p dng cho quyn s hu ti sn
thng thng u c th p dng cho quyn s hu tr tu. l v ti sn
hu hnh khc vi ti sn v hnh. Th nht, vic s hu ti sn hu hnh ca
mt ngi t khi to nn tnh trng c quyn, nh hng n phng php sn
xut kinh doanh ca ngi khc. Th d mt ngi lm ch mt khch sn
khng th ngn cn ngi khc xy mt khch sn khc cnh tranh ngay trn
cng mt bi bin. Trong khi i vi ti sn v hnh, mt ngi c bng sng
ch v gii php xy dng cng trnh c th ngn cm nhng ngi khc p
dng gii php ca mnh bt c ni no khi cha c s ng ca ch vn bng
sng ch. V th trit hc ca Locke (lao ng n u hng quyn s hu n
) khng hon ton thch hp cho ti sn v hnh (ngi n sau khng th
tip tc lao ng nu cnh ca sng to b ngi n trc n ng). Th hai,
vic nh ot mt ti sn hu hnh cn phi i km vi s chim hu (th d
ch c th chuyn quyn s dng mt chic xe nu ch xe giao quyn chim hu
chic xe cho ngi s dng). iu ny khng din ra i vi ti sn v hnh
(khng ai bit hin gi c bao nhiu ngi ht bi ht ca mt nhc s). V th
trit hc ca Hegel (cn c quyn s hu c t do) khng chnh xc i vi
ti sn v hnh. Th ba, bo h quyn s hu tr tu c th l n by pht
trin kinh t, song bo h qu lu, qu nhiu hay cha ng lc c th cn tr s
pht trin ca nn kinh t. T cui th k 19 n nm 1912, H Lan tm ngng
khng p dng lut v sng ch. Gerhard Philips li dng c hi ny sn xut
bng n trn cnh tranh vi sn phm ca Edison ang c bo h Hoa K
v nhiu nc. l tin thn ca cng ty Philips ngy nay.8 Hn Quc hay
Nht Bn cng u l nhng tm gng v hc hi cng ngh ca cc quc gia
tin phong.
7

Correra, C. and Yusuf, A. (1998) Intellectual Property and International Trade The TRIPS
Agreement. Sweet & Maxwell.
8
Kingston, W. (1990) Innovation, Creativity and Law. Kluwer.

16

Mt vn na khng km phn quan trng l s hu tr tu cha hn phc

v ngi lao ng tr c nh trit hc ca Locke hay Hegel c v. Php lut v
s hu tr tu quy nh nu sn phm lao ng tr c c to ra theo hp ng
lao ng, hay hp ng dch v, hay theo nhim v, th quyn s hu tr tu
khng phi thuc v ngi trc tip sng to, m thuc v ngi s dng lao
ng, ngi thu. Ch mt phn nh doanh thu t vic bn bng a nhc n
c tay nhc s hay ca s.9 Tng t nh vy, ch mt phn nh li nhun thu
c t vic khai thc sng ch n c tay tc gi. Ngi s dng lao ng
lp lun rng quyn s hu tr tu phc v tc gi l chnh, tuy nhin tc gi
t nguyn chuyn quyn s hu cho ngi lao ng. Nu khng c quyn s
hu tr tu, tc gi khng th chuyn giao quyn cho ngi s dng lao ng.
Nu khng c kh nng ti chnh nh ngi s dng lao ng, tc gi cng
khng th theo ui cc v kin, hay tr cc chi ph cho vic thc thi quyn s
hu tr tu. V th ngi s dng lao ng c hng phn ln gi tr thng
d10 l cng bng. Quyn s hu tr tu to nn mt tam gic vng gia tc
gi, nh sn xut/ngi s dng lao ng, v ngi tiu dng.11
nh sn xut

tc gi

ngi tiu dng.

Trong tam gic ny, mi tn lin l chiu ca sn phm tr tu, mi tn t on

l chiu ca thu nhp. Tam gic vng l mt m hnh kh hp dn bin minh
cho quan h s hu tr tu. Tuy nhin, n khng th hin c mi quan h trc
tip gia ngi tiu dng v tc gi, bi l x hi cng pht trin, cc nghin
cu, pht minh, sn phm cng phc tp, cc tc gi n l khng th t mnh
sng to cc sn phm ny. Tc gi khng th t mnh ri khi mi quan h vi
nh sn xut trc tip vi ngi tiu dng.12 Ngi tiu dng cng khng
thng tin bit tc gi no thc s c ti lin h trc tip. V th tc gi
ngy nay b ct cht vi nh sn xut. Thnh qu lao ng sng to ca tc
gi s vun p cho uy tn ca nh sn xut i vi ngi tiu dng, trong khi
9

New York Times 22/3/2002 Musicians still Feel Being Bypassed.

gi tr thng d (surplus value) l quan im ca trit hc Marx. Trit hc t sn khng
cng nhn gi tr thng d, m ch cng nhn nhng nhn t ngoi lai (externalities) c th lm
tng li nhun cho mt cng ty m cc cng ty khc khng c c. Hai khi nim ny khc
nhau.
11
Grosheide, W. (2001) Copyright From Users Perspective. EIPR 23: 321.
12
Goldstein, P. (1996) The Future of Copyright in a Digital Environment. In Hugenholtz, P.
(ed.) The Future of Copyright in a Digital Environment. Information Law Series, Kluwer.
10

17

khng hn ngi tiu dng no cng bit n ai l tc gi nhng sn phm mnh

ang s dng. Mi quan h tam gic vng ngy mt lng lo, dn dn hnh
thnh mt mi quan h theo hng dc: tc gi nh sn xut ngi tiu dng.
tc gi

nh sn xut

ngi tiu dng.

Quyn s hu tr tu, xt cho cng, khng bo h ngi lao ng sng to (v

h c tr lng), m trc tip bo h ngi thu lao ng.13 Nh vy gi
tr bin minh ca quyn s hu tr tu (bo v quyn t do sng to, bo v
thnh qu lao ng ca tr thc) ngy nay khng cn ng vi nhng g m s
hu tr tu t ra vo th k 19. Tri li, n l cng c bo v thnh qu u
t ca nh sn xut, gip nh sn xut trnh c ri ro do b bt chc nhng
phng php, kiu dng, tc phm m mnh u t tin bc c c.
Nu ni nh vy th quyn s hu tr tu tuy mc ch chnh khng phi l
bo h tr thc, song n cng c l do tn ti chnh ng, bi l n to c
mt mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh gia cc ch th sn xut kinh doanh.
Tuy nhin, y hai vn c t ra. Mt l, bo v mi trng cnh
tranh lnh mnh c nht thit phi c quyn s hu hay khng, hay ch cn
quyn chng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh, hay quyn i bi thng thit hi
ngoi hp ng14 l . Hai l, s hu tr tu c th to ra c quyn, vi tt c
cc u khuyt im ca n, trong khi quyn chng hnh vi cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh cha hn to ra c quyn. Nh vy nn chng thay th ch nh v
s hu tr tu bng ch nh cnh tranh khng lnh mnh?
Nh vy xt trn phng din trit hc, hin nay vn cha c s thng nht v
nhng vn sau y:
-

S hu tr tu c phi l mt loi s hu ng nhin c cng

nhn hay khng?
S hu tr tu c phi l cng c lun lun hu ch trong vic pht
trin kinh t hay khng?
S hu tr tu c thc s phc v ngi lao ng tr c hay khng?

Nh chng ta bit, quyn s hu l quyn cao nht, y nht ca ch th i

vi mt vt.V th khi trao quyn s hu cho mt ch th, cc nh lm lut phi
suy tnh rt k cc mt li hi ca vn ny, sao cho vic trao quyn s hu
khng lm pht sinh cc hu qu bt li cho x hi. K c i vi s hu ti
13

Bettig, R. (1999) Copyrighting Culture - The Political Economy of Intellectual Property.

Wesview Press.
14
Xem iu 609 BLDS, hay khi nim hnh vi tri php lut (tort trong lut ca Anh M).

18

sn hu hnh, php lut cng quy nh nhng trng hp hn ch quyn s

hu.15 i vi s hu ti sn v hnh mt loi s hu theo lut nh, vic hn
ch quyn s hu khi gy ra nhng kha cnh bt li cho x hi l iu
khng th trnh khi.
1.1.4

Kinh t v s hu tr tu

Vai tr ca quyn s hu trong nn kinh t th trng l g? C nhiu quan

im khc nhau. Theo l thuyt ca Adam Smith, nh kinh t hc Scotland t
th k 18, quyn s hu l c s ca quyn t do kinh doanh.16 Diderot, nh
kinh t hc v trit hc Php coi quyn s hu, c bit l s hu tr tu l
quyn cao qu nht, th hin cho s t do ca cc ch th kinh doanh trn th
trng.17 Tuy vy cc cch gii thch trn hon ton coi quyn s hu l mt
quyn t nhin ch khng ng trn quan im ca lut thc nh. Ngha l mi
quyn, k c quyn s hu, u xut pht t ch ca cc nh lp php. Nu
ng trn quan im ca lut thc nh, chng ta khng khi t hi: ti sao li
cn phi c quyn s hu i 1 ti sn, trong khi cc bn tranh chp c th
tho thun vi nhau? Th d trn mt hoang o c hai ngi - Robinson
Crusoe v Th Su. Robinson nui b v Th Su trng bp. B ca Robinson
xm hi bp ca Th Su. Th Su c nht thit phi bo v quyn s hu ca
mnh bng cch xy dng hng ro (tr gi 100 triu ng) quanh vn bp ca
mnh, trong khi thit hi do b ca Robinson gy ra khng qu 50 triu ng
hay khng? Ti sao hai bn khng th tho thun vi nhau: Th Su khng xy
hng ro, cn Robinson s n b cho Th Su 50 triu ng? i vi cu hi
trn cch gii thch ca Ronald Coase, nh kinh t hc Anh (ot gii Nobel
nm 1993) gy nhiu s ch hn c. Theo Coase, nu cc bn c th tho
thun vi nhau, th cc quy nh v quyn s hu l khng cn thit (xem th d
v Robinson v Th Su nu trn).18
Mc d s tho thun gia cc bn c th l gii php ti u, tuy nhin khng
phi lc no cc bn cng c th t c tha thun. Th d nu Robinson bit
chi ph xy dng hng ro ca Th Su l 100 triu, Robinson c th ch chp
nhn bi thng 20 triu. Nu khng c quy nh v quyn i bi thng thit
hi hay c ch thc thi quyn yu, Th Su c th vn chp nhn mc bi
thng ny (thit 50 - 20 = 30 triu), v nu khng mnh s thit 100 - 50 = 50
triu. Cc nhn t nh kh nng thc thi php lut, c quyn kinh doanh ca
mt bn, hay chi ph tm hiu v i tc c coi l chi ph giao dch
15

V d quyn s dng hn ch bt ng sn lin k (iu 277 284 BLDS).

Smith, A. (1776) The Wealth of Nations. (reprinted by New York: Modern Library 1937).
17
Davies, G. (1994) Copyright and Public Interest. IIC Studies, Max-Planck Institute 14: 9.
18
The Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
Nobel (Nobel Economics 1991): Property and Transaction CosTS (R. Coase).
16

19

(transaction cost). Coase pht biu nh l: vic bo v quyn s hu s khng

cn thit nu chi ph giao dch bng khng hay nh. Nu chi ph giao dch qu
ln, cc bn khng th tho thun c vi nhau, mi bn s phi dng quyn
s hu bo v quyn li ca mnh.19 nh l ny khng ch ng i vi
giao dch gia cc bn, m cn ng trong quan h gia cc quc gia, trong
ch quyn ca mi nc tng ng vi quyn s hu. Nu gia cc quc gia
khng c s tin cy hiu bit ln nhau, mi nc u gia tng cc chi ph qun
s bo v ch quyn ca mnh. Nu tin cy v hiu bit ln nhau tng ln,
cc bn c th "thu hp" ch quyn ca mnh bng cch trao quyn quyt nh
vo mt hi ng do cc quc gia tho thun lp nn (th d Lin minh Chu u
hay ASEAN). T nh l u tin, Coase pht biu nh l tip theo: quyn s
hu ch l mt trong nhng bin php nhm kim sot quyn li ca mt ch
th kinh doanh ch khng phi l mt quyn t nhin.20 Cc bin php khc c
th l tho thun hay bi thng thit hi. Nh vy thc thi quyn s hu khng
phi lc no cng l phng php bo v quyn ti u. Mun bit mt phng
php bo v quyn c phi l ti u hay khng, cn phi xem xt n chi ph
giao dch. Quyn s hu c th l gii php bo v quyn li ti u khi chi ph
giao dch ho gii hay tho thun vi ngi xm phm l ln.21
Khi nim v s hu m Coase a ra cng c th p dng c cho cc i
tng s hu tr tu. Cc ti sn v hnh - thnh qu lao ng sng to - l
nhng ti sn c gi tr (th d mt cng ngh mi c th nng cao nng sut lao
ng, gim gi thnh sn phm). V vy rt nhiu ngi mun chim hu ti sn
y, d hp php hay khng. Vic s dng ti sn v hnh kh b pht hin (ch
th sng to khng th bit c lc no ti sn ca mnh b "nh cp"). V th,
kh nng bo v v thc thi ti sn v hnh nu khng c php lut h tr l rt
kh. iu ny lm tng chi ph giao dch gia ngi c nh xm phm v
ch th lao ng sng to. Chi ph giao dch tng lm pht sinh nhu cu bo h
thnh qu lao ng sng to di dng quyn s hu.
Mt khc, vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu c th s dn n tnh trng c
quyn. Nhiu nh kinh t hc chng minh rng li th c quyn cng lm
tng chi ph giao dch. Lc ny n khng phi l chi ph giao dch ca ch s
hu i tng s hu tr tu, m l chi ph giao dch ca ngi mun s dng
cc sn phm s hu tr tu (ngi tiu dng). C th l cc ch th c quyn
s y gi thnh sn phm ln cao, khin ngi tiu dng phi chu thit hi (h
phi tr tin cho sn phm vi gi cao hn li ch m h c th thu c t sn

19

Cooter, T. and Ulen, R. (2000) Law and Economics. Wiley & Sons, Chng III.
Coase, R. (1988) The Firm, The Market, and the Law. The University of Chicago Press, IL.
21
Id.
20

20

phm ).22 Cc chi ph giao dch do c quyn gy nn l mt trong yu t m

cc nh kinh t hc gi l yu t ngoi lai (externalities, ngha l yu t khin
ngi bn c th thao tng th trng m th trng khng c phn ng ngc
li). Ni cch khc, c quyn cng gy ra thit hi cho x hi (social costs).23
Nh vy quyn s hu tr tu khng phi khng c phn ng ngc.
Cc nh kinh t khng phi khng nhn thy phn ng ngc ca quyn s hu
tr tu, cng nh ca c quyn ni chung, song h coi l nhng nh hng
ngn hn (static inefficiency), ci gi phi tr c nhng li ch di hn
(dynamic efficiency).24 Li ch di hn ca s hu tr tu l vic tng nng sut
lao ng da trn cc c ch khuyn khch sng to. Nh kinh t o J.
Schumpeter cho rng trong nn kinh t th trng, tnh sng to (innovation) v
tnh nng ng (entrepreneurship) l hai ng lc cn bn nht (ni theo cch
ca ngi Vit Nam l tnh dm ngh v dm lm).25 Schumpeter thm ch cn
cho rng c quyn l xu th pht trin tt yu ca x hi, v khi cc pht minh
sng ch tr nn ngy cng phc tp, th ch c nhng cng ty ln mi chi
ph nghin cu v pht trin sn phm. Cc chi ph nghin cu ngi ta gi l
chi ph b i - sunk cost - v n l chi ph c nh v khng th thu hi bng
cch thanh l ti sn.26 Cc cng ty b chi ph nghin cu cn phi c c
quyn c thi gian thu hn vn ca mnh b ra. Tuy nhin, c quyn khng
c ngha l khng c cnh tranh. Cc cng ty c c quyn hm nay phi lin
tc sng to khng b cc cng ty khc sng to hn qua mt. Cch y 30
nm IBM l cng ty my tnh ln nht trn th gii, tuy nhin do chm pht
hin tim nng ca my tnh c nhn (personal computer hay PC) m h
th phn ca mnh ri vo tay cc cng ty nh Apple, Dell, Compaq, HP, v.v.
Ci ng lc thc y sng to ca mi cng ty, cho d cng ty c c
quyn hay khng, c Schumpeter gi l qu trnh t o thi ca s sng to
(creative destruction). Nu so snh vi trit hc ca Marx, th creative
destruction l mt hin tng ca quy lut ph nh ca ph nh (nhn t sau
ra i ph nh nhn t trc, song khng tr li v tr ban u, m a s vt
pht trin ln mt mc cao hn). Theo trit hc phng ng, y cng l mt
th d ca Kinh dch (m thnh dng suy, lun lun vn ng).
iu ng ni l khi c quyn tr thnh xu th th tnh nng ng ca cc cng
ty va v nh (SME) s gim st v h khng thy c c hi no sng to v
22

Scotchmer, S. (2001) "The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Treaties." Business

Research Working Paper E01-305. U.C. Berkeley (08/01).
23
Stiglitz, J. & Driffill, J. (2000) Economics. Norton Corp.
24
Stiglitz, J. (1997) Wither Socialism? MIT Press, Cambridge. MA.
25
Schumpeter, J. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
26
Varian, H. (1995) "Pricing Information Good." Research Libraries Group Symposium on
"Scholarship in the New Information Environment." Harvard Law School.

21

thu hi vn.27 Nh vy tuy cc cng ty ln vn nng ng v sng to, nhng

h khng cn cm thy b sc p nh khi h cn l cng ty nh, l cha ni
b my qun tr cng knh quan liu cc cng ty ln l mt vt cn ng k
ca s nng ng sng to. iu ny trit tiu dn hai ng lc ca nn kinh t
th trng v dn n kinh t suy thoi. Khi kinh t suy thoi, cc cng ty d ln
d nh s b sc p v phi pht huy tnh nng ng sng to, v th kinh t s
thot khi suy thoi. Schumpeter gi hin tng l chu k kinh t (business
cycle).28 Theo , c 50 nm kinh t th gii li lm vo khng hong v suy
thoi 1 ln (khng hong kinh t nm 1930 v khng hong th trng Chng
khon 1987 l hai th d). Chu k kinh t bao gm: khi pht (pht trin chm),
tng tc (pht trin rt nhanh), thnh vng (vn pht trin song chm dn n
khi t v tr cc i) v suy thoi (kinh t xung dc). Nu v s , th cc chu
k kinh t l cc hnh chung lin tc theo hng i ln.29
Tm li, s hu tr tu l phng thc bo h ti sn v hnh, mt ti sn c gi
tr, d b xm phm v kh t bo v. S hu tr tu c th lm pht sinh c
quyn v cc h ly x hi, tuy nhin n c th l ng lc pht huy tnh
nng ng v sng to, hai ng lc khng th thiu ca nn kinh t th trng.
Mt khc, c quyn do quyn s hu tr tu to ra cng c th l vt cn ca
tnh nng ng sng to, dn n suy thoi kinh t. Nh vy cu hi kh y
l: khi no th s hu tr tu tr thnh vt cn, khi no th n l ng lc ca s
nng ng sng to? Vt cn ca ai v ng lc ca ai? Ch th quyn s hu
tr tu phi hnh x quyn ca mnh nh th no khng gy tr ngi n tnh
nng ng sng to ca cc ch th khc? Cc cu hi trn nhm mc ch to
nn mt th cn bng v kim sot gia cc ch th: ch s hu i tng s
hu tr tu v ngi s dng cc i tng . Cn bng gia bo h v cnh
tranh, cng l ch ca vng m phn Doha v s hu tr tu va qua.
1.1.5

Phn loi s hu tr tu

cc nc, khi nim bn quyn (copyright) hay sng ch (patent) xut hin t
th k 17 v th k 18. Khng ai dng danh t "s hu tr tu" cho n khi xut
hin ln u tin vo nm 1952 bi gio s A. Bogsch, gim c Vn phng
Quc t v Qun l Sng ch (BIRPI) a ra.30 Lut Vit Nam cng nh lut
ca cc nc khc trn th gii khng c nh ngha trc tip nh th no l s
hu tr tu, m ch c nh ngha gin tip thng qua phn loi s hu tr tu
27

Schumpeter (sd) gi iu l s bin mt ca cc c hi u t (the vanishing of

investment opportuinity).
28
Scherer, F. (1986) Innovation and Growth Schumpeterian Perspectives. MIT Press.
29
Schumpeter, J. (sd).
30
Bogsch, A. (1952) A Brief History of the First 50 Years of the World Intellectual Property
Organisation. Geneva.

22

thnh quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cng nghip v quyn i vi ging cy

trng.
a.

Quyn tc gi

Quyn tc gi bo h quyn nhn thn v quyn ti sn ca tc gi v ch s

hu quyn tc gi i vi cc tc phm vn hc, khoa hc, ngh thut. Quyn
tc gi cn c gi l tc quyn hay bn quyn. Chng ta thng thy cc th
d v quyn tc gi i vi tc phm m nhc hay chng trnh my tnh (th d
trn bo ch c ni n v tranh chp v quyn tc gi ca nhc s L Vinh vi
cng ty bng a nhc Dihavina). i vi quyn tc gi, ch s hu quyn tc
gi c c quyn s dng v khai thc tc phm. Mi hnh vi sao chp, trch
dch, cng b ph bin nhm mc ch kinh doanh m khng c s ng ca
ch s hu quyn tc gi u b coi l xm phm quyn tc gi (chng ta
thng thy cc li cnh bo nh vy trn bng a). Sao bng a lu, sao chp
phn mm vi tnh, in lu sch gio khoa bn ra th trng, v.v. cng l hnh vi
xm phm quyn tc gi. Trong mt s trng hp, php lut cho php chng ta
sao chp, trch on mt phn ca tc phm (ngi ta gi l s dng hn ch).
b.

Quyn S hu cng nghip

Quyn s hu cng nghip bao gm quyn i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch,
kiu dng cng nghip, nhn hiu, ch dn a l (bao gm c tn gi xut x
hng ho), tn thng mi, b mt kinh doanh, quyn chng hnh vi cnh tranh
khng lnh mnh v cc quyn s hu cng nghip khc do php lut quy nh.
Quyn s hu cng nghip bo h quyn s dng c quyn v mc ch kinh t
v quyn nh ot ca cc ch s hu cc i tng s hu cng nghip.
Lut v s hu cng nghip bo h ni dung tng sng to v uy tn kinh
doanh. S hu cng nghip khng phi l mt loi s hu c lin quan n ti
sn hu hnh dng trong cng nghip m l s hu i vi ti sn v hnh.
l sng ch, gii php hu ch, v.v. K c nhng i tng m chng ta c th
tng l ti sn hu hnh nh kiu dng cng nghip hay nhn hiu hng ho
cng khng phi l ti sn hu hnh. Ci m php lut hng ti bo v (khch
th) trong quan h php lut dn s v s hu cng nghip khng phi l kiu
dng mt chic xe hay mt b qun o, hay mt du hiu gn trn hng ho, m
l nhng i tng v hnh ng ng sau kiu dng hay nhn hiu, l thnh
qu lao ng sng to hay uy tn kinh doanh ca ch s hu i tng .

23

Hnh 3: ng sau quyn s hu tr tu l thnh qu sng to v uy tn kinh doanh

c.

Quyn i vi ging cy trng

Ging cy trng l qun th cy trng thuc cng mt cp phn loi thc vt

thp nht, ng nht v hnh thi, n nh qua cc chu k nhn ging, c th
nhn bit c bng s biu hin cc tnh trng do kiu gen hoc s phi hp
ca cc kiu gen quy nh v phn bit c vi bt k qun th cy trng no
khc bng s biu hin ca t nht mt tnh trng c kh nng di truyn c.
Th d, s kt hp ca ging la jasmin ht di ca n (c mi hng c
bit) vi ging la ht vng ca Hoa K (c tnh khng bnh v cho nng sut
cao, song c mi kh chu) c th cho ra mt ging la va c tnh khng bnh
v cho nng sut cao, va c mi hng d chu. Quyn i vi ging cy
trng l quyn ca t chc, c nhn i vi ging cy trng mi do mnh chn
to hoc pht hin v pht trin hoc c hng quyn s hu. i tng
quyn i vi ging cy trng l ging cy trng v vt liu nhn ging. Ci
m php lut hng ti bo v i vi ging cy trng chnh l tnh mi, tnh n
nh, ng nht v kh nng phn bit vi cc ging cy trng khc. Quyn i
vi ging cy trng c xc lp trn c s quyt nh cp Bng bo h ging
cy trng ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn theo th tc ng k quy nh
ti Lut SHTT.
Trong quyn sch ny, hai nhm quyn c phn tch k s l quyn tc gi v
quyn s hu cng nghip, do y l hai nhm quyn thng gp nht. Cho
n thi im hin nay (2006) vn cha c ging cy trng no c ng k
bo h ti Vit Nam.
d.

So snh gia quyn tc gi v quyn s hu cng nghip

Gia quyn tc gi v quyn s hu cng nghip c nhng im ging nhau v

khc nhau sau y:

24

Ging nhau: cng bo v thnh qu sng to; mt s i tng khng

c bo h nu c ni dung vi phm php lut, o c.

Khc nhau:

Quyn tc gi
Bo h hnh thc th hin ca s sng
to; khng cn phi c nh gi v
cng nhn.
Khng cn phi c vn bng bo h.

Quyn s hu cng nghip

Bo h ni dung tng sng to v uy
tn thng mi; mt s i tng phi
c nh gi v cng nhn, mt s i
tng khc c xc nh bo h thng
qua cc v tranh chp.
Mt s phi c cp vn bng mi
c bo h (sng ch, gii php hu
ch, kiu dng cng nghip, nhn hiu
hng ho, tn gi xut x hng ho).

Khi nim "s hu cng nghip" ch c cc nc theo h thng lut lc a.

Cc nc theo h thng lut chung (lut Anh-M) khng s dng thut ng "s
hu cng nghip" m trc tip cp n cc i tng nh sng ch, kiu
dng cng nghip, nhn hiu hng ho, quyn chng hnh vi cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh. Tuy vy phn ln cc nc u thng nht vi nhau v khi nim
cc i tng c bo h di dng s hu cng nghip, c quy nh
nhiu cng c quc t nh Cng c Berne v bo h quyn tc gi, Cng c
Paris v bo h quyn s hu cng nghip.
Quyn s hu cng nghip khc vi quyn tc gi, v mt i tng c th va
c bo h di dng quyn s hu cng nghip, va c bo h di dng
quyn tc gi. Th d mt b qun o thi trang va c th c bo h di
dng quyn tc gi (i vi mt tc phm to hnh), va c bo h di dng
kiu dng cng nghip (nu c c quan nh nc c thm quyn cp vn
bng c quyn bo h). Hai quyn ny b sung cho nhau, tuy kha cnh bo
h c khc nhau (nh trnh by trn). Php v c, ngi ta cng nhn
ch th quyn c khi kin ch th c hnh vi xm phm cng mt lc di
gc quyn tc gi v di gc quyn s hu cng nghip. Tuy nhin,
phn ln cc nc khc ngi ta ch cho php la chn mt trong hai quyn
khi kin m thi.
Qua cc khi nim, chng ta c th thy quyn s hu cng nghip c th phn
bit vi quyn tc gi da vo mt s tnh cht nh sau:
Th nht l quyn s hu cng nghip ch bo v ni dung sng to v uy tn
kinh doanh, khng bo v hnh thc sng to (khc vi quyn tc gi).
25

Th hai l mt trong nhng tiu chun bo h quyn s hu cng nghip l tnh

mi so vi th gii, khc vi quyn tc gi bo v tnh nguyn gc ca tc
phm. Chnh v th m trong khi nim bo h quyn s hu cng nghip c
ngy u tin v quyn u tin (trong khi quyn tc gi khng cp n vn
ny).
Th ba l i vi mt s i tng s hu cng nghip (sng ch, gii php hu
ch, kiu dng cng nghip, nhn hiu hng ho, tn gi xut x hng ho), ch
s hu cc i tng s hu cng nghip cn phi c cp vn bng bo b.
Vn bng bo h l c s php l duy nht xc nh quyn s hu cng nghip
ca ch s hu. N cn c gi di cc tn nh patent, giy chng nhn
ng k nhn hiu hng ho, v.v. Tr trng hp ca Lin minh Chu u, cc
vn bng bo h do c quan s hu cng nghip (hay c quan patent) ca cc
nc cp. Vn bng ca c quan nc no ch c gi tr trn lnh th nc .
Mt ch th mun c bo h ti nhiu nc phi xin cp nhiu vn bng bo
h. V thi hn c hiu lc ca vn bng bo h, iu 93 Lut SHTT qui nh
nh sau:
Bng c quyn sng ch c hiu lc t ngy cp v ko di n ht
hai mi nm k t ngy np n.
Bng c quyn gii php hu ch c hiu lc t ngy cp v ko di
n ht mi nm k t ngy np n.
Bng c quyn kiu dng cng nghip c hiu lc t ngy cp v
ko di n ht nm nm k t ngy np n, c th gia hn hai ln
lin tip, mi ln nm nm.
Giy chng nhn ng k thit k b tr mch tch hp c hiu lc t
ngy cp v chm dt vo ngy sm nht trong s cc ngy:
o Kt thc mi nm k t ngy np n;
o Kt thc mi nm k t ngy thit k b tr c ngi c
quyn ng k hoc ngi c ngi cho php khai thc
thng mi ln u tin ti bt k ni no trn th gii;
o Kt thc mi lm nm k t ngy to ra thit k b tr.
Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu c hiu lc t ngy cp n ht
mi nm k t ngy np n, c th gia hn nhiu ln lin tip, mi
ln mi nm.
Giy chng nhn ng k ch dn a l c hiu lc v thi hn.
1.1.6 Tnh cht ca quyn s hu tr tu
xem xt vai tr ca s hu tr tu trong cuc sng, chng ta c th xem th
d di y:

26

Bnh Trung thu K do nhiu c s sn xut, tuy nhin ch c Trung tm

Thng mi K ng k nhn hiu hng ho ti Cc SHCN. Ca hng X
c UBND Qun N. cp giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh vi chc
nng sn xut bnh trung thu tn l K. C quan qun l th trng
(QLTT) nhn c khiu ni ca Trung tm Thng mi K v Ca hng
X sn xut bnh trung thu K, n x l hnh vi xm phm nhn hiu
hng ho nhng khng gii quyt c v Ca hng c giy php ca
UBND Qun. QLTT cho rng cc c quan nh nc khng phi hp cht
ch vi nhau gy tnh trng trng nh xui, kn thi ngc.
y khng phi l tnh trng "trng nh xui kn thi ngc" nh chng ta
ngh. Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu hng ho l vn bng bo h duy nht
th hin c quyn ca ch s hu nhn hiu. Giy chng nhn ng k kinh
doanh ca Ca hng X khng phi l cn c pht sinh quyn s hu cng
nghip i vi nhn hiu hng ho. Mi loi giy t c s dng vo mt mc
ch khc nhau, v v th khng h c s chng cho gia cc c quan cp php
hay cp giy chng nhn.
Th d va nu cng cho thy s cn thit nhn bit cc tnh cht v c im
ca quyn s hu tr tu khng ln ln gia quyn s hu tr tu vi quyn
kinh doanh hay cc quyn khc. Cc c im nhn bit ny bao gm: cn c
pht sinh, bn cht bo h, v phm vi bo h c quyn.
Cn c pht sinh quyn s hu tr tu c th t hnh vi php l (th d quyn tc
gi pht sinh t khi tc phm c hnh thnh) hay quyt nh ca c quan nh
nc c thm quyn (th d quyn i vi nhn hiu hng ho pht sinh t khi
ch s hu nhn hiu c cp vn bng bo h).
V bn cht, quyn SHTT bo h quyn nhn thn v quyn ti sn ca ch th
quyn i vi cc thnh qu lao ng sng to hay uy tn thng mi. Vic
nh gi kh nng bo h SHTT thng qua cc tiu chun tng i tru tng
(trnh sng to, kh nng gy nhm ln, yu t c th, v.v.). V vy, mi
bc nghin cu, chng ta lun vp phi nhng kh khn v cc khi nim v
phi nhn bit n thng qua p dng lut vo tng trng hp c th.
cc i tng s hu tr tu chng ta c th thy mt s im m cc hnh
thc s hu khc trc y khng c. Th nht, i vi s hu thng thng,
ch s hu c ba quyn: quyn chim hu, s dng v nh ot. Trong khi
, quyn s hu tr tu khng quy nh g v quyn chim hu. iu cng
pht sinh t c tnh v hnh ca cc i tng s hu tr tu. Chng ta khng
th nm bt, chim hu c cc kin thc v mt GPKT hay mt kiu dng
cng nghip. Ch c mt cch duy nht chim hu chng l gi b mt kin
27

thc (th d cng thc pha ch hng liu nc hoa Chanel No. 5, hay nc
coca-cola c gi kn hng trm nm nay). Mt khi kin thc c cng b,
ph bin th bt c ai cng c kh nng s dng v bt chc theo. N tr
thnh ti sn cng cng. Nu cc kin thc khng c php lut bo h, th
s dn n hu qu l khng ai chu ph bin cc b quyt m mnh bit, v hu
qu l trnh khoa hc k thut khng pht trin ln c. Th d ngi chu
bit dt vi trc ngi chu u, song do gi kn b quyt m khng cng b
mi ngi cng nghin cu pht trin nn n th k 18 th cng nghip dt
ca chu u tin b hn hn ca chu . cng l do chu u ngi ta
khc phc c kh khn: lm sao khuyn khch nh sng ch chia s kin
thc ca mnh cho nhiu ngi cng s dng, ng thi vn bo m quyn
li ca nh sng ch khng b nh hng. l do php lut bo h quyn s
hu tr tu di dng c quyn.
Cc bn cn c bit lu t "c quyn". l ni dung mu cht ca ton
b ch nh v quyn s hu cng nghip ni ring v s hu tr tu ni chung.
Ch c ch s hu i tng s hu tr tu (hay cn gi l ch th quyn) mi
c quyn ng dng cc kin thc ca mnh vo cuc sng, ch c h mi c
quyn chuyn giao, ph bin kin thc ca mnh, ch c h mi c php bn
nhng sn phm hnh thnh t thnh qu lao ng sng to ca h. Nu thiu t
"c quyn" th ton b ch nh v s hu tr tu s mt ht ngha. Nhng
ngi lao ng sng to khng cn phi ch n khi c lut v s hu tr tu
mi bit cch s dng v bn cc kin thc ca mnh, nhng nu khng c lut
v s hu tr tu th bt c ai cng c th n cp sng kin ca cc ch th
quyn v lm giu trn cng sc ca nhng ngi lao ng sng to. n mt
lc no s khng cn ai c nh sng to phc v x hi na.
Bn thn t "c quyn" cng c sc ht rt ln. N khuyn khch mi ngi
thi ua sng to c cp bng "c quyn", v trong kinh doanh, c bo
h c quyn l t c mt u th ln i vi cc i th cnh tranh ca
mnh. Chnh v vy, nh gi lut s hu cng nghip c p ng c nhu
cu ca x hi hay khng chnh l ch n c m bo c ch s hu i
tng s hu cng nghip c c quyn s dng, nh ot i tng mnh
s hu hay khng.
Mc d quyn s hu tr tu l mt dng c quyn, song y khng hn l mt
s c quyn mang tnh tuyt i (xem phn gii thch v mi lin h gia kinh
t v s hu tr tu). Hn na, c quyn ca s hu tr tu l c quyn c
thc hin thng qua c ch bo h ca php lut v c cc c quan nh nc
c thm quyn thc thi. C ch bo h c thc hin theo quan im:

28

1.2

Bo h c mc ch: bo h quyn s hu tr tu lm c s thc

y tnh nng ng sng to ca cc ch th sn xut kinh doanh;

Bo h c chn lc: Nh nc t ra cc tiu chun bo h, da trn

li ch c nhn v li ch x hi. Ch cc i tng tho mn cc
tiu chun do php lut nu ra mi c bo h, ch khng phi c
"thnh qu lao ng sng to" l c bo h;

Bo h c thi hn: cc quyn ti sn trong s hu tr tu ch c

bo h ti a trong mt thi hn do php lut quy nh (chng ta s
xem xt trong cc chng sau); v

Bo h c iu kin: vic bo h phi c tin hnh ng b vi

cc gii php lm dng bo h. Ngoi ra, vic s dng quyn s hu
cng nghip khng i ngc li li ch x hi hay cn tr khng
chnh ng cc ch th sn xut kinh doanh khc.
Qu trnh hnh thnh lut s hu tr tu trn th gii

1.2.1 Cc quc gia tin phong trong vic bo h s hu tr tu

Vai tr ca nh nc trong vic bo h quyn tc gi ni ring, v quyn s hu
tr tu ni chung rt quan trng. Thng qua vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu,
nh nc khuyn khch mi ngi khng ngng lao ng sng to, v to iu
kin h c hng thnh qu lao ng sng to ca mnh. Th hai l nh
c s phong ph a dng v tc phm hay cc sng ch, kiu dng cng nghip,
m nn vn ho, khoa hc, ngh thut ca mt quc gia mi pht trin. Cc
quc gia bo v quyn s hu tr tu mnh m nht (M, Nht v Ty u) l
cc quc gia c nn vn ho, khoa hc, ngh thut pht trin nht.
Quyn tc gi trn th gii pht sinh cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh in n.
Trc khi cng ngh in ra i, cc quyn sch thng c chp tay, v th kh
nng ngi khc sao chp tc phm gc khng nhiu. Khi cng ngh in ra i,
mt quyn sch c th c nhn thnh nhiu bn. Tc gi khng th kim
sot, qun l c bao nhiu ngi ang c quyn sch ca mnh, v trong s
bao nhiu ngi b tin ra mua sch do mnh in, cn bao nhiu ngi
mua sch t nhng nh in lu. Chnh v vy m cc tc gi v cc nh in
kin ngh nh nc ca mnh bo h quyn c in n v qun l vic xut bn,
in n. Nc u tin ban hnh lut v quyn tc gi l Anh, ni khi u cuc
cch mng cng nghip (theo lut ca n hong Anne nm 1709). Sau n
lt M (1790), Php (1791) v c. Nh vy, quyn tc gi pht sinh ti
nhng nc theo h thng lut Anh-M trc, ri mi n cc nc theo h
29

thng lut lc a. Mi quan tm ban u ca quyn tc gi l vic nhn bn,

sao chp cc tc phm. Chnh v th m cc nc theo lut Anh-M, lut v
quyn tc gi c gi l lut v sao chp (copyright, hay bn quyn). Ti cc
nc theo lut lc a, lut v quyn tc gi t khi hnh thnh nhm n cc
gi tr nhn thn ca tc gi, chnh v th m cc nc ny s dng danh t
"quyn tc gi" (theo ting Php l droit d'auteur).31
K t khi lut v quyn tc gi ra i, cc loi hnh tc phm c bo h di
dng quyn tc gi ngy mt tng, cng vi s pht trin ca cc phng tin
lu tr, truyn thng. Ban u l cc tc phm vit, tc phm sn khu, ri n
tc phm in nh, video, chng trnh my tnh v gn y l cc phng tin
truyn thng a phng din (multimedia) v Internet. iu c ngha l cc
loi hnh tc phm c bo h di dng quyn tc gi s cn tip tc c gia
tng trong tng lai.
Lut v s hu cng nghip ln u tin xut hin trn th gii nm 1640 ti
Anh (o lut Elizabeth I v sng ch). Nhn hiu hng ho u tin trn th
gii cng c cp ti Anh. iu ny d hiu v Anh l nc i u trong cuc
cch mng cng nghip thi by gi. Cc lut ny ch yu nhm vo vic bo
h vic khai thc cc li ch kinh t ca thnh qu sng to mang li. Cc cng
ty nm bng c quyn sng ch mau chng tr thnh cc i cng ty, l c hi
pht trin mau chng ca nhng ngi i tin phong v lun nng ng, sng
to. Th d in hnh l bng c quyn cng ngh cao su lu ho c cp cho
Goodyear, l nh sn xut v xe ln nht th gii hin nay. Bng c quyn sn
xut bng n in c cp cho nh bc hc Edison, ngi sng lp ra cng ty
General Electric (GE). Bng c quyn sn xut in thoi c cp cho
Alexander G. Bell, ngi sng lp cng ty AT&T, mt trong nhng cng ty
vin thng ln nht th gii hin nay. 32
1.2.2

Cc cng c u tin v bo h quyn s hu tr tu

Khc vi cc ch nh khc trong lut dn s, c pht trin t cc nguyn tc

hnh thnh t lut La M, lut v s hu tr tu hnh thnh t thc tin pht trin
ca cng cuc cch mnh cng nghip, m trc sau g cc nc tip cn vi
khoa hc k thut s phi quy nh. Cc lut ny ch yu nhm vo vic bo h
vic khai thc cc li ch kinh t ca thnh qu sng to mang li.33 Sau , cc
31

Joos, U. and Moufang, R. (1989): "Report on the Second Ringberg-Symposium." IIC Studies
Vol. 11 - GATT or WIPO? New Ways in the International Protection of Intellectual Property
(F-K. Beier and G. Schricker (ed.), Munich.
32
Davies, G. (sd).
33
Cornish, W. (1996) (3rd ed.) Intellectual Property - Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks and
Allied Rights. Sweet & Maxwell, London.

30

nc cng nghip ho nhn thy nhu cu cn phi chun ho cc qui nh v

bo h quyn s hu tr tu nhm bo v hu hiu ti sn lao ng sng to
nc mnh v thc y trao i thng mi gia cc nc.
Hai cng c u tin v bo h quyn s hu tr tu l Cng c Paris v
quyn s hu cng nghip nm 1883 v Cng c Berne v quyn tc gi nm
1886. Nguyn nhn hnh thnh hai Cng c gn ging nhau - l mi lo
ngi v nn lm hng gi, sao chp lu, xm phm quyn s hu tr tu. Nhu
cu hp tc quc t trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip xut hin ln u tin
c cp vo nm 1873 ti Hi ch sng ch quc t Vienne. Sau ngy
20 thng 3 nm 1883, 14 nc thnh vin k kt Cng c Paris v s hu
cng nghip, ng thi thnh lp vn phng quc t bo h s hu cng nghip
(BIRPI). Tip , cc cng c v s hu cng nghip lin tip ra i, cng vi
s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, th d Cng c Madrid 1891 v Cng c
Washington 1970.
Di thi Php thuc, Vit Nam tng l thnh vin ca Cng c Berne, tuy
nhin ra khi Cng c ny sau khi ginh c c lp. Ngy 26/10/2004,
Vit Nam gia nhp tr li Cng c Berne. Nguyn tc ch yu ca Cng c
ny l nguyn tc i x quc gia: Mi nc thnh vin ca Cng c phi bo
h quyn tc gi i vi tc phm ca cng dn cc nc thnh vin khc nh
bo h quyn tc gi cho chnh cng dn nc mnh. Nh vy cc tc phm ra
i ti Anh, M, Nga, Php, Trung Quc, c, Nht, v.v. u c bo h
Vit Nam nh cc tc phm Vit Nam m khng cn phi ng k.
i vi Cng c Paris v bo h s hu cng nghip, Vit Nam tr thnh
thnh vin k t ngy 08/03/1949 di thi Chnh ph Bo i, v c Chnh
ph CHXHCN Vit Nam nm 1976 k tha. Theo Cng c ny, vn bng bo
h quyn s hu cng nghip do nc no cp th ch c gi tr ti nc
(iu ny khc vi qui nh ca Cng c Berne, vn khng coi vic ng k
bo h l bt buc). Tuy nhin ti iu kin cho cng dn cc nc thnh
vin, Cng c Paris qui nh v mt vn quan trng, l quyn u tin:
Nu ngi np n yu cu bo h quyn s hu cng nghip np n u tin
ca mnh mt nc thnh vin ca Cng c th trong thi hn nht nh sau
ngy np n u tin (12 thng i vi sng ch v mu hu ch, 6 thng i
vi nhn hiu hng ho v kiu dng cng nghip) c th np n yu cu bo
h bt k nc thnh vin no v nhng n np sau c xem nh c ngy
np n cng vi ngy np n ca n u tin.
1.2.3 Thnh lp T chc S hu Tr tu Th gii (WIPO)

31

T chc S hu Tr tu Th gii (ting Anh l World Intellectual Property

Organisation - vit tt l WIPO) c thnh lp t tin thn l Vn phng Quc
t v Qun l Quyn i vi Sng ch (vit tt ting Php l BIRPI), thnh lp
nm 1883 theo Cng c Paris v S hu Cng nghip, vi thnh vin ban u
l 14 nc. Sau n Cng c Berne, BIRPI cng chu trch nhim qun l
quc t v quyn tc gi. Tr s BIRPI ban u t ti Berne, nm 1960 chuyn
v Geneve, Thy S (gn cc t chc khc ca Lin hip quc). Nm 1970, cc
nc thnh vin ca hai Cng c Berne v Paris k kt hip c thnh lp T
chc S hu Tr tu Th gii v i tn BIRPI thnh WIPO, trn c s Cng
c k ti Stockholm ny 14.07.1967 gi l Cng c v vic thnh lp "T
chc S hu tr tu Th gii". Nm 1974, WIPO chnh thc tr thnh mt trong
16 c quan ca Lin hip quc. WIPO c trch nhim thc y vic bo h
quyn s hu tr tu trn phm vi ton th gii thng qua s hp tc gia cc
quc gia v qun l cc hip nh, hip c khc nhau lin quan n cc kha
cnh lut php v qun l s hu tr tu.
n nm 1996, sau tha c bo h cc kha cnh thng mi lin quan n
quyn s hu tr tu (Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Properties, gi
tt l TRIPS), WIPO v T chc Thng mi Th gii (World Trade
Organization - WTO) k hip c hp tc. Hin nay WIPO c 171 nc thnh
vin. Vit Nam l thnh vin ca WIPO t ngy 02/07/1976.
Vo nm 1898, BIRPI ch qun l bn cng c. Hin nay, WIPO ang qun l
21 cng c quc t v s hu tr tu vi cc chc nng sau y:
-

Thng nht ho php lut ca cc quc gia thnh vin v s hu tr tu;

Nhn ng k n s hu cng nghip quc t;
Trao i thng tin v s hu tr tu;
o to v h tr php l hay k thut v s hu tr tu;
To iu kin gii quyt cc tranh chp v s hu tr tu; v
Qun l cc thng tin khoa hc cng ngh.34

Cc cng c ny c phn thnh ba nhm nh sau:

-

Nhm cc cng c quy nh v tiu chun bo h quc t, nh Cng

c Paris, Tho c Lisbon;
Nhm cc cng c h tr vic bo h s hu tr tu quc t, nh Cng
c PCT, Tho c Madrid;

34

Xem "General Information on the World Intellectual Property Organization", do WIPO xut
bn nm 1999 v pht hnh trn Internet theo a ch http://www.wipo.int. Ti website ny c
ni dung ca tt c 21 cng c quc t m WIPO ang gim st.

32

Nhm cc cng c quy nh v nhm sng ch, nhn hiu hng ho

c bo h, nh Tho c Strassbourg, Tho c Nice.

Cng vi cc t chc quc t khc, WIPO v ang tin hnh cc d n gip

Vit Nam xy dng h thng php lut v s hu tr tu, cng nh xy dng
h thng thc thi quyn s hu tr tu c hiu qu.35
1.2.4

WTO v s hu tr tu

T chc Thng mi Th gii (Workd Trade Organization, gi tt l WTO)

c hnh thnh nm 1995 t cc nc thnh vin Hip nh chung v Thu
quan v Thng mi (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, gi tt l
GATT), ra i vo nm 1947. Cho n nay, s thnh vin ca WTO bao gm
hn 130 nc, trong c a s thnh vin cc nc ASEAN. Vit Nam ang
trong qu trnh gia nhp WTO. V th hiu bit v WTO l iu rt cn thit.
Mc ch ca GATT l: t do ho thng mi, ct gim thu quan, bi b hn
ch v nhp khu v loi tr cc biu hin phn bit i x v kinh t. Kt thc
vng m phn Urugoay, nm 1994, ti hi ngh Marrakech, cc nc thnh
vin k vn kin thnh lp WTO nhm gim st vic thc thi ba hip nh
thng mi a bin: GATT, Hip nh chung v Thng mi v Dch v
(General Agreement on Trade and Services, gi tt l GATS) v Tho c v
cc Kha cnh S hu Tr tu Lin quan n Thng mi (Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, gi tt l TRIPS).36
1.3

Cc nc ang pht trin v s hu tr tu

1.3.1

Cc nc ang pht trin v quyn tip cn kin thc

Phn ln cc nc ang pht trin u tng l thuc a ca cc nc u M

vo th k 19 v u th k 20. V th khi cc nc thc dn tham gia vo cc
cng c quc t v quyn s hu tr tu, cc thuc a cng nghim nhin tr
thnh thnh vin ca cc cng c ny. Khi cc thuc a dnh c c lp,
nhiu nc vn tip tc l thnh vin ca cc cng c, nhiu nc t chi
khng tham gia cc cng c trn, bi v mnh khng c i din tham gia m
phn v pht biu kin ca mnh khi cc cng c trn c k kt. Vit
35

Xem thm "Background Reading Material on Intellectual Property" do WIPO xut bn nm

1988, tr. 40.
36
Fitkentscher, W. (1996) "Historical Origin and Opportunities for Development of an
International Competition Law in the TRIPS Agreement of WTO and Beyond." In Beier, F-K,
and Schricker, G. (Eds.) (1996) From GATT to TRIPs - The Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. IIC Studies Vol. 18. VCH Munchen

33

Nam l mt th d in hnh. Vo cui th k 19 khi Php tham gia Cng c

Paris v Berne, hiu lc ca cc cng c trn c m rng cho cc thuc a
ca Php, trong c ng Dng. Khi Vit Nam dnh c c lp, Chnh
quyn Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho rt khi Cng c Berne.37 Trong khi
cng c Paris v Tho c Madrid li c ph chun t 1949. Sau khi t
nc thng nht, Nh nc CHXHCN Vit Nam vn tip tc cng nhn Cng
c Paris v Tho c Madrid, trong khi gn y chng ta mi tin hnh
tho lun tham gia Cng c Berne v gia nhp cng c ny thng 10/2004.
i vi cc nc ang pht trin, bn cnh vic coi trng vai tr ca s hu tr
tu, h cng nhn thy quyn s hu tr tu mang li mt s bt li nht nh
cho nhn dn nc h. Th d nh n , cc cng ty dc ang bn nhng
sn phm m nu phi tr tin cho sng ch th khng th c gi r ngi dn
s dng (th d mt loi thuc M bn vi gi trn 200 USD mt n v,
trong khi n ch 17 USD).38 Cng vi l do tng t, Hn Quc v i
Loan chm tr trong vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu cho n khi b M gy
sc p. i vi nhng loi ti sn v hnh mi xut hin, cc nc ang pht
trin bao gi cng i sau cc nc pht trin trong vic bo h, li cng i sau
hn na trong vic thc thi. Bng k di y cho thy tnh trng bo h
chng trnh my tnh cc nc trc nm 1994 nh sau:39
TNH TRNG
QUC GIA
Khng bo h - tnh n Israel, Hn Quc, Nhn Bn, Mexico,
Singapore, Ty Ban Nha v cc nc hai
1986
hng di y.
Khng bo h - tnh n Panama, Ba Lan, Nga, Thi Lan, Tiu vng
quc Rp v cc nc hng di y.
1989
Khng bo h - tnh n New Zealand, Na Uy, Thy in, Thy S,
Vit Nam, Venezuela, Nam T.
1993
Bo h t nm 1993, Trung Quc, Singapore, Nam Phi, Thi Lan,
v.v.
nhng thc thi yu.
V xu hng bo h quyn s hu tr tu, cc nc ang pht trin chia lm hai
hng. Mt l hn ch bo h nhng i tng s hu tr tu c tm quan trng
37

Ricketson, S. (1986) The Berne Convention 1886 for Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works. Sweet & Maxwell.
38
Banerji, S. (2000): The Indian Intellectual Property Rights Regime and the TRIPs
Agreement. In Long, C. (2000), Intellectual Property Rights in Emerging Markets. The
American Enterprise Institute Press.
39
Bng phn tch trn y c da theo Schultz, G. (1994) Intellectual Property Rights
Protection for Computer Software. CCH.

34

c bit i vi li ch x hi. Th d n v Brazil khng bo h sng ch

i vi dc phm cho n nm 1994. Hai l lp l trnh bo h quyn s hu
tr tu v dn dn tin ti t c cc yu cu quy nh trong cc cng c
quc t. Cc th d bao gm cc nc cng nghip mi pht trin (Hn Quc,
i Loan, Singapore), Nam Phi. Hn Quc, vi chnh sch bo h cng nghip
ni a ca mnh, to mi iu kin cho cng ngh ca mnh pht trin
trc khi bt u cam kt bo h cc sn phm s hu tr tu ca nc ngoi.
Th d trong vic ng k bo h sng ch. Ngay nm 1988, c 37% sng
ch c ng k Hn Quc l do ngi Hn Quc sng to ra. 40 Trong khi
t l ny (hin nay) Vit Nam l 0,5%.
1.3.2

Bo h hay khng bo h quyn s hu tr tu?

y l cu hi cn c xt trn hai gc : trong nc v quc t. i vi

quan h trong nc, cc quc gia thng thng ch bo h quyn s hu tr tu
khi li ch m n mang li ln hn cc chi ph phi tr cho vic bo h. iu 8
ca Hin php Hoa K quy nh ch bo h s hu tr tu nu iu "thc y
tin b k thut v ngh thut." Cc o lut bo h quyn s hu tr tu thi
qu c th b kin ti To n Ti cao do vi phm Hin php.41 Tuy nhin, i
vi quan h quc t, cc quc gia s ng h bo v quyn s hu tr tu nu
iu s c li cho cn cn thng mi ca mnh. M l quc gia cng rn
hn c trong vic yu cu cc nc phi bo h quyn s hu tr tu. iu ny
khng phi l kh hiu: M l nc xut siu cc sn phm tr tu nhiu nht
trn th gii, k c i vi cc i th cnh tranh nh Nht. So snh t l xut
khu v nhp khu phn mm Nht Bn nm 1997 cho thy Nht ch xut
sang M 0,7% phn mm ca mnh, song li nhp t M 87,7% phn mm
mnh s dng, l cha k khi lng nhp khu phn mm ca Nht ln hn
rt nhiu khi lng xut khu phn mm.
Nh vy, cu hi trung tm khng phi bo h hay khng bo h, m l bo h
lm g, bo h khi no v bo h i vi ai. Cc vn php l ca vic bo
h khng th tch ri cc vn kinh t v chnh tr. Xoay quanh hai vn
ny c hai im cn lu . Th nht l vic quyt nh mc bo h khng
nhng ph thuc vo li ch quc gia m cn ph thuc vo cc chun mc
quc t (th d cc quy nh ca WIPO). Th hai l khi pht hin mt chun
mc quc t khng ph hp vi tnh hnh trong nc, vn liu c th m

40

National Reports, EIPR (1989) 4, trang D-69.

Th d o lut Sonny Bono Copyright Act 1998 ko di thi hn bo h quyn tc gi t 50
nm sau khi tc gi qua i thnh 70 nm sau khi tc gi qua i hin ang b kin ra To Ti
cao do vi phm iu 8 ca Hin php Hoa K (ko di thi hn bo h qu mc cn thit
thc y tin b k thut).
41

35

phn sa li cc chun mc hay khng cn ph thuc vo thc lc ca cc

quc gia trong qu trnh m phn.
1.4

Ton cu ho, TRIPS v tng lai ca quyn s hu tr tu

1.4.1 Ton cu ho v vai tr ca cc cng ty a quc gia (MNE)

Ton cu ho l qu trnh tng cng giao lu gia cc nc trn th gii trn
c 3 lnh vc: thng mi, ti chnh v vn ho.42 Thng qua qu trnh giao lu
ny, cc quc gia c li th cnh tranh trn th trng th gii s c hng
li, cc quc gia t khp kn hay khng c li th cnh tranh trn th trng s
chu thit thi.
Trong qu trnh ton cu ho, cc cng ty a quc gia (multinational enterprises
MNEs) ng vai tr quan trng. Cc cng ty ny l ngun tp trung cng
ngh, u t, nhn cng v sc sn xut, l nhng tp on ln nh Microsoft,
IBM hay General Electrics. S hnh thnh ca cc cng ty a quc gia l biu
hin ca qu trnh pht trin kinh t dn n c quyn m Schumpeter d
on. Mt mt cc cng ty cnh tranh vi nhau theo quy lut sng to (creative
destruction), mt khc cc cng ty ny tng cng v tr c quyn thng qua
nhiu hnh thc, bao gm c vic yu cu bo h quyn s hu tr tu. Thng k
cho thy cc cng ty a quc gia nm trn 90% vn bng c quyn sng ch
trn th gii. Cc nc pht trin cng chi hn 90% chi ph nghin cu khoa
hc hin nay. Li th cnh tranh nh vy kh c quc gia ang pht trin no
theo kp, hay c sn phm tr tu trao i, tham gia thng mi.43
Do nhng s chnh lch v trnh pht trin v kh nng nghin cu, cc cng
ty a quc gia v cc nc pht trin hin ang chim th mnh v quyn s
hu tr tu. Li ch m cc ngnh cng nghip c lin quan n s hu tr tu
mang li cho nn kinh t Anh trong nm 2000: 112 t bng Anh v s dng hn
1 triu lao ng. Nh vy bo v quyn s hu tr tu l "mt trn" ca nhng
cng ty a quc gia v cc nc pht trin. Mt iu d thy l trong cc vng
m phn gia nhp WTO gia Vit Nam v cc nc pht trin, c bit l Hoa
K, vic yu cu Chnh ph Vit Nam phi c lut v bo v quyn s hu tr
tu v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu lun c t ra v coi nh l iu kin
tin quyt Vit Nam gia nhp WTO.

42

Strongquist, N. and Monkman, K. (2000) Globalization and Education Interpretation and

Contestation. Acron Culhness.
43
Correa, C. (1994): "TRIPS Agreement: Copyright and Related Rights", 25 IIC Studies No.
4/1994: 546.

36

Trc tnh hnh nh vy, cc quc gia ang pht trin cng nhn thy mnh phi
gp rt pht huy tim lc nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh ca mnh c th
tham gia vo qu trnh ton cu ho. Vic cc nc ang pht trin nh n ,
Vit Nam, tp trung pht trin cng ngh phn mm ni ln iu ny.
1.4.2 TRIPS v Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K
Tha c v cc kha cnh thng mi v S hu Tr tu (TRIPS) yu cu cc
nc thnh vin tun th cc tiu chun ti thiu bo h quyn s hu tr tu.
Cc nc khng tun th s c a ra hi ng gii quyt tranh chp
(Dispute Settlement Board, gi tt l DSB) v s b p dng cc bin php trng
pht.44 Nm 1996, tho thun v hp tc gim st thc thi quyn s hu tr tu
gia WIPO v WTO c hiu lc, bao gm vic hp tc trong vic tr gip cc
nc thnh vin xy dng lut v s hu tr tu, ng k bo h mt s i
tng s hu tr tu, v.v. sao cho cc nc thnh vin c th tho mn cc yu
cu ca Tho c TRIPS vo ngy 1/1/2000. Cc thnh vin l cc nc ang
pht trin, hay cc nc c nn kinh t chuyn i t tp trung bao cp sang
kinh t th trng c quyn hon thc hin thm 4 nm i vi TRIPS (nm
2004). i vi cc cng ngh m lut trong nc cha quy nh bo h vo
nm 2000 (th d vic bo h mch tch hp bn dn (IC) ti Vit Nam), Tho
c TRIPS cho php gia hn thi gian hon thc hin thm 5 nm na (xem ni
dung bo h i vi mch tch hp bn dn ti Ph lc 1 di y). i vi cc
nc km pht trin, thi gian gia hn s l 10 nm.
Nh vy, Tho c TRIPS m ra mt chng mi v bo h v thc thi
quyn s hu tr tu trn bnh din quc t, cng nh tng cng vai tr ca
WIPO trong vic gim st thc thi quyn s hu tr tu lin quan n thng
mi. Tuy Tho c c hiu lc t 1/1/2000, song cc nc ang pht trin c
quyn ko di thi gian chuyn tip thch ng vi cc iu kin ca Tho
c TRIPS t ra cho n ht 10 nm k t ngy Tho c c hiu lc.
Vit Nam tuy cha tham gia vo Tho c TRIPS, song cc iu khon ca
TRIPS c nu kh y trong Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M (gi tt l
Hip nh), k ngy 14/7/2000 gia hai chnh ph Vit Nam v Hoa K. Hip
nh ny m ra mt c hi, song cng l mt thch thc mi cho qu trnh Vit
Nam hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii. Hip nh cp n nhiu kha cnh
ca thng mi, bao gm hng ho, dch v, s hu tr tu v u t. Hip nh
c quc hi c hai nc ph chun, c hiu lc t thng 12 nm 2001.
Tun th Hip nh ny, Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Berne v bo h
quyn tc gi ngy 26/10/2004, Cng c Geneva bo h nh sn xut bn ghi
44

Xem "Lut Kinh t quc t" ca Hc vin quan h quc t, NXB Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni
1999, trang 218. Hip c gii quyt tranh chp WTO c gi l WIPO Dispute Settlement
Understanding (gi tt l DSU), k kt nm 1994.

37

m chng vic sao chp khng c php bn ghi m ngy 6/7/2005. Vi l

trnh hi nhp c xc nh, Vit Nam cng hon tt cc vn kin np
n Cng c Brussels bo h tn hiu v tinh chng trnh c m ho,
c hiu lc vo ngy 12/1/2006.
1.5
Quyn s hu tr tu Vit Nam
1.5.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh cc quy nh v quyn s hu tr tu ti Vit
Nam trc BLDS 1995
Xut pht im ca Vit Nam l mt nc ngho v chm pht trin do b thc
dn Php h. V vy, lut v s hu tr tu ca chng ta ra i mun hn
nhng nc khc. Mi n nm 1957, Min Nam mi ban hnh Lut Thng
hiu v nm 1958, Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho mi ban hnh "Th
l v thng phm v thng hiu". Tuy nhin, gi tr thc tin ca cc vn bn
ny cha cao. Nm 1976, Vit Nam tham gia vo T chc S hu Tr tu
Th gii (WIPO). Ngy 14/12/1982, Hi ng B trng ban hnh Ngh nh
197/HDBT ban hnh "iu l v Nhn hiu hng ho." y l vn bn u tin
chnh thc nhc n vn bo h c quyn trong s hu cng nghip.
Tuy vy, lut v s hu tr tu ch thc s pht huy tc dng k t sau i hi
ng ton quc ln th VI. Phng hng ca i hi ng ra c th
ch ho ti iu 60 ca Hin php nc Cng ho X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam
nm 1992:
"Cng dn c quyn nghin cu khoa hc, k thut, pht minh, sng ch,
sng kin ci tin k thut, hp l ho sn xut, sng tc, ph bnh vn
hc, ngh thut v tham gia cc hot ng vn ho khc. Nh nc bo
h quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cng nghip."
Trn thc t, ngay t trc nm 1992, mt lot cc vn bn lin quan n s
hu tr tu ra i, to tin pht trin cho cng cuc i mi, l iu l
nhn hiu hng ho ngy 14/2/1982, iu l Kiu dng Cng nghip ngy
13/05/1988, Php lnh Chuyn giao Cng ngh t Nc ngoi vo Vit Nam
ngy 5/12/1988, Ngh nh 49/HBT ngy 4/03/1991 hng dn thi hnh Php
lnh Chuyn giao Cng ngh t Nc ngoi vo Vit Nam, Php lnh Bo h
Quyn S hu cng nghip ngy 11/02/1989, Ngh nh 84/HBT ngy
20/03/1990 hng dn thi hnh Php lnh Bo h Quyn S hu Cng nghip,
iu l Li-xng ngy 28/12/1984, Ngh nh 214/HBT v Quyn tc gi nm
1988, Php lnh Bo h Quyn tc gi ngy 10/02/1994. Tuy nhin, do mt s
vn bn c ban hnh t trc Hin php 1992, nn vn cn nhng bt cp
gia c ch bo h quyn s hu tr tu trong thi k bao cp v c ch bo h
trong thi k kinh t th trng.
38

X hi cng pht trin, sn xut cng pht trin i hi mt h thng php lut
v s hu cng nghip cng phi c hon thin. Ngy 28/10/1995, ti k hp
th 8, Quc hi Kho IX thng qua B Lut Dn s nc Cng ho X hi
ch ngha Vit Nam, chnh thc thit lp ch php l cao nht cho vic xc
lp, bo h v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu ti Vit Nam (Phn th su v by
ca B Lut Dn s). Sau khi B Lut Dn s ra i, mt lot cc vn bn
hng dn thi hnh cng c ban hnh. l:
Lut v quyn tc gi Vit Nam c xy dng t nhng nm 1970 v kt qu
u tin l Ngh nh 84/CP v quyn tc gi, ra i nm 1989. Sau , vi s
gip ca WIPO, chng ta son tho v ban hnh Php lnh bo h quyn
tc gi nm 1994, trong cc iu lut c iu chnh sao cho ph hp
vi cc tiu chun ca Cng c Berne, mc d Vit Nam vn cha phi l
thnh vin ca Cng c (cho n thng 10 nm 2004). Ngy 23 thng 11 nm
1995, Quc hi thng qua B Lut Dn s, trong Chng 1, Phn 6
(quyn tc gi) c ly t Php lnh Bo h Quyn tc gi. Nhng im ging
nhau gia lut Vit Nam v quyn tc gi v ni dung ca Cng c Berne bao
gm: khi nim tc gi, ni dung quyn tc gi (quyn nhn thn v quyn ti
sn), thi hn bo h quyn tc gi, tiu chun bo h mt tc phm di dng
quyn tc gi.
1.5.2 S pht trin ca quyn s hu tr tu t khi BLDS 1995 ra i n
khi ban hnh BLDS 2005
Tuy ra i sau cc nc khc trong lnh vc bo h quyn s hu cng nghip,
php lut Vit Nam c nhng bc i ng khm phc, ni bt nht l vic
ban hnh BLDS 1995 v Ngh nh 63/CP v s hu cng nghip (ngy
24/10/1996) v Ngh nh 12/1999/N-CP ngy 8/3/1999 v x pht hnh
chnh trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip. Rt nhiu sng ch, gii php hu
ch, kiu dng cng nghip, nhn hiu hng ho c ng k. Vit Nam
tham gia Cng c Paris, Cng c Washington v Tho c Madrid. Cc
SHTT, thnh lp t tin thn l Cc Sng ch, m nhim c vai tr l c
quan u mi gii quyt cc tranh chp v s hu cng nghip, cng nh l c
quan chuyn cung cp kin php l cho cc c quan thc thi nh qun l th
trng, cnh st kinh t. Cc vn bn php lut bao gm:
-

Ngh nh 63/CP ngy 24/10/1996 v s hu cng nghip (sa i, b

sung theo Ngh nh 06/2001/N-CP ngy 1/2/2001);
Ngh nh 76/CP ngy 29/11/1996 v quyn tc gi;
Ngh nh 31/2001/N-CP ngy 26/06/2001 v x pht hnh chnh
trong lnh vc vn ho thng tin;
39

Ngh nh 45/1998/N-CP ngy 8/07/1998 v chuyn giao cng ngh;

Ngh nh 16/2000/N-CP ngy 10/06/2000 v x pht hnh chnh
trong lnh vc chuyn giao cng ngh;
Ngh nh 12/1999/N-CP ngy 6/03/1999 v x pht hnh chnh trong
lnh vc s hu cng nghip;
Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP ngy 3/10/2000 v bo h quyn s hu
cng nghip i vi b mt kinh doanh, ch dn a l, tn thng mi v
bo h quyn chng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh lin quan n s hu
cng nghip;
Ngh nh 42/2003/N-CP ngy 02/05/2003 v bo h quyn s hu
cng nghip i vi thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn;
Thng t 23/TC-TCT ngy 09/05/1997 hng dn ch thu, np v
qun l ph, l ph s hu cng nghip;
Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT ngy 03/05/2000 hng dn thi
hnh Ngh nh 12/1999/N-CP ngy 6/03/1999 v x pht hnh chnh
trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip (c sa i bi Thng t
49/2001/TT-BKHCNMT);
Thng t lin tch 10/2000/TTLT-BTM-BTC-BCA-BKHCNMT hng
dn thc hin Ch th s 31/1999/CT-TTg ngy 27/10/1999 ca Th
tng Chnh ph v u tranh chng sn xut v bun bn hng gi;
Thng t 27/2001/TT-BVHTT hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Ngh
nh 76/CP ngy 29/11/1996 v quyn tc gi;
Thng t lin tch 01/2001/TTLT-TANDTC/BVHTT/VKSNDTC v x
l tranh chp vi phm quyn tc gi;
Thng t 3055/SHCN ngy 31/12/1996 hng dn thi hnh Ngh nh
63/CP;
Thng t 1254/1999/TT-BKHCNMT ngy 20/7/1999 hng dn thi
hnh Ngh nh 45/1998/N-CP;
Thng t 29/2003/TT-BKHCN ngy 05/11/2003 hng dn thc hin
cc th tc xc lp quyn s hu cng nghip i vi kiu dng cng
nghip; v
Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN ngy 05/11/2003 hng dn th tc xc
lp quyn s hu cng nghip i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch.

Thng 5 nm 2005, BLDS 1995 c sa i b sung c bn (gi tt l BLDS

2005). BLDS 2005 thay th BLDS 1995 t ngy 01/01/2006, v th cc vn bn
hng dn thi hnh BLDS 1995 k trn ch cn pht huy tc dng tm thi
trc khi c cc vn bn hng dn Lut S hu Tr tu 2005 thay th.
Trong BLDS 2005, cc qui nh v s hu tr tu c n gin v thu hp
nhiu. Chng ch cn ng vai tr hng dn chung, cho thy quyn s hu tr
tu v bn cht l mt quyn dn s, c nhng phng php iu chnh nh
phng php iu chnh ca lut dn s, song cng c nhng tnh cht ring.
40

1.5.3 Lut S hu Tr tu nm 2005

a.
Nguyn nhn ra i ca Lut S hu Tr tu 2005
Hu ht cc nc trn th gii u quy nh s hu tr tu l mt ngnh lut
ring, c lut ring v s hu tr tu, trong khi cc quy nh v s hu tr tu
Vit Nam li c sp nhp vo BLDS. Tuy vic tch hay nhp mang tnh
cht hnh thc nhiu hn ni dung, vn c nhiu kin cho rng cn phi tch
lut v s hu tr tu ra khi ni dung ca BLDS. Cc l do cho lp lun trn
c tp trung vo 3 nhm sau y:
-

Th nht, quan h php lut v s hu tr tu mang c tnh cht hnh

chnh ln tnh cht dn s. Th d, vic ng k bo h mang tnh cht
hnh chnh, trong khi cc quy nh v quyn v ngha v mang tnh cht
dn s.

Th hai, cc quy nh v s hu tr tu tng i phc tp v khi nim,

cch phn bit, li tp trung gii quyt vn ti sn v hnh, mt vn
m cc phn khc ca BLDS khng ng n. Nh vy cng khng
c s an xen kt hp gia cc phn khc ca BLDS vi phn 6 (quyn
s hu tr tu v chuyn giao cng ngh) ca BLDS.

Th ba, vic ban hnh cc quy nh v s hu tr tu, mt loi quy nh

ph thuc vo ch ca Nh nc, thay i theo thi gian, vo mt B
Lut c tnh n nh cao nh BLDS s khin vic sa i nhng quy
nh bt hp l v s hu tr tu gp nhiu kh khn.

Cc kin yu cu ban hnh mt o lut ring v s hu tr tu c nhiu

chuyn gia trong v ngoi nc cng nh cc doanh nghip ng h. Nm 2003,
Lut S hu Tr tu c a vo chng trnh lm lut ca Quc hi. Bn
d tho u tin c hai Cc SHTT thuc B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Cc
Bn Quyn tc gi thuc B Vn ho Thng tin son tho v c a ra xin
kin ng gp ca nhn dn.45 Nhiu hi tho ng gp kin xy dng Lut
S hu Tr tu c t chc, thu ht ng o s quan tm ca cc chuyn
gia php lut trong v ngoi nc. Mc d cn nhiu kin khc nhau, v d
tho cui cng trnh Quc hi cng cha th hon chnh, vic ban hnh mt o
lut thng nht v S hu Tr tu tr nn cp thit, v l trnh lm lut ca
Vit Nam phc v cho vic gia nhp WTO l khng th tr hon. Ti k hp
Quc hi Kho X, K hp th 10, vo ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005, Lut S hu
Tr tu (Lut SHTT Lut S 50/2005/QH10) c Quc hi ban hnh vi
45

Xem tng kt cc kin ng gp xy dng Lut SHTT trn mng

www.vibonline.com.vn ca Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, cng nh
trn nhiu tp ch khoa hc xut bn trong thi k ny.

41

s phiu gn nh tuyt i (368/370), c hiu lc t ngy 01/07/2006. Nh vy

lut s hu tr tu tr thnh mt ngnh lut c lp trong h thng php lut
nc Vit Nam. Lut S hu tr tu tip thu c cc gi tr ca nhiu quy
phm php lut trong h thng php lut Vit Nam v quyn s hu tr tu,
c thm nh trong thc tin. Li ch ca cc ch th sng to, khai thc s
dng v cng chng hng th c iu chnh kh hi ho. Cc quy phm
php lut tng thch vi hu ht cc iu c quc t c lin quan, cc Hip
nh song phng m bo thun li cho vic hi nhp vo cng ng quc t.
Tnh minh bch, r rng v kh thi cng th hin kh r ti cc iu lut. Li
ch quc gia th hin ti cc iu lut c Ban son tho, cc c quan ca
Quc hi, cc i biu Quc hi quan tm trong sut qu trnh chun b, son
tho v thng qua lut s hu tr tu. Nh vy y l ln u tin, Vit Nam c
mt o lut ring v s hu tr tu c ban hnh cp cao nht. V th, cc
qui nh trong quyn sch ny s dn chiu n Lut SHTT thay v BLDS, cho
d c qui nh tng ng hay thm ch khc nhau c hai lut ny.
b.

p dng Lut S hu Tr tu

Theo iu 5 Lut SHTT, trong trng hp c s khc nhau gia quy nh v s

hu tr tu ca Lut SHTT vi quy nh ca lut khc th p dng quy nh ca
Lut SHTT. Trong trng hp c nhng vn dn s lin quan n s hu tr
tu khng c quy nh trong Lut SHT th p dng quy nh ca BLDS.
Hin nhin, trong trng hp iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin c
quy nh khc vi quy nh ca Lut SHTT th p dng quy nh ca iu c
quc t . Nh vy, ngun ca lut s hu tr tu hin nay c th c khi
qut l cc iu c quc t c lin quan m Vit Nam tham gia v cc vn bn
php lut do c quan nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh, theo th tc trnh t do
php lut qui nh, iu chnh cc quan h nhn thn v quan h ti sn trong
lnh vc s hu tr tu. Nh vy ngun ca lut s hu tr tu bao gm:
-

Hin Php;
iu c quc t c lin quan m Vit Nam tham gia;
Lut SHTT, BLDS 2005 v cc lut khc c lin quan; v
Cc vn bn di lut.

Ring i vi cc vn bn di lut, do hin nay Chnh ph v cc b ngnh

lin quan cha kp ban hnh vn bn hng dn Lut SHTT, cc vn bn hng
dn thi hnh BLDS 1995 vn c tip tc s dng. Ngi c tuy vy cng
cn lu rng khi cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh Lut SHTT ra i th cc
ngh nh, thng t da trn BLDS 1995 s khng cn gi tr p dng na.

42

Ni nh vy khng c ngha l cc qui nh ca BLDS 1995 s khng cn c

coi l ngun ca lut. Cc qui nh ti BLDS 1995 cng vn s iu chnh vic
xc lp quyn s hu tr tu pht sinh trc ngy 01/01/2006 (ngy BLDS 2005
c hiu lc) v vic thc hin quyn v ngha v tin hnh trc ngy
01/01/2006.
c.

i tng iu chnh ca Lut S hu Tr tu 2005

Lut SHTT p dng i vi cc i tng bao gm tc phm (trong quan h

quyn tc gi), ng ch, kiu dng cng nghip, thit k b tr mch tch hp
bn dn, b mt kinh doanh, nhn hiu, tn thng mi v ch dn a l (trong
quan h v s hu cng nghip), ging cy trng v vt liu nhn ging (trong
quan h v quyn i vi ging cy trng). Xt v i tng iu chnh, Lut
S hu Tr tu c nhng tnh cht c th sau y:
-

Lut s hu tr tu c i tng iu chnh rng hn so vi BLDS 1995.

Nu BLDS 1995 ch mang tnh cht l mt loi lut ni dung, iu chnh
cc quan h nhn thn v ti sn, th Lut S hu Tr tu va l lut ni
dung, va l lut hnh thc. Lut S hu Tr tu va qui nh cc quyn
v ngha v ca cch th quyn s hu tr tu, va qui nh cc trnh t,
th tc xc lp quyn, va qui nh cc cch thc thc thi quyn.

Cc trnh t, th tc t tng bo v quyn s hu tr tu trong Lut S

hu Tr tu qui nh khng hon ton ng nht vi cc qui nh ca B
Lut T tng Dn s (BLTTDS). Th d, theo BLTTDS, nguyn n
mun p dng bin php khn cp tm thi phi np k qu mt khon
tin tng ng vi gi tr tranh chp bo m cho vic bi thng
thit hi khi c thit hi xy ra. Trong Lut SHTT, iu 208 qui nh
khon tin k qu c gim ch cn 20% gi tr khon tranh chp.

V i tng iu chnh c nhiu im ring nh vy, khng ging vi bt c

ngnh lut no, c cn c coi lut v s hu tr tu l mt ngnh lut c
lp trong h thng php lut nc CHXHCN Vit Nam.
c.

Phng php iu chnh ca Lut S hu Tr tu

Phng php iu chnh ca Lut SHTT kt hp nhiu phng php iu chnh

ca nhiu ngnh lut khc nhau. Trong vic xc lp quyn s hu tr tu,
phng php iu chnh ca lut tng ng vi phng php iu chnh ca
cc qui phm php lut hnh chnh (mnh lnh, phc tng). Trong vic gii
quyt tranh chp, phng php iu chnh ca Lut SHTT li tng ng vi
phng php iu chnh cc qui phm php lut t tng dn s (mc d khng
43

hon ton ng nht). Trong vic phn nh quyn v ngha v ca cc ch th,

phng php iu chnh ca Lut SHTT li tng ng vi phng php iu
chnh ca cc qui phm php lut dn s (bnh ng, t nguyn, t nh ot).
d.

Cu trc ca Lut SHTT 2005

Lut SHTT c chia thnh 6 phn. Tr Phn VI (iu khon thi hnh), cc
phn cn li c cc ni dung sau y:
Phn I (nhng qui nh chung) qui nh phm vi, i tng p dng, i tng
iu chnh, cc khi nim c s dng trong Lut SHTT, nguyn tc p dng
lut, cn c pht sinh, xc lp quyn s hu tr tu i vi tng i tng. y
l nhng qui nh cha ng nhng qui phm mang tnh nguyn tc (tr nhng
qui phm nh ngha), s c c th ho nhng phn tip theo.
Phn II (quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan) qui nh iu kin bo h, ni dung
quyn v gii hn quyn ca tc gi, ch s hu quyn tc gi, ch s hu
quyn lin quan, xc nh cc ch th ca quan h v quyn tc gi, quyn lin
quan; qui nh v chuyn giao quyn tc gi, ng k quyn tc gi v t chc
i din quyn tc gi. Cc qui nh ny s c phn tch k hn Chng 2.
Phn III (quyn s hu cng nghip) l phn ln nht ca Lut SHTT, v s i
tng c bo h trong phn ny nhiu hn c. Phn ny qui nh iu kin
bo h, xc lp quyn s hu cng nghip; xc nh ch s hu cng nghip,
ni dung v gii hn ca cc quyn s hu cng nghip; qui nh vic chuyn
nhng quyn theo tho thun cng nh li-xng bt buc; v qui nh v i
din s hu cng nghip. Cc qui nh ny s c phn tch k hn trong cc
chng t Chng 3 n Chng 6.
Phn IV (ging cy trng) qui nh iu kin bo h, qui trnh np n xc lp
quyn i vi ging cy trng, ni dung v gii hn cc quyn i vi ging
cy trng, chuyn giao ging cy trng. Mc d Vit Nam c Php lnh
ging cy trng t nm 2001, y vn l cc qui nh mi; kinh nghim ca
Vit Nam trong lnh vc ny cn hn ch. Cc qui nh v ging cy trng s
c phn tch Chng 7.
Phn V (bo v quyn s hu tr tu) l phn c coi l i mi mnh m nht
trong cc qui nh v s hu tr tu t trc n nay, i thng vo vn m
Vit Nam cn b cc nc coi l yu km: thc thi quyn s hu tr tu. Tun
th cc cam kt v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu qui nh ti Hip nh Thng
mi Vit-M v Tha c TRIPS, Phn V gm c cc qui nh chung v thc
thi, x l hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu theo th tc dn s, hnh
44

chnh, hnh s, trong nhn mnh n cc bin php khn cp tm thi cng
nh cch thc xc nh mc bi thng thit hi.
e.

Hiu lc ca Lut SHTT

Theo iu 221, Lut SHTT c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/07/2006. Tuy vy,
Lut cng qui nh ti iu 220 (iu khon chuyn tip) nh sau:
-

Quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan c bo h theo quy nh trc ngy

Lut SHTT c hiu lc c tip tc bo h theo quy nh ca Lut ny.

n ng k cc loi quyn s hu tr tu c np cho c quan c

thm quyn trc ngy Lut SHTT c hiu lc c tip tc x l theo
quy nh ca cc vn bn php lut c hiu lc ti thi im np n.

i vi quyn v ngha v theo vn bng bo h c cp theo cc qui

nh c, th cc th tc duy tr, gia hn, sa i, chuyn giao, chuyn
nhng quyn s hu, gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n vn bng bo
h c p dng theo quy nh ca Lut SHTT, tr quy nh v cn
c hu b hiu lc cc vn bng bo h th ch p dng quy nh ca cc
vn bn php lut c hiu lc ti thi im cp vn bng bo h.

B mt kinh doanh v tn thng mi tn ti v c bo h theo

Ngh nh s 54/2000/N-CP tip tc c bo h theo quy nh ca
Lut SHTT. Tuy vy k t ngy 01/07/2006, ch dn a l ch c bo
h sau khi c ng k theo quy nh ca Lut SHTT.

1.5.4

Quyn s hu tr tu v l trnh gia nhp WTO

Nh trnh by, TRIPS l mt phn ca cc tho c thnh lp WTO. Vit

Nam phi ban hnh nhng quy nh bo h v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu cho
ph hp vi cc tiu chun ca TRIPS c gia nhp vo WTO (d kin
nm 2004). Thm vo , Vit Nam phi sa i cc vn bn php lut cho ph
hp vi cc ni dung v s hu tr tu trong cc quy nh ca Hip nh Thng
mi Vit-M. Kt hp c hai yu t , c th d on rng trong nhng nm
ti, cc quy nh v s hu tr tu s tr thnh ti trung tm trong vic hon
thin cc vn bn php lut v s hu tr tu. Mc d cc vn bn v bo h s
hu tr tu kh nhiu (xem trn) v lin tc c ci thin, cc vn bn thc
thi quyn s hu tr tu ca Vit Nam cn cha tho mn cc yu cu ca Tho
c TRIPS, v vy trong tng lai xu hng ca vic hon thin vn bn php
lut ca Vit Nam, thng qua cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh Lut SHTT, s

45

tp trung vo vic xy dng cc quy nh v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu, sao

cho vic thc thi "khng qu lu, qu kh v qu tn km."46
1.6

Ngun thng tin v s hu tr tu v chng trnh ging dy

1.6.1 Ngun thng tin

c gi ti TP H Ch Minh v H Ni c th tm cc ti liu v s hu tr tu
ti cc ngun sau y:
-

Th vin Trng H Lut TP HCM (s 2 Nguyn Tt Thnh) v

Trng H Lut H Ni;
T sch S hu Tr tu (Intellectual Property Rights Reference
Collection) ti Th vin Khoa hc Tng hp TP H Ch Minh;
Phng S hu Cng nghip v Trung tm thng tin Khoa hc Cng
ngh, S Khoa hc Cng ngh TP HCM, s 79 Trng nh; v
Cc Bn Quyn tc gi, VP ti TP HCM, s 07 Nguyn Th Minh Khai.

Ngoi ra, cc t chc quc t nh SIDA (Thy in www.sida.org.vn), WIPO

hay USVTC (Hoa K - www.usvtc.org), JPO (Nht Bn www.jpo.gov.jp) cn
t chc cc kho o to ngn hn v s hu tr tu trong v ngoi nc. Cc
c gi cng c th tm cc thng tin v s hu tr tu ti cc website sau y:
46

Google: www.google.com
Findlaw: www.findlaw.com/01topics/23intellectprop/index.html
Hieros Gamos: www.hg.org/intell.html
Yahoo: http://dir.yahoo.com/government/law/intellectual_property/
Bitlaw: www.bitlaw.com
Patent Resources: www.bl.uk/collections/patents.html
UK intellectual property on the Internet www.intellectualproperty.gov.uk
Franklin
Pierce
Law
Center
Intellectual
Property
Mall
www.ipmall.fplc.edu
European Patent Office www.european-patent-office.org
WIPO Treaties www.wipo/treaties
WTO Treaties www.wto.int
Intellectual Property Magazine www.law.com/professionals/iplaw.html
RERCI www.serci.org
Intellectual Property and Technology Forum http://infoeagle.bc.edu
IP World Online www.ipworldonline.com
iu 44 TRIPS.

46

Journal of Intellectual Property Law www.law.uga.edu/jipl

Journal of Technology Law & Policy http://grove.ufl.edu/~techlaw/links/
Texas
Intellectual
Property
Law
Journal
www.utexas.edu/law/journals/tiplj
Lex Mercatoria www.jus.uio.no/lm/intellectual.property/toc.html
OAMI-ONLINE http://oami.eu.int/EN/guide.htm
UK Patent Office www.patent.gov.uk
WIPO www.wipo.int
American Intellectual Property Law Association www.aipla.org
Research Guide on IP Law www.virtualchase.com/resources/ip.shtml
Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre http://www.oiprc.ox.ac.uk
WIPO Intellectual Property Digital Library (tm trong www.google.com)
Association of Research Libraries www.arl.org
EPO Academy www.academy.epo.org
Institute of Trademark Agents www.itma.org
Chartered Institute of Patent Agents www.cipa.org

1.6.2 Chng trnh ging dy chuyn ngnh s hu tr tu

Hin nay Trng i hc Lut TP HCM phi hp vi Cc SHTT t chc
cc kho hc v quyn s hu tr tu. Cc hc vin c chng ch chng trnh
C t kho hc ny t mt trong nhng iu kin d thi ly vn bng i
din s hu cng nghip. Chng trnh ko di 9 thng v hc mi ngy. Cc
mn hc bao gm hai phn ln: php lut i cng v lut chuyn ngnh s
hu tr tu. Trong phn chuyn ngnh s dy cc mn: quyn tc gi v quyn
lin quan, kiu dng cng nghip, sng ch/gii php hu ch, nhn hiu v ch
dn a l, thc thi quyn s hu tr tu, kha cnh kinh t ca quyn s hu tr
tu, chuyn giao cng ngh v hp ng lixng, thng tin s hu cng nghip.
Sau cc sinh vin s vit tiu lun v tt nghip.

47

Chng 2:

Quyn tc gi

2.1

Khi nim v c im quyn tc gi

2.1.1

Khi nim quyn tc gi

Hiu mt cch n gin, quyn tc gi cho php tc gi v ch s hu quyn tc

gi c c quyn khai thc tc phm, chng li vic sao chp bt hp php.
Th d, tc gi mt tc phm vn hc (bc th) c lm ch thnh qu lao
ng tr tu ca mnh, c c quyn cng b, xut bn bc th ca mnh.
Vic sao chp, ph bin ni dung tc phm m khng c s ng ca tc gi
l xm phm quyn tc gi. V khi nim php l, quyn tc gi l tng hp
cc quy phm quy nh v bo v quyn nhn thn v quyn ti sn ca tc gi,
ch s hu quyn tc gi i vi tc phm vn hc, ngh thut, khoa hc.
T khi nim quyn tc gi, chng ta c th suy ra c cc yu t cu thnh
ca QHPLDS quyn tc gi. Ch th ca QHPLDS ny l tc gi v ch s hu
quyn tc gi. Khch th hay i tng ca QHPLDS l cc tc phm vn hc,
khoa hc, ngh thut. Ni dung ca QHPLDS v quyn tc gi l cc quyn
nhn thn v quyn ti sn ca tc gi, ch s hu quyn tc gi. Chng ta bit
rng tuy khch th v i tng khc nhau, nhng trong QHPLDS v s hu,
th khch th v i tng trng nhau. i vi s hu tr tu cng khng phi
l ngoi l. V th phn v i tng v khch th s c gii thiu chung
di y. Ngoi ra, c ti liu cho rng, khch th ca QHPLDS l thnh qu
lao ng sng to ca tc gi ch khng phi tc phm. y chng ta phi
nh ngha r nh th no l tc phm. Mt quyn sch khng phi l mt tc
phm. l mt n phm hay xut bn phm. Tc phm l mt ti sn v
hnh, to ra bn nguyn gc u tin ca quyn sch y. Ni khc i, tc
phm chnh l thnh qu lao ng sng to ca tc gi.
C mt s ti liu cng cp n mt s nguyn tc bo h quyn tc gi nh
cc nguyn tc ring bit. Tht ra, quyn tc gi c bo h theo nhng
nguyn tc chung ca lut dn s. C ngha l, Nh nc khng bo h nhng
tc phm c ni dung tri php lut, o c x hi, i ngc li vi li ch ca
Nh nc v li ch cng cng (iu 5 v 131 BLDS), xm phm quyn nhn
thn (iu 4 BLDS). Trong ch nh bo h quyn tc gi, iu 749 BLDS
1995 trc y c quy nh mt s tc phm khng c php lut bo h vi
c im ca php ch x hi ch ngha. Theo , cc tc phm tuyn truyn
chin tranh xm lc, tit l b mt ca ng, xuyn tc lch s, ph nhn thnh
tu cch mng, xc phm v nhn, anh hng dn tc, v.v. s khng c bo h.
Tuy nhin iu cng th hin r Hin php v cc lut khc nh Lut
Xut bn, Lut Bo ch. V th nhng tc phm mang ni dung nh trong iu
48

749 BLDS 1995 ng nhin b coi l tri php lut, khng cn phi cp n
nh mt nguyn tc. Lut SHTT sau ny cng b cc qui nh c ni dung
tng t nh iu 749 BLDS 1995.
Quyn tc gi khuyn khch nhiu nh vn, ngh s, nh khoa hc sng to.
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l phi mt nh vn danh ting, mt nhc s ni
ting hay mt o din chuyn nghip mi c quyn tc gi. Quyn tc gi xut
hin khng ph thuc vo ni dung hay cht lng tc phm. Th d bi thi ca
sinh vin cng c bo h di dng quyn tc gi, cho d kt qu thi nh th
no.
2.1.2

c im quyn tc gi v ngha v chng minh bo v quyn

Quyn tc gi c hai c im sau y:

Th nht, quyn tc gi ch bo h hnh thc sng to, khng bo h ni dung
sng to. Mt khc nu hnh thc th hin ca mt tng trng vi ni dung
tng , th hnh thc cng khng c bo h. Khng ai bo h mt cu ni
n gin nh "ti n cm" hay "anh yu em" di dng quyn tc gi. Quyn
tc gi bo h tc phm, cn tc phm l s hnh thnh mt tng di mt
hnh thc nht nh. Th d cng mt tng v tnh yu c cc bi ht "Tnh
ca" ca Hong Vit, "Hnh khc ngy v m", "Thuyn v bin" ca Phan
Hunh iu, v.v. Quyn tc gi ch tp trung bo v hnh thc th hin tc
phm, khng bo v ni dung tc phm. V th, quyn tc gi c pht sinh k
t khi tc phm c th hin di mt hnh thc nht nh. Ni cch khc, cn
c pht sinh quan h php lut dn s v quyn tc gi l cc hnh vi php l.
iu ny c ngha l c quan nh nc s khng xem xt ni dung tc phm, v
vic ng k bo h quyn tc gi ch c gi tr chng c ch khng c gi tr
php l nh ng k bo h quyn s hu cng nghip. Tht ra, gia hnh thc
v ni dung tc phm khng phi lc no cng d dng phn bit. Chng ta c
th xem xt th d sau y:
Cng ty Colgate Palmolive sn xut kem nh rng Colgate, qung co
trn chng trnh truyn hnh hnh nh tr em mt lp hc khoe hm
rng trng bng (cc em dng tay ch vo rng mnh). Cng ty Unilever
cng qung co chng trnh truyn hnh cng hnh nh cc em b g
vo rng ca mnh. Colgate cho rng Unilever sao chp chng trnh
ca mnh. Unilever cho rng mnh ch s dng ni dung qung co ch
khng s dng hnh thc qung co ca Colgate, v v vy khng xm
phm quyn tc gi ca Unilever. Cu hi t ra trong trng hp ny
l: Unilever c bt buc phi s dng hnh nh cc em b g vo rng
ca mnh qung co hay khng?
49

Th hai l tc phm c bo h phi c tnh nguyn gc, tc l khng sao

chp, bt chc tc phm khc. iu khng c ngha l tng ca tc
phm phi mi, m c ngha l hnh thc th hin ca tng phi do chnh tc
gi sng to ra. Nh vy, mt tc phm mun c bo h, phi do chnh sc
lao ng tr c ca tc gi to ra. Tnh nguyn gc khng c ngha l khng c
k tha. Th d "Truyn Kiu" ca Nguyn Du l chuyn th th ca tiu
thuyt "on trng Tn thanh" ca Thanh Tm Ti Nhn. Nhng c Nguyn
Du v Thanh Tm Ti Nhn u c cng nhn l tc gi ca cc tc phm
ca mnh.
2.2

i tng, ch th v ni dung quyn tc gi

2.2.1

i tng quyn tc gi
a.

Tc phm trong nc hay do ngi Vit Nam sng to

Quyn tc gi l quyn s hu tr tu c i tng iu chnh rng ln nht.

iu 14 Lut SHTT lit k 14 loi hnh tc phm: truyn, kch, tc phm to
hnh, phim, nh, video, chng trnh my tnh, ti liu bn v, cng trnh khoa
hc, bi ht, v.v. Trong cc hnh thc th hin tc phm c nhc n iu
14 Lut SHTT, c mt khi nim d hnh dung, song kh nh ngha v kh xc
nh phm vi bo h. l chng trnh my tnh. Tuy trong khng c nh
ngha trc tip, song khi nim ny c nhc n iu 6 Php lnh bo
h quyn tc gi. Theo chng trnh my tnh l mt hoc mt nhm
chng trnh c biu hin di dng chui lnh vit theo mt ngn ng lp
trnh no v cc tp d liu c lin quan, ch dn cho my tnh hoc h thng
tin hc bit phi lm g thc hin nhim v c ra; c th c ci t
bn trong my vi tnh hoc c di hnh thc vn bn, a mm, CD-ROM.
Danh sch cc tc phm c nu trong iu 14 Lut SHTT khng c nh, v
s loi hnh tc phm s ngy mt tng vi s ra i ca cc phng tin lu tr
v truyn ti thng tin hin i, th d nh c s d liu (database), truyn
thng a phng din (multimedia), hay xa l thng tin (internet).47 Cc loi
hnh ny c tp trung thnh ba nhm: cc tc phm vn hc, khoa hc v
ngh thut. Tuy vy cng c nhng trng hp mt tc phm va l mt tc
phm khoa hc, va l mt tc phm ngh thut, th d mt b phim ti liu
khoa hc. Cch phn loi ni trn tng t vi cch phn loi tc phm cc
nc theo h thng lut lc a. cc nc theo h thng lut Anh-M, ngi
47

Firth, A. (1999) "Copyright in the Digital World: a Reversion to Old Forms?" In Kinahan, A.
(ed.) Now and Then - A Celebration of Sweet & Maxwell Bicentenary 1799-1999. Sweet &
Maxwell. London: 69.

50

ta chia tc phm thnh ba loi sau: tc phm vit (written works), tc phm m
thanh (sound recordings) v tc phm hnh nh (motion pictures). Tt nhin
cch phn loi ny cng khng loi tr ln nhau, th d nh mt b phim (k c
phn nhc) va l tc phm hnh nh, va l tc phm m thanh.
Cch phn loi ni trn khng lm nh hng n tiu chun bo h ca tc
phm. Chng ta bit cc tc phm c bo h khng phn bit hnh thc,
ngn ng th hin v cht lng tc phm. Tuy nhin, khng phi bt k hnh
thc th hin ca mt tng no cng c bo h di dng quyn tc gi.
Nh vy c bo h, mt tc phm phi (1) c chp nhn v mt ni
dung; (2) c th hin di mt hnh thc nht nh v (3) c tnh nguyn gc.
S sng to ca mt tc gi khng nht thit phi c lp vi s sng to ca tc
gi khc. Cc tc phm dn xut t nhng tc phm khc cng c bo h
di dng quyn tc gi, th d tc phm dch, phng tc, ci bin, chuyn th,
tuyn chn, su tm.
-

Dch l vic chuyn ti trung thc ni dung ca mt tc phm t ngn

ng ny sang ngn ng khc. Th d dch tp th "Ngc trung nht k"
ca Ch tch H Ch Minh ra ting Vit vi ta "Nht k trong t."

Phng tc l s sng to da theo ni dung ca mt tc phm khc. Th

d v kch Romo v Julliet ca vn ho W. Shakespeare l phng tc t
mt tc phm khuyt danh c truyn tng thnh ph Verona
(Italia).

Ci bin l vic vit li t mt tc phm c. Th d tiu thuyt "Cha

tu Kim quy" ca H Biu Chnh c ci bin t tiu thuyt "B tc
trn o Monte Cristo" ca Alexandre Dumas.

Chuyn th l vic chuyn t loi hnh ngh thut ny sang loi hnh
ngh thut khc. Th d v ci lng "Nghu S c Hn" c chuyn
th t tung c.

Tuyn tp l vic tuyn chn t nhiu tc phm ring r ca mt tc gi.

Th d "tuyn tp truyn ngn Vit Nam 1990 - 1999" ca NXB Vn
Ngh.

Bin son l vic tuyn chn theo mt ch c th bnh lun, nh gi.

Th d cng bi ging m cc bn cm trn tay c bin son theo
ch , c bnh lun, nh gi cc ti liu khc v lut s hu tr tu.

51

Vic lit k cc loi hnh sng to theo hng k tha mt tc phm c ny

khng t loi tr ln nhau, c ngha l mt tc gi c th va chuyn th, va
ci bin mt tc phm c. V ci lng "Nghu S c Hn" do son gi
Trn Hu Trang ci bin v chuyn th t mt v tung c c trong dn
gian.
Tuy rng quyn tc gi ch bo h hnh thc sng to, khng bo h ni dung
sng to, song khng phi vi bt k ni dung no th tc phm cng s c
bo h. Lut nc no cng quy nh mt tiu chun ti thiu v mt ni
dung c bo h. Mt hnh v v thc trn tng, mt bi bo xuyn tc
s tht khng th c bo h. Trc y, trong BLDS 1995, iu 749 c qui
nh nhng tc phm khng c bo h. y cch quy nh ca mi nc
khc nhau. Lut Vit Nam quy nh mt s tc phm c ni dung chng ph
cch mng, vn ho c hi khng c bo h di dng quyn tc gi. Vic
cm lu hnh, ph bin cc loi tc phm ny cng th hin trong Lut Bo ch,
Lut Xut bn, Ngh nh 21/CP ngy 05/03/1997 v s dng thng tin trn
Internet, v cng l mt ti hnh s trong B Lut Hnh s. Mt s nc khc
(Cuba, CHDCND Triu Tin, v.v.) cng c nhng quy nh tng t.48 V c
s trng lp trong iu 749 BLDS 1995 trc y vi cc qui nh ca cc lut
khc nh nu, nn iu ny b bi b trong BLDS 2005 cng nh Lut
SHTT. Tuy nhin, khng nn hiu rng mt tc phm c ni dung th no cng
c bo h ti Vit Nam.
Theo BLDS 1995, mt s tc phm c bo h theo quy ch ring, l tin
tc thi s thun ty a tin, tc phm vn hc ngh thut dn gian, vn bn
php lut v bn dch ca nhng vn bn . Theo Lut SHTT, trong cc tc
phm trn ch c tc phm vn hc ngh thut dn gian l c bo h theo qui
ch ring (iu 23 Lut SHTT). Cc tin tc thi s thun ty a tin hoc vn
bn php lut u khng c bo h (iu 15 Lut SHTT).
Hin nay mt s lut gia tp hp cc vn bn php lut vo mt tuyn tp
pht hnh. Th d "Nhng vn bn php lut thng mi", hay "H thng vn
bn php lut ca nc CHXHCN Vit Nam". Nhng tuyn tp ny c c
bo h theo quyn tc gi hay khng? C ngi cho rng bn thn tng vn bn
mt th khng c bo h, song ton b tuyn tp, cch sp xp ca chng
di dng mt tng th cng l thnh qu ca sc lao ng v c suy xt v v
th cng c bo h di dng quyn tc gi. Trn thc t, vic h in li vn
bn php lut th khng vi phm lut v quyn tc gi, song h cng khng
c bo h khi c ngi in li cc vn bn php lut trn sch m h in ra.
Cu hi th v m hin cha c li gii p l: liu vic sao chp vn bn php
48

WIPO (1988) Background (sd).

52

lut trn cc c s d liu nh Lut Vit Nam (www.luatvietnam.com.vn) hay

Khai Tr nhm mc ch kinh doanh c xm phm quyn li chnh ng g ca
ch cc c s d liu hay khng. Tin tc thi s thun ty a tin, th d
nh bn tin ngn trn bo Si Gn Gii phng, tuy khng c bo h di
dng quyn tc gi; song mt bi x lun hay phng s, c km nhn nh, chn
lc tin tc li c bo h di dng quyn tc gi.
V sao c nhng i tng c bo h theo quy nh ring ca php lut?
l v quyn tc gi cng l mt dng c quyn, v c quyn c nhng mt hn
ch ca n. i vi quyn tc gi, c quyn s lm cho cc ni dung chuyn
ti trong tc phm khng n c i tng ngi c. C mt s tc phm,
vn bn, ti liu cn phi c ph bin cho cng chng cng nhanh cng tt.
Th d nh tin v mt cn bo, mt v chy rng, v nhng thnh tu kinh t,
x hi ca ng v Nh nc, cc vn bn php lut ca cc c quan c thm
quyn. Nu nhng tc phm, ti liu, vn bn ni trn c bo h di dng
quyn tc gi, th cng chng s b hn ch trong vic n nhn thng tin, i
ngc li mc ch ca cc vn bn, ti liu ni trn. V th cn phi c mt
quy nh ring bo h.
Mt vn hin ang c quan tm l cc tc phm vn hc ngh thut dn
gian. y l nhng sng to tp th trn nn tng truyn thng ca mt nhm
hoc cc c nhn nhm phn nh kht vng ca cng ng, th hin tng xng
c im vn ho v x hi ca h, cc tiu chun v gi tr c lu truyn.
Cc th loi vn hc ngh thut dn gian rt phong ph, a dng, bao gm:
truyn, th, cu ; iu ht, ln iu m nhc; iu ma, v din, nghi l v
cc tr chi; sn phm ngh thut ho, hi ho, iu khc, nhc c, hnh mu
kin trc, v.v. Vic bo h quyn tc gi ca cc tc phm ny cn kh khn.
Trc tin l v kh xc nh c tc gi ca nhng tc phm . Hn na nu
tc gi tc phm cht khng c ngi tha k, cc tc phm ngh thut dn gian
c th b tht truyn. Ngoi ra, bo h c quyn nhng tc phm dn gian
cng c nhng mt hn ch ca n. Trc tin, ngh thut dn gian thng
xut pht t mt a phng hn l t mt c nhn hay ging h. Th d sc
thi tranh ng H, hay ma Hi Lim xut pht t nhng a phng y ch
khng phi t mt dng h. Rt nhiu ngh nhn tham gia ng gp to nn
sc thi v tnh nguyn gc ca nhng tc phm dn gian. V vy, vic cng
nhn quyn tc gi cho mt ngh nhn hay mt dng h l khng cng bng, c
th lm cho truyn thng vn ha dn gian a phng ni trn b mai mt.
Chnh v vy, ti iu 23 Lut SHTT c qui nh ngi s dng tc phm vn
hc, ngh thut dn gian phi dn chiu xut x ca loi hnh tc phm v
bo m gi gn gi tr ch thc ca tc phm vn hc, ngh thut dn gian.
iu lut ny tuy vy vn cn mt s im cha r nh th no l gi tr ch
thc , nhc s Trn Tin s dng cc ln iu dn ca nh l qua cu, l nga
53

 sng tc bi ht c nh hng n gi tr ch thc ca cc ln iu dn ca

khng, v.v.
b.

Tc phm do ngi nc ngoi sng to

Hin ti Vit Nam gia nhp Cng c Berne, nn cc tc phm nc ngoi

(l thnh vin ca Cng c Berne) s c bo h ti Vit Nam theo cc quy
nh ca Ngh nh s 60/CP ngy 6/6/1997 ca Chnh ph hng dn thi hnh
cc quy nh ca BLDS v quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi ("Ngh nh
60"). Ngoi ra, theo iu 12 ca Ngh nh 60, Nh nc CHXHCN Vit Nam
cn bo h cc tc phm ca ngi nc ngoi ln u tin c hnh thnh,
cng b, ph bin ti Vit Nam, vi iu kin l chng phi tho mn cc iu
kin v ni dung (khng phi l tc phm phn ng, vn ho i try, v.v.).
i vi cc tc phm c hnh thnh ti mt nc c Hip nh tng tr v
bo h bn quyn (nh M), hay do cng dn cc nc sng to, th cc tc
phm ny cng c bo h ti Vit Nam nh cc tc phm Vit Nam, th d
nh Hip nh vi Hoa K (c hiu lc t ngy 23/11/1998) v vi Thy S.
c.

im cha r: cc tc phm lp th v m thut ng dng

Rt nhiu cc tc phm lp th (tc phm hnh khi hay tc phm trn khng
gian ba chiu) hin nay c qui nh bo h, th d nh tc phm iu khc,
hay tc phm m thut ng dng. Tuy nhin cc qui nh php lut vn cha
nu ra c tiu ch r rng xem cc tc phm no th nn bo h, tc phm no
th khng c bo h. Th d, chic xe DREAM II c c bo h quyn tc
gi nh mt tc phm m thut ng dng khng? Nu c, th y l c hi
Cng ty TNHH Honda Vit Nam c th ngn cn cc hng xe my Trung Quc
hay Hn Quc sn xut xe theo kiu dng ca mnh (xem th d Chng 1).
Tuy nhin, nu kiu dng xe DREAM II c bo h di dng quyn tc gi,
th iu ny s to ra k h trong php lut: ngha l Honda Vit Nam sau khi
khng th ng k bo h kiu dng cng nghip li c th quay sang ng k
bo h quyn tc gi. Li c ngi lp lun: khi Cng ty nha Ch Ln sn
xut ra chic xe in cho tr em chy c kiu dng ging xe DREAM II, nhng
chic xe ny c th c bo h di dng quyn tc gi hay kiu dng cng
nghip, vy th ti sao kiu dng xe DREAM II li khng c bo h? Quyn
tc gi i vi tc phm m thut ng dng l mt vn hin nay php lut
Vit Nam cha gii thch r rng c.
Trong lnh vc ny, chng ta c th hc hi kinh nghim ca Hoa K. V kin
u tin v tc phm m thut ng dng l v Mazer v. Stein, 347 US 201
(1954). Trong v ny, Mazer to mt chn n bn theo hnh khun mt
54

ngi. Stein sao chp kiu dng chn n ca Mazer. Mazer kin Stein.
Stein cho rng chn n l mt sn phm mang tnh cht hu dng th khng th
c bo h di dng quyn tc gi. Nu khng th khng ai c th sng to ra
nhng sn phm hu dng c na. To n Ti cao bc b lun im ny, cho
rng mt tc phm m thut ng dng vn c th c bo h, tuy nhin
quyn tc gi ch bo h nhng c tnh m thut (khun mt ngi trn chn
n) ch khng bo h nhng c tnh ng dng (khung to ra chn n).
To n cng cho rng mt tc phm va c th c bo h di dng quyn
tc gi, va c th c bo h di dng kiu dng cng nghip. iu ny
khng c g l mu thun. To n nu r: Khc vi kiu dng cng nghip,
quyn tc gi ch bo h hnh thc ch khng phi ni dung sng to. Nhng g
c gi tr ngh thut u c th c bo h di dng quyn tc gi. Tuy vy,
trn thc t, Vn phng Quyn tc gi Hoa K ch bo h nhng tc phm m
thut ng dng c phn m thut c th tch ra s dng ring so vi phn
ng dng. Th d, mt chic xe DREAM II c th khng c bo h tng
th di dng quyn tc gi, nhng nhng phn c gi tr m thut ca n, nh
cho n, bng xe, tem, v.v. c th c bo h di dng quyn tc gi. i
vi chi, To phc thm Lin Bang Hoa K trong v Gay Toys v. Buddy L
Corp 703 F.2d 970 (1983) cho rng chi khng phi l tc phm m thut
ng dng. l v mc ch chnh ca chi l tho mn nhu cu ngh
thut v gii tr hn l nhu cu tiu dng. Nu chi nhm n mc ch gii
tr v ngh thut l chnh th kh nng c bo h di dng quyn tc gi s
cao hn. Tuy nhin, cu tr li s kh hn nu chng ta gp nhng chi c
tnh gio dc v phc v kh nng suy lun ca tr em.
i vi tc phm kin trc, B Vn ho Thng tin Vit Nam c qui nh r:
tc phm kin trc l cc bn v kin trc, ch khng phi l mt to nh c
hnh khi kin trc. Theo qui nh hin ti, th vic sao chp mt bn v kin
trc xy dng mt to nh khng phi l hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi,
cng tng t nh vic c mt quyn sch nu n v ch bin c mn ph
ti. y l hnh vi sao chp ni dung ch khng phi sao chp hnh thc th
hin tc phm, v v vy khng th l hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi. Tuy
nhin, vic sao chp bn v thnh nhiu bn np ln c quan xin php xy
dng, a cho nh thu xy dng, a cho nh cung cp v.v. li b coi l xm
phm quyn tc gi. Ch s hu quyn tc gi c quyn cm sao chp bn v
v cm s dng cc bn v sao chp t bn v ca mnh (d l chp tay hay
photocopy). iu ny s dn n cng mt h qu l ngi sao chp khng th
xy dng mt ngi nh ging vi ngi nh ca ch s hu bn v kin trc.49
Vic chp nh mt to nh, sau cn c vo y xy dng mt to nh
khc ging ht cha phi l c s kt lun hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi,
49

Xem v Demetriades v. Kaufman, 680 F.Supp. 658 (19878).

55

trc khi tr li cu hi: to nh l tc phm th loi g v c th c bo h

di dng quyn tc gi khng.
Thit ngh, qui nh hin ti ca B Vn ho Thng tin (tc phm kin trc ch
l bn v kin trc ch khng phi l to nh) l cha ng vi qui nh ca
Cng c Berne. Sau khi gia nhp Cng c Berne, Hoa K phi sa nh
ngha v tc phm kin trc trong Lut v Quyn tc gi Tc phm Kin trc
1990. iu 102(a) nh ngha tc phm kin trc bao gm kiu dng to nh
c th hin di bt k hnh thc no, k c to nh, bn v kin trc hay
thit k. Tt nhin, khng phi mi chi tit trong to nh u c bo h di
dng quyn tc gi, m ch nhng chi tit mang tnh nguyn gc c tnh trang tr
nhiu hn tnh ng dng mi c bo h m thi. Ngoi ra, vic bo h quyn
tc gi i vi nhng phn c tnh nguyn gc ca to nh khng c ngha l
khch du lch khng c quyn chp nh to nh , hay ho s khng c quyn
v v trng by tranh v to nh ny (tr nhng cng trnh b mt hay b cm
chp nh). Cc hnh vi trn khng nh hng n quyn tc gi i vi tc
phm kin trc. Ngoi ra, vic mt to nh c do mt kin trc s ni ting thit
k khng phi l l do ch nh khng c php sa i, p ph hay nng
cp to nh theo mun ca mnh. l v ch nh ng nhin c coi nh
ch s hu quyn tc gi i vi tc phm kin trc l to nh. Cu hi th v
c t ra l: nu trong hp ng thit k, ch nh do khng hiu lut, chp
nhn cng ty thit k c lm ch s hu tc phm kin trc th ch nh sau
ny c quyn sa cha nh khng? Vn bo v quyn tc gi i vi tc
phm kin trc hin nay vn cn nhiu iu cn phi nghin cu thm.
Nh nu, ng dng cng ln v phn m thut cng nh th kh nng
bo h di dng quyn tc gi cng thp. Vy qun o thi trang c c bo
h di dng quyn tc gi hay khng? Nu c th vic ng k kiu dng cng
nghip cho qun o thi gian c ngha g?50 Mc ch ca php lut l tuy
khng cm vic mt i tng c th c bo h di hai dng quyn tc gi
v kiu dng cng nghip, song cng ht sc trnh vic mt i tng c bo
h di dng quyn khc nhau, dn n tranh chp sau ny. Sau y l mt th
d c nu trn Vietnamnet ngy 20/11/2005:
Mt v vic nh nhng c th c xem l in hnh v vic chng cho v thiu hiu
qu trong thc thi bo h SHTT ca cc c quan chc nng l v "Gu Misa" din ra
cch y khng lu. V vic ny c xung t php lut gia Cc SHTT - B Khoa
hc Cng ngh v Cc Bn quyn tc gi - B Vn ho thng tin.
Cng ty dc phm Quang Minh v Cng ty ng Nam dc Trng Sn tranh chp
nhau v kiu dng bao b v cch th hin nhn mc kem xoa bp gu Misa. Cng ty
50

Xem cc qui nh v kiu dng cng nghip ti chng 4 sau y.

56

Quang Minh ng k bo h quyn tc gi M thut ng dng ti Cc Bn quyn tc

gi v c c quan ny bo v; ngc li. Cng ty Trng Sn ng k bo h ti
Cc SHTT - B Khoa hc Cng ngh v nhn hiu v kiu dng nn cng c c
quan ny cho l ng.
Khi lc lng qun l th trng x l, hai c quan ra hai quyt nh m vn bn no
cng c hiu lc, khng vn bn no ph quyt c vn bn no. Hu qu l c quan
bt gi khng ti no x l c, doanh nghip th vng vo kin co, kinh doanh b
nh hng. Cng may, tnh hung xu nht l doanh nghip kin c quan bt gi do x
l v vic qu lu khng xy ra.
ng Vng Tin Dng - Chi cc ph, Chi cc Qun l th trng H Ni cho rng, y
l mt k h php lut cn c xa b ngay trnh cc trng hp tng t. Theo
ng Dng, h thng vn bn php lut v SHTT hin ti c kh nhiu quy nh cng
chung mt vn , song ranh gii khng r rng, minh bch li thiu ch ti nn vic
x l kh li cng thm kh. Bn cnh , vic quy nh cht lng ti thiu nh th
no xc nh l hng km cht lng, hng gi; vi phm nhn hiu trng n bao
nhiu phn trm b coi l hng gi u cha c quy nh r rng.

Tr li vi vn kh nng bo h quyn tc gi i vi qun o thi trang,

quan im ca phn ln cc nc l cc bn thit k thi trang trn giy th c
th c bo h di dng quyn tc gi, trong khi bn thn b qun o th phi
c ng k bo h di dng kiu dng cng nghip.51 C ngi cho rng
quan im trn y vn cha r rng ch: mt b qun o ng nhin phi
xut pht t thit k. Nu hai b qun o ging nhau th hn l thit k ca
chng cng ging nhau. iu ng, song hai thit k ging nhau cha chc
sao chp ca nhau v v vy c xm phm quyn tc gi. Ch khi nguyn n
chng minh c rng mt bn sao chp ca bn kia th kh nng b coi l xm
phm quyn tc gi mi xut hin (xem mc 2.1 trn y).
2.2.2 Ch th ca quyn tc gi
a.

Tc gi

Cc ch th tham gia vo QHPLDS v quyn tc gi bao gm tc gi (ng tc

gi) v ch s hu quyn tc gi. Tc gi l ngi trc tip sng to ra ton b
hay mt phn tc phm (Khon 1 iu 13 Lut SHTT). Tuy vy, Lut SHTT
khng quy nh r nh th no gi l sng to. Theo mt s ti liu khoa hc,
sng to trong QHPLDS v quyn tc gi c coi l vic s dng sc lao ng
v kh nng suy xt to ra tc phm.52 Nh vy, sng to l vic to ra tc
51

Chisum, D. and Jacobs. M. (1999) Understanding Intellectual Property Law, Mathew Bender,
trang 4-76.
52
Cornish, W. (sd).

57

phm t lao ng tr c. Sao chp li mt quyn sch khng gi l sng to.

Cc nhn vin cng ty in thoi lp danh b in thoi "Nhng trang
trng", sp xp s thu bao theo th t ch ci u tin ca ch thu bao.
khng phi l sng to, v cng vic sp xp l do my vi tnh to nn. Tuy
nhin, i vi "Nhng trang vng" (sp xp theo ch ) th r rng nhng nhn
vin ca Cng ty in thoi chn lc v sp xp s in thoi theo ch .
V h dng n "kh nng suy xt", h l tc gi ca tc phm l danh b
in thoi "Nhng trang vng".53
Tc gi khng nht thit phi sng to ra ton b tc phm, h c th ch sng
to ra mt phn tc phm. Th d nh trong "Gio trnh Lut Dn s Vit
Nam", cc ging vin ca i hc Lut H Ni c phn cng mi ngi vit
mt phn, th mi ngi s l tc gi ca phn vit . Sau cng xin lu l
mc sng to pht sinh quyn tc gi khc vi mc sng to pht
sinh quyn s hu cng nghip (s trnh by phn sau). Tng t, mc
sng to to ra tng loi tc phm c khc nhau. Th d ra i chng
trnh my tnh "Windows '95", cng ty Microsoft phi huy ng gn 2500 lp
trnh vin tham gia lm vic. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca h khng nh nhau. Mt
s lp trnh vin hoch nh cc thut ton gii quyt vn , mt s cc lp
trnh vin khc ch lm nhng cng vic c vch sn vi nhng php
th/sai, khng cn sng to g thm. Trong trng hp , ch nhng lp trnh
vin ng vai tr quan trng v c sng to mi c coi l tc gi ca phn
mm Microsoft.
Tc gi l ngi trc tip sng to ra ton b hay mt phn tc phm. "Sng
to" trong quan h php lut dn s v quyn tc gi c coi l vic "s dng
sc lao ng v kh nng suy xt" to ra tc phm. Nh vy, sng to l vic
to ra tc phm t lao ng tr c. Sao chp li mt quyn sch khng gi l
sng to. Mt ngi ch c bo h quyn tc gi trong phm vi m ngi
trc tip sng to. "Trc tip" c ngha l chnh tc gi ng vai tr quyt nh
trong vic th hin tng v to nn tc phm. V th, mt ngi cung cp
thng tin cho phng vin vit bi khng phi l tc gi ca bi bo.
Nh nu trn, im mu cht xc nh quyn tc gi l tc phm phi
mang tnh nguyn gc. Cc khi nim nguyn gc v trc tip sng to c
lin quan n nhau. Khi tc gi sng to mt tc phm, th ng nhin tc
phm c sng to mang tnh nguyn gc, tr khi tc gi sao chp t mt
tc phm khc.

53

Ginsburg, J. (1992) "No 'Sweat'? Copyright and Other Protection of Works of Information
After Feist v. Rural Telephone." 92 Columbia Law Review: 344.

58

Ni rng tc gi phi trc tip sng to khng c ngha l tc gi khng c

quyn k tha s sng to ca ngi khc. Lut Vit Nam cng cng nhn
ngi dch, phng tc, ci bin, chuyn th, su tm, tuyn chn t nhng tc
phm khc cng c coi l tc gi.
Th d nhc s L Giang i su tm
nhng bi dn ca Nam B vit thnh tuyn tp, th nhc s l tc gi ca
tuyn tp ca cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh, ch khng phi nhng ngi
ca li nhng bi dn ca cho nhc s L Giang. Tuy vy, L Giang ch l tc gi
ca tuyn tp m ch in, ch khng phi l tc gi ca cc bi dn ca, v ch
khng trc tip sng to ra chng. Nh vy, mt ngi ch c bo h quyn
tc gi trong phm vi m ngi trc tip sng to. nh gi mt tc phm
c phi l nguyn gc hay khng cn phi xem c phn no ca tc phm
c sng to. Trong tc phm dch, vic th hin, cch t cu ca dch gi l
mt s sng to - mang tnh nguyn gc. Trong tc phm tuyn chn, cch sp
xp cc tc phm khc nhau vo mt tng th mang tnh logic l mt sng to
mang tnh nguyn gc.
Sng to hay nguyn gc trong khi nim v quyn tc gi khng c ngha l
phi mi (nh trong cc khi nim v s hu cng nghip s ni phn sau).
Hai bi thi vit ca sinh vin, tr li cng mt cu hi, mang ni dung ging
nhau, u c coi l hai tc phm nguyn gc, min l cc sinh vin lm bi
thi "c lp tc chin". Nh vy khi thy hai tc phm ging nhau, chng ta
cha th xc nh c ngay l chng c sao chp ca nhau hay khng. C th
l trng hp ngu nhin. V th cho nn khi xy ra tranh chp trong cc v
kin v quyn tc gi, vic u tin nguyn n phi chng minh c tc phm
ca mnh manh tnh nguyn gc, v chng minh c rng tc phm ca b n
sao chp ton b hay phn ln t tc phm ca mnh.
Bn cnh khi nim tc gi chng ta cn c khi nim ng tc gi. l
nhng ngi cng trc tip sng to ra tc phm. C hai loi ng tc gi.
Loi th nht l nhng ngi cng sng to mt tc phm thng nht m phn
sng tc ca mi ngi khng th tch ra s dng ring. Trong trng hp
ny v tr ca cc ng tc gi gn ging nh v tr ca nhng ch s hu chung
hp nht. Th d nh ban u Bill Gates v Paul Allen l ng tc gi ca phn
mm DOS.54 Nh vy chuyn giao quyn tc gi, cn phi c s ng ca
tt c cc ng tc gi. Loi th hai l nhng ngi cng sng tc ra mt tc
phm thng nht m phn sng tc ca mi ngi c th tch ra s dng
ring. V tr ca cc ng tc gi lc ny s ging nh v tr ca nhng s hu
chung theo phn. Th d nh bi ht: "Qu hng" c hai ng tc gi: tc gi
bi th ca Trung Qun v tc gi bi nhc ca Gap Vn Thch.
54

Heileman, (2000) The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing But The Truth - The untold
story of the Microsoft antitrust case and what it means for the future of Bill Gates and his
company. Wired 8.11. Harvard Univ. Press.

59

Trong s nhng tc phm c ng tc gi, tc phm in nh, tc phm sn

khu c s lng ng tc gi ln nht. Theo iu 21 Lut SHTT, tc gi ca
cc tc phm in nh l nhng ngi lm cng vic o din, bin kch, quay
phim, dng phim, sng tc m nhc, thit k m thut, thit k m thanh, nh
sng, m thut trng quay, thit k o c, k xo v cc cng vic khc c
tnh sng to. Tc gi ca tc phm sn khu l ngi lm cng vic o din,
bin kch, bin o ma, sng tc m nhc, thit k m thut, thit k m thanh,
nh sng, m thut sn khu, thit k o c, k xo v cc cng vic khc c
tnh sng to. Quy nh qu rng nh vy c th to ra nhng k h v tranh
chp quyn tc gi sau ny, nht l khi chng ta bit rng tc gi, cho d khng
phi l ch s hu quyn tc gi, cng c quyn bo v s ton vn ca tc
phm. iu ny c th cn tr cc ng tc gi khc trong vic chnh sa hay
phng tc tc phm.
b.

Ch s hu quyn tc gi

Ch s hu quyn tc gi l ngi c quyn s dng, nh ot tc phm.

Trong a s cc trng hp, tc gi s ng thi l ch s hu quyn tc gi.
Tuy nhin, nu tc phm c hnh thnh do c cc t chc, c nhn thu, giao
nhim v cho tc gi th cc t chc, c nhn ny s l ch s hu quyn tc gi.
Ngoi ra, ngi c chuyn giao quyn tc gi, hay ngi tha k ca tc gi
ng thi l ch s hu quyn tc gi cng l ch s hu quyn tc gi. iu
cn lu l nu ngi lao ng to ra tc phm trong thi gian lao ng, nhng
khng theo nhim v c giao (th d mt ging vin vit v xut bn mt
quyn sch, mc d nh trng khng yu cu ging vin phi lm nh vy
cng nh khng tr cng cho vic ny) th ngi lao ng vn l ch s hu
quyn tc gi i vi tc phm do mnh to nn. Lin quan n mi quan h
gia ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng c hai trng hp vng mc
m hin vn cha c cu tr li:
-

Th nht, do c ch hnh chnh bao cp t trc khi i mi, nhiu

nhc s, o din, bin kch l cng chc nh nc. H to ra tc phm
i khi do Nh nc giao. Nh vy, nhng tc phm do h to ra c
thuc v Nh nc hay khng (hoc ch t l cc c quan nh nc ni
h cng tc). Nu cu tr li l c, th vic cc nhc s l cng chc
tham gia vo Hip hi qun l quyn tc gi m nhc thu tin s dng
tc phm c hp l khng?

Th hai, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc cp trng, cp b ca sinh

vin trong cc trng i hc t kt qu nhng khi ng dng th khng r
li ch vt cht s thuc v ai: v sinh vin nghin cu hay v c quan ch
60

tr (trng i hc). C quan im cho rng vic nh trng ti tr cho sinh

vin nghin cu ch nh mt hp ng tng cho, v v vy s tin thuc
v sinh vin, sinh vin khng to ra tc phm theo nhim v c giao.
Quan im khc cho rng mi thnh qu nghin cu ca sinh vin u thuc
v nh trng, v sinh vin sau khi c duyt ti v phn cng gio vin
hng dn th tc phm khoa hc (cng trnh nghin cu) ca mnh c
sng to theo nhim v c giao.
Tm li, nhiu trng hp tc gi khng ng thi l ch s hu quyn tc gi
v ngc li. Vic phn bit gia tc gi v ch s hu quyn tc gi l quan
trng, v ch s hu quyn tc gi mi chnh l ngi c quyn s dng nh
ot tc phm. Xt v kha cnh kinh t th ch s hu quyn tc gi ng vai
tr quan trng hn tc gi, v khi s dng hay trnh din tc phm, cc ch th
khc phi xin php hay tr th lao cho ch s hu quyn tc gi.
2.2.3

Ni dung quyn tc gi

Ni dung quyn tc gi bao gm cc quyn ca cc ch th tham gia QHPLDS

ny, c th l ca tc gi v ch s hu quyn tc gi. cng l trng tm
ca s ra i lut bo h quyn tc gi. Nh vy quyn tc gi khng ch n
thun l quyn ca tc gi m cn l quyn ca ch s hu quyn tc gi.
Trc y, trong BLDS 1995, quyn ca tc gi v ch s hu quyn tc gi
c quy nh trong ba iu:
-

Quyn ca tc gi ng thi l ch s hu quyn tc gi: iu 751.

Quyn ca tc gi khng ng thi l ch s hu quyn tc gi: iu 752.
Quyn ca ch s hu quyn tc gi khng ng thi l tc gi: iu 753.

Khi quan st k ni dung ba iu ni trn, chng ta s thy tng hp cc quyn

trong hai iu 752 v iu 753 ng bng cc quyn c ghi nhn trong iu
751. Nh vy l ng vi nguyn tc bo ton quyn c t thi La M
"khng ai c nhiu quyn hn quyn m h c chuyn giao", hay "quyn
khng t nhin sinh ra v t nhin mt i, n ch c chuyn t ngi ny
sang ngi khc" (nemo plus iuris in alieni transfere plus quam ipse habet).
Hin nay, quyn tc gi c tp trung li thnh hai mng ln: quyn nhn thn
(iu 19 Lut SHTT) v quyn ti sn (iu 20 Lut SHTT).
a.

Quyn nhn thn

Quyn nhn thn bao gm quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn v quyn

nhn thn gn vi ti sn. Cc quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn l nhng
61

quyn gn lin vi cc gi tr nhn thn ca tc gi v khng th chuyn giao,

bao gm ba quyn: quyn c t tn tc phm, ng tn tc phm v bo v
s ton vn ca ni dung tc phm. Nu chng ta v tc phm l a con tinh
thn ca tc gi, th cc quyn nhn thn ny cng tng t quyn ca cha m
c t tn cho con, nhn con v bo v chm sc con ci. V l quyn nhn
thn khng c chuyn giao nn n ch c dnh cho tc gi (cho d ng
thi hay khng ng thi l ch s hu quyn tc gi). Cc quyn ny nh
hng trc tip n uy tn v danh d ca tc gi, tn ti mt cch c lp i
vi quyn ti sn, gn lin vi tc gi k c khi quyn s dng, nh ot tc
phm c chuyn giao. Cc quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn c
bo h v thi hn, khc vi nhng quyn khc c bo h c thi hn.55
V quyn bo v s ton vn ni dung ca tc phm, xin lu l quyn bo v
s ton vn ny ch lin quan n "ni dung tc phm", ch khng nhc n
"phng thc th hin tc phm". Th d mt cng tc vin gi bi ng ln
bo c th b ban bin tp chnh sa mt s cu ch qu di dng hay khng
ng chnh t. Mt lut s l ngi lao ng mt vn phng lut s, c cc
bi t vn, sau khi thi khng cng tc trong vn phng ny na th cc lut s
khc trong vn phng c th s dng li cc bi t vn ny, chnh sa cu ch
c lin quan. Hnh vi bin tp khng phi l xm phm quyn tc gi. Tuy vy
nu s chnh sa lm thay i ni dung tc phm th phi c s ng ca tc
gi. Mt s v kin hin nay v bn quyn cng lin quan n vn bo v s
ton vn ca ni dung tc phm. in hnh l v nh vn Nguyn Kim nh
kin Xng Phim truyn 1 v b phim "Hn nhn khng gi th". B phim da
trn truyn ngn cng tn c gii thng ca nh vn Nguyn Kim nh.
Tc gi tc phm vn hc bt bnh khi thy ni dung tc phm ca mnh qua
tay nh vit kch bn v o din b phim b thay i rt nhiu, n ni
"khng cn nhn ra a con tinh thn ca mnh na". n dn s s thm bc
n kin ca nh vn Nguyn Kim nh, v theo c quan gim nh - Cc in
nh "vic sa i ni dung tc phm ch lm tc phm hay thm." Song nh
chng ta bit, vic nh gi quyn tc gi khng phi cht lng hay d ca
tc phm.
Mc d quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn cng l quyn quan trng, nhng
quyn quan trng nht trong tt c cc ni dung ca quyn tc gi l cc quyn
nhn thn gn vi ti sn. l quyn cho hay khng cho ngi khc s dng
tc phm (v khi nim s dng, xin xem phn trnh by di y). Chnh t
ny lm pht sinh bn cht c quyn ca quyn tc gi. Nhiu ngi cho rng,
trc kia khi cha c quyn tc gi vn c nh vn, nhc s, nh khoa hc. H
c quyn t tn, ng tn, bo v s ton vn ca tc phm, s dng tc phm
55

BLDS 1995, iu 766; Lut SHTT, iu 27.

62

hay nhn th lao, gii thng. Nay c quyn tc gi, th cng chnh nhng
ngi c nhng quyn ny, chng c g khc. Hay ni khc i, cc ch nh
v quyn tc gi khng mang li cho cc ch th nhiu quyn hn ci bn thn
h t trc n nay vn c. Nhn xt trn khng sai nu chng ta qun mt mt
quyn ca tc gi/ch s hu quyn tc gi, l quyn cho hay khng cho
ngi khc s dng tc phm.56 Quyn ny l quyn nhn thn c th chuyn
giao, gn vi cc quyn ti sn trong ch nh quyn tc gi, v th n ch ginh
cho ch s hu quyn tc gi v tc gi nu nh tc gi cng ng thi l ch s
hu quyn tc gi.
Vic quy nh bo h quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn trong lut v
quyn tc gi ch c cc nc theo h thng lut lc a, ch khng c cc
nc theo h thng lut chung, mt phn v h coi cc quyn ny l iu hin
nhin. i vi quyn nhn thn gn vi ti sn, khi nim ny cng ch tn ti
cc nc theo h thng lut x hi ch ngha trc y (Nga, Ba Lan, v.v.)
ch khng tn ti cc nc theo h thng lut lc a khc nh Php, c.
Ti cc nc ny cc quyn cho/khng cho ngi khc s dng tc phm c
coi l mt quyn ti sn (quyn nh ot i vi tc phm ca mnh).
b.

Quyn ti sn

Theo lut Vit Nam, quyn ti sn bao gm quyn s dng v quyn c

hng th lao gii thng. Thng thng ch s hu quyn tc gi c hng
quyn s dng, cn tc gi c hng th lao, gii thng.
Quyn s dng bao gm quyn cng b, ph bin, trnh din, sao chp, ci bin,
chuyn th, ghi m, ghi hnh, pht thanh truyn hnh, cho thu tc phm. Quyn
s dng ny gn lin vi quyn nhn thn gn vi ti sn (cho/khng cho s
dng tc phm). V th, mi hnh vi s dng tc phm (sao chp, dch, chuyn
th, v.v.) m khng xin php ch s hu quyn tc gi l xm phm quyn tc
gi, tr nhng trng hp php lut c quy nh khc.
Cc hnh vi s dng tc phm quan trng nht bao gm:57
-

Sao chp v phn phi, bn tc phm: hnh vi sao chp c th bao gm

sao chp ton b tc phm hay mt phn quan trng ca tc phm. Sao
chp khc vi trch dn. Trch dn l vic s dng mt phn tc phm
(khng ng k) ca ngi khc nu bt tc gi. Vic trch dn
phi khng n thun v mc ch kinh doanh, khng lm nh hng

56

Cornish, W. (sd).
Li Jiahao (1998) Introduction to Intellectual Property, WIPO-UNDP-NOIP Seminar
18/5/1998.

57

63

n vic s dng bnh thng tc phm v phi nu ngun gc tc phm.

Cc hnh vi s dng khng phi l trch dn u c th b coi l sao chp
v phi c s ng ca ch s hu quyn tc gi. Sao chp c th
tin hnh di dng trc tip (th d thu bng a, photocopy, sao phn
mm trn cng my vi tnh) hay di dng gin tip (th d dng my
ghi m, my quay phim ghi m, ghi hnh bui ho nhc hay mt b
phim chiu rp).
-

Cng b, ph bin, pht thanh, truyn hnh: quyn ny cn c gi l

quyn "truyn thng n cng chng" (communication to the public) bao
gm cc hnh vi trnh din, phn phi tc phm n mt s lng ng
k ngi s dng. Th d bao gm trnh din mt v kch hay mt bui
ho nhc, pht hnh mt a nhc. Vic a mt tc phm ln mng
ngy nay cng c coi l truyn thng n cng chng.

Dch, phng tc, ci bin, chuyn th, tuyn tp, ch gii (cn gi l lm
tc phm phi sinh). Khi mt ngi mun dch, ci bin, chuyn th
mt tc phm, h phi xin php ch s hu quyn tc gi gc, bi v
nhng hnh vi k trn l nhng hnh vi s dng tc phm, m ch s
hu quyn tc gi c quyn cho hay khng cho (iu 757 BLDS).
Ngoi ra, khi mt nh xut bn mun pht hnh mt tc phm vit, cng
phi xin chp thun ca ch s hu quyn tc gi. Mi hnh vi s dng
tc phm m khng c s ng t trc ca ch s hu quyn tc
gi u b coi l xm phm quyn tc gi (tr cc trng hp s dng
hn ch do php lut quy nh). Tc phm dch, phng tc, ci bin,
chuyn th c coi l nhng tc phm ring, khc vi tc phm gc.

2.2.4 Thi hn bo h quyn tc gi

Quyn tc gi pht sinh t khi tc phm c hnh thnh cho n ht 50 nm k
t khi tc gi qua i, tr trng hp php lut quy nh khc (iu 766
BLDS). Trong thi hn bo h, ch s hu quyn tc gi c quyn cm cc ch
th khc s dng tc phm ca mnh vo mc ch kinh doanh, ng thi yu
cu ngi s dng tr th lao quyn tc gi. Ht thi hn ny, tc phm tr
thnh ti sn cng cng v bt c ai cng c th s dng tc phm kinh
doanh m khng phi xin php tc gi. Th d mt ca s mun thu bng mt bi
ht th phi tr th lao cho nhc s. Tuy nhin, mt ngh s mun n mt bn
giao hng ca Beethoven, hay mt ngh s mun ngm Kiu ca Nguyn Du,
cng nhm mc ch thu bng v kinh doanh, th khng phi tr tin bn quyn
cho con chu Beethoven hay Nguyn Du, v tc gi qua i trn 50 nm nay.
Cc trng hp php lut c quy nh khc nh nhc trn bao gm:
64

Cc quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn ca tc gi c bo h v

thi hn. Th d cho n hm nay v mi v sau, khng ai c quyn
thay i tn tc phm Kiu ca i thi ho Nguyn Du, cng khng ai
thay Nguyn Du ng tn tc phm , v khng ai c sa li ni
dung li th ca Nguyn Du.

i vi ng tc gi, th tc phm c bo h cho n ht 50 nm k t

khi ng tc gi sau cng cht. Nu tc phm khng r tc gi hay
khuyt danh, th Nh nc c hng quyn tc gi. Nu trong vng
50 nm k t ngy c cng b ln u tin m pht hin c tc gi,
th tc gi c hng quyn t khi c pht hin cho n ht thi hn
hng quyn theo quy nh ca Php lut. Th d tc phm "Nht k
trong t", vn l khuyt danh, c pht hin nm 1965 l ca Nh
Cch mng Nguyn i Quc - Ch tch H Ch Minh. Quyn ti sn i
vi tc phm c bo h t nm 1965 n nm 2019 (50 nm sau khi
Ch tch H Ch Minh qua i).

Tc phm in nh, pht thanh, truyn hnh, vido, tc phm di co th

c bo h n ht 50 nm k t khi cng b ln u tin. Nh vy, b
phim ni ting "Cun theo chiu gi" ca M, ra i nm 1939, cho n
nay ht thi hn bo h. Bt c ai cng c quyn thu bng cun phim
v kinh doanh m khng b coi l xm phm quyn tc gi, min l phi
tn trong quyn nhn thn ca nh bin kch v o din b phim ny.
Tng t, tuy ca s Fredy Mercury ca ban nhc Queen qua i nm
1992, song bng nhc "Made in Heaven" ("sn xut trn thin ng")
ca anh li xut hin ln u nm 1995. Nh vy bng nhc ny s c
bo h cho n ht nm 2045.

2.2.5 Tha k quyn tc gi

Vn tha k c quy nh iu 40 Lut SHTT. Trn nguyn tc, mi th
chuyn giao c u c th c tha k. Mi quyn ti sn cng u c
tha k v chng nm trong khi nim di sn. Tha k quyn tc gi v bn
cht v ni dung cng khng khc g so vi cc quyn tha k thng thng.
Chng ta ch lu hai vn : vic tha k quyn tc gi khng ko di mi mi
m ch ko di trong thi hn bo h. Th hai l nu khng c ngi tha k,
ngi tha k t chi nhn di sn hay khng c quyn hng di sn, th
quyn tc gi thuc v Nh nc.

65

2.2.6 So snh ni dung ca Cng c Berne v bo h quyn tc gi v

cc quy nh ca BLDS
Cc quy nh v quyn tc gi trong lut Vit Nam tng ng vi ni dung
Cng c Berne v lut Vit Nam v quyn tc gi. Tuy vy, mt s iu
khon trong Cng c Berne cho php lut cc nc thnh vin t iu chnh.
Th d, cc nc thnh vin c th quy nh vn bn php lut hay cc bi din
vn chnh tr c c bo h di dng quyn tc gi hay khng. Cc nc
thnh vin c quyn rt ngn thi hn bo h quyn tc gi i vi tc phm
ngh thut ng dng ti 25 nm sau khi tc gi qua i. Cng c Berne khng
c th ho cc hnh vi s dng hn ch nh lut Vit Nam (iu 760 BLDS).
Cng c Berne cng khng c s phn bit r gia hai khi nim tc gi v
ch s hu quyn tc gi, hay cc quy nh v ng k bo h quyn tc gi.
c bit l, Cng c Berne khng c khi nim "quyn nhn thn gn vi ti
sn" (vn l mt khi nim ch tn ti lut php cc nc XHCN trc y).
Phn ln cc nc u thng nht quan im: gi l quyn nhn thn th
khng gn vi ti sn.
Mt khc, i vi mt s tc phm, Cng c Berne li c phn c th ho cc
ni dung bo h quyn tc gi hn so vi lut Vit Nam. Th d, v quyn tc
gi i vi tc phm in nh, Cng c Berne cho php cc nc thnh vin
quy nh bo h quyn tc gi khng nhng cho tc gi, m c cho nhng ngi
gp phn lm ra tc phm. Tuy vy Cng c Berne khng quy nh r ai l tc
gi ca tc phm in nh: bin kch hay o din.
2.3

Hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi v ngoi l

2.3.1

Hnh vi xm phm

Xm phm l cc hnh vi s dng tc phm hay cuc biu din nhm mc ch

kinh doanh m khng c s ng ca ch th quyn tc gi, tr trng hp
php lut c quy nh khc. Cc hnh vi ny cn gi l hnh vi n cp bn
quyn hay sao chp lu (piracy). Cc hnh vi xm phm theo iu 28 Lut
SHTT c lit k nh sau:
-

Xm phm quyn nhn thn khng gn vi ti sn: chim ot quyn tc

gi i vi tc phm vn hc, ngh thut, khoa hc, mo danh tc gi;
sa cha, ct xn hoc xuyn tc tc phm di bt k hnh thc no
gy phng hi n danh d v uy tn ca tc gi.

66

Xm phm quyn nhn thn gn vi ti sn: cng b, phn phi tc

phm m khng c php ca tc gi; cng b, phn phi tc phm c
ng tc gi m khng c php ca ng tc gi .

Xm phm quyn ti sn: tr trng hp php lut cho php, hnh vi

xm phm l hnh vi sao chp tc phm, lm tc phm phi sinh m
khng c php ca tc gi, ch s hu quyn tc gi tc phm gc;
xut bn tc phm m khng c php ca ch s hu quyn tc gi;
lm v bn tc phm m ch k ca tc gi b gi mo; s dng tc
phm m khng c php ca ch s hu quyn tc gi; xut khu,
nhp khu, phn phi bn sao tc phm m khng c php ca ch s
hu quyn tc gi; khng tr tin nhun bt, th lao, quyn li vt cht
khc theo quy nh ca php lut; cho thu tc phm m khng tr tin
nhun bt, th lao v quyn li vt cht khc cho tc gi hoc ch s
hu quyn tc gi.

Nh vy khng nhng hnh vi sao chp, bn tc phm sao chp lu b coi l

xm phm, m c hnh vi mua nhng sn phm , d s dng hay bn,
tng cho, cng b coi l xm phm quyn tc gi.
Xin lu rng vic mt tc phm phi c tnh nguyn gc khng c ngha l tc
phm khng c php ging mt tc phm khc ra i t trc. Th d,
hai tc phm ging nhau do tnh c (th d hai ngi th chp nh cng chp
nh mt bn thng t cng mt gc nhn) th mi tc phm vn c bo h
ring mt cch c lp. Thng thng, mun chng minh mt hnh vi s dng
mt tc phm l hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi, nguyn n phi chng minh
t nht c ba vn :
-

Quyn s hu i vi tc phm ca mnh thi im hnh thnh v hnh

thc th hin;

Tc phm ca b n ra i sau tc phm ca nguyn n, song li ging

ton b hoc phn ln cc yu t c bn trong tc phm ca nguyn n;

B n bit c th v tc phm ca nguyn n, k c hnh thc th hin

v ni dung.

Sau khi chng minh c ba vn trn, ngha v chng minh rng hnh vi ca
mnh khng xm phm quyn tc gi ca ch th khc c chuyn sang cho b
n. B n c th t bo v bng nhng lun im sau y:
-

C s khc bit c bn gia hai tc phm;

67

Hnh vi sao chp ca mnh ch tp trung vo ni dung ch khng phi l

hnh thc ca tc phm ca nguyn n (xem th d kem nh rng
Colgate trn y); hoc

Hnh vi sao chp ca mnh thuc vo trng hp khng cn phi xin

php nguyn n (s dng hn ch, xem mc 2.2.3 di y).

Ch khi b n khng th chng minh c bt c cn c no nu trn th hnh

vi s dng ca b n mi b coi l xm phm. Mt th d in hnh l v tranh
chp quyn tc gi m nhc cho bi ht Tnh thi Xt xa ca nhc s Bo Chn.
Bi ht ny ra i nm 1994 khi Bo Chn hn 50 tui v lp tc tr thnh
mt trong nhng bi ht ph bin nht trong gii thanh nin thi by gi. Nm
2004, mt du hc sinh Vit Nam Nht Bn tnh c pht hin giai iu ca bi
ht ny ging vi bn nhc ca bi Frontiers do n nhc s tr Kenko Matsui
sng tc v biu din nm 1991. V vic c a ln bo ch. Nhc s Bo
Chn ban u chng ch, rng mnh sng tc bi ht Tnh Thi Xt xa t cui
nhng nm 1980 v c kh nng Kenko Matsui sao chp tc phm ca Bo
Chn. Sau , Bo Chn li ni rng vic hai bi ht c giai iu trng nhau l
vic tng ln gp nhau. Thm ch c mt s nhc s cng ng h quan
im ny. Tuy nhin, cng lun v nht l gia nh n nhc s Kenko Matsui
th khng th chp nhn c nhng cch gii thch nh vy. Hi Nhc s
thnh lp hi ng gim nh v kt lun rng vic hai tc phm ging nhau n
90% khng th l kt qu ca vic tng ln gp nhau iu ny cha tng
xy ra trn thc t. Ngoi ra, Bo Chn khng h chng minh c mnh
sng tc tc phm ca mnh cui nhng nm 1980, trong khi li tha nhn mnh
l ngi rt m v su tm nhc Nht. Vy kh nng Bo Chn bit v tc phm
Frontiers ca Kenko Matsui l rt cao, v tc phm ny c lt vo danh sch
20 tc phm hay nht ca Nht Bn trong nhiu tun lin nm 1991. Trc
nhng chng c khng th chi ci, Bo Chn phi chnh thc xin li nhc
s Kenko Matsui, cng nh b Hi Nhc s Vit Nam cnh co. V vic ny
cng nh hng n uy tn ca c nn m nhc Vit Nam.
Trong cc hnh vi xm phm quyn ti sn, Lut SHTT b sung c nhng
hnh vi xm phm trong mi trng k thut s, bao gm:
-

Nhn bn, sn xut bn sao, phn phi, trng by hoc truyn t tc

phm n cng chng qua mng truyn thng v cc phng tin k
thut s m khng c php ca ch s hu quyn tc gi;

C hu b hoc lm v hiu cc bin php k thut (b kho) do ch

s hu quyn tc gi thc hin bo v quyn tc gi; c xo, thay
68

i thng tin qun l quyn (digital rights management th d cc m

s my c c th c a quang hc) di hnh thc in t c trong
tc phm;
-

Sn xut, lp rp, bin i, phn phi, nhp khu, xut khu, bn hoc
cho thu thit b khi bit hoc c c s bit thit b lm v hiu
cc bin php k thut do ch s hu quyn tc gi thc hin bo v
quyn tc gi i vi tc phm ca mnh.

Trong s cc hnh vi xm phm, sao chp lu l hnh vi ph bin v nghim

trng nht. Quyn quan trng nht trong cc quyn tc gi hay quyn lin quan
l quyn cho hay khng cho ngi khc s dng tc phm, cuc biu din ca
mnh. N th hin bn cht c quyn ca quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan.
Chnh v vy m mi hnh vi s dng tc phm hay cuc biu din nhm mc
ch kinh doanh m khng c s ng ca ch th quyn u b coi l xm
phm quyn tc gi, tr trng hp php lut c quy nh khc (cc trng hp
s dng hn ch nh mc 2.3.2 di y). Cc hnh vi xm phm ph bin
nht bao gm: sao chp gin n, lm gi (nhi) v lm lu (chuyn th m
khng xin php). Ngoi ra, s pht trin ht sc nhanh chng ca cc mng
truyn thng, c bit l Internet, lm cho vic sao chp tc phm qua mng
tr nn ht sc d dng.
Cc cng c sao chp ngy cng nhiu, tc ngy cng nhanh v gi thnh
ngy cng gim lm vn xm phm quyn tc gi ngy cng trm trng. Xt
v kha cnh nhn thn, nhng ngi sao chp, n cp thnh qu lao ng sng
to ca ngi khc xc phm n uy tn ca c nhn v c ca t chc. Xt
v kha cnh kinh t, nhng ngi sao chp tc phm ca ngi khc kinh
doanh khng phi np thu v tr th lao cng nh ph li-xng hay qung co.
V vy h c li bt chnh t thnh qu lao ng ca ngi khc. Cc
hnh vi ny xm hi li ch ca ch th quyn, nhng ngi trung gian (pht
hnh tc phm), ngi tiu dng (v mua phi sn phm km cht lng)58 v
Nh nc (v b tht thu thu).
2.3.2 Cc hnh vi s dng khng b coi l xm phm
Hnh vi s dng vi s ng ca ca ch s hu quyn tc gi khng b coi l
xm phm quyn tc gi. Ngoi ra, vic s dng tc phm nc ngoi m nc
y khng c tha thun, trc tip hay gin tip, v bo h quyn tc gi vi
Vit Nam cng cha b coi l hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi, v Vit Nam
cha tham gia Cng c Berne (cho ti thng 10 nm 2004). Trn nguyn tc,
58

Tr chng trnh my tnh v cc sn phm sao chp da trn k thut s (digital).

69

ch s hu quyn tc gi c bo h theo php lut Vit Nam chng li hnh

vi xm phm ti Vit Nam. i vi hnh vi xm phm ti nc khc th c
x theo lut ca nc khc, tr trng hp gia hai nc c tho thun khc.
Ngi nc ngoi c bo h ti Vit Nam i vi tc phm ln u tin c
cng b, ph bin hoc c sng to v th hin di mt hnh thc nht nh
ti mt nc l thnh vin Cng c Berne. iu ny khng qu kh, v hin
nay tt c cc nc thnh vin T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) u l
thnh vin Cng c Berne.
Mt gii hn quan trng ca quyn tc gi l cc hnh vi s dng hn ch (fair
use) trc y c qui nh ti iu 760 v 761 BLDS 1995 (khng p dng
cho tc phm to hnh v phm mm my tnh). Theo quy nh ca iu 760
BLDS 1995, mi ngi u c s dng mt tc phm m khng phi xin
php ch s hu quyn tc gi nu:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Tc phm c cng b, ph bin v khng b cm sao

chp;
Vic s dng khng nhm mc ch kinh doanh;
Vic s dng khng nh hng n vic khai thc bnh thng
ca ch s hu quyn tc gi; v
Ngi s dng nhc tn tc gi v ngun gc tc phm.

Cc qui nh ny thc cht l tun th cc qui nh ti iu 13 Tha c TRIPS

v iu 9 khon 2 Cng c Berne.
Cc th d ca trng hp s dng hn ch l vic sao li tc phm s dng
ring, dng u Video thu li mt b phim chiu trn truyn hnh, photocopy
mt vi chng trong sch tham kho hc tp, hay ht cc bi ht theo a
Karaoke. ng tic l cc qui nh mang tnh cht nh tnh ca iu 760
BLDS 1995 khng c k tha trong Lut SHTT. iu 25 Lut SHTT nu
mt s hnh vi c coi l hnh vi s dng hn ch, trong khi cc iu kin
ca iu 760 BLDS 1995 ch c nhc Khon 2 iu 25. Nh vy khng
phi hnh vi s dng no tho mn iu kin Khon 2 iu 25 th c coi l
s dng hn ch, m ch cc hnh vi c lit k ti Khon 1 mi c coi nh
vy. iu ny v hnh chung nh hng n kh nng ca cng chng s
dng tc phm nhm mc ch sng to. Cng cn lu l iu 25 khng p
dng cho tc phm kin trc, tc phm to hnh v chng trnh my tnh. V
th, hin nay mi hnh vi s dng tc phm kin trc, tc phm to hnh hay
phn mm my tnh m khng xin php u b coi l hnh vi xm phm. iu
ng ni l tnh trang xm phm quyn tc gi i vi phn mm li l nghim
trng nht (trn 90% phn mm s dng khng tr tin bn quyn).

70

Ngoi ra, cc quyn ca t chc pht sng c s dng cuc biu din c
cng b, ph bin m khng phi xin php song phi tr th lao cho ch th
quyn lin quan (trong trng hp s dng nhm mc ch kinh doanh) cng
c coi l gii hn ca quyn tc gi.
2.4

Quyn lin quan

2.4.1

Mi lin h gia quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan

Quyn lin quan l mt quyn lin quan mt thit n quyn tc gi. Chng ta
bit theo iu 19 v 20 Lut SHTT, tc gi l ch s hu quyn tc gi c
quyn trnh din tc phm (th d nh nhc s Trn Tin trnh din bi "Ch
ti"). Song phn ln nhim v ny c giao cho cc ngh s biu din. Th d
ca s Hng Nhung thng biu din cc tnh khc ca Dng Th. Ngi ta
thng v nhc s v ca s l cp bi trng. Cc bi ht ca Dng Th
c sng tc t rt lu, song phi n khi Hng Nhung trnh din th n mi
tr thnh ni ting v i vo lng ngi nghe.
Nu tc phm ch c truyn t n cng chng thng qua trnh din, th hiu
qu ca n cng s hn ch. V th vai tr ca cc nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi
hnh cng khng km phn quan trng. Th d, trong v kin v quyn tc gi
ca nhc s Trn Tin nm 1997, ng cng nguyn n vi Trn Tin c
Trung tm Bng nhc Vafaco, ngi c quyn v ngha v lin quan - l ch th
ca quyn lin quan i vi nhng tc phm m nhc ca Trn Tin do Vafaco
thu bng. Th d khc l Bn Thnh Audio t chc thu bng chng trnh ca
nhc Ln sng xanh di dng a CD. Bn thn Bn Thnh Audio khi cng
l ngi s dng tc phm ca cc nhc s c bi ht trong m din. Nu ch
dng thu bng th kh nng tip thu tc phm ca cng chng cng s cn
nhiu hn ch, v ch c ai c tin mi mua c dn CD v a CD. V th cc
t chc pht thanh truyn hnh ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ph cp tc
phm n qun chng. Th d nh chng trnh "Ln sng xanh" ca i
Ting ni Nhn dn TP H Ch Minh FM 99,9 MHz.
Nh vy ngi biu din, nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh, t chc pht thanh
truyn hnh (gi chung l cc ch th k cn), tuy l nhng ngi s dng tc
phm ca tc gi, ch s hu quyn tc gi, song l nhng ngi s dng c
bit. H ng vai tr rt ln gip cho tc gi truyn t c tc phm ca
mnh n cng chng. Cc sn phm h lm ra (ting ht, ln sng) cng c th
b sao chp v lm lu. Tnh hnh yu cu phi c quy nh v quyn lin
quan. Cc quyn ny ra i nhm p ng nhu cu x hi khi xut hin cc
hnh thc lu gi v truyn ti thng tin. Nu khng, nhng ngi lao ng

71

trong lnh vc vn ho, ngh thut khng kim sot ni quyn khai thc thnh
qu lao ng ca mnh - h l ch th ca quyn lin quan.
2.4.2

Khi nim v c im
a.

Khi nim

Theo Khon 3 iu 4 Lut SHTT, quyn lin quan n quyn tc gi (quyn

lin quan) l quyn ca t chc, c nhn i vi cuc biu din, bn ghi m, ghi
hnh, chng trnh pht sng, tn hiu v tinh mang chng trnh c m ha.
b.

c im

Cc quyn ca ba ch th ni trn (ngi biu din, nh sn xut bn ghi m ghi

hnh, t chc pht sng) c gi l quyn lin quan v chng b sung v tn ti
song song vi quyn tc gi, gip tc gi th hin ni dung tc phm. Ni cch
khc, l quyn ca nhng ngi trung gian, lm cu ni gia tc gi v cng
chng.
mt tc phm n c vi cng chng (th d mt bn nhc) v c cng
chng nh gi cao, i khi cn phi c s gip sc ca mt s ngi c kh
nng th hin tc phm (th d ca s) v cc nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh,
t chc pht sng. Cc ch th cng c bo h di dng quyn lin
quan. Quyn lin quan l tng hp cc quy phm quy nh v bo v quyn
nhn thn, quyn ti sn ca ngi biu din, nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh,
t chc pht thanh, truyn hnh i vi cc chng trnh c thc hin da
trn tc phm gc ca ch s hu quyn tc gi. Th d, mt chng trnh ca
nhc ca mt ca s, mt bui pht sng ca i truyn hnh l nhng i tng
bo h ca quyn lin quan.
Quyn lin quan c hai c im sau y:
-

Th nht l quyn lin quan c hnh thnh da trn vic s dng mt

tc phm gc. Th d ca s trnh by mt bi ht ca nhc s sng tc.
V th ch th quyn lin quan c ngha v phi tn trng cc quyn
nhn thn v quyn ti sn ca tc gi, ch s hu quyn tc gi gc.
Vic cng nhn v bo h quyn lin quan khng c lm nh hng
n quyn tc gi i vi tc phm. Th d, trnh din mt tc phm
cha c cng b, ph bin phi c s ng ca ch s hu quyn
tc gi v tr th lao cho tc gi.

72

Th hai l cuc biu din, ghi m ghi hnh, pht thanh truyn hnh cng
phi c tnh nguyn gc, ngha l do chnh cng sc ca ngi biu din
u t, sng to ra. Th d chng trnh ca nhc "Ln sng xanh" l do
cng sc ca i Ting ni Nhn dn TP H Ch Minh v Trung tm
Bng nhc Bn Thnh Audio dn dng. Vic sao chp bng a chng
trnh ny m khng c s ng ca hai ch th quyn lin quan trn l
xm phm quyn lin quan.

2.4.3

Ni dung ca quyn lin quan v thi hn bo h

Cc ch th quyn lin quan c cc quyn v ngha v sau y:

a.

Quyn

Ngi biu din c quyn cho hoc khng cho ngi khc khai thc hay
truyn thng n cng chng cuc biu din ca mnh. Ngoi ra, ngi
biu din cn c cc quyn nhn thn nh c gii thiu tn khi biu
din v ghi m, ghi hnh, c bo v s ton vn hnh tng biu din
(iu 29 Lut SHTT).

T chc kinh doanh ghi m, ghi hnh c quyn cho hoc khng cho
ngi khc nhn bn, pht hnh bn ghi m, ghi hnh ca mnh, v c
hng cc li ch vt cht lin quan khi bn ghi m, ghi hnh ca mnh
c phn phi n cng chng (iu 30 Lut SHTT).

T chc pht sng c quyn cho hoc khng cho ngi khc ghi hay
pht li, phn phi n cng chng, nh hnh chng trnh pht sng
ca mnh v c hng quyn li vt cht khi chng trnh pht sng
ca mnh c ghi m, ghi hnh, phn phi n cng chng (iu 31
Lut SHTT).

Theo iu 34 Lut SHTT, thi hn bo h quyn lin quan c qui nh:

-

Quyn ca ngi biu din c bo h nm mi nm tnh t nm tip

theo nm cuc biu din c nh hnh.

Quyn ca nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh c bo h nm mi

nm tnh t nm tip theo nm cng b hoc nm mi nm k t nm
tip theo nm bn ghi m, ghi hnh c nh hnh nu bn ghi m, ghi
hnh cha c cng b.

73

Quyn ca t chc pht sng c bo h nm mi nm tnh t nm

tip theo nm chng trnh pht sng c thc hin.

Tuy vy, cng c mt s trng hp c php s dng cc i tng thuc

quyn bo h ca quyn lin quan m khng cn phi xin php ch s hu
quyn v khng phi tr th lao. Theo iu 32 Lut SHTT, cc trng hp ny
bao gm: t sao chp mt bn nhm mc ch nghin cu khoa hc ca c
nhn; t sao chp mt bn nhm mc ch ging dy, tr trng hp cuc biu
din, bn ghi m, ghi hnh, chng trnh pht sng c cng b ging
dy; trch dn hp l nhm mc ch cung cp thng tin; t chc pht sng t
lm bn sao tm thi pht sng khi c hng quyn pht sng. Tuy nhin,
ngi s dng khng c lm nh hng n vic khai thc bnh thng cuc
biu din, bn ghi m, ghi hnh, chng trnh pht sng v khng gy phng
hi n quyn ca ngi biu din, nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh, t chc
pht sng.
Ngoi ra, theo iu 33 Lut SHTT, cn c trng hp s dng quyn lin quan
khng phi xin php nhng phi tr tin nhun bt, th lao theo tho thun,
nh s dng bn ghi m, ghi hnh c cng b nhm mc ch kinh doanh.
Thc cht ca vic tho thun l phi xin php, v th cc trng hp khng
th coi l trng hp ngoi l ca quyn lin quan c.
b.

Ngha v

Trc y, theo BLDS 1995, ch th quyn lin quan c ngha v phi xin php
ch s hu quyn tc gi khi tc phm cha c cng b, i vi tc phm
cng b th phi tr th lao v bo v quyn nhn thn ca tc gi v cc ch th
quyn lin quan khc (iu 774, 776, 778 BLDS 1995). Nu xp nhng ch
th ca quyn lin quan theo mt s hng dc, t tri sang phi, bt ngun t
tc gi/ch s hu quyn tc gi n cng chng, th chiu mi tn t tri sang
l chiu ca quyn (cho hay khng cho ngi khc s dng thnh qu lao ng
sng to ca mnh). Chiu t phi sang l chiu ca ngha v (phi xin php
ch s hu quyn tc gi v cc ch th quyn lin quan xp bn tay tri).
Khi cp n ngha v ca quyn lin quan, BLDS 1995 c mt thiu st,
l vic khng ni r ch th quyn lin quan i vi tc phm cng b c
quyn s dng khng phi xin php song phi tr th lao, nhng khng ni r l
th lao tnh nh th no l tho ng. Chnh v vy gy nn nhng bn n
khng hp l nh v kin ca nhc s L Vinh nh trnh by trn. Thiu
st ny c chnh sa phn no trong iu 26 Lut SHTT. Theo hnh vi
s dng ny ch p dng cho t chc pht sng, ch khng p dng cho nh sn

74

xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh, hoc ngi biu din. iu 26 qui nh cc iu kin
s dng nh sau:
-

T chc pht sng s dng tc phm cng b (tr tc phm in nh)

thc hin chng trnh pht sng c ti tr, qung co hoc thu tin
th khng phi xin php nhng phi tr tin nhun bt, th lao cho ch
s hu quyn tc gi theo quy nh ca Chnh ph; v

Khi s dng tc phm khng c lm nh hng n vic khai thc

bnh thng tc phm, khng gy phng hi n cc quyn ca tc gi,
ch s hu quyn tc gi; phi thng tin v tn tc gi v ngun gc,
xut x ca tc phm.

Ngc li, cng c mt s trng hp c php s dng quyn lin quan m

khng phi xin php song phi tr th lao cho cc ch s hu quyn lin quan.
iu 33 Lut SHTT qui nh vic s dng trc tip hoc gin tip bn ghi
m, ghi hnh c cng b nhm mc ch thng mi khng phi xin php
xong phi tr th lao. iu kin l mc th lao khng c lm nh hng n
vic khai thc bnh thng cuc biu din, bn ghi m, ghi hnh, chng trnh
pht sng v khng gy phng hi n quyn ca ngi biu din, nh sn
xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh, t chc pht sng.
2.5

Hp ng s dng tc phm v hp ng chuyn nhng quyn tc

gi, quyn lin quan

2.5.1

Hp ng trong nc

Vic s dng ca ch s hu quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan c th do chnh ch

s hu tin hnh, hay do ngi khc thc hin thng qua mt hp ng chuyn
nhng quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan hay hp ng s dng tc phm. Cc
quy nh ny c ghi cc iu 45 48 Lut SHTT. Quyn tc gi, quyn
lin quan c th b hn ch hoc khng hn ch. Ngoi tr cc quyn nhn thn
khng gn vi ti sn, cc quyn cn li u c th chuyn nhng. Tng t,
quyn lin quan cng c php chuyn nhng, tr quyn nhn thn khng
gn vi ti sn ca ngi biu din.
Nu ch s hu quyn tc gi mong mun chuyn nhng ton b quyn tc gi
cho ch th khc, h c th giao kt hp ng chuyn nhng quyn tc gi,
quyn lin quan. Trong trng hp tc phm, cuc biu din, bn ghi m, ghi
hnh, chng trnh pht sng c ng ch s hu (th d, mt bn nhc do hai
nhc s cng hp tc sng to) th vic chuyn nhng phi c s tho thun
ca tt c cc ng ch s hu; trong trng hp c ng ch s hu nhng tc
75

phm, cuc biu din, bn ghi m, ghi hnh, chng trnh pht sng c cc phn
ring bit c th tch ra s dng c lp (th d, mt bi ht c nhc v li ca
hai tc gi khc nhau) th ch s hu quyn tc gi, ch s hu quyn lin quan
c quyn chuyn nhng quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan i vi phn ring bit
ca mnh cho t chc, c nhn khc.
Theo iu 46 Lut SHTT, hp ng chuyn nhng quyn tc gi, quyn lin
quan phi c lp thnh vn bn gm nhng ni dung ch yu sau: tn v a
ch y ca cc bn; cn c chuyn nhng; gi, phng thc thanh ton;
quyn v ngha v ca cc bn; v trch nhim do vi phm hp ng. V bn
cht, y l mt loi hp ng dn s, c cc quyn v ngha v c Lut
SHTT v BLDS iu chnh.
Nu ch s hu quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan khng mun chuyn nhng
ton b m ch mun chuyn quyn s dng mt hay mt s quyn ca mnh,
th h s k hp ng s dng tc phm vi bn nhn quyn. Hp ng s
dng tc phm l hp ng c giao kt bng vn bn gia ch s hu quyn
tc gi v bn s dng tc phm v vic chuyn mt hay mt s quyn s dng
tc phm. Cc hn ch v quyn ca ng ch s hu nu trn cng p dng
cho trng hp ny.
Mt hp ng s dng tc phm phi ghi r cc iu khon c bn sau: tn v
a ch ca cc bn; cn c chuyn quyn; phm vi chuyn giao quyn; gi,
phng thc thanh ton;q uyn v ngha v ca cc bn; trch nhim do vi
phm hp ng. C hai vn cn quan tm trong hp ng s dng tc phm.
Th nht l vn th lao v phng thc thanh ton. Ch s hu quyn tc
gi c th thu th lao trc tip, hay th lao gin tip thng qua cc i din:
hip hi cc tc gi hoc hip hi ch th quyn lin quan, cng ty dch v bn
quyn, v.v.59 Vn th hai cn quan tm l phm vi quyn s dng ca bn
s dng tc phm: ngi s dng tc phm c c c quyn s dng tc
phm hay khng. Thng thng, ch s hu quyn tc gi c chuyn giao
tc phm cho nhiu ngi s dng, tr trng hp c tho thun khc. i vi
bn s dng tc phm th quyn v ngha v ca h kh r. Ngi nhn quyn
s dng quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan c th chuyn li quyn s dng cho t
chc, c nhn khc nu c s ng ca ch s hu quyn tc gi, ch s
hu quyn lin quan.

59

Tuy nhin, hin nay mc ph th lao ti thiu cha c quy nh c th v l vn tranh ci

trong nhiu v kin. Mt trong nhng v kin l v nhc s L Vinh kin Trung tm Bng nhc
Dihavina. Ch v c ch th lao cho tc gi khng hp l nn sau khi kin, To S thm
(1997) L Vinh ch c cng nhn mt mc bi thng th lao cho nhc s l 500.000 , trong
khi phi chu n ph l trn 2 triu ng. (xem L Hng Lan, sd).

76

2.5.2

Hp ng c yu t nc ngoi

K t khi Vit Nam tham gia Cng c Berne, ton b vic s dng tc phm
ca cc nc thnh vin cng c phi c s ng ca ch s hu tc phm
ti nc ngoi hoc t chc i din ch s hu nc ngoi (nh xut bn
hoc t chc qun l tp th quyn tc gi) cn trong thi hn bo h. Th d,
ca s M Tm mun ht mt bi ht nc ngoi cn trong thi gian c bo
h th phi xin php ch s hu quyn tc gi v tr l ph. Th d, nu M
Linh mun ht bi ht Ngy Xa Anh c nhc t v nhc kch opera H Thin
Nga ca Tchaikovsky th khng phi xin php, v Tchaikovsky qua i trn
50 nm nay. Tng t, khi Nh xut bn Tr mun dch tc phm Harry Porter
ca nh vn Anh J.K. Rowling ra ting Vit xut bn th phi xin php ch
s hu tc phm, l cng ty truyn thng v phim nh Warner Brothers. Vic
xin php thng thng c tin hnh thng qua k kt hp ng s dng tc
phm (hay cn gi l hp ng lixng tc phm). Ring trong lnh vc vn
hc, vic dch v xut bn sch cn c th thc hin thng qua hp ng hp
tc xut bn (co-publishing).
Mt hp ng s dng tc phm vi nc ngoi thng bt u bng tho thun
s b hay bin bn ghi nh. Sau , hai bn s tho thun v cc iu khon
nh tc phm s dng, n bn, ti bn, gi bn l, sch tng, ph lixng (thng
thng t 6-10% gi bn hoc mt mc ph c nh), phng thc thanh ton,
ch bo co. Khi k hp ng ny, bn s dng cn lu trnh xung t vi
bn th ba nh tc gi ca cc bc tranh trong quyn truyn, cc bi bo trch
dn trong bi nghin cu khoa hc. Ngoi ra, bn s dng cn bo m c
quyn u tin in li trong cc ln xut bn sau.
i vi hp ng hp tc xut bn, hai nh xut bn trong v ngoi nc cng
hp tc vi nhau v phn chia li nhun. y l hnh thc hp tc kh ph bin
khi cc nh xut bn trong nc l nhng nh xut bn ln. Thng qua vic hp
tc, nh xut bn nc ngoi c th can thip mnh hn vo qu trnh in, hnh
thc trnh by v in li sch. Hnh thc ny xut hin nhiu trong cc n phm
gio dc (c xut bn vi s lng ln). Thng thng, nh xut bn Vit
Nam s chu chi ph dch v hiu ch, nh xut bn nc ngoi s chu chi ph
in n. Hai nh xut bn s in logo ca mnh ln ba sch. Gi bn s do hai bn
n nh. Sau khi tr tt c cc chi ph cho hai bn, li nhun s c chia theo
tho thun. M hnh ny c thc hin thnh cng ti Trung Quc, Hn
Quc, Malaysia v sp ti c th l Vit Nam.

77

2.6

Qun l quyn tc gi v ng k quyn tc gi

2.6.1

T chc qun l tp th quyn tc gi

gip tc gi v ch s hu quyn tc gi thc thi quyn tc gi ca mnh (thu

tin bn quyn tc gi, khi kin ngi xm phm quyn tc gi ra to), cc tc
gi v ch s hu quyn tc gi c th tp hp li v thnh lp t chc qun l
tp th quyn tc gi. Trung tm Bo v Quyn tc gi m nhc c thnh lp
thng 6 nm 2002 l mt th d. Sau 4 nm ra i, ti nm 2005 Trung tm Bo
v bn quyn m nhc Vit Nam (VCPMC, thuc Hi Nhc s Vit Nam) k
hp ng u thc quyn vi trn 700 nhc s, thu hn 2 t ng t vic cho
khai thc, s dng tc phm m nhc phn phi li cho cc nhc s. Vi s
h tr ca Lin on quc t cc nh son nhc v son li (CISAC), nhc s
ca Vit Nam c thu tin bn quyn s dng tc phm ti 14 quc gia. ng
thi, VCPMC cng c ngha v thu v thanh ton tin cho cc quc gia lin
quan. VCPMC cn k kt bn hp ng nhn c s h tr v ti chnh, k
thut, nghip v t CISAC. Mt trong nhng nhim v ca trung tm ny l i
din cho tc gi thu tin bn quyn trong giao dch vi cc trung tm bng a
nhc hay trong cc chng trnh ca nhc. Gi bn quyn s do ban iu hnh
trung tm quyt nh ch khng phi do tc gi quy nh. C t chc ny, ting
ni ca tc gi s mnh hn trong vic thc thi quyn ca mnh, mc ph bn
quyn s c thng nht mc hp l hn. Tip theo Trung tm bo v quyn
tc gi, cc doanh nghip bng a nhc s thnh lp hip hi bng a nhc ca
mnh. Trn th gii cng c nhiu t chc qun l tp th quyn tc gi v
quyn lin quan, nh GEMA (c), CPA (Anh), CISAC (Php, M), IFPI
(quc t).60
Cn lu l t chc qun l tp th quyn tc gi khc vi cc t chc x hi
ngh nghip thng thng (nh Hi Nhc s, Hi Tin hc). Cc hip hi ny
tuy cng i din cho quyn li ca hi vin, song khng chnh thc l ngi
i din theo y quyn trong cc giao dch dn s v cng khng c chc nng
thu tin bn quyn thay cho hi vin.
2.6.2

ng k quyn tc gi v vai tr ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi

Tc gi hay ch s hu quyn tc gi c hng quyn ngay khi vit xong tc

phm, khng cn phi ng k quyn tc gi ti Cc Bn quyn tc gi. Vic
ng k tc phm ti Cc Bn quyn tc gi l khng bt buc song khuyn
khch. Trn thc t, vic ng k quyn tc gi rt c li, v ch th quyn
c min tr cc ngha v chng minh trc to v quyn tc gi ca mnh,
60

Kreile, R. and Becker, J. (1997) GEMA Yearbook 1996-1997.

78

hay s dng nh mt chng c nhm ngn cn cc ch th khc xm phm

quyn tc gi. Th d Cng ty T chuyn sn xut sn phm sn mi vi nhiu
sn phm. T lo ngi rng nu mnh xut khu sn phm th cc kiu dng ca
mnh cha chc c bo h, v ri cc cng ty khc cng s nhi sn phm ca
mnh xut khu nu mnh thnh cng. Cng ty trong trng hp ny c th
np n ln Cc Bn quyn tc gi xin ng k bn quyn mt b catalogue
cc tranh sn mi v g m ngh.
ng k tc phm, ch s hu quyn tc gi phi in vo mt phiu ng
k tc phm theo mu ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi v np bn gc ti Cc Bn
quyn tc gi. L ph ng k hin nay i vi mt tc phm vit l 50.000 ,
tc phm m nhc l 100.000 , tc phm in nh, bng hnh l 200.000 v
cao nht l chng trnh my tnh (400.000 ). Hin nay, cc tc phm thng
c ng k nhiu nht l cc tc phm ngh thut, in nh (v d phim
qung co), tc phm m nhc. Chng trnh my tnh ch chim mt t trng
nh. c ng k quyn tc gi, ngi np n cn phi cung cp nhng
ti liu sau y: (i) n ng k quyn tc gi, (ii) giy t chng minh mi quan
h gia ngi np n v tc gi (nu tc gi khng phi l ngi np n), (iii)
mu tc phm ( lu ti Cc Bn quyn tc gi, 2 bn).61
2.7

Kt lun

Ni mt cch khi qut, lut v quyn tc gi bo h cc tc phm gc m tc

gi th hin di mt hnh thc nht nh. i tng bo h quyn tc gi l
nhng tc phm vn hc, khoa hc, ngh thut. Quyn tc gi pht sinh k t
khi tng ca tc gi c th hin di mt hnh thc nht nh.
Ni dung quyn tc gi bao gm cc quyn nhn thn v quyn ti sn. Trong
, quan trng nht l quyn ca ch s hu quyn tc gi c quyn khai thc
li ch vt cht t vic cng b, ph bin, cho thu, dch, phng tc, ci bin tc
phm. Phm vi bo h ch hn ch hnh thc th hin tc phm ch khng
nm ni dung tc phm. Hn na, quyn tc gi ch chng li hnh vi sao
chp hay bt chc tc phm. Mt ngi khc c lp sng to ra tc phm c
ni dung tng t nh mt tc phm khc vn c cng nhn quyn tc gi.
Mi hnh vi s dng tc phm trong phm vi bo h m khng c s ng ca
ch s hu quyn tc gi u l hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi (tr mt s
hnh vi s dng hn ch c quy nh iu 760 BLDS). Ngi xm phm
c th b buc chm dt hnh vi xm phm, xin li, ci chnh cng khai, bi

61

Thng t 27/2001/TT-BVHTT.

79

thng thit hi theo lut dn s; b x pht hnh chnh hay b truy cu trch
nhim hnh s.
Cu hi n tp:
1. Quyn tc gi c phi l quyn ca tc gi hay khng?
2. Alexandre Dumas vit tiu thuyt "B tc trn o Monte Cristo", H Biu
Chnh cng vit mt tiu thuyt ging ht mang ta "Chu Tu Kim
Quy." H Biu Chnh c coi l tc gi tiu thuyt ca mnh khng?
3. Mt nhc s vit mt tc phm m nhc piano t ta l "bn khng tn
s 4". Mt ngi khc n v gi "sao anh khng t tn tc phm ca
mnh l bn dng sng xanh"? Nhc s ng . Ngi gi c phi l
ng tc gi ca tc phm khng?
4. Mt ngi i du lch trong lc tnh c quay vido c cnh mt chic
my bay ang m u xung bin. Anh cho mt ngi bn mn cun
bng vido xem. Sau ngi bn cung cp bng vido cho i v
tuyn truyn hnh pht trong chng trnh thi s (c nhc tn tc gi
cun bng). Khn gi c xem truyn hnh min ph chng trnh ny.
Tuy vy tc gi vn yu cu i truyn hnh thanh ton th lao. Yu cu ca
ng c hp l khng?
5. Ti l gio vin phn pht bi ging ny cho cc bn photocopy. Cc bn c
xm phm quyn tc gi ca ti khng? Nu bn bn li bn photocopy ca
cc bn th bn c xm phm quyn tc gi ca ti khng? Nu cc bn
mun trch dn mt on trong bi ging ca ti in trong tp sch sp
pht hnh hay ti nghin cu khoa hc ca cc bn th cc bn phi lm
g?
6. F. Liszt l tc gi ca bn Gic m tnh yu (Liebestraum). L.V. Beethoven
l tc gi ca bn sonata nh trng (Sonata s 14 - C minor, Op. 27 No. 2).
C hai bn nhc c R. Clayderman phi hp lin tc trong cng mt bn
nhc C do ng trnh din. Vy Liszt, Beethoven v Clayderman c phi l
ng tc gi ca bn nhc C khng?
7. Hai lp trnh vin my tnh, A v B, ng cng nhau pht trin mt phn
mm M dng cho my tnh Apple Macintosh. A lm mng "ng lc", B
lm mng "giao din". A cung cp cho B danh sch cc chui lnh tin
hnh lp trnh. Sau , c hai bt ng v cch bn sn phm phn mm M.
B ni vi A rng anh s hp tc vi cng ty C bn sn phm ca mnh,
80

mang theo phn "giao din" m mnh sng to trong phn mm M. A t

mnh hon tt phn giao din v bn sn phm ca mnh vi tn N, B dng
phn giao din m mnh pht trin vo mt mng "ng lc" mi ca
cng ty C, to thnh phn mm P. A yu cu cng ty C tr th lao cho ng
gp ca mnh vo giao din do B lp, v A v B trc kia l ng ch s
hu ca phn mm M, v phm mm P ch l mt bn ci bin ca phn
mm M. Yu cu ca A c hp l khng?
8. Phn mm Windows '98 c cng ty Microsoft cng b ra th trng th
gii nm 1998. Sau ng Nguyn Vn A da trn phn mm ny v
vit quyn sch "T hc s dng Windows '98 trong 24 gi", do Nh xut
bn Gao dc pht hnh. ng Nguyn Vn A v Nh xut bn Gio dc c
xm phm quyn tc gi ca Microsoft khng?
9. Cu th J. Klinsmann trc y chi bng cho i Bayern Munich, mc
o qung co cho hng xe hi Alfa Romo. Nay cng ty sn xut TV TBL
Vit Nam nh qung co cho sn phm TV ca mnh. TBL ly hnh
nh ca Klinsmann trn ba tp ch France Football ca Php, xo tn Alfa
Romo trn o qung co v in ch ABC thay th in trn nhng t bm
qung co TV do mnh sn xut. TBL c xm phm quyn v li ch hp
php ca ai khng?
10. Theo bn, nhng cu khu hiu qung co ngn ca cc nh sn xut nh
"OMO - chuyn gia git ty cc vt bn" hay "Xong vic ri - Bivina thi"
c c bo h di dng quyn tc gi hay khng?
11. Trong chng trnh qung co kem lm trng da Pond's, c hnh nh mt c
gi c khun mt trng dn ln (chp lm 4 ln t phi sang tri) khi thoa
kem Pond's. C s sn xut kem E-100 bt chc tng trn sn
xut b phim qung co cho sn phm ca mnh cng l mt c gi c
khun mt trng dn ln (chp lm 4 ln t tri sang phi). C s E-100 c
xm phm quyn tc gi ca cng ty Pond's khng?
12. Trong chng trnh qung co bia Bn Thnh c s dng nn nhc ca bi
ht "my heart still goes on" ca Cline Dion (trong phim Titanic). Anh (ch)
hay cho bit quyn tc gi ca ai b ch th no xm phm? V sao?
13. Cng ty sn xut tp v V c nhn sn phm l hnh ch nai Bambi trong
cc phim hot ho ca WD. Vic s dng hnh nh ca ch nai Bambi c
phi l mt hnh vi xm phm quyn tc gi hay khng? V sao?

81

14. Hy son tho hai hp ng s dng tc phm (c quyn v khng c

quyn) theo quy nh ca iu 768 BLDS.
15. A thy cn nh ca B c kin trc p, nn chp nh em v xy li
cn nh ca mnh c kiu dng tng t. A nh xin php B chp nh
nhng lc B khng c nh nn t chp. B yu cu A phi tr tin bn
quyn kin trc. A khng ng , cho rng vic chp nh l chuyn bnh
thng, khng nh hng g n quyn li ca B c, v A cng khng s
dng hnh nh y vo mc ch kinh t. Theo anh (ch), A c xm phm
quyn tc gi ca B khng?
16. A v B l bn thn. n k tt nghip, c hai lm hai ti tiu lun c ni
dung u lin quan n quyn tc gi (tuy th loi tc phm cp c khc
nhau, A lm v tc phm m nhc, B lm v tc phm vit). A kt thc tiu
lun trc, v th cho B mn tham kho. Khi c hai np tiu lun, gio
vin chm im thy hai bi tiu lun ging nhau n mc hu nh chc
chn mt bn sao chp ca bn kia. V th c A v B u b 3 im. A
cho rng B vi phm quyn tc gi ca mnh. Trong khi B ni, tuy hai
bi c ging nhau, song mnh ch tham kho tng ca A thi, v th hin
di mt cch khc. Hn na, nu qu thc B c s dng tc phm ca A
theo quan nim v quyn tc gi, th y cng l hnh vi s dng hn ch.
Theo anh (ch), lp lun ca B ng khng?
17. B phim "Con bch tuc" (La Piovra) ca i truyn hnh RAI UNO ca
Italia c i truyn hnh trung ng Lin X pht hnh cui nm 1986.
i truyn hnh Vit Nam, qua tip sng ca trm v tinh mt t Hoa Sen
thu li b phim, lng ting v pht li cho khn gi Vit Nam. RAI UNO
cho rng i truyn hnh Vit Nam vi phm quyn lin quan ca mnh.
Theo anh (ch) lp lun ca RAI UNO c ng khng?
18. ng A l tc gi ca tc phm kin trc "vn ngh thut Vit Nam", tc
phm c gi chn tham d trin lm quc t ti Trung Quc v ot huy
chng vng v tin thng. Sau khi tr v nc, tc phm trn c
cng ty B thi cng ti khu vui chi V vi s ng ca ng A. Sau khi khu
vn i vo hot ng, cng ty B cng b ra nhiu chi ph qung co cho
khu vn tr thnh mt im tham quan hp dn ca du khch TP H Ch
Minh. ng A yu cu cng ty B phi tr th lao quyn tc gi cho ng l
15% doanh s bn v. Cng ty B t chi, v cho rng hai bn cha c tho
thun v tin th lao. Anh (ch) gii quyt vng mc trn nh th no?

82

Ph lc Cng c WIPO v Quyn tc gi (1996)

ci t h thng bo h quyn tc gi cho ph hp vi s pht trin ca cng
ngh k thut s v ton cu ho nn kinh t, cng nh tho mn cc quy
nh ca Tho c TRIPS, WIPO tin hnh thng qua Cng c WIPO v
quyn tc gi (WIPO Copyright Treaty gi tt l WCT). Cc ni dung chnh
ca WCT nh sau:
-

V mc ch bo h ca quyn tc gi, Cng c WCT nhn mnh

quyn tc gi ch bo h hnh thc th hin tng, khng bo h ni
dung tng (iu 2).
V i tng bo h, Cng c quy nh cc tc phm c bo h bao
gm c chng trnh my tnh v c s d liu.
V ni dung, mt s quyn tc gi nh quyn ph bin tc phm, quyn
cho thu tc phm cng c lm r (iu 6 - 7).
Cc nc thnh vin c php quy nh cc hnh vi s dng hn ch
theo lut ca nc mnh, min khng nh hng n vic khai thc bnh
thng v li ch chnh ng ca ch s hu quyn tc gi (iu 10).
Cc nc thnh vin cn phi bo h "quyn qun l thng tin" v tc
gi, th d nh m s bng a nhc, iu kin s dng tc phm, v.v.
(iu 12). Tn min trn Internet (domain name) cng c coi nh
mt cng c qun l thng tin. Mi hnh vi sa i thng tin v tc gi,
hay lu hnh cc tc phm b sa i thng tin u b coi l tri php
lut.

83

Chng 3:
3.1

Khi nim nhn hiu

3.1.1

Nhn hiu trong cuc sng

Nhn hiu

Nhn hiu l mt trong nhng i tng s hu cng nghip ph bin nht

trong cuc sng. Chng ta c th gp rt nhiu nhn hiu: Vietnam Airlines,
Bia Si Gn, Kem nh rng P/S, v.v. Nhn hiu thit lp c quyn s dng
cc du hiu phn bit sn phm, dch v ca ch th ny vi sn phm, dch v
ca ch th khc cng loi. Nhn hiu c th bao gm t ng, hnh khi, mu
sc hay l s kt hp ca nhng yu t .
Lut v bo h nhn hiu ban u bt ngun t lut chng cc hnh vi cnh
tranh khng lnh mnh, do cc ch th kinh doanh c uy tn than phin sn
phm ca mnh b gi mo. trnh tnh trng ny, Anh Quc l nc u tin
ban hnh lut v bo h c quyn nhn hiu. Nhn hiu u tin c bo h
cho hng bia BASS, vi hnh tam gic mu cam (nm 1777).
Mc ch ban u ca vic s dng nhn hiu l phn bit sn phm, tuy
nhin khi sn phm chim c th trng, nhn hiu tr thnh biu tng
ca uy tn, cht lng sn phm. Nhn hiu cng uy tn, cng d b ngi khc
li dng sn xut hng gi, hng nhi. Chnh v th ny sinh nhu cu bo h
nhn hiu c uy tn vi phm vi rng hn cc nhn hiu thng thng - l
nhng nhn hiu ni ting. i vi nhng nhn hiu loi ny, vic bo h
khng ch gii hn nhng sn phm cng loi, m tt c cc loi hnh sn
phm. Th d i vi nhn hiu ca cng ty sn xut dng th thao
ADIDAS, phm vi bo h ca n khng ch gii hn cc dng th thao, m
tt c cc sn phm. Mt ngi sn xut qut gas ADIDAS cng b coi l xm
phm nhn hiu ADIDAS.
Mc d tn chnh thc ca i tng l nhn hiu, song n khng ch s dng
cho hng ho (nh SONY, REE), m cn c s dng cho c dch v
(VIETNAM AIRLINES), hay cho mt hip hi (nhn hiu tp th,62 nh nhn
hiu ca hip hi ca cc nh sn xut len - WOOLMARK).
Trong mi trng hp, mc ch ca vic bo h nhn hiu khng phi l
nhng du hiu ghi trn nhn sn phm, m l nhng thng tin c th hin
62

Nhm thng bo c tnh ca sn phm, phi c s dng ng vi ni quy v khng gy

hiu lm cho ngi tiu dng (V d. Woolmark, American Express, Dinners Club).

84

thng qua nhn hiu : uy tn, xut x, cht lng sn phm.63 y vai tr
ca sc lao ng sng to (hay "tr tu") khng r nh quyn tc gi hay cc i
tng s hu cng nghip khc. Tuy vy lut v nhn hiu vn l lut v quyn
s hu mt ti sn v hnh.
Vic bo h nhn hiu phi tho mn li ch ca bn ch th, l ngi tiu
dng (khng b nhm ln gia hng tht v hng gi), ch s hu nhn hiu
(bo v uy tn sn phm), cc nh sn xut khc (c cnh tranh bnh ng) v
Nh nc (bo m mt h thng php lut cng bng v hiu qu).
Cn phn bit gia nhn hiu (trademark) v thng hiu (brand). Thng
hiu khng phi l mt khi nim php l m l mt khi nim thng mi.
Thng hiu bao gm rt nhiu yu t to nn hnh nh ca mt cng ty v cc
sn phm ca n. Nhn hiu ch l mt trong nhng hnh thc th hin ra bn
ngoi ca thng hiu, cng vi cc yu t khc nh kiu dng cng nghip,
quyn tc gi (v mt php l); truyn thng, qung co hay marketing (v mt
thng mi). Bn trong ca thng hiu cn c cc yu t khc nh c tnh
ca doanh nghip (corporate identity), chin lc pht trin sn phm, kh nng
nh v ca sn phm trong tm tr ngi tiu dng. Khi ni chin lc xy
dng thng hiu l ni n nhng gii php tng th, ch khng ch l vic
thit k hay ng k nhn hiu.
3.1.2

Kh nng phn bit ca nhn hiu

Theo Khon 16 iu 4 Lut SHTT, nhn hiu l du hiu dng phn bit
hng ho, dch v ca cc t chc, c nhn khc nhau. Xut pht t nh ngha
nhn hiu, cc du hiu th hin trn nhn hiu phi th hin tnh c o sao
cho c th phn bit sn phm ny vi sn phm khc. "c o" y th
hin hai yu t: "khc bit" v "khng thng dng."64
Theo iu 74 Lut SHTT, mt nhn hiu c coi l khc bit vi cc du hiu
khc nu:
-

c to thnh t mt hoc mt s yu t d nhn bit, d ghi nh hoc

t nhiu yu t kt hp thnh mt tng th d nhn bit, d ghi nh; v

khng trng hay "tng t ti mc gy nhm ln" vi (i) mt nhn hiu

ng k hay np n ng k bo h hoc c ngy u tin sm hn,
hoc ang c s dng rng ri, hay ht hiu lc song khng qu 5

63

Id.
Ladas, S. (1994) International Law on the Protection of Patents, Trademarks and Industrial
Designs. Harvard Univ. Press.

64

85

nm, tr trng hp b nh ch do khng s dng, (ii) mt nhn hiu

ni ting, v (iii) kiu dng cng nghip, tn thng mi, ch dn a l
hin ang c bo h hay np n yu cu bo h, hay mt hnh
tng c bo h di dng quyn tc gi.
y khi nim "tng t ti mc gy nhm ln" khng c nh ngha r
rng v phi cn c vo tnh hnh thc t, so snh gia hai nhn hiu tr li.
Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT tng kt phng php phn bit gia hai
nhn hiu trong cc trng hp sau y th c coi l "tng t ti mc gy
nhm ln":
-

Trng du hiu, tng t sn phm: du hiu c cu to, cch trnh by,

pht m, mu sc, ngha hon ton trng vi nhng du hiu tng
ng sn phm cn li (th d nc tng Lin Thnh v nc mm
Lin Thnh).

Tng t du hiu, trng sn phm: du hiu c cu to, cch trnh by,

pht m, mu sc, ngha tng t n mc khng d dng phn bit
c vi cc du hiu tng ng sn phm cn li, vi iu kin cc
du hiu ny c Nh nc bo h c quyn. Th d ca trng hp
ny l hai nhn hiu YSL (ca hng sn xut qun o Yves Saint
Laurent) v SLS (ca hng sn xut qun o Suco) khi c vit theo
kiu ch ging nhau.

Mt nhn hiu mun c coi l khng thng dng nu n khng phi l cc

danh t chung, hnh dng n gin (th d hnh tam gic, tr trng hp cc du
hiu c s dng v tha nhn rng ri nh nhn hiu bia BASS nu trn),
hnh thc php l ca doanh nghip, phng php o lng sn phm. Nhn
hiu cng khng c php l tn sn phm hay tnh cht sn phm (th d
"nc khong thin nhin" hay "chuyn gia git ty cc vt bn"), hay nhng
du hiu c tnh cht la o ("thn dc" hay "ci lo hon ng" i vi
thuc cha bnh). Cc du hiu ny cng khng c php l nhng du hiu
thuc v quyn uy ca quc gia nh quc k, quc huy, nh lnh t, tn gi cc
c quan nh nc (iu 73-74 Lut SHTT). Nhn bit du hiu no c bo
h v du hiu no khng c bo h rt quan trng trong vic xin cp vn
bng bo h. Chng ta hy xem th d sau y.
Cng ty A xin ng k nhn hiu MONTANA ti Cc SHTT cho sn
phm thuc l ca mnh. C kin cho rng nhn hiu ny khng th
c bo h v Montana l tn 1 tiu bang Hoa K, cho ng k nhn hiu
Montana s lm cho ngi tiu dng hiu nhm. Hn na, Montana l
mt a danh v l du hiu khng c kh nng phn bit v th s khng
86

c bo h. Trn thc t php lut khng cm s dng mt a danh tr

khi a danh c bo h di dng mt i tng s hu cng
nghip khc (th d ch dn a l). Nhn hiu trn vn c cp vn
bng bo h.
Ngoi khi nim nhn hiu, cn c mt s khi nim v cc nhn hiu c th,
c qui nh ti iu 4 Lut SHTT nh sau:
-

Nhn hiu tp th l nhn hiu dng phn bit hng ho, dch v ca
cc thnh vin ca t chc l ch s hu nhn hiu vi hng ho,
dch v ca t chc, c nhn khng phi l thnh vin ca t chc .
Th d, nhn hiu WOOLMARK l nhn hiu tp th ca cc doanh
nghip sn xut len ti Anh Quc.

Nhn hiu chng nhn l nhn hiu m ch s hu nhn hiu cho php
t chc, c nhn khc s dng trn hng ha, dch v ca t chc, c
nhn chng nhn cc c tnh v xut x, nguyn liu, vt liu,
cch thc sn xut hng ho, cch thc cung cp dch v, cht lng,
chnh xc, an ton hoc cc c tnh khc ca hng ho, dch v
mang nhn hiu. Th d nhn hiu v logo HNG VIT NAM CHT
LNG CAO ca Bo Si Gn Tip Th l mt loi nhn hiu chng
nhn.

Nhn hiu lin kt l cc nhn hiu do cng mt ch th ng k, trng

hoc tng t nhau dng cho sn phm, dch v cng loi hoc tng t
nhau hoc c lin quan vi nhau. Th d nhn hiu ACE, ACE-INA hay
ACE LIFE l nhng nhn hiu lin kt ca cng mt cng ty bo him
ACE-INA.

Nhn hiu ni ting l nhn hiu c ngi tiu dng bit n rng ri
trn ton lnh th Vit Nam. Th d in hnh l nhn hiu P/S cho kem
nh rng P/S, hay nhn hiu G7 cho C ph G7. Xin lu l c nhng
nhn hiu rt ni ting trn th gii, nh bia BUDWEISER hay ph mt
CHEEDAR, nhng li khng c bit n nhiu Vit Nam, khi
kh nng c cng nhn l nhn hiu ni ting cng s b gim. Trc
y, Cc SHTT cng nhn nhn hiu BUDWEISER ca cng ty
Anheuser-Busch (Hoa K) l nhn hiu ni ting trong khi Vit Nam
cc nhn hiu ny cha c bit n nhiu. Hin nay, vi qui nh ca
Lut SHTT, vic cng nhn nhn hiu ni ting s tr nn n gin hn.

87

3.1.3

Cn c pht sinh v thi hn bo h

Trong cuc sng, nhng khi nim nh "nhn hiu c quyn" hay "nhn hiu
ng k" u c ngha nh nhau. c bo h, ch s hu nhn hiu
phi ng k bo h ti Cc SHTT. Vn bng bo h c gi l Giy chng
nhn ng k nhn hiu. y l chng ch duy nht th hin quyn s hu cng
nghip i vi nhn hiu. Mi chng ch khc (Giy chng nhn ng k kinh
doanh, Giy chng nhn cht lng sn phm, Bng khen, v.v.) u khng c
gi tr bo h. Mt ngoi l duy nht ca Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu
do Cc SHTT cp l Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu quc t do T chc S
hu Tr tu Th gii (WIPO hay OMPI) cp theo Tho c Madrid cho cc
nhn hiu nc c ng k bo h ti Vit Nam theo quy ch ca Tho c
Madrid.65
Thi hn bo h c tnh t ngy c cp bng n ht 10 nm k t ngy
np n Cc SHTT, hay t ngy np n c quan s hu cng nghip
mt nc khc theo iu c quc t m Vit Nam tham gia (ngy u tin). Th
d mt nhn hiu np n nm 1996, cp bng nm 1997, s c bo h t
nm 1997 n nm 1996 + 10 = 2006. Nhn hiu sp ht hn c th c gia
hn bo h vi thi hn khng hn ch, cho ti chng no ch s hu nhn hiu
ngng khng s dng nhn hiu hay ngng hot ng. Ngoi l ca nguyn tc
10 nm ni trn l nhng nhn hiu c bo h theo Tho c Madrid. Cc
nhn hiu ny c bo h k t ngy c ng k bo h ti Vit Nam, n
ht 20 nm k t khi nhn hiu ny c np n ti quc gia bo h ln u
tin.
3.2

Ch vn bng bo h v phm vi c quyn bo h

3.2.1

Li ch cn bo h v phm vi bo h

Ch s hu nhn hiu c quyn ngn khng cho ngi khc s dng nhn hiu
trng hay tng t ti mc gy nhm ln vi nhn hiu c bo h. Thng
qua bo v nhn hiu, ch s hu nhn hiu bo v uy tn thng mi ca
nhng sn phm do mnh sn xut hay dch v do mnh cung cp. c quyn
nhn hiu ch thu hp trong phm vi nhn hiu ca nhng loi sn phm m
mnh yu cu bo h. Phm vi bo h c quyn ca vn bng cng c gii
hn v thi gian, khng gian v ni dung bo h. Tuy nhin, nu mt nhn hiu
c cng nhn l ni ting th phm vi bo h ca n c th m rng vi mi
loi sn phm. Trng hp cng ty sn xut bt ngt nhn hiu A-ONE kin
cng ty sn xut nc ung tinh khit A-ONE l mt v d.
65

Ngh nh 06/2001/N-CP.

88

3.2.2 Phm vi c quyn bo h i vi nhn hiu

Ch s hu nhn hiu c c quyn s dng v nh ot i vi cc du
hiu c bo h. c quyn c hiu di hai ngha. Th nht, ch s hu
c quyn cho hay khng cho ngi khc s dng nhn hiu ca mnh thng qua
mt loi hp ng gi l hp ng li-xng. Th hai, khi c hnh vi xm phm
c quyn ca mnh (s dng m khng xin php), ch s hu nhn hiu c th
t mnh yu cu hay thng qua c quan nh nc c thm quyn buc ngi c
hnh vi xm phm chm dt hnh vi xm phm v bi thng thit hi.
a.

Quyn s dng v phm vi bo h

Ch s hu nhn hiu c c quyn s dng nhn hiu trn loi sn phm m

mnh ng k. Quyn s dng ni trn bao gm: gn nhn c bo h ln sn
phm hay dch v ca mnh, tng tr, lu thng, bn, nhp khu, qung co sn
phm c nhn hiu c cp vn bng bo h. Phm vi bo h ca nhn hiu
c hiu khng ch bao gm sn phm c nhn hiu ging nhn hiu c m
t trn vn bng bo h, m c cc sn phm c nhn hiu "tng t ti mc
gy nhm ln." l v i tng bo h ca nhn hiu l kh nng phn bit
ca sn phm v ngun gc sn phm. Chnh v l do , m cc du hiu ni
bt ca nhn hiu phi c th hin r trong yu cu bo h (n ng k nhn
hiu). Khi xy ra tranh chp, cc c quan c thm quyn phn ln cc nc u
tp trung vo vn gii thch ni dung vn bng bo h t tm ra phm
vi bo h.
i ngc vi vic c quyn s dng, php lut cng qui nh mt s hnh vi
s dng khng thuc c quyn ca ch s hu (ai cng c s dng, khng
cn phi xin php ch s hu). Cc hnh vi ny c gi l s dng hn ch,
bao gm cc hnh vi sau y:
-

Bn li cc i tng c bo h do chnh ch s hu hay ngi c

ch s hu a ra th trng (gi l exhaustion of rights): th d mt
ngi mua nc khong La Vie Tin Giang c th em bn ng sn
phm La Vie ny Lm ng m khng phi xin php ch s hu nhn
hiu La Vie. Trong hot ng xut nhp khu, cc hnh vi ny c gi
l nhp khu song song (parallel import). Th d nh nhp khu x bng
Lux ca Thi Lan c bn sn phm ca mnh Vit Nam m khng
cn phi xin php ch s hu nhn hiu Lux ti Vit Nam. Chng ta th
xem xt th d sau y xem y c phi l hnh vi nhp khu song song
hay khng:

89

Cng ty Vietnam Suzuki Co., Ltd. (Visuco) sn xut xe Suzuki

Viva ti Vit Nam theo hp ng hp tc k thut vi cng ty
Suzuki Nht Bn. Cng ty Suzuki Nht Bn chuyn giao cng
ngh sn xut xe Viva ca mnh cho cng ty S ca Indonesia
sn xut xe Viva ti Indonesia. Cng ty S chuyn giao li cng
ngh ca mnh cho cng ty T (Vit Nam) sn xut xe Suzuki
Viva ti Vit Nam. Visuco khiu ni vi Cc SHTT v vic T
s dng nhn hiu ca Suzuki m khng xin php Visuco.
-

S dng nhn hiu khng nhm mc ch kinh doanh: th d ging

dy, bnh lun, ch trch.

S dng nhn hiu trn cc phng tin qu cnh (my bay, tu thuyn
i qua vng tri, vng bin Vit Nam);
b.

Quyn nh ot

Ngoi quyn s dng, ch s hu nhn hiu c quyn chuyn giao quyn s

hu vn bng bo h hoc quyn s dng ca mnh thng qua hp ng li-xng
(xem chng 10) v c quyn li tha k nhn hiu. m bo kh
nng phn bit ca nhn hiu, php lut quy nh ch c li tha k nhn
hiu cho mt ch th.66
c.

Ngha v ca ch s hu nhn hiu

Ch s hu nhn hiu c ngha v phi s dng nhn hiu m mnh c bo

h khng c gin on qu 5 nm. Trong trng hp ngc li, bt k ngi
no cng c quyn yu cu Cc SHTT nh ch hiu lc vn bng bo h (xem
iu 28.2.c Ngh nh 63/CP ngy 24/10/1996). iu ny nhm hn ch tnh
trng mt s ch th ch ng k nhn hiu m khng s dng chng. Sau
dng vn bng bo h bn li cho nhng ngi c nhu cu s dng nhn hiu.
Vic quy nh ngha v s dng nhn hiu c p dng hu ht cc nc,
nhm tp trung vo mc tiu ti hu ca vic bo h nhn hiu: bo h uy tn
sng to ca cc ch th.
Ngoi ra, ch s hu nhn hiu cn phi thc hin cc quyn ca mnh v hnh
thc phi ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut, v mc ch v ni dung khng
c tri php lut, o c x hi, xm phm quyn v li ch hp php ca
cc ch th khc (iu 49 N 63/CP). Khi nguyn tc ny b ph v, vn bng
bo h c th b nh ch hay hy b theo nhng cn c qui nh ti Lut SHTT.
66

Ngh nh 63/CP.

90

3.3

Xc lp, nh ch, hy b vn bng bo h

3.3.1

Cc SHTT v Cng bo S hu cng nghip

Cc SHTT l c quan qun l ca Nh nc v s hu cng nghip, trc thuc

B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, c thm quyn xc lp, nh ch, hy b, ng k
hp ng li-xng i vi vn bng bo h. Cc hot ng ni trn c ng
trn Cng bo S hu cng nghip, c pht hnh mt thng 2 ln trn hai tp
A v B. Cng bo S hu cng nghip ng ti cc thng tin sau y:
-

Cc nhn hiu, kiu dng cng nghip, sng ch, gii php hu ch
c chp nhn n ng k bo h v mt hnh thc (n c coi l
hp l);

Cc nhn hiu, kiu dng cng nghip, sng ch, gii php hu ch
c cp vn bng bo h ti Vit Nam, theo lut Vit Nam hay they
iu c quc t;

Cc ng k sa i i vi vn bng bo h;

Cc ng k v hp ng li-xng v vic sa i cc hp ng ny.

3.3.2 Tho c Madrid v ng k quc t cc nhn hiu

Ngoi vic xc lp quyn i vi nhn hiu bng cch ng k ti Cc SHTT,
cc ch s hu nhn hiu nc ngoi c th ng k bo h ti Vit Nam c ch
ca Tho c Madrid. Tho c Madrid, c k kt nm 1891 v sa i nm
1989, lin quan n vic ng k nhn hiu theo n quc t. Theo Tha c
ny, mt ch th sau khi c bo h ti mt nc thnh vin ca Tho c
Madrid c th chn nhiu quc gia xin cp vn bng bo h. Vit Nam tham
gia Tho c Madrid t ngy 08/03/1949. Tnh n nay c hn 70000 nhn
hiu ca ngi nc ngoi c chp nhn bo h ti Vit Nam thng qua Tho
c Madrid. Hiu lc ca vn bng bo h theo Tho c Madrid v vn bng
bo h ca quc gia thnh vin cp l nh nhau. Tuy vy vn bng bo h
Madrid khng phi l mt vn bng c gi tr nhiu nc, m l tp hp ca
nhiu vn bng quc t ti nhiu nc. Thi hn bo h theo vn bng Madrid
l 20 nm, tr khi b nh ch trc thi hn. Quy trnh th tc np n bo h
theo Tho c Madrid c trnh by trong Ngh nh 63/CP ngy 24/10/1996
v S hu cng nghip v Thng t hng dn 3055/TT-SHCN ngy
31/12/1996 ( c b sung, sa i theo Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN ngy
5/11/2003).
91

Vic ng k quc t Nhn hiu c tin hnh ti Vn phng quc t ca T

chc S hu tr tu th gii (WIPO) Geneva. Cng dn ca mt nc thnh
vin ca Tho c c th bo h mt nhn hiu ca mnh ti nhiu nc thnh
vin khc thng qua hai giai on. Trc tin h phi ng k nhn hiu ca
mnh ti C quan S hu cng nghip quc gia, sau thng qua C quan S
hu cng nghip quc gia c th np n ng k quc t cho Vn phng quc
t ca WIPO. Vn phng quc t s cng b n ng k quc t v ch r
nhng nc thnh vin m ngi np n yu cu bo h nhn hiu ca mnh
(nc c ch nh). Nc c ch nh c thi gian 1 nm xem xt chp
nhn hoc t chi bo h nhn hiu hng ha trn lnh th ca mnh. Nu sau 1
nm m nc c ch nh khng c kin th nhn hiu coi nh c chp
nhn bo h nc . Vi mt c ch tng t (nhng theo qui trnh ngc
li), cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th bo h nhn hiu i vi hng ho, dch
v ca mnh nc ngoi theo Tho c Madrid, thng qua Cc SHTT Vit
Nam.
Trong Ngh nh th ca Tho c Madrid (Madrid Protocol), kh nng bo h
c m rng, theo ngi np n c th np n trc tip ln WIPO
khng cn thng qua Cc SHTT ti quc gia ca ngi np n. Nh vy vic
np n c th tin hnh ti bt c c quan patent ca quc gia thnh vin no,
hay ti WIPO Geneva.
i vi nhng nc khng phi l thnh vin ca Tho c Madrid (nh M),
vic ng k np n phi c np trc tip ti nc xin ng k. Th d
M th c quan nhn n l Cc Sng ch v nhn hiu (USPTO, website
www.uspto.gov). Xin lu l nhn hiu M c bo h tun theo nguyn
tc: ai s dng nhn hiu trc c u tin (first to use), khc vi tt c cc
nc khc (theo nguyn tc: ai np n ng k nhn hiu trc c u tin
first to file).67
Ngoi cc qui nh v ng k quc t nhn hiu theo Tho c Madrid, cn c
cc qui nh v ng k nhn hiu theo vng. Th d, doanh nghip mun ng
k nhn hiu ti cc nc Lin Minh Chu u (EU) th ch cn np mt n
duy nht ti Vn phng s hu cng nghip ca bt k nc thnh vin no
hoc Vn phng s hu cng nghip Chu u (OHIM Organisation for
Harmonisation of International Marks) ti Thu S. H thng OHIM cn p
dng cho cc nc chu u ngoi khi EU khc mun tham gia. Ngoi ra, trn
th gii cn c cc vn phng s hu cng nghip khu vc nh sau: vn phng
s hu cng nghip Chu Phi (ARIPO), t chc s hu tr tu Chu Phi (OAPI,
67

L Nt: Bo v nhn hiu hng ho Hoa K. Bo Tui Tr ngy 9 thng 6 nm 2002.

92

www.oapi.wipo.net), vn phng s hu cng nghip Benelux (BTO, ca ba

nc B, H Lan v Luxembourg).68
3.3.3

Xc lp quyn: Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu

Vic xc lp quyn s hu cng nghip ti Cc SHTT (khng nhng p dng

cho nhn hiu m cn cho sng ch, gii php hu ch, kiu dng cng nghip,
ch dn a l, tr cc qui nh v quyn np n) c tin hnh qua cc bc
sau: np n, xt nghim hnh thc, xt nghim ni dung, cp bng.
a.

Quyn np n

Ch c nhng ngi c quyn np n mi c np n yu cu bo h nhn

hiu. Cc loi ch th trn bao gm:
i.

Ch th sn xut kinh doanh: hng ho, dch v, thng mi, vi iu

kin l nhm hng ho, dch v gn nhn hiu xin bo h phi do ch th
sn xut, kinh doanh. Tuy vy ch th kinh doanh thng mi c gn
nhn trn sn phm ca ch th khc (nu c ng ).

ii.

Ngi tha k hay c chuyn giao quyn s hu, quyn s dng t ch

th c cp giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu. Ring i vi ngi
tha k, php lut quy nh ch s hu nhn hiu ch c li tha k
(chuyn giao) cho mt ch th sn xut, kinh doanh cng ngnh vi ch
th li tha k nhn hiu vn cn gi kh nng phn bit. Vic
tha k (chuyn giao) cng phi c ng k ti Cc SHTT.69

Vic xc nh quyn np n xc nh tnh trung thc ca ngi np n yu

cu bo h. Ngi np n c ngha v phi cam oan vi Cc SHTT v s
trung thc v quyn np n ca mnh. Nu vi phm cam kt, vn bng bo h
s b hu, v ch vn bng bo h phi chu hon ton trch nhim (k c bi
thng thit hi) do vic vn bng b hy gy ra.
Th d, c s Hng Vn c cp Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu Sure
Star vo nm 1993 cho mt s nhm sn phm, trong cc sn phm in gia
dng. Ngy 12.3.1993 B K hoch v u t cp giy php u t cho php
cng ty Seoul Sure Star ca Hn Quc c lin doanh vi x nghip DQ thnh
lp cng ty lin doanh Vit Sure Star. Trong s cc sn phm lin doanh c tcte mang nhn hiu Sure Star. Pht hin ra nhn hiu ca mnh b mt c s
68

V Duy Quy (2005) Bo v quyn s hu cng nghip ti Vit Nam, nhng vn l lun v
thc tin. Kho lun tt nghip, i hc Lut TPHCM, tr. 11.
69
Ngh nh 63/CP.

93

khc ng k, trong khi bn thn cha ng k bo h, Vit Sure Star yu cu

Cc SHTT hy b hiu lc vn bng bo h ca Hng Vn v Hng Vn
khng trung thc khi np n xin bo h. Yu cu ny c chp nhn v
Hng Vn khng phi l ngi c quyn np n.
b.

Np n yu cu bo h - xc nh ngy u tin

Vic cp vn bng bo h c bt u bng vic np n v l ph. Cc ch

th np n c th np n ti Cc SHTT hay np n ti nc ngoi (ti mt
nc thnh vin ca Tho c Madrid). n phi hp l theo yu cu ca php
lut tng nc. Vit Nam n yu cu ng k nhn hiu phi bao gm cc
thng tin v ch th np n, quyn np n, yu cu bo h, loi hnh sn
phm s c gn nhn (nhm sn phm - theo quy nh ca Tho c Nice)
mu nhn hiu v m t nhn hiu. Vic vit n tng i n gin. Ngi
np n c th t np n hoc y quyn cho i din s hu cng nghip (lu
: khng c y quyn cho lut s hay cho ngi no khc).
Theo iu 105 Lut SHTT, yu cu i vi n ng k nhn hiu bao gm:
-

Ti liu, mu vt, thng tin xc nh nhn hiu cn bo h trong n

ng k nhn hiu bao gm: a) Mu nhn hiu v danh mc hng ho,
dch v mang nhn hiu; b) Quy ch s dng nhn hiu tp th, quy ch
s dng nhn hiu chng nhn.

Mu nhn hiu phi c m t lm r cc yu t cu thnh ca nhn

hiu v ngha tng th ca nhn hiu nu c; nu nhn hiu c t, ng
thuc ngn ng tng hnh th t, ng phi c phin m; nhn hiu
c t, ng bng ting nc ngoi th phi c dch ra ting Vit.

Nu l n nhn hiu tp th, cn km theo quy ch s dng nhn hiu tp th

bao gm nhng ni dung ch yu sau y:
-

Tn, a ch, cn c thnh lp v hot ng ca t chc tp th l ch s

hu nhn hiu;
Cc tiu chun tr thnh thnh vin ca t chc tp th;
Danh sch cc t chc, c nhn c php s dng nhn hiu;
Cc iu kin s dng nhn hiu;
Bin php x l hnh vi vi phm quy ch s dng nhn hiu;
Quy ch s dng nhn hiu chng nhn phi c nhng ni dung ch yu
sau y: t chc, c nhn l ch s hu nhn hiu; iu kin c s
dng nhn hiu; cc c tnh ca hng ho, dch v c chng nhn bi
nhn hiu; phng php nh gi cc c tnh ca hng ha, dch v v
94

phng php kim sot vic s dng nhn hiu; chi ph m ngi s
dng nhn hiu phi tr cho vic chng nhn, bo v nhn hiu, nu c.
Ngy np n hp l s c coi l ngy u tin theo nguyn tc "ai np n
trc s c hng quyn u tin xt n so vi cc ch th np n sau".
Nguyn tc ny c mt ngoi l: nu ch th np n ti mt quc gia khc t
trc v c yu cu v hng quyn u tin theo Cng c Paris, th ngy u
tin s tnh theo cc Cng c hay Hip c .
Cng vi vic np n l vic ng l ph (c quy nh ti Thng t s
23/TC/TCT ngy 09/05/1997. Mc ng l ph cho mt nhn hiu (1 nhm,
nu khng phi xt nghim li hay khng xin hng quyn u tin) l 750.000
ng cho nhn hiu Vit Nam v 210 USD cho nhn hiu nc ngoi. Nu xin
ng k bo h cho nhn hiu Vit Nam nc ngoi theo Tho c Madrid,
mc ph phi np cho Cc SHTT l 1.500.000 ng, cho WIPO l t 650 - 903
franc Thy S, cng vi 73 franc Thy S ph bo h cho mi nc.
Nh trnh by, trong n xin ng k bo h, ngi np n phi ch r
nhm sn phm c bo h. Cch phn loi theo nhm nhn hiu c quy
nh ti Tho c Nice, k nm 1957 v c sa i ti Stockholm nm 1967
v Geneva nm 1977. Theo tho c ny, cc loi nhn hiu v dch v c
phn thnh 34 nhm i vi hng ho v 8 nhm i vi dch v. Theo cch
phn nhm ny, trong vn bng bo h ca mi nc thnh vin phi quy nh
r mt nhn hiu c bo h cho hng ho/dch v nhm no. Mt nhn
hiu c th c bo h cho hng ho/dch v cho mt phn ca mt nhm, mt
nhm hay nhiu nhm. Mc d Vit Nam khng phi l thnh vin ca Tho
c Nice, song vn p dng cch phn loi nhn hiu ca Tho c ny.
c.

Xt nghim hnh thc, phn i vic cp bng

Sau khi ngi lm n np n, Cc SHTT s tin hnh th tc "xt nghim

hnh thc", tc l xt nghim tnh hp l ca n. Tnh hp l bao gm quyn
np n v cc yu cu khc i vi n m khng phi l tiu chun bo h
(xem phn xt nghim ni dung), th d nh ngn ng s dng, giy y quyn,
tnh thng nht ca n, l ph np n. Nu pht hin n c thiu st, c
quan patent s thng bo ch th np n b sung.
Sau khi xt nghim hnh thc, Cc SHTT ra thng bo chp nhn n v xc
nh ngy u tin. Cc n c chp nhn v hnh thc s c ng trn
Cng bo S hu cng nghip. K t thi im , bt k ngi th ba no
cng c quyn c kin v vic cho/khng cho ch th np n c cp vn
bng bo h (gi l thi hn phn i - opposition period). Vit Nam khng
95

c quy nh v thi hn phn i (nhn hiu c th b phn i bt c lc no

cho n khi c cp vn bng bo h), trong khi mt s nc quy nh thi
hn ny l khong su thng. Thi hn ny M l 30 ngy.
d.

Xt nghim ni dung, khiu ni v vic cp vn bng bo h

Giai on tip theo l xt nghim ni dung, tc l xc nh cc tiu chun bo

h nh ni phn nh ngha nhn hiu. Cc SHTT s xc nh tnh c
o, kh nng phn bit ca du hiu c yu cu bo h. Nu ni dung n
yu cu bo h khng bm m iu kin bo h theo nh ngha nhn hiu,
Cc SHTT s t chi cp vn bng bo h. Ngi np n s c cung cp l
do t chi trong thng bo.
Ngi np n c quyn khiu ni v quyt nh t chi cp vn bng bo h
ln Cc SHTT trong vng 90 ngy k t ngy nhn c thng bo t chi
(xem iu 27 Ngh nh 63/CP). Nu Cc SHTT ng vi lp lun ca ngi
khiu ni, Cc s cp vn bng bo h cho nhn hiu np n.
Th d, cng ty Garden Ltd xin ng k nhn hiu CHICKEN THINS cho cc
sn phm lm t bt ng cc, bnh m, mt, bnh bch qui. Ban u Cc SHTT
t chi v chicken ting Anh ngha l tht g, v vy nhn hiu ny c th lm
cho ngi tiu dng hiu nhm sn phm lm t tht g. Ngi np n
khiu ni thng bo t chi v tuy chicken ting Anh ngha l tht g, song
ton b nhn hiu CHICKEN THINS l khng c ngha v v th c kh nng
phn bit. Cc SHTT chp nhn lp lun trn v quyt nh bo h nhn hiu
ny.
Nu Cc SHTT tip tc t chi, ngi khiu ni c th chn mt trong hai gii
php: hoc tip tc khiu ni ln B KHCNMT theo Lut Khiu ni T co,
hoc khi kin ti To Hnh chnh theo quy nh ca Php lnh v Th tc gii
quyt cc v n hnh chnh.
e.

Cp vn bng bo h v vo s ng k quc gia

Sau khi xt thy hi tiu chun bo h, Cc SHTT s ra quyt nh cp vn

bng bo h - Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu. Vic cp vn bng bo h
ny c cng b trn cng bo s hu cng nghip. Sau , Cc SHTT s tin
hnh vo s ng k quc gia v s hu cng nghip (iu 98 Lut SHTT). S
ng k quc gia v s hu cng nghip l ti liu ghi nhn vic xc lp, thay
i v chuyn giao quyn s hu cng nghip i vi sng ch, kiu dng cng
nghip, thit k b tr, nhn hiu v ch dn a l. Nh vy, khi c quyt nh
sa i, chm dt, hu b hiu lc vn bng bo h, quyt nh ng k hp
96

ng chuyn giao quyn s hu cng nghip cng c ghi nhn vo S ng

k quc gia v s hu cng nghip.
3.3.4

nh ch vn bng bo h

Mt vn bng c cp vn c th b nh ch theo quy nh ti iu 28 ca

Ngh nh 63/CP khi c yu cu nh ch. C th l khi ch vn bng bo h
khng s dng nhn hiu trong vng 5 nm lin tc trc ngy c yu cu nh
ch hiu lc m khng c l do chnh ng. Th d nhn hiu Sa ng th
(Longevity) trc 1975 do mt cng ty ca H Lan lm ch s hu ti Vit
Nam. Sau 1975 nh my sa c Vinamilk tip qun v tip tc sn xut Sa
ng Th. n 1997 cng ty H Lan ny i li t Vinamilk quyn s hu cng
nghip ca nhn hiu Sa ng Th. L ra Vinamilk c th t chi trao tr nhn
hiu ny v thi hn m cng ty sa H Lan khng s dng qu 5 nm, v
nhn hiu ny c th b nh ch. Tuy nhin, vic cng ty sa H Lan khng s
dng nhn hiu mt phn cng v nhng nguyn nhn bt kh khng, hn na
Vinamilk thc c nhn hiu Longevity khng phi ca mnh, v vy sau
cng trao tr hnh ng gi trong nhn hiu ny cho cng ty sa H Lan.70
Ngoi cc l do trn, vn bng bo h c th b nh ch v ch s hu vn bng
khng cn tn ti, hay v ch s hu t b quyn c bo h.
3.3.5

Hy b vn bng bo h

Giy chng nhn ng k nhn hiu c th b hy b v mt trong hai l do:

nhn hiu ng k khng kh nng c bo h, v ngi ch nhn hiu
khng c quyn np n. V nhn hiu BIRD'S NEST l mt th d cho trng
hp th nht. Nhn hiu ny ban u c cng ty Dona Tower ng k gn
nhn cho sn phm nc yn ca mnh. Dona Tower sau pht hin cng
ty Interfood cng s dng nhn hiu WONDERFARM BIRD'S NEST cho sn
phm nc yn ca h. Cng ty Dona Tower yu cu Interfood ngng xm
phm nhn hiu BIRD'S NEST. Interfood khiu ni ln Cc SHTT vi l do
BIRD'S NEST (ting Vit: ngn nh) l tn gi ca sn phm, khng c kh
nng phn bit v v th khng th c bo h. Cc SHTT sau khi nghe kin
gii trnh ca hai bn, kt lun rng BIRD'S NEST l du hiu khng c kh
nng phn bit, cng khng c ngi tiu dng bit n rng ri nh mt sn
phm ca Dona Tower, v vy ra quyt nh hy giy chng nhn ng k
nhn hiu ca Dona Tower.

70

Bo co ca cng ty Vinamilk trong hi tho v bo h quyn s hu tr tu thng 5/1999 ti

TP HCM do Cc SHTT t chc.

97

i vi trng hp th hai, ch s hu nhn hiu nu b pht hin khng c

quyn np n nh nu phn 3.3.2.a s b coi l khng trung thc trong
vic np n. Ngoi vic b hy vn bng bo h, h cn phi bi thng thit
hi do hnh vi lm dng quyn s hu cng nghip ca h gy ra (th d s
dng vn bng bo h buc cc i th cnh tranh vi mnh phi ngng sn
xut).
3.4

Nhn hiu ni ting

Mt nhn hiu c coi l ni ting nu n c s dng lin tc cho sn phm,

dch v c uy tn khin cho nhn hiu c bit n mt cch rng ri, th d
cc nhn hiu nh Coca Cola, A-one, Budweiser hay Mercedes. i vi nhng
nhn hiu ni ting, phm vi bo h bao gm tt c cc loi sn phm dch v
trn th trng. Cc th d v bt ngt A-one v nc khong A-one, cng nh
cc th d khc mc 3.2.1.a trn y cng ni ln vn ny.
Theo iu 75 Lut SHTT, cc tiu ch nh gi nhn hiu ni ting bao gm (i)
s lng ngi tiu dng lin quan bit n nhn hiu thng qua vic mua
bn, s dng hng ho, dch v mang nhn hiu hoc thng qua qung co; (ii)
phm vi lnh th m hng ho, dch v mang nhn hiu c lu hnh; (iii)
doanh s t vic bn hng ho hoc cung cp dch v mang nhn hiu hoc s
lng hng ho c bn ra, lng dch v c cung cp; (iv) thi gian
s dng lin tc nhn hiu; (v) uy tn rng ri ca hng ho, dch v mang nhn
hiu; (vi) s lng quc gia bo h nhn hiu; (vii) s lng quc gia cng nhn
nhn hiu l ni ting; (viii) gi chuyn nhng, gi chuyn giao quyn s
dng, gi tr gp vn u t ca nhn hiu.
Hin ti (thng 2/2006), mt nhn hiu c coi l nhn hiu ni ting, ch
s hu nhn hiu phi np n yu cu Cc SHTT cng nhn mt nhn hiu l
nhn hiu ni ting. Cc SHTT s cn c vo s lng ngi tiu dng bit n
sn phm ca ch s hu nhn hiu (thng qua cc s liu v thi gian s dng
hay doanh thu ca sn phm) xc nh v cp giy cng nhn nhn hiu ni
ting. Nhn hiu ni ting c bo h k t ngy cp giy chng nhn nhn
hiu ni ting. Nhn hiu ny s c bo h cho ti chng no n vn cn l
mt nhn hiu c uy tn. Nh vy trc ngy c Cc SHTT cp giy chng
nhn th nhn hiu vn cha c coi l ni ting, v vy cc hnh vi s
dng nhn hiu cho sn phm khc vi sn phm bao h cng s khng b coi l
xm phm cho n khi Cc SHTT cp giy chng nhn nhn hiu ni ting.
iu ny to nn mt s bt cp nht nh, bi l nhng thit hi pht sinh do
xm phm nhn hiu ni ting t trc khi nhn c giy chng nhn ca Cc
SHTT s khng c bi thng. T ngy 01/07/2006, qui nh ny c th b
bi b (do Lut SHTT khng qui nh trnh t nh vy). Mt nhn hiu c
98

cng nhn ni ting hay khng s do cc bn t chng minh khi xy ra tranh

chp trc c quan nh nc c thm quyn.
3.5

Hnh vi xm phm quyn SHCN i vi nhn hiu

3.5.1

Khi nim hnh vi xm phm v ngha v chng minh

a.

Khi nim hnh vi xm phm

Hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip i vi nhn hiu l vic s dng

nhn hiu trong phm vi v thi hn bo h m khng c s ng ca ch
s hu nhn hiu, tr cc trng hp s dng hn ch (iu 132 - 137 Lut
SHTT). Nh vy xc nh mt hnh vi xm phm, cn lm r cc yu t sau
y: (1) th no l phm vi bo h ca mt nhn hiu, (2) th no l s dng
nhn hiu, v (3) th no l hnh vi s dng hn ch.
Phm vi bo h mt nhn hiu bao gm chnh nhn hiu , v cc yu t c
o trong nhn hiu, khin ngi tiu dng c th phn bit c gia sn phm
ca ch s hu nhn hiu v cc sn phm khc cng loi. Nh vy hnh vi s
dng mt nhn hiu trong thi hn bo h bao gm hai kha cnh: s dng ng
du hiu c bo h (sn xut, bun bn hng gi), hoc s dng nhng du
hiu c th gy nhm ln cho ngi s dng v sn phm hay xut x sn phm
(sn xut, bun bn hng nhi). Th d sau y th hin r hn iu ny.
Cng ty dc phm GSK c sn phm PANADOL c bn Vit Nam
t nm 1995. Rt nhiu cng ty dc phm khc trong nc bt chc
nhn hiu ca PANADOL nh PARACETAMOL, ANDOL, PARADOL,
FANADOL. Bao b kiu dng c loi ging PANDADOL, c loi khng.
Bn thn cch c v pht m nhn hiu khng th quyt nh u l nhn
hiu xm phm. Ch sau khi so snh i chiu vi tt c cc yu t ca hai
nhn hiu mi c th quyt nh c nhn hiu no l nhn hiu xm
phm. Trong th d k trn, PARACETAMOL l tn sn phm (tn dng
chung cho mi loi thuc c gc paracetamol) nn khng xm phm. S
tng ng gia PARADOL v PANADOL l r rng nht (gy nhm ln
cho ngi s dng), k n l gia FANADOL v PANADOL. Ring i
vi nhn hiu ANDOL th kh nng gy nhm ln vi PANADOL khng
r bng, cn phi xem xt tip nhng yu t khc (bao b sn phm, kiu
ch, mu sc, v.v.) trc khi kt lun xem nhn hiu ny c gy nhm ln
khng (xem khi nim "tng t ti mc gy nhm ln" phn 3.1.2 trn
y). i khi cng khng nht thit phi c s tng ng v nhn hiu
mi c th kt lun xem mt nhn hiu c gy nhm ln vi nhn hiu

99

khc hay khng. Trng hp hai nhn hiu YSL v SLS mc 3.1.2 l
mt th d.
Theo iu 129 Lut SHTT, hnh vi s dng nhn hiu m khng xin php ch
s hu c th din ra di nhiu dng:
-

S dng du hiu trng vi nhn hiu c bo h thuc danh mc ng

k km theo nhn hiu ; hoc tng t hng ho, dch v thuc danh
mc ng k km theo nhn hiu , nu vic s dng c kh nng gy
nhm ln v ngun gc hng ho, dch v (sn xut, lu thng, bn, tiu
th hng gi);

S dng du hiu tng t vi nhn hiu c bo h cho hng ho,

dch v trng, tng t hoc lin quan ti hng ho, dch v thuc danh
mc ng k km theo nhn hiu , nu vic s dng c kh nng gy
nhm ln v ngun gc hng ho, dch v (sn xut, lu thng, bn, tiu
th hng nhi);

S dng du hiu trng hoc tng t vi nhn hiu ni ting hoc du

hiu di dng dch ngha, phin m t nhn hiu ni ting cho hng
ho, dch v bt k, k c hng ho, dch v khng trng, khng tng
t v khng lin quan ti hng ho, dch v c nhn hiu ni ting, nu
vic s dng c kh nng gy nhm ln v ngun gc hng ho hoc gy
n tng sai lch v mi quan h gia ngi s dng du hiu vi
ch s hu nhn hiu ni ting (n theo nhn hiu ni ting, theo lut
Hoa K gi l dillution);

Hnh vi s dng bao gm sn xut, gn nhn sn phm, cho bn, lu thng

nhng sn phm c nhn hiu tng t trn th trng. Hnh vi sn xut, gn
nhn sn phm c thc hin thng qua cc c s sn xut trong nc (th d
ko M&M b gia cng lm gi, hay du nhn CASTROL b lm gi bng cch
mua hp du c v dp li). Hnh vi lu thng hng gi, hng nhi thng
thng i lin vi vic bn hng nhp lu l hng gi sn xut ti nc ngoi.
Th d nh v tiu th u VCD, DVD nhn hiu SONY gi nhp t Trung
Quc trong v bun lu Hang Di, Lng Sn m c quan cng an khm ph
nm 2002. Ngoi ra cn c hnh vi qung co nhn hiu ca ngi khc m
khng c s ng ca ngi . Nhiu ca hng bn qun o may sn
TP H Ch Minh s dng bin hiu VIT TIN trong khi mnh khng phi l
i l ca Cng ty May Vit Tin, hay cc qun c ph s dng nhn hiu
TRUNG NGUYN trong khi khng c Cng ty C ph Trung Nguyn
chuyn nhng quyn. Cc nhn hiu cng ni ting cng d b xm phm, v
mc ch ca ngi xm phm l li dng uy tn ca sn phm gc. Gn nhn
100

gi ln sn phm khng phi l vn kh, trong khi sn xut v bun bn hng

gi li thu li ln. Chnh v th nn lm hng gi, hng nhi nhn hiu l mt
trong nhng vn nn kh gii quyt dt im nht.
b.

Ngha v chng minh

Trong mt v kin dn s, chng minh hnh vi s dng mt nhn hiu,

nguyn n phi chng minh c nhng yu t sau y:
-

Quyn s hu i vi nhn hiu ca mnh (thng qua vn bng bo h);

Phm vi bo h ca nhn hiu ca mnh (thng qua vn bng bo h

nhng yu t c kh nng phn bit); v

Vic b n s dng cc du hiu thuc v kh nng phn bit ca nhn

hiu nguyn n c kh nng gy nhm ln gia hai sn phm cho ngi
tiu dng, v khng c s ng ca nguyn n.

Khng phi mi hnh vi s dng m khng xin php ch s hu nhn hiu u

l hnh vi xm phm. Sau khi nguyn n chng minh c nhng lun im
trn, ngha v chng minh t bo v mnh s c chuyn cho b n. B
n c th yu cu hy hay nh ch vn bng bo h ca nguyn n khi c
cn c, hoc chng minh rng nhng du hiu tng t gia hai nhn hiu l
nhng du hiu khng c kh nng phn bit. Ngoi ra, php lut cng d liu
trng hp ngi s dng c php s dng nhn hiu nu nh h l ngi
trung thc, s dng c lp tn thng mi ca mnh t trc, hay nu nh h
ch tin hnh cc hot ng kinh doanh thng thng, khng gy nhm ln cho
ngi tiu dng (s dng sn phm do ch s hu nhn hiu a ra th trng
t trc). Cc trng hp ny c phn tch di y.
3.5.2 Ngoi l: tn thng mi
Tn thng mi l tn s dng trong sn xut kinh doanh ca mt doanh
nghip, c kh nng phn bit vi mt tn thng mi khc. Gi s mt ngi
m qun ph c tn thng mi l Ph B Chiu, song khng ng k ti Cc
SHTT, trong khi mt ngi khc li ng k nhn hiu cho qun Ph B Chiu
ca mnh. Ngi s dng tn thng mi u tin c quyn phn i vic ng
k nhn hiu ca ngi th hai (do xm phm tn thng mi ca mnh). Nu
nhn hiu c bo h, ch s hu tn thng mi c quyn khiu ni ln
Cc SHTT yu cu hy nhn hiu ny.

101

Tuy nhin, nu c hai ch th cng s dng mt nhn hiu ging nhau v khng
ai dng n lm tn cho doanh nghip ca mnh (tn thng mi), th ai ng k
trc nhn hiu ti Cc SHTT s c cp vn bng bo h, ch khng phi ai
s dng trc nhn hiu s c bo h. iu ny tng ng vi lut ca hu
ht cc nc, nhng tri ngc vi lut ca M (quy nh ai s dng trc nhn
hiu, ngi s c u tin bo h). Mt nhn hiu c ng k vn c
th b hy nu ngi yu cu chng minh c rng mnh l ngi s dng
trc, v vic cho php ng k s gy thit hi cho mnh. Nu nhn hiu
cha c ng k m mi ch c np n ln USPTO, bt k ai cng c th
phn i vic ng k trong vng 30 ngy k t ngy nhn hiu c ng trn
cng bo (hoc di hn nu c USPTO chp nhn) vi mt s l do, trong
c l do mnh l ngi s dng nhn hiu t trc. Nh vy, doanh nghip Vit
Nam vn c th i li mt nhn hiu b ngi khc np n hay ng k
USPTO bng cch phn i hay xin hy nhn hiu b ng k sai.
3.5.3 Ngoi l: chm dt quyn (exhaustion of rights) v nhp khu song
song
Trng hp th hai l vic s dng sn phm c nhn hiu do chnh ch s hu
nhn hiu gn ln v a ra th trng, k c th trng nc ngoi. Theo lut
Vit Nam y khng phi l hnh vi xm phm. (Khon 2 iu 125 Lut SHTT,
Mc 9 Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT). Cc th d in hnh c nu
mc 3.2.2.a pha trn. Hnh vi nhp khu song song l hp php i vi vic
nhp khu ton b sn phm, vn nhp khu linh kin cha c cc nh lm
lut lm r. Th d sau y th hin iuu ny.
Cng ty Sharp pht hin trn th trng hai loi my lnh Sharp khng do mnh
sn xut ti Vit Nam. Mt loi do chi nhnh ca Sharp sn xut ti Trung Quc
bn vi gi r hn, v mt loi sn phm khc ch c 1 vi linh kin ca Sharp
xong vn gi nhn hiu ca Sharp v bn trn th trng. Trong trng hp ny
loi sn phm th nht l sn phm nhp khu song song, trong khi sn phm
th hai c coi l hng gi. Trong trng hp th hai, nu sn phm lm ra
khng mang nhn hiu Sharp th vic nhp v gn linh kin ca Sharp cng
c coi l hnh vi nhp khu song song (ch p dng cho linh kin ch khng
p dng cho ton b cc sn phm).
3.8

Kt lun

Lut v nhn hiu thit lp c quyn s dng cc du hiu phn bit sn phm,
dch v ca ch th ny vi sn phm, dch v ca ch th khc. N c th bao
gm t ng, hnh khi, mu sc hay l s kt hp ca nhng yu t .
c bo h, ch s hu nhn hiu phi ng k bo h ti Cc SHTT. Nhn
102

hiu mun ng k phi c tnh phn bit ch khng phi l cc danh t chung,
hay l nhng du hiu trng hay tng t ti mc gy nhm ln vi cc nhn
hiu c ng k hay np n bo h, hay cc nhn hiu ni ting.
Ch s hu nhn hiu c quyn ngn khng cho ngi khc s dng nhn hiu
trng hay tng t ti mc gy nhm ln vi nhn hiu c bo h. Thng
qua bo v nhn hiu, ch s hu nhn hiu bo v uy tn thng mi ca
nhng sn phm do mnh sn xut hay dch v do mnh cung cp. V th, c
quyn nhn hiu ch thu hp trong phm vi nhn ca nhng loi sn phm m
mnh yu cu bo h.
Cu hi n tp
1.

Nhn hiu l g? Nhng g c th l nhn hiu? Bao b hng ho c c

bo h theo lut SHCN khng, di dng no?

2.

Quyn s dng tn gi xut x hng ho l g? Ti sao li gi l quyn

s dng m khng phi l quyn s hu? Vic s dng c b hn ch g
khng?

3.

Nhn hiu c bo h nh th no? Thi hn bo h ca nhn hiu

hng ha l bao lu? C th gia hn khng? Hy vit s quy trnh
ng k bo h nhn hiu ti Cc SHTT thuc B Khoa hc v Cng
ngh.

4.

Ai c quyn np n yu cu cp vn bng bo h nhn hiu? Quyn

ca ch s hu nhn hiu l g?

5.

Ngy np n v ngy cp giy chng nhn s hu cng nghip cho

nhn hiu hng ha c khc nhau khng? ngha ca cc ngy ny nh
th no i vi vic bo h nhn hiu?

6.

Ngy cng b l g? N c ngha nh th no i vi vic bo h? N

xut hin trc hay sau khi ng k bo h? Nu sau ngy cng b, ch
s hu mt nhn hiu hng ha khc pht hin ra rng nhn hiu ca
mnh b bt chc hoc m phng theo th h c quyn g?

7.

Khi no th mt k hiu khng c bo h l nhn hiu. Theo anh

(ch), vic hn ch ny nhm mc ch g? C cch no ng k nhn
hiu cho nhng biu tng dng ny khng?

103

8.

Nhn hiu c bo h trong phm vi, sn phm hoc lnh th no? Khi
no th vic bo h b hy b hay nh ch?

9.

Nhn hiu ni ting l g? Cc tiu chun ca nhn hiu ni ting?

Chng c bo h Vit Nam nh th no?

10.

Th no l s dng nhn hiu? Vic s dng ny (hoc khng s dng)

s dn n hu qu nh th no?

11.

Hnh vi xm phm nhn hiu hng ha l g? Nhng trng hp no th

b coi l vi phm hay khng vi phm nhn hiu hng ha? Nhp khu t
Thi Lan du gi u Head & Shoulders (ch s hu nhn hiu l Cng
ty Procter & Gamble) c b coi l vi phm quyn s hu cng nghip
nhn hiu ca cng ty lin doanh Procter & Gamble ti Vit Nam
khng?

12.

Th no l kh nng gy nhm ln? Nhn hiu tng t ca hai sn

phm khc nhau c gy nhm ln hay khng?

13.

Ch s hu nhn hiu hng ha c ngha v g? Nu khng thc hin

th s b x l nh th no?

14.

Th no l quyn s dng hn ch i tng s hu cng nghip?

Chng c p dng trong trng hp nhn hiu khng? Ti sao?

15.

Cng ty Schweppes International Ltd (Anh) ng k bo h nhn

hiu cho nhn hiu Schweppes & hnh dng bao b ca mnh cho sn
phm ung c gaz khng cha cn (softdrink). X nghip nc gii
kht Hara Cola Thanh Ho sn xut nc soda dng lon nh
Schweppes. Anh (ch) hy cho bit x nghip Hara Cola c vi phm nhn
hiu ca cng ty Schweppes khng, ti sao?

16.

Cng ty Reebok International Ltd (Anh) ng k bo h nhn hiu

cho nhn hiu Reebok v hnh bng tuyt. Cng ty Giy da Hng Sng
lm n xin Cc SHTT cho ng k nhn hiu Rebock, Reddot v
Rebok. Theo anh (ch), Cc SHTT c nn cho ng k nhng nhn
hiu ny khng, v sao? Nu nhn hiu b vi phm th ch s hu cng
nghip c quyn g?

17.

Cng ty Garden Ltd xin ng k nhn hiu Chicken Thins cho cc sn

phm lm t bt ng cc, bnh m, mt, bnh bch qui. Bit rng

104

chicken ting Anh ngha l tht g, Cc SHTT c nn bo h nhn

hiu ny khng? Ti sao?
18.

Cng ty Empresas La Moderna S.A. De C.V. (Mexico) chuyn sn xut

thuc l xin ng k nhn hiu cho nhn hiu Montana v hnh s t
chu. Bit rng Montana l tn ca mt tiu bang M, Cc SHTT c
nn bo h nhn hiu ny khng? Ti sao?

19.

Cng ty du lch nh hng Ph Th xy dng mt khch sn TP HCM

v t tn l khch sn Shangri-La. Tn bin hiu ca khch sn ny
c ng k nhn hiu dch v ti Cc SHTT. Shagri-La l tn mt
mng li khch sn sang trng ni ting ng Nam ca tp on
Shangri-La (Singapore). Tuy nhin, tp on ny cha u t vo Vit
Nam cng nh cha ng k nhn hiu dch v ca mnh y. Theo
anh (ch), Shangri-La nn lm th no bo v quyn li ca mnh?

105

Chng 4:

Cc i tng lin quan n uy tn kinh doanh ca doanh

nghip

Hnh vi xm phm nhn hiu hng ho v bn cht l hnh vi trc li trn uy tn

kinh doanh ca doanh nghip khc. Nhng hnh vi nh vy thuc dng hnh vi
cnh tranh khng lnh mnh. Ngoi vic xm phm nhn hiu, nhng hnh vi
trc li uy tn kinh doanh ca doanh nghip khc cn din ra di nhiu hnh
thc khc nhau nh ch dn a l, tn min (ng dn n website ca doanh
nghip trn Internet), tn thng mi, v.v. Ngc li, hnh vi cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh cng rt phong ph a dng. V vy, ch mt c ch bo h nhn
hiu s khng chng li cc hnh vi ny. Cc i tng s hu cng
nghip khc lin quan n uy tnh kinh doanh nh tn thng mi, ch dn a
l, quyn i vi hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh c phn tch di y.
4.1

Ch dn a l v cc hnh vi xm phm ch dn a l

4.1.1 Ch dn a l v ch dn thng mi
Ngoi cc du hiu phn bit sn phm trn nhn hiu, ngi tiu dng cn
c th nhn bit sn phm thng qua hnh dng sn phm, nhn, mu sc v cc
c im c o khc. Cc c im ny ng vai tr thng tin cho ngi tiu
dng v c coi nh nhng ch dn thng mi ca sn phm. Theo Lut
SHTT, ch dn thng mi bao gm cc du hiu nhm hng dn thng mi
hng ho bao gm nhn hiu, kiu dng bao b ca hng ho, nhn hng
ho . Danh sch ni trn khng c gii hn, n cung cp cho ch s hu
cc ch dn thng mi cng c bo v hu hiu nu cc du hiu ny cha
c bo h c quyn nhn hiu hay kiu dng cng nghip. iu ny c
ngha l vic bt chc sao chp cc du hiu trn bao b, nhn ca ngi khc
nu khng c s ng ca ngi , v nu cc du hiu ny n su vo c
ngi s dng nh mt hnh nh ca nh sn xut, th hnh vi c th b coi l
cnh tranh khng lnh mnh (xem chng 7 di y).
Mt loi ch dn thng mi c th l ch dn a l. l cc thng tin v
ngun gc a l ca hng ha, dng ch mt quc gia hoc mt vng lnh
th, a phng thuc mt quc gia. Cc ch dn ny phi c th hin trn
hng ha, bao b hng ha hay giy t giao dch lin quan nhm ch dn ngun
gc hng ha. Ngoi ra quc gia, vng lnh th hoc a phng c ch dn
phi c c trng v cht lng, uy tn, danh ting hoc cc c tnh khc ca
mt loi hng ha. Cc th d ca ch dn a l bao gm ba mu c Italia trn
sn phm trang sc hay da thuc, hnh nh thp Eiffel cho hng may mc xut
x t Paris, hay ba mu c c trn nhn hiu mt loi bia. Cc quc gia trn
ni ting trn th gii v mt s loi sn phm (bia c, thi trang Paris hay
106

giy Italia). Hng ho khng xut x t cc quc gia trn m s dng cc du

hiu nh va k l xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip v ch dn a l.
4.1.2

Xc lp quyn i vi ch dn a l

Hin ti, theo iu 79 Lut SHTT, ch dn a l c bo h nu p ng cc

iu kin sau y:
-

Sn phm mang ch dn a l c ngun gc a l t khu vc, a

phng, vng lnh th hoc nc tng ng vi ch dn a l;

Sn phm mang ch dn a l c danh ting, cht lng hoc c tnh

ch yu do iu kin a l ca khu vc, a phng, vng lnh th hoc
nc tng ng vi ch dn a l quyt nh.

Danh ting ca sn phm mang ch dn a l c xc nh bng mc tn

nhim ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn phm thng qua mc rng ri
ngi tiu dng bit n v chn la sn phm . Th d nc mm Ph Quc
hay ch San Tuyt Mc Chu. Cht lng, c tnh ca sn phm mang ch dn
a l c xc nh bng mt hoc mt s ch tiu nh tnh, nh lng hoc
cm quan v vt l, ho hc, vi sinh v cc ch tiu phi c kh nng kim tra
c bng phng php kim tra ph hp. Th d, nc mm Ph Quc ni
ting nh cm quan v mi v cng nh mu sc ca sn phm.
Cc iu kin a l lin quan n ch dn a l l nhng yu t t nhin, yu
t v con ngi quyt nh danh ting, cht lng, c tnh ca sn phm mang
ch dn a l . Trong , yu t t nhin bao gm yu t nh kh hu, thu
vn, a cht, a hnh, h sinh thi. Yu t v con ngi bao gm k nng, k
xo ca ngi sn xut, quy trnh sn xut truyn thng ca a phng.
Theo iu 80, i tng khng c bo h vi danh ngha ch dn a l bao
gm: tn gi, ch dn tr thnh tn gi chung ca hng ho Vit Nam; ch
dn a l ca nc ngoi m ti nc ch dn a l khng c bo h,
b chm dt bo h hoc khng cn c s dng; ch dn a l trng hoc
tng t vi mt nhn hiu ang c bo h, nu vic s dng ch dn a l
c thc hin th s gy nhm ln v ngun gc ca sn phm (th d
MONT BLANC l nhn hiu ca mt hng sn xut bt my ni ting, nhng
cng l tn mt ngn ni ca Thy S); ch dn a l gy hiu sai lch cho
ngi tiu dng v ngun gc a l thc ca sn phm mang ch dn a l .
Mun c bo h, ch dn a l cn phi c ng k ti Cc SHTT. Quyn
ng k ch dn a l ca Vit Nam thuc v Nh nc. Nh nc cho php t
107

chc, c nhn sn xut sn phm mang ch dn a l, t chc tp th i din

cho cc t chc, c nhn hoc c quan qun l hnh chnh a phng ni c
ch dn a l thc hin quyn ng k ch dn a l.
Ngi thc hin quyn ng k ch dn a l khng tr thnh ch s hu ch
dn a l . Ngi c quyn s dng ch dn a l l mi t chc, c nhn
sn xut hng ha mang ch dn ti a im c ch dn, vi iu kin
hng ha do ngi sn xut phi bo m uy tn hoc danh ting vn c ca
a phng ca mnh. H c quyn th hin ch dn trn hng ha, bao b
hng ha, giy t giao dch nhm mua bn hng ha v qung co cho hng ha
tng ng. Quyn s dng ch dn a l khng c chuyn giao.
4.1.3

Hnh vi xm phm quyn i vi ch dn a l

Hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip i vi ch dn a l bao gm:

1.

S dng ch dn a l c bo h cho sn phm mc d c ngun gc

xut x t khu vc a l mang ch dn a l, nhng sn phm
khng p ng cc tiu chun v tnh cht, cht lng c th ca sn
phm mang ch dn a l. Th d bia Heinniger c sn xut ti nh
my bia Bnh Dng c in hnh l c c ln sn phm ca mnh.
Vic s dng l c c, cng vi nhn hiu bia (tn nc ngoi, mc d
sn phm hon ton xut x t Vit Nam) c th lm cho ngi tiu
dng b nhm ln.

2.

S dng ch dn a l c bo h cho sn phm tng t vi sn phm

mang ch dn a l nhm mc ch li dng danh ting, uy tn ca ch
dn a l; s dng bt k du hiu no trng hoc tng t vi ch dn
a l c bo h cho sn phm khng c ngun gc t khu vc a l
mang ch dn a l lm cho ngi tiu dng hiu sai rng sn phm
c ngun gc t khu vc a l . Th d, mt s c s sn xut giy
dp trong nc nhng li ghi Italian style hay England model.

3.

S dng ch dn a l c bo h i vi ru vang, ru mnh cho

ru vang, ru mnh khng c ngun gc xut x t khu vc a l
tng ng vi ch dn a l , k c trng hp c nu ch dn v
ngun gc xut x tht ca hng ho hoc ch dn a l c s dng
di dng dch ngha, phin m hoc c s dng km theo cc t loi,
kiu, dng, phng theo hoc nhng t tng t nh vy. Th d mt loi
ru vang si bt ca Nga c nhn hiu Sovietskoe Shampanskoe
(Sm banh X vit), mc d khng c xut x t tnh Champagne, Php.

108

Sau khi b khiu ni, cc nh sn xut i tn ru thnh Sovietskoe

Igriskoe (Ru vang si bt X vit).
Khi pht hin hnh vi xm phm, ngi tiu dng b nhm ln hay ngi c
quyn s dng ch n a l c quyn yu cu c quan nh nc c thm
quyn buc ngi xm phm phi chm dt hnh vi xm phm v bi thng
thit hi. Theo qui nh trc ngy 1/7/2006, thi hiu khi kin yu cu x l
hnh vi xm phm l mt nm tnh t ngy pht hin hnh vi xm phm nhng
khng qu ba nm tnh t ngy hnh vi xm phm xy ra. (iu 21 Ngh nh
54/2000/N-CP). Theo qui nh ti Lut SHTT, thi hiu c tnh thng nht
nh qui nh ti lut dn s (2 nm k t khi pht sinh tranh chp).
4.2

Tn gi xut x hng ho: xc lp v bo h

4.2.1

Xc lp quyn i vi tn gi xut x hng ho

Qui nh v tn gi xut x hng ho bo v vic c quyn s dng tn a

phng trn sn phm ca cc ch th sn xut sn phm t a phng , nu
sn phm mang tnh cht c th t a phng ni trn.71 Tn gi xut x
hng ho mun c bo h phi mang c im ca a phng lm cho
sn phm sn xut ti a phng mang tnh cht c th. Th d: nc mm
Ph Quc, ru G en. L mt trng hp c bit ca ch dn a l (c
th l bt c du hiu g), tn gi xut x hng ho ch bo h i vi tn gi v
ch khi tn gi c Cc SHTT cp giy chng nhn ng k tn gi xut x
hng ho.
4.2.2

Bo h tn gi xut x hng ho

Tng t nhn hiu, ngi s dng tn gi xut x hng ho c cc quyn gn

tn gi ln sn phm ca mnh, qung co cc sn phm c tn gi c bo h
v bn cc sn phm . Tn gi c bo h khng ph thuc vo tnh mi
hay kh nng phn bit (nh nhn hiu hay kiu dng cng nghip). Mt ch
th sn xut kinh doanh khng th ng k mt tn gi di dng nhn hiu nu
c ngi cho rng tn gi xng ng c coi l tn gi xut x hng ho.
Trng hp ca tn gi nc mm Ph Quc l mt th d. Hin nay th
trng nc ngoi phn ln nc mm Ph Quc by bn l ca Thi Lan
sn xut, mt s cng ty Thi Lan thm ch ng k bo h nhn hiu Ph
Quc ca mnh Php, M. Nu cc doanh nghip sn xut nc mm Ph
Quc ca Vit Nam yu cu cc c quan nh nc ca Php hay M cng nhn

71

Ngh nh 63/CP.

109

v bo h Ph Quc di dng tn gi xut x hng ho, th h c th xin cc

c quan ny hy nhn hiu Ph Quc ca cc doanh nghip Thi Lan.
4.3

Tn thng mi

4.3.1

Tn thng mi, tn cng ty, bng hiu v nhn hiu

Tn thng mi, nh lm quen trn, l tn ca t chc, c nhn dng trong

hot ng kinh doanh phn bit ch th kinh doanh mang tn gi vi ch
th kinh doanh khc trong cng lnh vc v khu vc kinh doanh (th d "Siu th
Si Gn"). Khu vc kinh doanh quy nh ti khon ny l khu vc a l ni
ch th kinh doanh c bn hng, khch hng hoc c danh ting.
N c th l tn cng ty, n c s dng trn bng hiu ca doanh nghip,
song khng nht thit phi c ng k bo h di dng nhn hiu. Tn
thng mi mun c bo h phi tho mn cc yu t sau y: (1) l tp hp
cc ch ci, ch s pht m c, v (2) c kh nng phn bit cho ch th kinh
doanh mang tn gi . iu ny c ngha l nhng tn gi khng c kh nng
phn bit do c qu nhiu ngi s dng (th d "Nh may Tun") s khng
c bo h di dng tn thng mi.
Theo iu 78 Lut SHTT, cc tn gi s khng c bo h di dng tn
thng mi nu cha thnh phn tn ring (th d Mai, Minh v.v.), tr
trng hp c bit n rng ri do s dng; hoc gy nhm ln vi mt
tn thng mi khc c bo h t trc, hay khng c chc nng phn
bit, hay trng hoc gy nhm ln vi mt nhn hiu ca ngi khc hoc vi
ch dn a l c bo h t trc khi tn thng mi c s dng. Ngc
li mt nhn hiu gy nhm ln vi mt tn thng mi c bo h t trc
cng s b t chi cp bng hay hy vn bng bo h.
Cng ty Anheuser Busch l ch s hu nhn hiu Budweiser t cui th
k 19 M. Song lu hn na l nhn hiu Budweiser ca nh my bia
Plzen Tip Khc (t th k 18). Ti Vit Nam nhn hiu Budweiser
c Cc SHCN bo h cho nh my bia Plzen. Cng ty Anheuser Busch
cho rng cho d nh my bia P c c Cc SHCN bo h, th sn phm
ca mnh cng xut hin Min Nam Vit Nam trc 1975 v v vy
Budweiser cng l tn thng mi ca mnh. Sau khi nghe kin cc bn
v chp nhn thm lp lun rng nhn hiu Budweiser ca M l nhn
hiu ni ting, Cc SHTT chp nhn hy vn bng bo h ca nh my
bia Plzen.

110

Ch s hu quyn s hu cng nghip i vi tn thng mi c quyn s dng

tn thng mi vo mc ch kinh doanh bng cch dng tn thng mi
xng danh trong cc hot ng kinh doanh, th hin tn thng mi trong
cc giy t giao dch, biu hin, sn phm, hng ha, bao b hng ha v qung
co. Ch s hu quyn s hu cng nghip i vi tn thng mi c quyn
chuyn giao tn thng mi theo hp ng hoc tha k cho ngi khc vi
iu kin vic chuyn giao phi c tin hnh cng vi ton b c s kinh
doanh v hot ng kinh doanh di tn thng mi .
4.3.2

X l hnh vi xm phm quyn i vi tn thng mi

Hnh vi xm phm i vi tn thng mi l mi hnh vi s dng ch dn

thng mi trng hoc tng t vi tn thng mi ca ngi khc c s
dng trc cho cng loi sn phm, dch v hoc cho sn phm, dch v tng
t, gy nhm ln v ch th kinh doanh, c s kinh doanh, hot ng kinh
doanh di tn thng mi . Ch s hu trong trng hp ny c quyn yu
cu to n hay cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn khc buc ngi xm phm
phi chm dt hnh vi xm phm v bi thng thit hi. Ngi tiu dng nu
b nhm ln do hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip i vi tn thng
mi cng c quyn yu cu cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn buc ngi
xm phm phi chm dt hnh vi xm phm v bi thng thit hi.72 Thi
hiu khi kin, theo qui nh chung ca lut dn s l 2 nm k t khi xy ra
hnh vi xm phm.
4.3

Cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip

4.3.1 Phn bit cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong thng mi v trong
lnh vc s hu cng nghip
Trong mt nn kinh t th trng, cc t chc kinh t phn ln hot ng v li
nhun ca chnh mnh. t c mc ch y, h phi c quyn t ch trong
cc hot ng kinh doanh. Tip theo, trao i hng ha c tin hnh da trn
so snh gia hng ha ca n v kinh t ny vi hng ha cng loi ca cc
n v kinh t khc. Hng ha no r nht, cht lng tt nht s c chn.
Chnh v vy trong mt nn kinh t th trng, cn phi c cnh tranh gia cc
n v kinh t t ch. Thng qua cnh tranh, ngi mua c hng li, v x
hi cng pht trin, v mi ngi u n lc lm ra sn phm vi gi thnh r
nht, cht lng tt nht nhm c ngi tiu dng la chn.
72

Trc y. trong c hai trng hp, thi hiu khi kin l mt nm tnh t ngy pht hin
hnh vi xm phm nhng khng qu ba nm tnh t ngy hnh vi xm phm xy ra (iu 21
Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP).

111

Mt nn kinh t c sc cnh tranh c hnh thnh khi:

(a)
gi c hng ha c xc nh bi chi ph cu thnh ca chng; v
(b)
mi ngi tiu dng mun mua hng u c th mua c hng ha
mnh cn.
Tuy vy, cc iu kin l tng trn khng th t nhin hnh thnh. Chng ta
bit rng ngi mua bao gi cng mun mua vi gi r nht, cn ngi bn bao
gi cng mun bn vi gi cao nht. Chnh v th, gi c hng ha chnh l
thc o mi quan h gia cung v cu. Hng ha cng sn xut nhiu th gi
cng h. Ngc li cng nhiu ngi c nhu cu mua hng th gi cng tng.
Trong mt nn kinh t cnh tranh hon chnh, khng mt nh sn xut no c
th t gim sc cung ca hng ha, cng khng mt nh sn xut no c th
tng gi hng, v nu mt nh sn xut thu hp sn xut hay tng gi hng, th
ngi mua s quay sang ngay nh sn xut khc, v nh sn xut ny s tng
sn lng gia tng li nhun.
Tuy nhin, c nhiu yu t tc ng n cung v cu, trong ch yu l yu t
thng tin. Ngi tiu dng quyt nh mua hay khng mua hng l da trn
nhng thng tin mnh thu thp c. Chnh v th mt mi trng cnh tranh
lnh mnh c th b nh hng bi nhng thng tin sai lc. Cc hnh vi lm
nh hng tnh thng sut, minh bch v thng tin trn th trng c coi l
nhng hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
Cc hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trn thc t rt nhiu, ch c th c
lit k khng y nh sau: (a) xm phm nhn hiu hng ha ca ch th
khc; (b) thng bo thng tin sai lch hay che du thng tin gy thit hi cho
khch hng; (c) s dng, thng tin hay cng b cc b mt thng mi m cha
c s ng ca ngi c quyn v li ch lin quan; (d) s dng thng tin mt
ca i th cnh tranh vo mc ch kinh doanh ca mnh; (e) li ko nhn vin
ca i th cnh tranh sang lm vic cho mnh hay ph hoi i th cnh tranh;
(f) qung co sai lch. Cc hnh vi ny c coi l nhng hnh vi bt hp php
trong Lut Thng mi.
Hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip ln u
tin c nhc n ti iu 24 Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP. Hin nay, theo iu
130 Lut SHTT, hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong lnh vc s hu tr
tu bao gm:
-

S dng ch dn thng mi gy nhm ln v ch th kinh doanh, hot

ng kinh doanh, ngun gc thng mi ca hng ho, dch v; xut x,
cch sn xut, tnh nng, cht lng, s lng hoc c im khc ca

112

hng ho, dch v; v iu kin cung cp hng ho, dch v. Chng ta

c th xem th d sau y:73
Cng ty C ph Trung Nguyn pht hin cng ty C ph M Hy C
thc hin mt s hnh vi nh sau: (1) sn bng hiu c cc du hiu nh
cafe hng u Ban M Thut, em li ngun cm hng sng to mi
trn nn nu, ng thi s dng c mi tn hng ln trn, ging ca
cng ty Trung Nguyn. Cng ty Trung Nguyn yu cu Cc SHTT xc
nh hnh vi ca M Hy C l xm phm nhn hiu nhng Cc t chi,
v Trung Nguyn khng ng k bo h cc yu t nh va k trn. Tuy
nhin, Cc xc nhn rng hnh vi ca M Hy C s dng cc du
hiu c trng ca Trung Nguyn l hnh vi s dng ch dn thng
mi, li dng uy tn ca Trung Nguyn v l hnh vi cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh.
-

S dng nhn hiu c bo h ti mt nc l thnh vin ca iu c

quc t m Vit Nam cng l thnh vin, m cm ngi i din
hoc i l ca ch s hu nhn hiu s dng nhn hiu m khng
c s ng ca ch s hu nhn hiu v khng c l do chnh ng.
Th d, cng ty Lion c b nhim l i l c quyn ca hng m
phm LANCME ca Php. Gi s LANCME do s sut khng
kp ng k nhn hiu ti Vit Nam. Nu Lion i ng k nhn hin
LANCME nhn danh mnh, v theo lut ca Php th hnh vi b
cm, th hnh vi ca Lion l hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
Tng t, nu i l c quyn ca hng C ph TRUNG NGUYN ti
Nht Bn ng k bo h cho nhn hiu TRUNG NGUYN trc khi
cng ty Trung nguyn kp ng k bo h ti Nht Bn, th vic ng k
ca i din cng b coi l cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.74

ng k, chim gi quyn s dng hoc s dng tn min trng hoc

tng t gy nhm ln vi nhn hiu, tn thng mi c bo h ca
ngi khc hoc ch dn a l m mnh khng c quyn s dng nhm
mc ch chim gi tn min, li dng hoc lm thit hi n uy tn,
danh ting ca nhn hiu, tn thng mi, ch dn a l tng ng (xem
mc 4.5 di y).

Cng theo iu 130, ch dn thng mi l cc du hiu, thng tin nhm

hng dn thng mi hng ho, dch v, bao gm nhn hiu, tn thng mi,
biu tng kinh doanh, khu hiu kinh doanh, ch dn a l, kiu dng bao b
73
74

Bo co ca Cc SHTT ti hi tho S hu cng nghip thng 5/2000.

y l mt v vic xy ra trn thc t nm 2001.

113

ca hng ho, nhn hng ho. Cn lu l nhn hng ho khc nhn hiu
hng ho, v khng cn phi c ng k mi c coi l ch dn thng mi.
Hnh vi s dng ch dn thng mi quy nh ti iu 130 bao gm cc hnh vi
gn ch dn thng mi ln hng ho, bao b hng ho, phng tin dch v,
giy t giao dch kinh doanh, phng tin qung co; bn, qung co bn,
tng tr bn, nhp khu hng ho c gn ch dn thng mi .
Nh vy c s khc bir gia hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh theo Lut
Thng mi v theo Lut SHTT. Th d v mt s c s sn xut nm mt v
nm l xo kin cng ty Kim an do a tin qung co sai lch v tnh cht
hng ho ca i th cnh tranh, nhm li ko khch hng c th b coi l hnh
vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trong lnh vc thng mi.75 Tuy nhin, cc
hnh vi trn khng lin quan n cc i tng s hu cng nghip nn khng
chu s iu chnh ca Lut SHTT.
Hnh thc cnh tranh khng lnh mnh ph bin nht hin nay l cnh tranh
khng lnh mnh trong lnh vc nhn sn phm (th d sn xut thuc bt chc
sn phm ca PANADOL nh nu mc 3.4.1 trn y). Thng thng mt
v vic cnh tranh khng lnh mnh dng ny cng c th pht trin thnh mt
v vic v xm phm nhn hiu, nu nh cc yu t ch dn thng mi b s
dng c ng k bo h di dng nhn hiu. Trong trng hp cc yu t
ny khng c ng k nhn hiu, ch th quyn mi yu cu x l hnh vi
cnh tranh khng lnh mnh. C th ni rng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh l li
thot cui cng cho ngi b thit hi yu cu x l hnh vi xm phm quyn s
hu cng nghip.
4.3.2

Cc hnh thc x l hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh

Ngi b thit hi hoc c kh nng b thit hi do hnh vi cnh tranh khng

lnh mnh c quyn yu cu c quan nh nc c thm quyn p dng cc bin
php dn s Lut SHTT v cc bin php hnh chnh theo quy nh ca php
lut v cnh tranh. Nh vy, cc ch th b thit hi do hnh vi cnh tranh
khng lnh mnh c quyn khi kin trc ta. Thng thng Vin Kim st
ch tham gia qu trnh t tng nu quyn v li ch ca Nh nc b nh hng
(th d c nhiu ch th cng khiu ni v mt vn ln to).

75

Kim an ng khuyn co khch hng v nhng tc hi ca nm mt v nm l xo, v

khuyn ngi tiu dng nn dng nm cao su. Hnh vi ny b coi l li ko khch hng v ni
xu cc i th cnh tranh. Kim an bc b lp lun trn v cho rng mnh khng ni xu i
th no, v v thng tin ni trn khng c g sai s tht. Cho n thi im ny (thng 6/2002),
v vic vn ang ch gim c thm.

114

Cc bin php dn s bao gm: buc chm dt hnh vi xm phm; buc xin li,
ci chnh cng khai; buc thc hin ngha v dn s; buc bi thng thit hi;
buc tiu hu hoc buc phn phi hoc a vo s dng khng nhm mc ch
thng mi i vi hng ho, nguyn liu, vt liu v phng tin c s dng
ch yu sn xut, kinh doanh hng ho xm phm quyn s hu tr tu vi
iu kin khng lm nh hng n kh nng khai thc quyn ca ch th
quyn s hu tr tu.
Vi t cch l ngi khi kin, trong n khi kin ch th b thit hi bi
nhng hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh s phi chng minh:
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

Sn phm b cnh tranh khng lnh mnh l sn phm c danh ting,

uy tn ca ch th b thit hi;
Kiu dng bao b, nhn sn phm ca ch th b thit hi l ch dn
thng mi ca h;
Pha bn b kin s dng cc ch dn thng mi ca ch th b
thit hi lm sai lch nhn thc v thng tin v hng ho nhm
mc ch (i) li dng uy tn, danh ting ca ch th b thit hi trong
sn xut kinh doanh, v (ii) lm thit hi n uy tn, danh ting ca
ngi sn xut kinh doanh khc; v
Ch th b thit hi b thit hi do hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh
mnh.

Ngoi cc bin php dn s nh k trn, cc hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh

mnh c th b x l hnh chnh theo php lut cnh tranh. iu ng tic l
Ngh nh 120/2005/N-CP v x l hnh vi vi phm php lut cnh tranh cha
c nhng qui nh c th cch thc x l vi phm hnh vi cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh, cng nh c quan x l s cn c vo nhng chng c no ra
quyt nh x pht. Nh vy, cnh tranh khng lnh mnh l mt lnh vc cn
ang pht trin. Chc chn trong tng lai s c thm nhiu v vic c gii
quyt theo th tc ny.
4.5

Tn min

4.5.1

Khi nim tn min

Nh nu trn, mt trong nhng hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh l ng

k tn min trng vi nhn hiu hay tn thng mi ca doanh nghip khc.
Tn min (domain name) l tn gi ca mt ch th khi truy cp cc trang web
ca ch th trn mng. Th d tn min ca cng ty Toyota Vit Nam l
www.toyota.com.vn. Tn min c ba thnh phn, phn ui (top level domain
name) l ni tn min c ng k (th d .vn l nhng tn min ng k cho
115

my ch Vit Nam). Phn th hai l middle level domain name, c cc ui

.com (i vi doanh nghip hay cc tn min dng trong thng mi), .org (i
vi cc t chc phi chnh ph), .edu (i vi cc t chc gio dc) v .gov (i
vi c quan nh nc). Ngoi ra cn c cc ui nh .biz, .net, .int. Phn trc
tin ca tn min l tn doanh nghip. Trong nn kinh t mng hin nay, tn
min c cc doanh nghip lu ng k v bo h khng km g nhn hiu.
Tuy tn min hin nay cha c coi l mt i tng ca s hu tr tu, tuy
nhin tnh trng xm phm tn mien bt u n mc ng quan tm.
4.5.2

ng k tn min

Tn min thng thng c ng k cc cng ty qun l tn min trn th

gii, th d nh Network Solution International (www.nsi.com), Verisign
(www.verisign.com), hay cc cng ty c Nh nc y quyn cho ng k
nh Cng ty in ton v Truyn s liu (VDC) ca Tng cng ty Bu chnh
Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT). Tn min c ng k da trn nguyn tc ai
n trc c ng k trc. Vit Nam ngi c ng k phi chng
minh c mnh l ch s hu tn min (trnh giy chng nhn ng k kinh
doanh). Tuy nhin, mt doanh nghip Vit Nam cng c th ng k tn min
ca mnh nc ngoi thng qua vic ng k qua mng m khng cn phi
trnh giy t g. Chi ph cho vic ng k mt tn min ti thiu l 30 USD/
nm. Ngoi ra duy tr website, ch s hu tn min cn phi ng mt
khon tin thu my ch (server) duy tr tn min.
4.5.3 Tranh chp v tn min v phng php gii quyt
Tng t nh tranh chp v nhn hiu, nhiu ngi vi li dng nguyn
tc "ai n trc c ng k trc" cho ng k cc tn min vi
ngn cn ch nhn hiu s dng nhn hiu ca mnh lm tn min trong thng
mi in t. Cng ty sn xut t Nissan khng th ng k tn min cho
website ca mnh v tn min ny b mt ban nhc ng k t trc. Tng
t, cc tn min www.pwc.com cng c ng k m ch s hu nhn hiu
PWC (tn cng ty kim ton Price Waterhouse Coopers) khng phi l ch s
hu tn min. Khi pht hin tn min ca mnh b ngi khc ng k trc,
ch s hu nhn hiu s cn nhc xem mnh c th i li hay mua li tn min
c khng. gii quyt nhng tranh chp v tn min, php lut cc
nc thng thng quy nh rng nu ngi ng k tn min khng chng
minh c l do chnh ng ca vic ng k th tn min s b tc b v trao
tr li cho ch s hu nhn hiu. Mt th d cho vic tranh chp dng ny l
nhn hiu IKEA, tn mt cng ty sn xut g ln ca Thy in. Khi IKEA
nh ng k tn min ca mnh ti Trung Quc th pht hin l tn min ny
b ngi khc ng k. Ngi ng k trc yu cu IKEA phi tr 35.000
116

USD c chuyn nhng tn min. IKEA khng ng v khi kin ngi

ng k trc to. To n Nhn dn TP Bc Kinh x cho IKEA thng kin,
v cng ty ng k trc ng k vi dng xu (nhm bn li cho IKEA).76
4.6

Kt lun

Nu cc bin php bo v quyn i vi nhn hiu khng th bo v ch s hu

i tng s hu tr tu trc nhng hnh vi xm phm tinh vi nh bt chc
mu sc, cch thc qung co, chng loi th ch s hu c th khi kin
ngi s dng nhng thnh qu u t ca mnh vo mc ch kinh doanh trn
c s ch dn a l, tn thng mi hay hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
Lut v ch dn a l bo v vic c quyn s dng tn a phng trn sn
phm ca cc ch th sn xut sn phm t a phng , nu sn phm mang
tnh cht c th t a phng ni trn. Cnh tranh khng lnh mnh c coi
l mt trong nhng bin php bo h cui cng, nu cc bin php bo h khc
khng c hiu qu. Trc to, vic tha mn cc ngha v phi chng minh
theo quy nh ca php lut khng phi l iu d dng. Trong khi , i vi
xm phm cc quyn s hu cng nghip c cp vn bng bo h, ch s hu
ch cn chng minh quyn ca mnh bng vn bng bo h.

76

Chen, J. (2000) Hearing on the US-China BTA and the Assession of China to WTO. Business
Software Association Publication.

117

Chng 5:

Sng ch (patent) v gii php hu ch

5.1

Khi nim v c im sng ch, gii php hu ch

5.1.1

Khi nim

Sng ch (patent) l gii php k thut (GPKT) di dng sn phm hoc quy
trnh nhm gii quyt mt vn xc nh bng vic ng dng cc quy lut t
nhin. Cc gii php ny c tnh mi so vi trnh k thut trn th gii, c
trnh sng to v c kh nng p dng trong cc lnh vc kinh t x hi. Th
d nh sng ch ca Edison i vi chic bng n hay my ht u tin vo
u th k 20, hay sng ch ca Von Neuman i vi chic my tnh c nhn
u tin trn th gii. Nhng sng ch ny nng cp trnh k thut th
gii v l nhng bc t ph trong cng ngh, m ra k nguyn mi cho loi
ngi. Ngoi nhng sng ch v i nh k trn, cn c nhng sng ch
khc mc thp hn, th d sng ch mt chic my tch v ht iu ca
Trng i hc Bch khoa TP H Ch Minh, hay sng ch khung dm chu lc
cho chic cu treo ng bng sng Cu Long da trn tng mt chic v
cn cu. Sng ch khp ni xung quanh ta. Th d, nhng sng ch xung
quanh chic in thoi di ng c th chia thnh cc nhm nh sau: sng ch v
ng ten, v b phn nhp v x l tn hiu, v ngun cung cp (pin), v cc
mch chc nng, v b phn hin th (mn hnh). Trong cc sng ch v ng ten
c cc sng ch v vt liu lm ng ten, chi tit kt cu, phng tin h tr, b
iu khin nh hng. Mun to ra sng ch, ch cn c c tng tng v
quyt tm.
Cng khng phi qu kh to ra sng ch, gii php hu ch (GPHI). Sng
ch c bo h di hnh thc cp Bng c quyn GPHI nu khng phi l
hiu bit thng thng, c tnh mi v c kh nng p dng cng nghip. Th d
nh GPKT v chic nt chai c kh nng ngn vi khun v ng m mt cch
v sinh (c hnh dng ging nh nt chai nc ra chn). Theo , chic nt
chai c c im l n c th ng m d dng, thm ch c th iu chnh c
lng nc i ra t trong chai. Hn na, khi ng li, n tuyt i kn, khng
b bi bm, c bit thch hp i vi nhng ngi i du lch. Khi ung nc,
nc t trong chai i ra hnh tia, nh vy ngi ung khng phi gh ming vo
c chai mt v sinh. Trc y loi nt chai nh vy c ng dng lm nt
chai nc ra chn hay nc c ra sn nh. Gii php hu ch ny c tnh mi
i vi th gii, v c kh nng p dng. Tuy nhin, gii php ny khng c
trnh sng to. Gia GPHI v sng ch ch khc nhau v trnh sng to.

118

C th ni sng ch, gii php hu ch l tho thun ca x hi i vi cc nh

pht minh. Theo , trong mt thi hn nht nh, nh pht minh c c
quyn ngn cm nhng ngi khc khng c sao chp, s dng v bn mt
sng ch c cp bng bo h. i li, nh pht minh s cng b cc chi
tit ca sng ch cho cng chng bit. H thng cp bng sng ch l phn
thng ca x hi dnh cho nhng n lc sng to ca nh pht minh, ng thi
cng l knh quan trng cp nht tri thc nhn loi t nhng pht minh .
5.1.2

Cc c im ca sng ch, gii php hu ch

V bn cht, quyn s hu cng nghip i vi sng ch l quyn ca ch s

hu sng ch c c quyn khai thc sng ch ca h v ngn cn ngi khc
s dng sng ch c tnh nng tng t trong mt thi gian nht nh v trn
mt lnh th nht nh. Vic cng nhn danh hiu sng ch c thc hin
thng qua cp bng. Bn thn vic cp bng bo h da trn nguyn tc c i
c li: ch s hu sng ch, gii php hu ch phi m t y sng ch, gii
php hu ch ca mnh th gii c kin thc p dng sau khi ht thi hn bo
h. Ngc li, c quan nh nc c thm quyn cng nhn ch s hu sng
ch, gii php hu ch c c quyn khai thc cc i tng ny mt thi
gian c mt khon li nhun t vic sng to.
T nhng nh ngha trn, chng ta cng c th suy ra c cc yu t cu
thnh ca quan h php lut dn s v sng ch, gii php hu ch. Ch th ca
cc quan h php lut dn s ny l tc gi v ch s hu i tng s hu cng
nghip l sng ch, gii php hu ch. Khch th hay i tng ca chng l
thnh qu lao ng sng to c php lut cng nhn - c th l cc GPKT - v
c Cc SHTT cp vn bng bo h c quyn. Ni dung ca cc quan h
php lut dn s ny l cc quyn v ngha v ca ch s hu sng ch, gii
php hu ch v quyn ca tc gi. Quyn ca ch s hu cc i tng s hu
cng nghip ni trn bao gm quyn s dng (khng cho ngi khc s dng)
v quyn chuyn giao, nh ot cc i tng s hu cng nghip. iu quan
trng l sng ch, GPHI phi c tnh mi so vi trnh k thut hay m thut
trn th gii. Ngy sng ch, GPHI th hin c tnh mi gi l ngy u tin,
v ch th np n lc s c quyn u tin, mt khi nim khng c trong
ch nh v quyn tc gi.77
5.1.3 Con ng i n vn bng bo h sng ch, gii php hu ch
Con ng i n vn bng bo h sng ch bt u t nhng bc xc v trnh
k thut hin ti. T bc xc ny s ny sinh ra tng gii quyt vn .
Th d sau v chic my gt ca mt nng dn Bnh nh cho thy iu ny:
77

Ngh nh 63/CP, iu 15.

119

Anh nng dn Vit Nam ci tin my gt Nht

Sau nhiu nm my m, sng to, cng trnh
"My gt la FUTU ci tin" ca anh Nguyn
Kim Chnh, thn i n, x Ct Nhn (Ph Ct,
Bnh nh) ot gii "Nh nng sng to"
nm 2005.
Ngay sau khi ot gii, anh lin tc nhn c
nhng li ngh hp tc sn xut hng lot my
ny. Mt doanh nghip Khnh Ho chnh thc t
vn lp d n hp tc sn xut vi s lng hng
nh: Nng thn ngy nay.
nghn ci. H cho anh c quyn chn v tr t
nh my, phng thc hp tc sn xut... Thm ch c doanh nghip Campuchia cn
ngh anh cung cp my vi s lng khng hn ch.
Nm 1998, anh Chnh bt tay ci to chic my gt la ri hng FUTU (Nht Bn).
Anh gii thch: "Nh ti ng anh em nn c chia nhiu rung. Nm no la chn r
li gp tri ma th ng l... i hn. La ni lnh bnh trn mt nc. Xt rut lm
nhng nh chu mt trng". Nguyn Kim Chnh gp nht tng ng bc l t ngh sa
xe p mua li chic my gt la ri hng ca ngi bn c. Chic my ny c
nhp nguyn chic t Nht Bn v vi gi gn 15 triu ng. Anh tm s: "Sau khi vn
hnh mt thi gian, ti nhn ra chic my ny khng ph hp vi ng t qu ti.
Nhng trt b ra c ng tin mua n, chng l li p chiu b y".
Theo li anh Chnh, my FUTU ch vn hnh c nhng chn rung t nc v vo
ban ngy nng ro. Nhng rung b ma ut, la ng, my tr nn... bt lc. My
cng khng th hot ng vo ban m v khng c n, khng c ch ngi cho ngi
iu khin... V nhc im ln nht l khi ct la thng b kt trong my, to vt cn
pha trc, nh hng n nng sut cng vic v tn thm nhn cng lao ng.
Ngoi ra, do khng c b phn chn bn, li di chuyn bng bnh lng st nn khi i
qua sng sui, bn t dnh bt vo my, hi nng to ra lm gim tui th ca my v
sc kho ca ngi vn hnh.
"Tic tin mua my, ti t ra quyt tm phi ci to li cc b phn my c th hot
ng 24/24 gi. Bt c a hnh no rung ln, rung ly, tri ma, la nghing, la
... my u gt c v phi thun tin khi di chuyn".
Mt gn tm nm my m, nghin cu, Nguyn Kim Chnh cng ci to c ci my
nh mun. Anh cho bit: "Ch cn khung v sn my ca hng FUTU, cc b phn
cn li, ti u ci tin theo mnh". B phn u tin anh ci to l h thng rt nhau
v dng la. Anh lp thm cc bnh nhng v si xch rt nhau la vo pha di cc
mi ct. C c h thng ny, my c th hot ng 24/24 gi. Tuy nhin, nhng
chn rung t, my vn cha ct c. Mi n nm 2003, anh gn thm mt tay gt
chen gia cc mt xch. C ba mt li gn mt tay bng thp hnh l t. Nh h thng

120

ny, cy la v nhau la c gom a hn ra ngoi, khc phc c tnh trng kt

dnh, c bit nhng chn t, rung ng.
B phn th hai anh quyt tm ci tin l li ct. Anh ngh ra cch t li ct nm
pha trn thay cho kiu ct di ca my c hn ch nghn bn t chng mn.
Hon chnh b phn ny cng l lc anh pht hin ra phng php ci tin b phn
bnh lng. Anh cho bit: "Bnh lng ca my ci tin khng cn du tch ca bnh
lng FUTU nguyn bn. Bnh lng mi c gn thm b lp xe mt c th chy
nhanh trn chn rung kh v d dng khi di chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc. Mm
bnh lm bng thp lin mch c gn tm hnh khi tam gic lm ra mt ngoi
chng rung ln, rung ly v chng dnh".
Anh cho bit: "Hn su nm va nghin cu, va ng dng, ti ci tin c 30 my.
Mi chic gi 18,5 triu ng, cao hn cc loi my hin nay gn 4 triu ng/my.
Tuy nhin hiu sut lm vic ca my ci tin hn hn cc loi my khc". C th cng
tiu hao nhin liu nh nhau nhng my cha ci tin mi gi ch ct c bn so la
v cn hai ngi vn hnh, trong khi my ci tin mi gi ct c hn su so v
ch cn mt ngi iu khin. ng H Phc Mch - Ph Ch tch Hi Nng dn Vit
Nam cho bit: "Ti tip xc vi rt nhiu nng dn s dng my gt la ci tin ca
anh Chnh. Tt c h u c chung nhn xt: Hin nay cha c my gt no, thm ch
c my nhp ngoi 'qua mt' my gt anh Chnh ci tin.

Khi gii quyt vn ri, li phi hiu sng ch ca mnh mt cch thu o.
C ngha l phi m bo nhng vn ct li ca sng ch (gi l im khc
bit) khi np n yu cu bo h c th c c quyn bo h phm vi rng,
y v chc chn. Th d i vi GPKT dng vt liu V gim nhiu trong
my in thoi di ng, th chng ta phi t hi ti sao c th gim c nhiu
bng cch s dng V. Nu tnh cht ca V mang li kt qu nh vy th tnh
cht (X) l im khc bit ca sng ch (ch khng phi vt liu V). Chng ta
c th m rng phm vi bo h cho cc vt liu khc cng tnh cht. Mt khc
cc vt liu ny khng ch gim nhiu cho in thoi di ng, m cn hu ch
cho ng ten cc thit b vin thng khc. Nh vy, yu cu bo h phi l s
dng cc vt liu c tnh cht X gim nhiu cho b phn thu pht cc thit b
vin thng th mi v chc chn. Nu ch ghi yu cu bo h: vt liu V
gim nhiu trong my in thoi di ng th mt ngi dng vt liu tng
ng V to ra hiu qu tng ng s khng b coi l xm phm sng
ch, v phm vi bo h ca sng ch ban u qu hp.
5.2

iu kin bo h i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch

5.2.1

Gii php k thut

Trc ht sng ch, gii php hu ch phi l nhng GPKT, c ngha l tp hp

cn v cc thng tin v cch thc k thut v/hoc phng tin k thut
121

nhm gii quyt mt vn xc nh.78 Cc gii php ny c th thuc cc

dng nh vt th (dng c, my mc, thit b, linh kin, mch in); cht th
(vt liu, cht liu, thc phm, dc phm); vt liu sinh hc (gen; thc vt,
ng vt bin i gen); v quy trnh (quy trnh cng ngh; phng php chn
on, d bo, kim tra, x l). Tt c cc GPKT c th hin bng mt tp
hp cc thng tin xc nh, c c trng bi cc du hiu (c im) v trnh
t, iu kin, bin php, phng tin thc hin cc thao tc nhm t dc mt
mc ch nht nh. Cc GPKT ch khc nhau bi chc nng hoc mc ch s
dng cng c coi l cc GPKT khc nhau. Th d dng aspirin cha cm
v aspirin cha bnh au d dy l nhng GPKT khc nhau.
Cc thng tin ch l tng hoc , ch t vn m khng phi l cch
gii quyt vn , khng tr li c cu hi bng cch no hoc/v bng
phng tin g th khng c coi l GPKT. Ngoi ra, nhng cch gii quyt
khng phi l vn k thut v khng th gii quyt c bng cch thc k
thut cng khng c coi l GPKT. Th d: cc loi lut l, tr chi, cc nh
lut ton hc, vt l hc; phng php v h thng t chc, qun l, o to,
hun luyn; h thng ngn ng; phng php sp xp thng tin; s quy
hoch vng lnh th; hnh dng ca sn phm ch mang c tnh thm m. Cc
sn phm ca t nhin hoc do t nhin chi phi, khng phi l sn phm sng
to ca con ngi cng khng c coi l GPKT (pht minh khoa hc, thut
ton, phng php chn on bnh, qun l kinh t, o to, h thng ngn ng,
cc gii php ch cp n hnh thc).79 Ngoi ra, lut Vit Nam khng bo
78

Mc 32.2, Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN.

V cc GPKT, chng ta c ba phng hng nghin cu v ci cch cng ngh. l nghin
cu v cng c, v nng lng v v phng php. Trong cc phng hng nghin cu,
nghin cu v cng c c vai tr quan trng nht, mi khi mt cng c ra i, nht l cng c
lao ng c kh nng to ra mt bc ngot v cng ngh (th d nh my in ton, in thoi,
v.v.).Nghin cu v nng lng to ra cc ngun nng lng mi. Th d nh nghin cu ch
to tu in chy bng nng lng mt tri hay nghin cu tu in chy trn m t hay ch
to vt liu siu dn tit kim nng lng in. Vic nghin cu ny khng km phn quan
trng so vi nghin cu v cng c v thnh qu nghin cu cng c bo h di dng sng
ch, gii php hu ch.
Hng nghin cu phng php (da trn cc cng c c) l hng nghin cu cc
phng php ti u s dng mt cng c sn c, th d nh ci tin phng php tnh ton
cc li to gim sai s trong trc a. l hng nghin cu ca mt s nh khoa hc
trc y. N cng kh khn, song khng to ra c bc ngot bin i v cng ngh. Cng
vi th d trn, s ra i ca cc v tinh do thm v thit b nh v ton cu (GPS) lm
chnh xc ca vic xc nh to mt mc tiu trn mt t tr nn hu nh tuyt i, khng
cn phi tnh sai s na. Nh chng ta thy, nh s chnh xc ca h thng GPS, m cc my
bay v tn la ca M tm c mc tiu tn cng trong cuc chin vi Iraq nm 1990, hay
nh c nh v GPS, m Singapore cc ti x li xe taxi c th tm c a ch ca khch
hng cng nh l trnh xe chy nhanh nht n a ch nh mt cch d dng. V trnh
sng to ca hng nghin cu v phng php khng cao, chng khng c bo h di
dng sng ch. Song nh nc khuyn khch ci tin k thut v v vy cc nghin cu to ra
79

122

h chng trnh my tnh, mch IC, ging thc vt, ng vt. mt s nc

nh Nht, Hn Quc, cn c qui nh cc sng ch tri vi o c x hi s
khng c bo h, th d nh my in tin gi hoc o dng du ma tu.
5.2.2 Tnh mi
iu kin th hai ca sng ch l cc GPKT ny phi c tnh mi. y mi
c ngha l khng trng vi nhng GPKT np n hoc c bo h; cha
b bc l cng khai ngoi mun ca ch th, di hnh thc s dng hoc m
t ti mc mt ngi trung bnh trong lnh vc tng ng c th thc hin c
gii php . Thi im xc nh tnh mi l ngy u tin ( l ngy np n
hp l, hoc ngy u tin theo Cng c Paris [grace period]). Trnh k
thut trn th gii (state of the arts) l tt c nhng g c cng b vo ngy
c hng quyn u tin (l ngy np n hoc ngy c hng quyn u
tin theo yu cu ca ch th).
nh gi tnh mi ca GPKT nu trong n yu cu bo h, Cc SHTT phi
tin hnh tra cu thng tin t ba ngun bt buc: (i) tt c cc n khc c
Cc SHTT tip nhn c cng ch s phn loi, tnh n ch s phn lp (ch s
hng th ba) v c ngy u tin sm hn (xem gii thch di y); (ii) cc n
sng ch hoc/v cc patent do cc T chc, quc gia khc cng b/cp trong
vng 25 nm trc ngy u tin ca n; (iii) trong trng hp cn thit v c
th, vic tra cu c m rng n cc bo co khoa hc, bo co kt qu ca
cc chng trnh, ti nghin cuthuc cng lnh vc k thut c cng
b v lu gi ti Trung tm Thng tin t liu khoa hc v cng ngh quc gia.80
Mc ch ca vic tra cu thng tin l tm GPKT c bn cht tng t hoc
trng lp vi GPKT nu trong n (GPKT i chng). Hai GPKT trng nhau
hay tng ng khi c tt c hoc phn ln cc du hiu (c im) c bn
trng nhau hoc tng ng (thay th c cho nhau). Du hiu c bn ca
GPKT l nhng c im to thnh mt tp hp cn v xc nh bn cht
(ni dung) ca i tng (bao gm c chc nng, cng dng). GPKT nu trong
n c coi l mi so vi trnh k thut trn th gii nu khng tm thy
GPKT i chng trong qu trnh tra cu thng tin; hoc c tm thy GPKT i
phng php mi s c bo h di dng gii php hu ch. Th d nu mt chic np chai
c ng dng sn xut np chai nc ra chn, sau ngi ta s dng np chai lm
np chai nc khong. Tuy np chai ny l mt ci tin trong lnh vc sn xut v chai nc
khong, song n ch l mt cch p dng mi i vi mt sng ch c bo h t trc.
Ngoi ra, N 63/CP quy nh phng php chn on bnh, qun l kinh t, o to, h thng
ngn ng, hay cc gii php ch cp n hnh thc khng c bo h di dng phn mm.
Sau cng, khc vi lut ca M hay Phillipines, lut Vit Nam khng bo h chng trnh my
tnh, mch IC, ging thc vt, ng vt di dng sng ch, gii php hu ch.
80
Mc 34 ca Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN.

123

chng nhng GPKT nu trong n c t nht mt du hiu c bn khng c

trong GPKT i chng (v du hiu c gi l du hiu c bn khc bit).
Nh nu, mt GPKT c coi l c tnh mi nu cc du hiu c bn ca n
khng thuc v mt phn ca trnh k thut trn th gii. Trong khi nim
"trnh k thut trn th gii" c hai vn cn phi gii thch: (1) nh th
no l "bc l cng khai"? v (2) nh th no l "ngy hng quyn u tin"?81
"Bc l cng khai" c ngha l kin thc v GPKT ang xin bo h khng cn
l iu b mt i vi nhng ngi khng lin quan n ch th np n xin bo
h. Ni nh vy, c ngha l mt GPKT s khng b coi l bc l cng khai nu
ch c mt s ngi bit v chng, th d cc thnh vin trong nhm nghin
cu, hay mt s c s nghin cu khng lin quan n nhau, song cha ai trong
s h cng b kt qu nghin cu ca mnh. Nh vy, nu mt nh khoa hc
cho ng bo mt sng ch, m t sng ch mt cch chi tit v y th ngy
cng b sng ch trn bo l ngy sng ch b bc l cng khai. V vy, nh
khoa hc y khng c quyn np n xin bo h sng ch na (v sng ch
ni trn mt tnh mi). V th cc nc phng Ty thng c cu
"publish and perish" (ngha l "cng b [trn tp ch] l mt quyn u tin [yu
cu bo h sng ch]"). Vic bc l cng khai ny phi y ti mc m mt
ngi c trnh trung bnh cng ngnh k thut tng ng c th tm ra
c sng ch . iu c ngha l ch mt thng bo "cc nh khoa hc
Vin nghin cu X tm ra thuc cha ung th" khng phi l bc l cng
khai, v cc nh khoa hc khc c cng trnh cng khng th cn c vo cc
thng tin s lc t to ra c loi thuc cha ung th ni trn.82
Khi nim th hai m chng ta cn phi gii thch l "ngy u tin". y l
khi nim c th trong lut s hu cng nghip. Chng ta bit rng lut s hu
cng nghip bo v s sng to. V th n c bo h theo nguyn tc "ai sng
to trc c bo h trc" - hay ai sng to trc s c quyn u tin cp
bng bo h. Ngy ngi sng to s c gi l ngy u tin. Tuy nhin,
rt kh bit ai l ngi sng to trc, v php lut khng bt buc h ai sng
to ra c ci g l phi np n yu cu bo h ci . Th d nh Enrico
Macconi l ngi u tin sng ch ra in thoi, song ng khng xin ng
k ngay. Chnh v th m sau ny sinh ra vn tranh chp gia Macconi v
Graham Bell (ngi sng ch sau, song np n bo h trc). Phn ln cc
nc gii quyt khc mc trn theo phng hng "ai n np n yu cu
bo h trc s c quyn u tin" (first to file).83 V vn ny vn cn
tranh ci gia hai trng phi lut: lut ca M v lut ca cc nc khc.
81

WIPO (1988) Background (sd).

European Patent Office (1997) What is Patentable?
83
Ladas, S. (sd).
82

124

Theo lut ca M, ai sng to trc s c u tin cp vn bng bo h, bt k

ngi c np n yu cu bo h trc hay khng (first to invent). Theo
lut ca Vit Nam, ngy u tin l ngy c Cc SHTT cng nhn l ngy np
n hp l ti Cc hay ti mt nc thnh vin khc ca Cng c Paris trong
vng 12 thng i vi sng ch, 6 thng i vi gii php hu ch, kiu dng
cng nghip - trc khi np n ti Cc. Trng hp sau c gi l ngy u
tin theo Cng c Paris.
Ngy np n hp l ti Cc SHTT l ngy m Cc cng nhn l ch th np
n tho mn cc iu kin v hnh thc ca n (n phi vit bng ting
Vit, ng l ph, th hin tnh thng nht trong yu cu bo h, khai y
cc mc cn khai trong mu n v c y cc h s i km). Nh vy ngy
np n hp l c th l ngy ch th np n, hay ngy sa cha, b sung n
ln cui cng (nu trong qu trnh xt n Cc SHTT thy h s np ln cha
y ). xc nh ngy np n, Cc SHTT phi tin hnh xt nghim v
hnh thc. Vic xt nghim hnh thc s c trnh by mc 5.5 di y.
Mun c hng quyn u tin theo Cng c Paris, ch th np n phi
cung cp bng chng l mnh np n trong thi hn cho php ti mt nc
thnh vin Cng c Paris. Th d: vo ngy 1/3/1998, cng dn A ca M np
n yu cu bo h sng ch S ti c quan nh nc c thm quyn ca Php.
Ngy 1/5/1998, cng dn B np n yu cu bo h sng ch S' (tng t sng
ch S) ti Cc SHTT ca Vit Nam. Khi tra cu, nu Cc SHTT Vit Nam xc
nh c mt sng ch tng t np n yu cu bo h ti Php, Cc s bc
n ca cng dn B v yu cu bo h khng c tnh mi. Nu khng pht hin
ra s tng ng gia sng ch S v S' th nu ngy 1/10/1999 cng dn A n
np n yu cu bo h sng ch S ti Vit Nam, c a bng chng v ngy
u tin ti Php, th Cc SHTT vn cng nhn quyn u tin ca cng dn A so
vi cng dn B. Tuy vy nu trong qu trnh xt yu cu bo h, sng ch S ti
Vit Nam khng p ng tiu chun v trnh sng to th n ca cng dn
A s b bc v khng c chuyn thnh n gii php hu ch v thi hn 6
thng i vi gii php hu ch (tnh t ngy 1/3/1998) tri qua (tnh n
ngy 1/10/1998). Lc ny n ca cng dn B s c xt.
5.2.3

Kh nng p dng

Theo iu 62 Lut SHTT, sng ch c coi l c kh nng p dng cng

nghip nu c th thc hin c vic ch to, sn xut hng lot sn phm
hoc p dng lp i lp li quy trnh l ni dung ca sng ch v thu c kt
qu n nh. tho mn cc iu kin ny, cc thng tin v bn cht ca gii
php cng vi cc ch dn v iu kin k thut cn thit phi c trnh by
mt cch r rng y n mc cho php ngi c trnh hiu bit trung
125

bnh trong lnh vc k thut tng ng c th to ra, sn xut ra v c th s

dng, khai thc gii php nhiu ln vi kt qu nh nhau v ging vi kt
qu nu trong n. 84
Nh vy, GPKT b coi l khng c kh nng p dng nu chng i ngc li
cc nguyn l c bn ca khoa hc (v d GPKT v ng c vnh cu khng
tun theo nguyn l bo ton nng lng); i tng c cha mu thun ni ti;
c th thc hin c gii php, ngi thc hin phi c k nng c bit v
k nng khng th truyn th hoc ch dn c cho ngi khc; hay thiu
cc ch dn quan trng nht thc hin gii php.
5.2.4 Trnh sng to tnh khng hin nhin
Theo iu 61 Lut SHTT, sng ch c coi l c trnh sng to nu cn c
vo cc GPKT c bc l cng khai di hnh thc s dng, m t bng
vn bn hoc di bt k hnh thc no khc trong nc hoc nc ngoi
trc ngy np n hoc trc ngy u tin ca n ng k sng ch trong
trng hp n ng k sng ch c hng quyn u tin, sng ch l mt
bc tin sng to, khng th c to ra mt cch d dng i vi ngi c
hiu bit trung bnh v lnh vc k thut tng ng.
Sng to c hiu l kt qu ca mt tng (c th bt ngun t nhng sng
ch khc), nhng khng ny sinh mt cch hin nhin t trnh k thut hin
ti i vi mt ngi c k nng thng thng (trnh trung bnh) trong lnh
vc k thut tng ng. Nhng g m mt ngi c trnh trung bnh cng
ngnh k thut tng ng c th t tm ra c m khng cn phi c bn m t
sng ch ca ngi yu cu np n c coi nh "hin nhin". Sau na, y
phi l mt s sng to c trnh , ngha l phi c s khc bit c bn gia
trnh k thut vo ngy u tin v sng ch c yu cu bo h (phi nu
c v d v tnh sng to). Vic nh gi trnh sng to ca GPKT nu
trong n c thc hin bng cch nh gi yu cu bo h a ra kt
lun: du hiu c bn khc bit c b coi l bc l vo ngy u tin hay
khng, v c b coi l c tnh hin nhin hay khng (xem Mc 5.3.2).
5.3

Xc lp vn bng bo h i vi sng ch v gii php hu ch

Vic xc lp vn bng bo h bt u t vic son tho n yu cu bo h.

y l mt cng vic kh khn. cc nc ngi ta thng quy nh n yu
cu bo h sng ch nu np nhn danh ngi khc phi do lut s v sng ch
(patent attorney) son tho. Vic son tho yu cu bo h kh khn v phm vi
84

Mc 33, Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN.

126

yu cu cng rng, kh nng khng c bo h cng ln do khng c tnh mi

hoc c lin quan n nhng chi tit khng c kh nng p dng. Vic son
tho yu cu phi i i vi son tho bn m t, v phm vi yu cu khng th
ln hn nhng g c m t. Thng thng, ngi ta son tho mt yu cu
c phm vi bo h rng, tip theo l mt lot nhng yu cu c phm vi hp
hn, da trn phm vi bo h ban u.85
5.3.1

n trong nc
a.

Thi hn x l n

Theo iu 118 Lut SHTT, n ng k s hu cng nghip khng thuc cc

trng hp t chi cp vn bng bo h theo Lut SHTT, khng b ra vn bn
t chi v ngi np n np l ph th Cc SHTT quyt nh cp vn bng bo
h v ghi nhn vo S ng k quc gia v s hu cng nghip. Thi hn x l
n c qui nh ti iu 119 Lut SHTT (khng tnh thi gian dnh cho vic
sa i, b sung n) nh sau:
-

n ng k s hu cng nghip c thm nh hnh thc trong thi

hn mt thng k t ngy np n.

n ng k s hu cng nghip c thm nh ni dung trong thi

hn sau y:
a) i vi sng ch l mi hai thng k t ngy cng b n nu yu
cu thm nh ni dung c np trc ngy cng b n hoc k t
ngy nhn c yu cu thm nh ni dung nu yu cu c
np sau ngy cng b n; v
b) i vi kiu dng cng nghip, nhn hiu, ch dn a l l su thng
k t ngy cng b n.

Thi hn thm nh li n ng k s hu cng nghip bng hai phn

ba thi hn thm nh ln u, i vi nhng v vic phc tp th c th
ko di nhng khng vt qu thi hn thm nh ln u.
b.

Quyn np n

Cng ging nh trong trng hp nhn hiu, ch th np n yu cu bo h

sng ch phi c quyn np n. Ngh nh 63/CP quy nh cc ch th sau y
c quyn np n i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch. Th nht l nhng ngi
(c nhn, t chc) thu tc gi hay c tc gi chuyn giao quyn np n.
85

European Patent Office (1992) How to Get a European Patent - Guide for Applicant.

127

Th d ngi s dng lao ng c quyn np n yu cu bo h sng ch

ch khng phi ngi lao ng. i vi nhng ngi chuyn giao quyn, vic
chuyn giao phi c thc hin thng qua hp ng bng vn bn. Th hai l
nhng tc gi trc tip sng to ra sng ch hay gii php hu ch. Vic sng to
phi c thc hin bng cng sc v chi ph ring ca mnh. Loi ngi th
ba c quyn np n l ngi tha k ca ch vn bng bo h. C th c
nhiu ngi tha k, vic tha k phi c ng k v tt c nhng ngi c
quyn np n phi thng nht vi nhau v quyn np n. Nu khng thng
nht, Cc SHTT s t chi cp vn bng bo h. Trong trng hp vn bng
c cp m khng c s thng nht ch gia cc ng ch s hu v vic c
np n hay khng, vn bng bo h s b hu b.86
c.

n yu cu bo h

Vic xc lp vn bng bo h i vi sng ch v gii php hu ch cng bao

gm hai bc, ging nh vic xc lp vn bng bo h i vi nhn hiu: xt
nghim hnh thc v xt nghim ni dung. Hin nay, cc ch th phi tun th
hnh thc np n nh trong quy nh ti Cng vn 308/K ngy 11/6/1997 ca
Cc SHTT, v nay l Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN ca B Khoa hc Cng
ngh. n phi c yu cu bo h, bn tm tt v bn m t sng ch, gii php
hu ch (xem Ph lc 2 i km). Yu cu bo h phi nht qun v lm r c
cc tiu chun bo h. Cc du hiu c bn ca GPKT nu trong n c th
hin ti yu cu bo h sng ch/gii php hu ch. Cc du hiu c bn ca
GPKT nu trong cc ti liu khc c th hin v pht hin theo ti liu m t
hoc dng th hin hin thc t ca GPKT .
i.

Bn m t v bn tm tt

Sng ch c gii thch thng qua bn m t. Cc ni dung phi ghi r trong

bn m t bao gm: lnh vc p dng GPKT, cc GPKT bit, bn cht ca
GPKT yu cu bo h, hnh v (nu c), th d thc hin GPKT, li ch ca vic
p dng GPKT (iu 6.3 Thng t 3055/TT-SHCN v Mc 5 ca Thng t
30/2003/TT-BKHCN).
Phn m t thuc bn m t phi bc l hon ton bn cht ca GPKT cn c
bo h. Trong phn m t phi c y cc thng tin n mc bt k ngi
no c trnh trung bnh trong lnh vc k thut tng ng u c th thc
hin c gii php xin bo h. Ngoi ra, phn m t phi lm r tnh mi, tnh
khng hin nhin v kh nng p dng ca GPKT cn c bo h.

86

iu 14 Ngh nh 63/CP.

128

Phn m t bao gm: tn i tng cn c bo h hoc cc i tng chnh,

lnh vc k thut, tnh trng k thut ti thi im np n, bn cht ca i
tng (nu r cc c im to nn i tng v phi ch ra cc im mi so vi
cc GPKT tng t bit), m t vn tt cc hnh v km theo, m t chi tit
cc phng n thc hin i tng, kh nng p dng v hiu qu.87
Th d sau y l bn m t c nu trn cng bo SHCN v GPHI vi
nc:88
M t: Sng ch cp n vi nc c mt vng c b tr nh mt
trt gia thn v ng bc . Vng ny b kn mt rnh xung quanh cha
cc vng lm kn t ng bc v bn thn n c bt kn khi ng bc
nh mt vng lm kn ngoi c t trn vng . Vng ny tip gip vi
mt l dn nc nm gia knh lu thng nc v on vi quay phn ko
di theo trc ca n.
im mi: u tin ca vi nc theo sng ch l dng nc chy trong knh
lu thng nc v v pha on vi quay c iu chnh theo cch sao cho s
hnh thnh cc cn lng vi trong khu vc cc vng lm kn c hn ch mt
cch ng k ngay c sau mt thi gian hot ng tng i di, hoc thm ch
c ngn chn hon ton.
Kh nng p dng: V nc khng cn c th lt vo gia cc b phn chuyn
ng tng i vi nhau v chnh vng c th bo v cc vng lm kn, nn
khng cn kh nng hnh thnh cc cn lng vi mc lm nghim trng
trong khu vc nhy cm ny.

Ring i vi sng ch v vt liu sinh hc khng th m t c hoc khng

th m t y n mc ngi c trnh trung bnh trong lnh vc cng ngh
sinh hc c th thc hin c th ch c coi l c bc l y nu np
mu vt liu sinh hc ti c quan lu gi c thm quyn trc ngy np n, v
trong phn m t c nu r cc thng tin cn thit v c tnh ca vt liu sinh
hc m ngi np n c th c c; v trong T khai c nu r c quan lu
gi vt liu sinh hc v s hiu lu gi trong thi hn 16 thng k t ngy u
tin, hoc khng mun hn ngy np yu cu cng b n.
Ngoi bn m t, trong h s xin cp vn bng bo h cn c bn tm tt, dng
cng b mt cch vn tt v bn cht ca sng ch/gii php hu ch ng
Cng bo SHCN (khng qu 150 t n). Bn tm tt phi bc l nhng ni
dung ch yu v bn cht ca GPKT nhm mc ch thng tin. Bn tm tt c
87

Ngoi yu cu chung, i vi n sng ch/gii php hu ch v trnh t gen hoc mt phn

trnh t gen, trong phn m t phi c danh mc trnh t gen c th hin theo tiu chun
WIPO ST.25 mc 2(ii) (Tiu chun th hin danh mc trnh t nucleotit v trnh t axit amin
trong n sng ch).
88
No.1960064 10.01.96 US, np n PCT v c chuyn n VN ngy 07/01/1997, cp bng
ti VN ngy 27/08/2001, ch s hu vn bng l cng ty American Standard Inc. (M).

129

th c hnh v, cng thc c trng. Th d sau y cho thy hnh thc ca bn

tm tt c nu trn cng bo SHCN v GPHI x l tc en ca ngi Vit
Nam lm m k:89
Gii php hu ch thuc lnh vc ch to m k, c th cp n phng
php x l tc en ca ngi Vit lm m k. Phng php bao gm chn tc
vi ng knh 50-63mm c cu trc tr kho, khng b su bnh, sau ra
sch, ty du m bng cch ngm trong nc chanh qu, ra trong nc kh
ion nhiu ln, sau ngm tc trong dung dch dn xut ca ete lm suy
gim lp sng trong thi gian 90 pht to cc l ht m, tip tc c
luyn trong mi trng thng ging m t 20% n 100% RH trong thi
gian 5 ngy nhit mi trng to tnh n nh khi dng o m.

ii.

Yu cu bo h

Yu cu bo h dng xc nh phm vi (khi lng) bo h i vi sng

ch/gii php hu ch. Yu cu bo h phi c trnh by ngn gn, r rng,
ph hp vi phn m t v hnh v. C th l:
a)

Yu cu bo h phi lit k cc du hiu nu trong phn m t, cn

v xc nh c i tng v phn bit i tng vi i
tng bit.

b)

Yu cu bo h khng c vin dn n Phn m t v hnh v, tr

cc trng hp vin dn n nhng phn khng th m t chnh xc
bng li, nh trnh t nucleotit v trnh t axit amin, nhiu x ,
gin trng thi.

c)

Yu cu bo h phi c vit thnh mt cu v nn c th hin

thnh hai phn: phn gii hn v phn khc bit, trong :
(i) Phn gii hn bao gm tn i tng v nhng du hiu ca
i tng trng vi cc du hiu ca i tng bit gn
nht v c ni vi phn khc bit bi cm t khc bit
ch hoc c trng ch hoc cc t tng ng; v
(ii) Phn khc bit bao gm cc du hiu khc bit ca i tng
so vi i tng bit gn nht v cc du hiu ny kt hp
vi cc du hiu ca phn gii hn cu thnh i tng yu
cu bo h.

89

np n 22/04/1994, ch s hu vn bng l Vin Khoa hcVt liu, Trung tm KHTN v

CN Quc gia, H ni.

130

d)

Yu cu bo h c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu im, trong Yu

cu bo h nhiu im c th c dng :
(i) Th hin mt i tng cn c bo h, vi im u tin
(gi l im c lp), im (cc im) tip theo dng b
sung, lm r, pht trin im c lp (gi l im ph thuc);
(ii) Th hin mt nhm i tng cn c bo h, vi mt s
im c lp, mi im c lp th hin mt i tng cn
c bo h trong nhm , mi im c lp ny c th c
im (cc im) ph thuc.

e)

Yu cu bo h nhiu im dng th hin mt nhm i tng

phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
(i) Cc im c lp, th hin cc i tng ring bit, khng
c vin dn n cc im khc ca Yu cu bo h, tr
trng hp vic vin dn cho php trnh c vic lp li
hon ton ni dung ca im khc;
(ii) Cc im ph thuc phi c th hin ngay sau im c lp
m chng ph thuc.

son tho c yu cu bo h, cn nm chc c bn cht ca sng ch.

C ngha l sn phm bn to ra ch l hin tng, cn bn cht chnh l
ng lc to ra hin tng . T bn cht suy ra c cc im khc bit. Th
d ti mc 5.1.3 v vt liu gim nhiu ca in thoi di ng cho thy iu
ny. Cc im khc bit ny li c phn loi thnh im c lp v im ph
thuc. Cc im ny c th kt hp da trn nhng nghin cu bit, song ci
quan trng l bn cht kt hp ny cha c ai tm ra t trc. Th d, kt hp
bnh xe vi bn l tng c t trc i vi GPKT gh c gn bnh xe,
song vic kt hp mc o vi chic gic ht tr thnh mc o treo trn mt
phng c bn cht cha c bc l t trc v c th tr thnh sng ch. Khi
, im c lp l tng kt hp, im ph thuc l cc thnh phn to nn
(gic ht v mc o). Ch c im khc bit c bn mi c th c bo h.
iii.

Sa i, b sung, tch, chuyn i n

n ch c th c sa i m khng lm thay i phm vi v khi lng bo

h, tr trng hp sa i theo yu cu ca Cc SHTT. Trn thc t, khi nhn
c vn bn t chi, n c th c sa i trong phm vi cc du hiu nu
trong bn m t v hnh v m khng b sung thm cc du hiu mi. Khi c
thng bo cui cng v l do t chi, ngi np n c quyn sa i trong
phm vi cc du hiu nu trong bn m t v hnh v m khng b sung thm
du hiu mi. Yu cu bo h ch c sa cha cho cc mc ch sau: loi b
bt mt s im yu cu bo h; hn ch phm vi ca yu cu bo h. Khon 3
131

iu 115 Lut SHTT qui nh: vic sa i, b sung n ng k s hu cng

nghip khng c m rng phm vi i tng bc l hoc nu trong n v
khng c lm thay i bn cht ca i tng yu cu ng k nu trong n,
ng thi phi bo m tnh thng nht ca n.
n c th c tch t mt n c nhiu sng ch thnh nhiu n khc nhau.
Tch n c s dng khi ngi np n mun m rng phm vi bo h ca
n, mun sa i n trnh b t chi hay mun tch mt sng ch c
m t trong bn m t c bo h ring. Mt n tch ch c chp nhn
cho np trong giai on sa i bn m t hoc hnh v. Li im ca vic
tch n so vi vic np n mi l ngy np n c coi nh ngy np n
gc v cc phn tch ra khng b mt quyn u tin lin quan n tnh mi hay
trnh sng to (Khon 4 iu 115 Lut SHTT).
n c th c chuyn i t n sng ch sang n GPHI khi khng tiu
chun bo h v s sng to i vi sng ch, hoc ngc li.
d.

Xt nghim hnh thc

Sau khi nhn n, cng vic u tin m Cc SHTT tin hnh l xt nghim
hnh thc. Vic xt nghim hnh thc cng tin hnh ging nh trong trng
hp ca n nhn hiu. Thi hn xt nghim hnh thc l 1 thng k t khi np
n hp l.90 Sau khi xt nghim hnh thc, Cc SHTT ra thng bo chp nhn
n v xc nh ngy u tin. Cc n c chp nhn s c ng trn Cng
bo S hu cng nghip (trong vng 19 thng k t ngy u tin). K t thi
im , bt k ngi th ba no cng c quyn c kin v vic cho/khng
cho ch th np n c cp vn bng bo h (gi l thi hn phn i opposition period). Cng thi im , ngi np n c quyn thng bo cho
ngi ang s dng i tng tng ng vi i tng np n v vic np
n ca mnh. Nu sau ngy n c chp nhn cp vn bng bo h, cc ch
th sau vn tip tc s dng, ch s hu vn bng bo h c quyn yu cu
nhng ngi ang dng i tng phi thanh ton mt khon ph cho vic s
dng ca mnh (tr s dng trc nu phn sau).
e.

Xt nghim ni dung

Phm vi xt nghim ni dung i vi n sng ch, gii php hu ch cng

ging nh i vi n nhn hiu (xem xt cc tiu chun bo h). Tuy nhin,
khi ny xt nghim ni dung c da trn c s t nguyn. Mc 21.1 ca
Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN quy nh:
90

Mc 16 Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN.

132

Trong thi hn 42 thng tnh t ngy u tin ca n sng ch, 36 thng t

ngy u tin ca n gii php hu ch, Ngi np n hoc bt k ngi
th ba no u c th yu cu Cc SHTT tin hnh xt nghim ni dung
sng ch, gii php hu ch tng ng. Nu c l do tha ng, thi hn np
Yu cu xt nghim ni dung c th ko di, nhng khng qu 6 thng.
Thi hn xt nghim ni dung l 12 thng k t ngy np n xin xt nghim
ni dung (Mc 30.1 Thng t 30/2003/TT-BKHCN). Nu ngi np n
khng yu cu xt nghip ni dung, n s b coi nh rt v khng c cp
bng.
Vic xt nghim ni dung sng ch, gii php hu ch kh khn hn xt nghim
hnh thc v chng ta khng c kh nng xt nghim ni dung cho tt c cc
loi sng ch, nht l cc ngnh cng ngh cao nh in t, ho cht. xt
nghim ni dung i tng ny cn phi c cc chuyn gia tm c mt ngi
trung bnh trong cng ngnh k thut tng ng. Hin nay trn th gii ch c
vi chc c quan patent (sng ch) c cc chuyn gia nh vy (th d
USPTO ca Hoa K, EPO ca Chu u, JPO ca Nht Bn).
ng vi mt im thuc yu cu bo h, GPKT c coi l c trnh sng to
nu vic a du hiu c bn khc bit vo tp hp cc du hiu c bn ca
GPKT l kt qu ca hot ng sng to v khng phi l kt qu hin nhin
ca hiu bit thng thng trong lnh vc k thut tng ng. GPKT b coi l
khng c trnh sng to nu cc du hiu c bn khc bit mang tnh hin
nhin. C ngha l bt k mt ngi no c hiu bit trung bnh thuc lnh vc
tng ng cng bit rng thc hin chc nng nh hoc t c mc
ch nh tt yu phi s dng tp hp cc du hiu v ngc li khi s
dng tp hp cc du hiu th tt yu phi t c mc ch hoc thc hin
c chc nng tng ng. Th d, mt cc phn kt hp vi gi lau s ra c
dng c va vit va xo. GPKT cng khng c tnh sng to nu l s kt
hp n gin ca cc GPKT bit vi chc nng, mc ch v hiu qu cng
l s kt hp n gin chc nng, mc ch v hiu qu ca tng GPKT bit.
Th d s kt hp gia dao v ko tr thnh dao a nng (Swiss Army
Knife).
Trng hp ph bin b t chi nht ca GPKT l cc du hiu c bn ng
nht hoc tng ng du hiu c bn ca GPKT no bit. y, hai
du hiu c coi l ng nht nu c cng bn cht. Hai du hiu c coi l
tng ng nu c bn cht tng t nhau, c cng mc ch v cch thc t
c mc ch c bn l ging nhau. Th d GPKT bn gn bnh xe c du
hiu c bn khc bit l bnh xe. Du hiu ny trng vi du hiu bnh xe
133

ca GPKT gh gn bnh xe. Nh vy GPKT v chic bn gn bnh xe s

khng c bo h di dng sng ch.
Khi xt nghim n sng ch, nu thy n khng tiu chun bo h, Cc
SHTT s yu cu ch th np n sa thnh n gii php hu ch v ngc li,
ngi lm n cng c th sa i n ca mnh thnh n sng ch nu thy
iu kin.
Trong qu trnh xt nghim, cc ch th c th sa i ni dung ca n, nhng
khng c lm thay i ni dung v khi lng bo h. Quy nh nh vy l
trnh tnh trng np n gi ch, ri sau s b sung cho iu kin
cp bng. Mt vi nc trn th gii (nh Hoa K) vn cho php tnh trng
np n gi ch nh vy.91
f.

Thng bo t chi cp vn bng bo h

Vic thng bo t chi cp vn bng bo h, th tc khiu ni, khi kin i vi

thng bo ny cng tng t nh trng hp ca nhn hiu. Nu khng c c
s t chi bo h v sau thi hn thng bo m khng c ai phn i g, Cc
SHTT ra quyt nh cp vn bng bo h i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch.
5.3.2

Xc lp vn bng bo h i vi n quc t

Hip c Washington nm 1970 v hp tc trong lnh vc ng k sng ch

(Patent Co-operation Treaty, gi tt l PCT) l hip c thnh cng nht trong
cc Cng c quc t v s hu tr tu. Hip c Hp tc Patent c k ti
Washington nm 1970. Vit Nam tham gia Hip c t ngy 10/03/1993.
PCT p dng nguyn tc ch cn np n mt ln (gi l n quc t) ti mt
nc thnh vin cho mt sng ch xin c cp bng ti nhiu nc. n quc
t c th c np ti ti C quan S hu cng nghip quc gia ca nc thnh
vin Hip c m ngi np n l cng dn hoc c ch thng tr hoc
np n cho Vn phng quc t ca WIPO ti Geneva. C ch ny gim c
rt nhiu chi ph v v vy pht trin rt nhanh: nm 1978 mi c 459 n trn
ton th gii np theo phng thc ny, 20 nm sau (ring nm 1998) c ti
67000 n np. V cc n PCT c gi tr nhiu nc, nn 67000 n tng
ng vi gn 4,8 triu n quc gia. Hin nay phn ln n ng k sng ch
ca nc ngoi np vo Vit Nam l thng qua Hip c Hp tc Patent.

91

Ladas, S. (sd).

134

Hip c Hp tc Patent cn quy nh chi tit cc yu cu i vi n quc t,

tra cu n quc t v th tc x l nhng n ny C quan S hu cng
nghip ca nc thnh vin. Quy trnh np n yu cu bo h theo PCT bt
u t vic np n t mt trong cc nc thnh vin. Ngi np n c quyn
ch nh mt s nc ("Nc Ch nh") cc nc ny cp vn bng bo h
cho mnh. Nc thnh vin nhn n trc tin s kim tra tnh hp l ca n
v tin hnh xt nghim quc t. C quan xt nghim quc t (International
Searching Authority) s kim tra xem n c bo m tnh mi hay khng. Sau
n s c chuyn n c quan patent ca Nc Ch nh. xem xt
trnh sng to, c quan patent ca Nc Ch nh c th t xt nghim, hay
thng qua vic "xt nghim s b" ti mt s c quan tin tin trn th gii c
kh nng (th d c quan patent Chu u, M v Nht). Sau khi xt nghim ni
dung, c quan patent ca tng nc s cp/t chi vn bng bo h c hiu lc
trn lnh th ca tng nc.
USPTO
(M)
Cc
WI
Tra cu
Cng
SHTT
PO
QT
b QT
EPO (Chu
u)
Cng c PCT n gin ho vic np n cp patent i vi sng ch, gip
ch th thng qua xt nghim quc t bit c sng ch ca mnh c th c
bo h hay khng, v gip c quan patent ca cc nc ang pht trin xt
nghim ni dung nhng sng ch phc tp m bn thn cc c quan ny khng
th tin hnh. hay ch th quyn c th b B Khoa hc v Cng Ngh ra quyt
nh chuyn giao quyn s dng i tng s hu cng nghip cho ngi
khc (gi l li-xng bt buc - iu 145 146 Lut SHTT).
5.4

Ch vn bng bo h v phm vi c quyn bo h

5.4.1 Phm vi c quyn bo h i vi sng ch, gii php hu ch

Ch s hu sng ch, gii php hu ch c c quyn s dng v nh ot
sn phm c sng ch, gii php hu ch c cp vn bng bo h. Quyn s
dng bao gm cc quyn sau y:
Quyn th nht l quyn sn xut sn phm c bo h: sn xut c ngha l
p dng GPKT theo bn m t to ra sn phm. Sn phm bo h c th l
sn phm c nu trong bn m t hay sn phm c tnh cht tng t. Vn
sn phm no l sn phm tng t tu thuc vo vic gii thch yu cu bo
h (claim interpretation) v vic phn tch bn m t. Th d, c th to ra sn
phm tng t bng nguyn liu khc, sn phm c kch c khc, hay sn phm
135

c dng vo mc ch khc, tuy nhin phng php sn xut u nh

c m t trong n yu cu bo h th sn phm vn c coi l sn phm
c bo h.
Quyn th hai l quyn khai thc sn phm, p dng quy trnh c bo h.
Nu i tng bo h l quy trnh, v quy trnh ny khng nhm sn xut sn
phm, th quyn s dng ch bao gm quyn ny thi (th d quy trnh sn xut
vt liu siu dn 100 C). Tuy nhin, phm vi bo h quy trnh thng
rng hn phm vi bo h sn phm, bao gm cc phng n khc nhau ca
cng mt quy trnh. Vic p dng quy trnh nu trc tip to ra sn phm, th
sn phm cng c bo h.
Quyn th ba l quyn a vo lu thng bn, nhp khu sn phm c bo
h.92 Nh vy ch s hu sng ch, gii php hu ch c quyn khng cho
ngi khc nhp khu sn phm c bo h ti Vit Nam vo th trng
Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, quyn nhp khu v bn ny c mt ngoi l tng t
nh trng hp ca nhn hiu trong mc 3.2.2 l hnh vi s dng hn ch
sn phm c bo h do chnh ch s hu a ra th trng.
Quyn nh ot ca ch s hu sng ch bao gm cc quyn chuyn giao
quyn s hu cng nghip thng qua hp ng bng vn bn (ng k ti Cc
SHTT - gi l hp ng li-xng). Trong hp ng ny, cc bn c th tha
thun v vic s dng c quyn hay khng c quyn, c gii hn v mc
ch, thi gian, lnh th v khi lng s dng).
i tng ca sng ch, gii php hu ch c th c nhiu ngi tha k, vic
tha k phi c ng k ti Cc SHTT.
Tt c cc quyn trn phi c thc hin da trn nguyn tc ca iu 49
Ngh nh 63/CP: khng tri vi php lut, o c x hi, khng xm phm
quyn v li ch hp php ca cc ch th khc. Vic s dng quyn tri vi
cc nguyn tc trn c coi l hnh vi lm dng quyn s hu cng nghip.
5.4.2 Ngha v s dng sng ch, gii php hu ch ph hp vi nhu cu
x hi
Mt s sng ch, gii php hu ch c vai tr quan trng i vi nhu cu x hi
(th d thuc cha bnh AIDS). Nu cc sng ch ny c cp cho nhng
cng ty ch quan tm n li nhun (bn gi thuc qu cao) m khng quan tm
n li ch x hi (s phn ca cc bnh nhn), th lut bo h quyn s hu tr
92

iu ny khng ph thuc vo vic ti nc sn xut sn phm c c bo h hay khng.

Lu Ngh nh 63/CP ch nhc n nhp khu, khng nhc n xut khu.

136

tu khng em li li ch cho t nc. Chnh v th m cc nc thng c

quy nh, rng ch th c cp vn bng sng ch, gii php hu ch c vai tr
quan trng i vi x hi (v an ninh quc phng, sc khe, lng thc v mi
trng), c ngha v phi s dng chng sao cho ph hp vi nhu cu x hi.
Trng hp ngc li s b c quan patent buc phi giao quyn s dng sng
ch, gii php hu ch cho cc ch th khc (gi l "li-xng bt buc").93
Th tc cp li-xng bt buc c trnh by Ngh nh 06/2001/N-CP. Theo
tinh thn ca ngh nh, ngi xin cp li-xng bt buc cn phi chng t rng
mnh c kh nng s dng sng ch ph hp vi li ch x hi, v phi tr cho
ch s hu sng ch mt khon ph li-xng hp l. Hin ti Vit Nam cha
c trng hp cp li-xng bt buc no xy ra.
5.4.4 Ngha v khc
Ch vn bng bo h sng ch, gii php hu ch c ngha v phi np l ph
bo h theo quy nh ca php lut. Theo quy nh, ch s hu sng ch hng
nm phi np mt khon l ph duy tr hiu lc vn bng bo h. i vi ch
th nc ngoi, l ph bo h nm u l 100 USD, v nm th 20 l 1000 USD.
5.4.5

Quyn ca tc gi

Tc gi ca sng ch v gii php hu ch c quyn ghi tn mnh l tc gi

trn vn bng bo h (c quy nh iu 4ter Cng c Paris), v c tr
th lao, gii thng cho nhng tng sng to ca mnh. Mt s nc quy
nh (trong c Vit Nam) rng nu vn bng bo h khng ghi ng tn tc
gi, th tc gi c quyn yu cu hy b vn bng bo h. Mt s nc khc
quy nh c quan patent c ngha v phi kim tra k trc khi cp bng ai l
tc gi ca tng sng to. Mt vi nc (trong c Hoa K) quy nh ch
th np n phi l tc gi ca sng ch.
5.5

Xm phm sng ch, gii php hu ch

5.5.1

Hnh vi xm phm

Hnh vi xm phm sng ch, gii php hu ch l cc hnh vi s dng cc i

tng c bo h trong phm vi v thi hn bo h m khng c s ng
ca ch s hu vn bng bo h, tr trng hp c php lut cho php.
Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT cng gii thch yu t vi phm i vi sng
ch/gii php hu ch c th thuc mt trong hai dng sau y:
93

V cc quan im lin quan n li-xng bt buc xem L Nt (1996) Striking the Balance
on Compulsory Licensing. KU Leuven seminar paper.

137

Sn phm hoc b phn (mt phn) ca sn phm ng nht (trng) vi

sn phm hoc b phn ca sn phm ang c bo h l sng ch
hoc gii php hu ch; v

Quy trnh ng nht (trng) vi quy trnh ang c bo h l sng ch

hoc gii php hu ch.

khng nh s ng nht (trng) gia sn phm vi phm vi sn phm c

bo h, gia quy trnh vi phm vi quy trnh c bo h cn phi so snh tt c
cc c im k thut ca sn phm/quy trnh vi sn phm/quy trnh c
bo h v ch trong trng hp tt c cc c im k thut ca sn phm/quy
trnh vi phm u c mt trong tp hp cc c im k thut ca sn phm/quy
trnh c bo h th mi c kt lun nh trn. Khi tin hnh vic so snh
cn phi cn c vo Bn m t sng ch, Bn m t gii php hu ch v Yu
cu bo h sng ch, Yu cu bo h gii php hu ch nh km theo Bng c
quyn sng ch, Bng c quyn gii php hu ch, trong xc nh cc
c im k thut ca sn phm/quy trnh c bo h.
Trong thc t khi gii thch xem mt sn phm c b coi l sn phm tng
t hay khng, chng ta cn phi tr li cc cu hi sau: 1) cc chi tit no trong
yu cu bo h xut hin trong sn phm ; 2) cc chi tit c cng chc
nng vi cc chi tit tng ng ca sn phm hay khng; 3) cc chi tit c
cng mi lin quan trong cu trc sn phm hay khng v 4) vic kt ni cc chi
tit c to ra cng mt kt qu nh trong sn phm c bo h hay khng.
Mt bn yu cu c th nu ln nhng chi tit khng cn thit, vic thm bt
cc chi tit ny hoc thay th mt s chi tit khc tng ng to ra cng
mt kt qu tng t vn b coi l hnh vi vi phm. Ci kh l phi bit c
chi tit b thay th c phi to ra kt qu tng t hay khng. Thng thng,
cc sng ch u tin c phm vi bo h rng hn cc sng ch nng cp.
5.5.2 Ngoi l: s dng trc
Cc ch th s dng trc theo iu 134 Lut SHTT l nhng ngi s
dng cc sng ch, gii php hu ch t trc khi ngi ch s hu hin ti np
n yu cu bo h. Tuy nhin, vic s dng trc ny cha b bc l cng
khai, v th n yu cu bo h vn cha mt tnh mi so vi trnh k thut
trn th gii. Khi ch s hu hin ti c cp vn bng bo h, nhng ngi
s dng t trc vn c th tip tc s dng cc i tng m mnh s dng,
vi iu kin l khng c chuyn giao cho ngi khc, cng khng c m
rng phm vi s dng.

138

5.5.3 Ngoi l: li-xng bt buc

Trng hp li-xng bt buc c quy nh trong iu 145 - 146 Lut SHTT v
iu 1.22 ca Ngh nh 06/2001/N-CP. Cc trng hp ny xy ra khi ch
s hu sng ch, gii php hu ch vi phm cc quy nh v s dng ph hp
vi li ch x hi v c ngi yu cu cp li xng khng t nguyn. (Xem phn
5.3.2 trn y).
Ngh nh 06/2001/N-CP cng quy nh rng trong quyt nh bt buc cp lixng bt buc, B Khoa hc v Cng Ngh phi n nh cc iu kin li-xng
ph hp vi cc quy nh sau y:
a) Li-xng bt buc l li-xng khng c quyn;
b) Li-xng bt buc ch c gii hn trong phm vi v thi hn p ng
mc tiu cp li-xng ;
c) Ngi c cp li-xng bt buc khng c chuyn giao quyn s dng
theo li-xng cho ngi khc, tr trng hp chuyn giao cng vi c s
kinh doanh s dng li-xng v khng c cp li-xng th cp cho ngi
khc;
d) Ngi c cp li-xng bt buc phi tr cho ngi cp li-xng mt khon
tin tng ng vi gi tr kinh t ca quyn s dng theo li-xng hoc
tng c vi gi chuyn giao li-xng t nguyn theo hp ng c phm
vi v thi hn li-xng tng t.
5.6.5 Ngoi l: chm dt quyn (exhaustion of rights) v nhp khu song
song
Trng hp ny xy ra khi mt ngi s dng i tng s hu cng nghip
do chnh ch a ra th trng (khon 2 iu 125 Lut SHTT). Tng ng
vi trng hp trn (ch khc l thay v ch s hu a sn phm ra th trng
Vit Nam th li a sn phm ra th trng nc ngoi) l trng hp nhp
khu song song. y l vic nhp khu hng ha, sn phm cha yu t c
bo h s hu cng nghip t ngun khng phi do chnh ph s hu quyn s
hu cng nghip cung cp m do ngi c cp li-xng, ngi c phn
phi hoc do hng con, chi nhnh... cung cp. Cc hnh vi ny u khng b coi
l xm phm
5.6
Thng tin Patent
c cp vn bng bo h, tm hiu phm vi bo h v bo v quyn s
hu ca mnh mt cch c hiu qu v nghin cu tm ra sn phm mi, vic
139

nghin cu tnh trng k thut trong lnh vc k thut c lin quan n sng ch
rt quan trng. Cc ngun thng tin ny c gi l thng tin patent, bao gm
trong Cng bo SHCN, trong cc c s d liu thng tin patent qua mng
internet, c bit l trang ch ca Cc SHTT www.noip.gov.vn v cc c quan
khc nh JPO (www.jpo-miti.go.jp), EPO (www.epo.eu.int) USPTO
(www.uspto.gov). Vn l phi s dng chng sao cho c hiu qu.
Thng tin patent c nhng u im sau: cho bit s pht trin ca cc cng
ngh tin tin nht, c ni dung k thut phong ph v c bc l chi tit, xc
nh phm vi bo h ca mi vn bng c quyn, hng dn hnh thc chung
cc bn m t, v c th d dng tra cu. Thi d, doanh nghip nn tm kim
thng tin patent khi nghin cu & trin khai, thit k, sn xut th v trc khi
gi hng sang nc ngoi. Nh nghin cu cn tra cu thng tin patent trc
khi to ra sng ch. Doanh nghip cn tra cu li thng tin patent khi nhn
c cnh bo v vic vi phm, khiu kin. Trn ht, cc doanh nghip cn tra
cu thng tin patent ca cc doanh nghip khc nm bt tnh hnh cnh tranh
trn th trng, xu hng u t cng ngh, theo di patent ca i th cnh
tranh, phn i, yu cu hy b nhng patent c th nh hng n patent ca
mnh. gip cc doanh nghip c th d dng tra cu, mt s c quan nh
Cc Sng ch Nht Bn (JPO) cn c cc bn patent, nu hnh v mt s
sn phm, cng vi mi tn ch cc phn c th c cp patent, cng m s
phn loi. Ngoi ra cn c cc thng tin hu ch gip doanh nghip hoch nh
chin lc pht trin sn phm ca mnh nh bn pht trin cng ngh, trong
cc patent v phng php mi hoc c cu mi c lin quan vi nhau bng
mt cng ngh then cht c sp xp v biu th theo mt trnh t nht nh
theo thi gian. Ngoi ra cn c bn biu th s bin i n v bn phn
b n xem xt xu hng np n ca tng loi cng ngh.94
iu th v v ng t ho l khi tra cu thng tin patent ti Cc Sng ch Hoa
K (USPTO), s lng tc gi ngi Vit Nam tng ln nhanh chng. Theo
mt s thng k khng chnh thc, s lng patent c tc gi ngi gc Vit
chim khong gn 20% s n np. Nh vy, chng ta hon ton c quyn hy
vng rng nu c nh hng ng v pht trin t duy sng to, ngi Vit
Nam trong tng lai khng xa s ng ngang hng vi cc dn tc pht trin v
khoa hc k thut trn th gii.
Cc dng thng tin patent (hay thng tin SHTT ni chung) bao gm:

94

Japan Patent Office (2000) Sch gio khoa chun v quyn s hu cng nghip (patent). JPO,
Tokyo, tr. 79-81.

140

Thng tin chnh thc: thng tin trn cng bo, cng b cc n yu cu
cp bng sng ch, bn dch ca cc n quc t, cng b v cc quyt
nh gii quyt khiu ni, xc nh hnh vi xm phm quyn SHTT, v.v.

Thng tin cp hai: cc bn tm tt ca cc n yu cu bo h sng ch,

b su tp nhn hiu, kiu dng, v.v.

Thng tin cp ba: bng tra cu tnh trng n, ch dn cng b ca cc

n cha xt nghim, ch s phn nhm, ngi np n.

C s d liu: cc c s d liu ca Nh nc, quc t (INPADOC ca

Chu u hay JAPIO ca Nht Bn) hay ca doanh nghip.

Cc thng tin khc: thng tin trn bo ch, bo co xt x v.v.

Khi tra cu patent, cn nm bng phn loi sng ch quc t (international

patent classification - IPC). V d, i vi s: B41M5/26 101A th B l phn
(section), 41 l lp (class), M5 l nhm chnh (group) v 26 l phn nhm
(subgroup). Tt c cc thnh phn ny hp thnh phn loi sng ch quc t. S
cn li l m phn loi ca Vit Nam. 101 l k hiu phn bit v A l k hiu
phn bit ca h s. Bn phn loi IPC sa i 5 nm mt ln. Bn sa i ln
th 8 s c hiu lc n 31/12/2009.
Kt lun
Lut v sng ch, GPHI bo v nhng GPKT mi, c trnh sng to v c
kh nng p dng, em li c quyn s dng cho ch th quyn (ch s hu
i tng l sng ch, gii php hu ch).
c cp bng bo h c quyn sng ch v gii php hu ch, ch th
quyn cn phi np n xin cp vn bng bo h cng sm cng tt, ti Cc
SHTT. n phi m t r sng ch v nu r yu cu bo h. Cc SHTT s
tin hnh xt nghip hnh thc (xt nghim tnh hp l ca n) i vi tt c
cc n v xt nghim ni dung (xt tiu chun bo h ca n) i vi nhng
n c yu cu xt nghim. Sau khi xt nghim, nu t cc tiu chun bo h,
Cc SHTT s cp vn bng bo h v cng b trn Cng bo S hu cng
nghip. Trong , ch s hu vn bng bo h s c s vn bng bo h, ngy
u tin, ngy bo h (t ngy c cp bng) v thi hn bo h (20 nm tnh
t ngy c u tin).
Ch s hu vn bng bo h c c quyn sn xut, s dng, bn, chuyn
giao, li-xng sng ch Vit Nam trong thi hn bo h. i vi nhng hnh
141

vi xm phm quyn ca ch s hu sng ch, gii php hu ch, ch s hu vn

bng bo h c quyn kin dn s hay yu cu cc c quan nh nc c thm
quyn x l hnh chnh hay truy cu trch nhim hnh s.
Cu hi n tp
2.

Mt chi tit trong my ht bi E c bo h di dng gii php hu

ch ti Vit Nam cho cng ty P. Mt nh sn xut ph tng thay th F ti
i Loan sao chp v sn xut chi tit ny. H bn chi tit ny cho
G. G nhp khu chng tr li Vit Nam. P kin F (thng qua vn phng
i din ca h ti Vit Nam). thng kin, P phi chng minh iu
g? Nu F t chi khng cho P bit h sn xut chi tit ny bng cch
no th P phi lm g? Theo anh (ch) P c thng kin khng?

9.

Hnh vi xm phm quyn ca ch s hu sng ch l g? Nhng trng

hp no th b coi l vi phm hay khng vi phm sng ch?

10.

Ch s hu sng ch c ngha v g?

11.

Th no l quyn s dng hn ch i tng s hu cng nghip?

Chng c p dng trong trng hp patent khng? Ti sao?

12.

Vn bng bo h sng ch (patent) c cp H Lan cho ng A. Vi

nm sau cng mt sng ch ny patent li c cp Vit Nam cho ng
B. Bit rng Vit Nam v H Lan u cng l thnh vin cng c Paris
v quyn s hu cng nghip. ng A c quyn kin ng B khng?

13.

Cng ty A c bo h ti hai nc K v I pht minh cho quy trnh sn

xut linh kin IC ti nc K. Cng ty B nhp khu my vi tnh c linh
kin IC vo I. Nh sn xut linh kin IC ny (cng ti nc K) ng
dng cng quy trnh c bo h ca cng ty A m khng xin php
cng ty ny. Cng ty A c quyn kin cng ty B khng?

14.

Xt nghim v hnh thc l g? Xt nghim v ni dung l g? Vit

Nam c xt nghim v ni dung i vi n sng ch khng?

15.

Anh Hong c phn cng lm th kho cho cng ty Electrolux chuyn

sn xut my ht bi. nh cng vi v anh pht minh ra kt cu ni
gia bnh cha bi v ng c ht bi. Anh xin ng k bo h sng
ch, song cng ty Electrolux cho rng mnh c quyn i vi sng ch v
mnh l ch thu lao ng ca anh Hong. Trong hp ng lao ng c
ghi: trong bt k thi gian no trong thi hn lao ng, nu ngi lao
142

ng pht minh, khm ph hay hp l ho bt k quy trnh no lin quan

n nhng sn phm do cng ty hay nhng chi nhnh ca cng ty sn
xut ti Vit Nam hay bt c u trn th gii, th h buc phi tit l
y thng tin v quy trnh v nhng thng tin l s hu ca
Electrolux Anh (ch) c ng vi kin ca Electrolux khng, ti
sao?
16.

Lun l mt nh ho hc lm vic cho x nghip sn xut knh D. Trong

hp ng lao ng, x nghip yu cu cc nhn vin ca mnh phi cng
b cc thng tin m mnh khm ph cho x nghip, khng c lm
ngh ho trong thi hn 1 nm k t khi ri x nghip, ng thi x
nghip s chim quyn s hu cc thng tin . Lun khm ph ra
mt cht axit mi v thng bo cho x nghip, cng vi cc gi hng
u t nghin cu. Ban lnh o cng ty khng n pht minh
ca Lun. Sau Lun ri cng ty v thnh lp mt c s sn xut thy
tinh ng nghim. Anh tip tc nghin cu v loi axit mnh tm ra v
cui cng tm c cch ng dng axit trn vo vic sn xut thy
tinh an ton. Lun xin ng k bo h. X nghip D kin Lun v vi
phm hp ng lao ng. n kin ca h c b bc khng, v sao?

17.

Khanh lm vic phng my tnh trung tm chn on y khoa. Trung

tm ny dng my CT Scanner chp no b bnh nhn. nh chp ch
c in ra giy ch cha c ghi vo my tnh. Khanh pht trin
mt phng php chuyn hnh nh sang m s (digital) v c c trn
my vi tnh. Anh xin ng k pht minh ca mnh. Khanh s thnh cng
ch?

18.

K s Thnh ngh ra mt loi u bt bi c bit khin bi trn hn v

mc ra u hn. Anh ng k bo h pht minh ca mnh. im mu
cht ca pht minh ny l to mt khong trng gia vin bi v u bt
bi. Anh Mnh cho rng vic thng kh hai u ca mt cht lng (mc)
khin cht lng chy u hn l chuyn ai trong ngh cng bit. Hn
na, anh Thnh thng bo v pht minh ca mnh trc khi ng k
bo h. V vy pht minh ca anh khng cn tnh mi i vi th gii
na v khng cn kh nng c bo h. Anh Mnh c l khng? Ti
sao?

19.

Thuc X c dng cha bnh C. l iu bit t lu. Anh

Nguyn pht hin ra rng thuc ny cn cha c bnh D na. Nguyn
c c ng k bo h pht minh ca mnh khng?

143

20.

Xa nay ngi ta vn dng phng php trn b tng t gia xi-mng,

si v ct. ng cng ca b tng c tng cng bi cht ph gia
X theo t l k%. Mt hm do ng tr anh Bnh pha qu nhiu ph gia X,
ng thi li cho si vo trc khi cho ph gia v pht hin ra rng do
si to sn cc k h trong hp cht b tng trc khi trn, ng thi t
l ph gia thch hp hn, nn b tng ng cng nhanh hn hn, rt
thch hp cho cc cng trnh hm hay tr cu. Anh Bnh xin ng k bo
h pht minh sng ch, song mi ngi can rng vic to k h lm hn
hp b tng mau ng l chuyn hin nhin, trong ngh xy dng ai
cng bit, v th anh s khng tiu chun c bo h. H c ng
khng?

21.

Phenothiazine l mt nhm cc cht hu c c cng thc ha hc l X.

Mt vi hot cht trong nhm ny c tc dng cha bnh st rt. Mt
hot cht trong nhm ny c thnh phn clor cao v c s dng
cha bnh ng kinh. Hot cht ny tn l clorpromazine. Anh Sn th
nghim cc hot cht khc trong nhm. Trong clor (-Cl) c thay
th bng floromethyl 3 (-CF3). Anh cng pht hin ra cht
trifuoroperazine cng cha c bnh ng kinh. Anh xin ng k bo
h pht minh sng ch. Anh c thnh cng khng?

22.

Kch thch t plasminogen (t-PA) l mt loi protein trong cc vch

ngn t bo ca ngi. Chc nng ca chng l thc y qu trnh to ra
plasmin, mt loi cht tc dng vi fibrin to nn hng cu. V vy vic
ch to hay chit xut t-PA l cc k cn thit. Bng cng ngh ghp ni
cc phn t DNA, Phng th nghim X chit xut c DNA ca tPA, sau nui cy chng trong cc vi sinh vt c kh nng ti sn xut
ra t-PA vi s lng ln, dng lm thuc cha bnh. Thnh phn protein
trong t-PA cha mt loi amino axit c sp xp theo mt trnh t nht
nh. Cch sp xp loi amino axit ny c mi ngi bit t lu, d
rng mi ngi cha bit v cch sp xp ca t-PA. Khoa hc cng bit
rng, to ra protein, cc phn t gen (DNA) ca t bo cha protein
phi c gn thm ba ui nucleotic cha amino axit. Cc ui ny y
chng vo cc mRNA v sau em ghp chng vi cDNA. Sau
phn t cDNA ny (sau khi c tch cc cDNA khng cha t-PA) mi
c em nui cy trong cc vi sinh vt. S ng gp duy nht ca
phng th nghim X l nh dng v tch cc cDNA c cha t-PA, lm
rt ngn ng k thi gian tng hp v tng cht lng tinh khit ca tPA sn xut. Phng php nh dng v tch ca phng th nghim X
c dng lm c s xin ng k bo h. Cc SHTT cho rng cch
sn xut t-PA ca phng th nghim X ch l mt trong nhiu cch ch
to t-PA, v th khng c bo h. Anh (ch) c kin g?
144

23.

C s Mai Linh t mua thuc Cimetide t n vo Vit Nam. Thuc

ny c bo h sng ch ti Vit Nam cho x nghip dc phm K.
Hng t n c Vietnam Airlines ch n sn bay Tn Sn Nht,
sau theo lnh ca Mai Linh c gi ti kho ngoi quan ca Vietnam
Airlines ch ti xut khu sang Campuchia. X nghip K kin Vietnam
Airlines. H c l khng?

24.

Pht minh sng ch l g? C my loi? c bo h nh th no? Thi

hn bo h l bao lu? C th gia hn khng? Hy vit s quy trnh
xin cp vn bng pht minh sng ch (patent) ti Cc SHTT thuc B
Khoa hc v Cng ngh.

21.

Ai c quyn np n yu cu cp vn bng bo h patent. c

cng nhn c quyn ny, ngi np n phi lm g v phi np h s g
ln c quan xt duyt? Quyn ca ch s hu pht minh sng ch l g?

22.

Ngy np n v ngy cp giy chng nhn s hu cng nghip cho

pht minh sng ch c khc nhau khng? ngha ca cc ngy ny nh
th no i vi vic bo h? Quyn u tin v ngy u tin l g?

23.

Ngy cng b l g? N c ngha nh th no i vi vic bo h. N

xut hin trc hay sau khi cp vn bng bo h. Nu sau ngy cng b,
ch s hu mt pht minh sng ch khc pht hin ra rng pht minh
sng ch ca mnh b bt chc hoc m phng theo th h c quyn
g?

24.

Nhng kin thc no khng c bo h l sng ch? Theo anh (ch),

vic hn ch ny nhm mc ch g? C cch no xin cp vn bng bo
h cho nhng kin thc dng ny khng?

25.

Sng ch c bo h trong phm vi, sn phm hoc lnh th no? Khi

no th vic bo h b hy b hay nh ch?

26.

Th no l s dng pht minh sng ch? Vic s dng ny (hoc khng

s dng) s dn n hu qu nh th no?

145

Chng 6:
6.1

Kiu dng cng nghip

Khi nim kiu dng cng nghip

Kiu dng cng nghip (KDCN) l hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm c th

hin bng hnh khi, ng nt, mu sc hoc s kt hp nhng yu t ny, c
tnh mi i vi th gii v dng lm mu ch to sn phm cng nghip
hoc th cng nghip. Nh vy c s khc bit c bn gia mt bn l sng
ch, gii php hu ch v mt bn l KDCN. Trong khi hai i tng u lin
quan n cc gii php mang tnh cht k thut, i tng sau lin quan n gii
php mang tnh cht m thut. V th m KDCN bt buc phi l hnh dng bn
ngoi ca sn phm. C nhng hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm ng thi
cng th hin tnh nng, cng dng ca sn phm , th d nh mt bnh hoa
hay mt chic ti xch. Tuy vy c nhng hnh dng bn ngoi m theo lut
mt s nc khng c bo h di dng KDCN, song vn c cp vn bng
bo h Vit Nam di dng KDCN, th d nh bao b, v hp thuc, hay ba
ca mt quyn v. V phm vi bo h ca sng ch (GPKT) v KDCN (gii
php m thut) l khc nhau, mt ngi c vn bng bo h kiu dng khng
th buc mt ngi sn xut sn phm p dng GPKT tng t song hnh dng
bn ngoi ca sn phm khc, nh th d di y (Hnh 4):
Cng ty Nha Saigon c cp vn bng bo h KDCN cho sn phm l
chic k nng hng ca mnh (palet) nm 1996. Sau , nm 1997, cng ty
pht hin c s nha i ng Tin cng sn xut chic k tuy kiu dng
khc song nguyn tc sn xut tng t. Cng ty Nha Saigon khng th
dng c quyn KDCN ca mnh ngn c s i ng Tin sn xut chic
k sau, v sn phm ca i ng Tin khng trng hay tng t vi hnh
dng bn ngoi ca chic k ca Cng ty Nha Saigon.
V KDCN bt buc phi l hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm v mang c tnh
m thut, hnh dng ca sn phm khng nhn thy c trong qu trnh s
dng (v d ng c xe my) s khng c bo h. Cng vi l do trn hnh
dng bn ngoi do c tnh k thut ca sn phm bt buc phi c hoc ch
mang c tnh k thut cng khng c bo h.

146

Hnh 4: palet nha ca i ng Tin (Tri) v Nha Si Gn (Phi)

6.3.1

Hnh dng bn ngoi, dng lm mu to sn phm

Hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm c bo h di danh ngha l KDCN l

tp hp cn v cc c im thm m v hnh khi, ng nt, mu sc xc
nh b ngoi ca sn phm tng ng.. i tng khng c coi l hnh dng
bn ngoi ca sn phm nu i tng l hnh dng bn trong (phn khng
nhn thy c trong qu trnh s dng) ca sn phm v trong trng hp b
coi l khng ph hp vi yu cu cp Bng c quyn KDCN.95
KDCN c coi l c kh nng lm mu ch to sn phm cng nghip, th
cng nghip nu c th ch to hng lot sn phm c hnh dng bn ngoi l
KDCN . Mt i tng khng c kh nng dng lm mu ch to sn
phm nu n trng thi khng n nh ca sn phm (th d hnh dng n
chiu laser) hay ch c th to ra sn phm c hnh dng nh i tng nu
trong n nh c k nng c bit hoc khng th lp i lp li.
6.3.2 Tnh mi i vi th gii
KDCN phi c tnh mi so vi th gii, c ngha l KDCN phi khc bit c
bn vi cc KDCN c bo h hay np n ng k bo h. Kiu dng
ny cng phi khc bit c bn vi KDCN tng t c cng b hay b bc
l cng khai trong v ngoi nc ti mc cn c vo , ngi c trnh
trung bnh trong lnh vc tng ng c th thc hin c KDCN . Hai
KDCN khng c coi l khc bit c bn vi nhau nu ch khc bit bi cc
95

Thng t 29/2003/TT-BKHCN, Mc 32.

147

c im to dng khng d dng nhn bit v ghi nh c v cc c im

khng th dng phn bit tng th hai KDCN vi nhau. Ngoi ra hnh
dng bn ngoi ca sn phm c to ra mt cch d dng i vi ngi c
trnh trung bnh thuc lnh vc tng ng cng khng c bo h di
dng KDCN. Trc y, rt nhiu ch c s sn xut trong nc cho ng
k bao b sn phm di dng KDCN khi vic ng k nhn hiu (bao b m n
lin, bao b v hp thuc di dng mt bao nha hay mt hp hnh ch nht).
Mc d cc bao b ny c mu sc v cch trnh by kh c sc, song trn l
thuyt khng c s bo h, v cc bao b ny c th to ra mt cch d
dng vi trnh mt nh sn xut trung bnh.96 Ngc li mt kiu dng c
u t cng sc tr tu, kh bt chc th d c bo h di dng kiu dng,
th d kiu dng chai nc khong La Vie, hay kiu dng xe my Future.
tm tnh mi, Cc SHTT phi cn nhc cc c im to dng c bn ca
KDCN. l yu t nht nh v hnh khi, ng nt, mu sc, tng quan v
tr hoc tng quan kch thc cng vi cc yu t khc to thnh mt tp hp
cn v xc nh bn cht ca KDCN . Cc yu t sau y khng c coi
l c im to dng c bn ca KDCN:
-

Hnh khi, ng nt c quyt nh bi chnh chc nng k thut

hoc chc nng s dng ca sn phm; v d: hnh dng dt, phng ca
a ghi d liu c quyt nh bi chuyn ng tng i gia a v
u c;

Yu t m s c mt ca n trong tp hp cc du hiu khng gy n

tng thm m (n tng v hnh dng ca sn phm khng thay i khi
c mt v khng c mt yu t ); v d: s thay i mt hnh khi,
ng nt quen thuc nhng s thay i khng nhn bit, v
vy hnh khi/ng nt thay i vn ch c nhn bit l hnh
khi/ng nt c;

Cc t ng, hnh nh c gn/dnln sn phm ch thc hin chc

nng ca nhn hiu hng ha hoc/v thc hin chc nng thng tin,
hng dn v ngun gc, c im, cu to, cng dng, cch s dng
sn phm ; v d: cc t ng trn nhn hng ha.

c c s kt lun KDCN nu trong n c tnh mi hay khng, phi tin

hnh so snh tp hp cc c im to dng c bn ca KDCN vi tp hp
cc c im to dng c bn ca KDCN i chng. KDCN nu trong n
c coi l mi nu khng tm thy KDCN i chng trong ngun thng tin ti
96

Mc du vy trn thc t nhiu c s ng k, c cp bng c quyn kiu dng cng

nghip cho cc bao b sn phm n gin ca mnh.

148

thiu; hoc mc d c tm thy KDCN i chng trong ngun thng tin ti thiu
nhng KDCN nu trong n c t nht mt c im to dng c bn khng c
mt trong tp hp cc c im to dng c bn ca KDCN i chng. Ngoi
ra, KDCN phi khng l hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm c bit n
mt cch rng ri (khng phi l s thay i v tr hoc lp ghp, kt hp cc
c im ca cc KDCN bit hoc mang hnh dng t nhin vn c ca cy
ci, hoa qu, cc loi ng vt, hnh dng cc hnh hnh hc c bit
rng ri (v d: hnh trn, hnh elip, hnh tam gic, hnh vung, ch nht, hnh
a gic u, cc hnh lng tr c mt ct l cc hnh k trn), hnh dng cc
sn phm, cng trnh ni ting Vit Nam hoc trn th gii (v d: thp
Ra, tng ng Phc-Lc-Th, thp Ep-phen), kiu dng ch c gi tr thm
m nh cc tc phm iu khc, cc loi tranh, tng).
6.4

Phm vi quyn i vi KDCN

6.4.1

Quyn ca ch s hu

Phm vi c quyn ca ch s hu KDCN cng ging nh phm vi bo h c

quyn ca ch s hu sng ch, ngha l bao gm quyn s dng c quyn v
quyn nh at. Quyn s dng bao gm: sn xut, a vo lu thng bn,
nhp khu sn phm c bo h. Bt k sn phm no tng ng vi bn m
t mt sng ch hay gii php hu ch c yu cu bo h u c coi nh
sn phm c bo h. Quyn nh ot ca ch s hu KDCN bao gm quyn
chuyn giao quyn s hu cng nghip thng qua hp ng bng vn bn, cho
hoc khng cho ngi khc s dng kiu dng v li tha k (i vi ch s
hu l c nhn). Vic tha k phi c ng k.
6.4.2

Quyn ca tc gi

Tc gi KDCN cng c quy nh bo h cc quyn nhn thn v ti sn nh

tc gi sng ch, gii php hu ch.
6.5

Xc lp, nh ch, hy b vn bng bo h

Nguyn tc xc lp quyn s hu cng nghip i vi KDCN cng tng t

nh i vi nhn hiu, bao gm hai giai on: xt nghim ni dung v xt
nghim hnh thc. C hai giai on ny l bt buc. Vic xt nghim ni dung
da trn nhng thng tin trong n yu cu bo h. Thng t 29/2003/TTBKHCN quy nh v ngha v cung cp thng tin ca ch th np n yu cu
bo h KDCN.

149

Thi hn xt nghim hnh thc l 1 thng k t ngy np n. Thi hn cng

b n l thng th 2 t ngy chp nhn n hp l. Thi hn xt nghim ni
dung l 6 thng k t ngy cng b n Vic phn i, khiu ni, khi kin
lin quan n vic cp vn bng bo h cng tng t nh quy trnh p dng
cho n sng ch hay n nhn hiu.
Mt sng ch, gii php hu ch hay KDCN c th b nh ch nu ch cc i
tng ny t b quyn c bo h hay khng tip tc np l ph duy tr hiu
lc vn bng bo h.
Mt vn bng bo h c th b hy b nu khng hi iu kin bo h (th d
mt tnh mi vo thi im np n).
Cng ty Honda c Cc SHCN bo h KDCN i vi xe Wave ti Vit
Nam. Gn y nhiu xe Trung Quc c nhp v hay lp rp trong nc c
kiu dng ging hay gn ging vi xe W. Cng ty H lin h vi Cnh st
kinh t tm gi cc xe ging hay nhi kiu xe Wave ti cc ca hng trong
TP HCM. Honda cn yu cu CSKT tch thu, tiu hy cc loi xe trn. Tuy
nhin, cc ca hng trn ni rng kiu dng xe Wave xut hin ti
Trung Quc trc khi n c cp vn bng bo h ti Vit Nam, v v vy
h xin Cc SHTT hy b hiu lc vn bng bo h i vi kiu dng xe
Wave.
Vn bng bo h cng c th b hu nu ch th np n khng c quyn np
n, hay cc ch s hu KDCN khng thng nht c vi nhau v vic np
n, hay vn bng bo h ghi sai tn tc gi. Thi hiu khiu ni yu cu nh
ch, hy b mt vn bng bo h l 5 nm, k t khi vn bng bo h c cp.
5.6

Hnh vi xm phm quyn SHCN i vi kiu dng cng nghip

Hnh vi xm phm KDCN cng l cc hnh vi s dng cc i tng c bo

h trong phm vi v thi hn bo h m khng c s ng ca ch s hu vn
bng bo h, tr trng hp c php lut cho php. Yu t vi phm i vi
KDCN l sn phm m hnh dng bn ngoi ca n hoc hnh dng bn ngoi
ca mt b phn trng vi mt KDCN ang c bo h hoc trng vi thnh
phn to dng c bn ca KDCN ang c bo h.
Theo hng dn ca Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT, khng nh mt
sn phm c phi l yu t vi phm i vi KDCN hay khng cn phi so snh
tt c cc c im to dng (ng nt, hnh khi, mu sc) ca sn phm, b
phn sn phm vi cc c im to dng ca KDCN c xc nh ti Bng
c quyn KDCN. Ch khi no tt c cc c im ca ton b sn phm hoc
150

ca mt phn sn phm u trng vi cc c im to dng nu trong Bng

c quyn KDCN hoc trng vi cc c im ca thnh phn to dng c bn
ca KDCN nu trong Bng c quyn KDCN th mi khng nh sn phm
l yu t vi phm i vi KDCN. Nh vy xc nh mt kiu dng A c
xm phm kiu dng B, cn phi i chiu hai kiu dng bn cnh nhau, phn
tch cc yu t to dng ca cc kiu dng ny vi cc yu t tng ng ca
kiu dng khc v lp bng so snh. Sau khi lp bng so snh cn phn tch
nh gi kh nng xm phm.
C mt s hnh vi s dng m khng xin php ch s hu i tng s hu
cng nghip nhng khng b coi l xm phm (trng hp ngoi l). Nu ngi
b t co vi phm xt thy hnh vi m mnh thc hin thuc vo trng hp
ngoi l th ngi c quyn v c ngha v chng minh rng hnh vi
thuc cc trng hp ngoi l, nu khng chng minh c iu th khng
c hng quyn ngoi l ni trn. Cc trng hp ngoi l c nu
chng trc (s dng trc v chm dt quyn). i vi trng hp chm dt
quyn hay nhp khu song song, vic s dng i tng ny phi c thc
hin nguyn dng, khng sa i, khc vi trng hp sau y:
Cng ty Henessy l ch s hu KDCN v nhn hiu ca chai ru Henessy
XO. C s Thun Li thu gom nhng chai ru Henessy XO (chai
khng) ri cho ru ca mnh vo, dn nhn "Thun Li." Nhn ca
Henessy XO v Thun Li khc nhau, mu ru cng khc. Tuy vy
Henessy vn khiu ni vi Cc SHTT l Thun Li xm phm KDCN ca
mnh. Thun Li th cho rng mnh s dng sn phm m Henessy a ra
th trng, v th theo khon 3 iu 803 BLDS 1995 (tng t Khon 2
iu 125 Lut SHTT) th mnh hon ton khng xm phm quyn s hu
cng nghip ca Henessy. Trong trng hp ny Thun li xm phm,
bi l khon 3 iu 803 BLDS 1995 ch p dng cho vic s dng sn
phm do ch s hu a ra th trng, ch khng p dng cho vic s
dng hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm do ch s hu a ra th trng.
5.7

Kt lun

Lut v KDCN thit lp c quyn s dng, nh ot cc kiu dng bn ngoi

ca sn phm do tc gi kiu dng sng to ra. KDCN phi c tnh mi v c
kh nng dng lm mu ch to hng lot cc sn phm cng nghip, th
cng nghip. Ch s hu KDCN c quyn ngn khng cho ngi khc s dng
kiu dng trng hay tng t ti mc gy nhm ln vi KDCN c bo h.
Thng qua bo v KDCN, ch s hu nhn hiu bo v thnh qu lao ng sng
to v uy tn thng mi i vi nhng sn phm do mnh sn xut. V th, c
quyn KDCN ch thu hp trong phm vi kiu dng ca nhng loi sn phm m
151

mnh yu cu bo h. c bo h, ch s hu KDCN phi ng k bo

h ti Cc SHTT.
Cu hi n tp
1.

Kiu dng ti xch ca hng Channel c bo h ti Php. Channel

c nh xut khu cc ti xch sang Vit Nam. Khi tm hiu th trng
h mi bit hin c bn ti xch i Loan vi kiu dng y ht kiu ca
Channel. Hn na, mt s c s sn xut TP HCM cng sp sn xut
loi ti xch ny. Thm ch c s A c bo h nhn hiu. Vy
Channel phi lm th no?

2.

Ch K nh nhp khu qun o t Php vo Vit Nam. Ch lo ngi rng

nu qun o ca ch tiu th tt, cc nh bun khc s theo gng ch
bun cng loi qun o t Php, hoc sn xut cng kiu ti Vit
Nam v do vy hng ho ca ch s b cnh tranh v gim gi. Ch nn
lm g?

3.

Vic c s dng hay khng KDCN c gy hu qu g nghim trng i

vi kh nng c cp vn bng ca KDCN khng?

4.

C s Thin long chuyn sn xut bt bi v mc bt my, nh a vo

sn xut l mc dng khng . Anh (ch) l lut s cho c s Thin
long, hy gi cho h cc dng bo h c th ca cc i tng s hu
cng nghip lin quan n l mc ny, sau khi xem xt k kh nng
c bo h ca chng. Khi cc i tng s hu cng nghip ny b
xm phm th anh (ch) s tin hnh cc bc khiu kin hay ho gii
no i vi ngi xm phm. Theo anh (ch) th hnh thc no l c hiu
qu nht, ti sao?

5.

Hnh vi xm phm KDCN l g? Nhng trng hp no th b coi l vi

phm hay khng vi phm kiu dng sn phm? Nhp khu t Thi Lan
xe Dream (ch s hu KDCN l cng ty Honda) c b coi l vi phm
quyn s hu cng nghip ca cng ty lin doanh lp rp xe my Honda
ti Vit Nam khng?

6.

Ch s hu KDCN c ngha v g?

7.

Th no l quyn s dng hn ch i tng s hu cng nghip?

Chng c p dng trong cho KDCN khng? Ti sao? Quyn s dng
trc l g?

152

Chng 6:
6.1

B mt kinh doanh

Bo h b mt kinh doanh trn th gii

Phn ln cc nc hin nay u c quy nh v bo h b mt kinh doanh

(know-how, confidential information hay trade secret), ph hp vi iu 10bis
ca Cng c Paris. B mt kinh doanh l thng tin thu c t hot ng u
t ti chnh, tr tu, cha c bc l v c kh nng s dng trong kinh doanh.
B mt kinh doanh bao gm hai yu t: b mt v quyt nh. Chng c vai tr
quyt nh trong vic to u th cnh tranh gia ngi nm thng tin v nhng
ngi khc. c bo h, ngi s hu b mt kinh doanh phi c nh gi
b mt kinh doanh, v thc hin cc bin php cn thit gi b mt .
B mt kinh doanh thng khng c ng k bo h, cng khng c cng
c no quy nh c th v bo v b mt kinh doanh. B mt kinh doanh mt
khi b bc l cng khai s mt ht gi tr. Th d ni ting nht v b mt kinh
doanh l cng thc pha ch nc ngt ca cng ty Coca-Cola, c gi kn hn
100 nm nay. Mt s b mt kinh doanh c th c thng bo cho c quan nh
nc c thm quyn. Cc c quan ny c nhim v gi kn b mt kinh doanh
c thng bo (th d ngn hng chng vi sinh, mu thuc, v.v.) v khng
cho php ngi khc s dng b mt kinh doanh trong mt thi gian nht nh
sau khi b quyt c bc l cho c quan nh nc (thng thng 5 nm).
Theo Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam - Hoa K, Vit Nam s phi ban hnh
lut bo v b mt kinh doanh chm nht l 18 thng sau khi Hip nh c hiu
lc. C th l b mt kinh doanh s c cng nhn bo h tr phi n c bc
l cng khai mt cch hp l hay khch quan ph hp vi cc nguyn tc thin
ch v trung thc. Ngy 3 thng 10 nm 2000, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh
nh s 54/2000/N-CP v bo h quyn s hu cng nghip i vi b mt
kinh doanh, ch dn xut x, tn thng mi v bo v quyn chng li cc hnh
vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh v s hu cng nghip. Cc tiu chun bo h
tn thng mi, b mt kinh doanh v cnh tranh khng lnh mnh ca nc ta
cng da trn cc tiu chun c Cng c Paris t ra.
6.2

Bo h b mt kinh doanh

6.2.1

Xc lp quyn i vi b mt kinh doanh theo quy nh ca php

lut Vit Nam

Theo quy nh ca Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP, cc thng tin tho mn ba iu

kin sau y th c coi l b mt kinh doanh:

153

B mt: c ch s hu bo mt bng cc bin php cn thit;

Quyt nh: khng phi l hiu bit thng thng; c kh nng p dng
v to u th quyt nh trong kinh doanh.

B mt kinh doanh gm hai yu t: b mt v quyt nh. Thng thng, b mt

kinh doanh khng c bo v hoc cp bng sng ch, hoc v cha hi cc
yu cu cp bng,97 hoc v qu qu bu khng th b tit l. V d: tt c cc
nh my ca cng ty Coca Cola u dng mt loi hng liu c sn xut ti
phng th nghim Atlanta, bang Georgia, M. Cng thc ch to hng liu
ny c du kn hn 100 nm nay. Trong khi nu chng c bo v bng vic
cp vn bng c quyn sng ch, th cng thc phi c cng b v ch c
gi tr 20 nm - khng c gia hn.
c tnh th nht ca thng tin trong b mt kinh doanh l tnh b mt, c ngha
l thng tin hoc phn quan trng ca chng phi khng c d bit hoc d
suy on. Tt nhin iu cng khng c ngha l mi phn ca thng tin phi
l b mt. S b mt c th n thun ch l s kt hp ca tt c nhng iu
bit.
Chnh v tnh b mt m vic son tho hp ng chuyn giao quyn s dng b
mt kinh doanh rt phc tp. Bn chuyn giao mun chuyn giao mt b mt,
nhng khng th bit bn nhn bit v b mt cha (m cng khng th
m t b mt ri hi pha bn kia: anh bit b mt cha, v cu tr li
chc chn l ri v gi tr ca b quyt cng khng cn na); ngc li bn
nhn chuyn giao cng khng mun cha nhn mt t tn, ngha l cha
bit b quyt ra sao phi quyt nh gi mua v thm ch phi tr tin mua.
K nng son tho hp ng chuyn giao b quyt s c i su hn trong
phn sau.
c tnh th hai ca thng tin trong b quyt l tnh quyt nh, c ngha l
thng tin phi ng vai tr quan trng trong quy trnh sn xut, to ra sn
phm hoc dch v. Nh vy b quyt cn phi c ch ch n nng cao v tr
hoc to u th cnh tranh ca ngi nm b quyt, v d nh nh vo th hiu
mi ca ngi tiu dng. c tnh th ba ca b quyt l tnh xc nh. y ch
l c tnh b tr v nh hnh cho hai c tnh u.
Chng ta cn phi bit ba c tnh ny v khc vi cc s hu cng nghip, b
quyt khng c bo h c quyn. Ch trong vi trng hp b quyt c
coi nh b mt qun s v kinh t, c th c lut hnh s, thng mi hoc lao
ng bo v (nguyn tc bo mt). Cng khng c mt cng c quc t no v
97

mi ni trn th gii, ba yu cu ca sng ch u l: mi, khng hin nhin (c trnh

sng to) v c kh nng p dng trong cc lnh vc kinh t, x hi (xem iu 782 BLDS).

154

bo h b quyt, v vy m khi son tho hp ng, ta cn nm r cc quy nh

v ngha v dn s v quy nh ngha v bo mt ca i bn cho chc chn.
Tng t, chng ta nn cn thn hn khi nh gi mt b quyt m trn thc t
khng hi iu kin (th d chng chng c g l b mt hay cng khng c
gi tr quyt nh no). i vi nh nc, vic xc nh b quyt c ngha
quan trng trong vic qun l v ph duyt hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh.
6.2.2 Chuyn giao quyn s dng b mt kinh doanh
Ch s hu b mt kinh doanh c quyn chuyn giao b mt theo hp ng
gi l li-xng b mt kinh doanh. Vic chuyn giao quyn s dng b mt kinh
doanh phi lp thnh vn bn, nhng khng phi ng k hay ph duyt. Trong
khi mt hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh cn phi c ph duyt ng k.
C mt i tng chuyn giao cng ngh, l b quyt, l mt dng c bit
ca b mt kinh doanh. Khi vic chuyn giao bao gm b quyt, cc ch th ca
hp ng chuyn giao nn xem xt xem bn cht ca vic chuyn giao c
phi l chuyn giao cng ngh v cn phi ph duyt hay ng k hay khng.
6.3

Hnh vi xm phm b mt kinh doanh

6.3.1 Cc hnh vi xm phm

Hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip i vi b mt kinh doanh, bao
gm 4 loi:
1.
Tip cn, thu thp thng tin thuc b mt kinh doanh bng cch
chng li cc bin php bo mt ca ngi s hu hp php b mt
kinh doanh ;
2.
Bc l, s dng thng tin thuc b mt kinh doanh m khng c
php ca ch s hu b mt kinh doanh ;
3.
Vi phm hp ng bo mt hoc la gt, li dng lng tin ca ngi
c ngha v bo mt, li dng lng tin nhm tip cn, thu thp v
lm bc l thng tin thuc b mt kinh doanh ca ch s hu b mt
kinh doanh ; v
4.
Tip cn, thu thp cc thng tin thuc b mt kinh doanh ca ngi
khc khi ngi ny trnh theo th tc xin cp giy php lin quan
n kinh doanh hoc xin cp giy php lu hnh sn phm - c bit
l dc phm v sn phm ha nng hoc bng cch chng li cc
bin php bo mt ca cc c quan hnh chnh, hoc s dng nhng
thng tin nhm mc ch kinh doanh k c nhm mc ch xin
cp giy php lin quan n kinh doanh hoc lu hnh sn phm.

155

Trong bn loi trn, loi th nht v th hai din ra ph bin nht, th d mt

cng ty nm c bng k chi tit cc cuc gi ca cng ty khc, nh truy ra
c danh sch khch hng ca cng ty ny. V danh sch khch hng tho
mn cc iu kin ca mt thng tin thuc loi b mt kinh doanh, nn vic s
dng thng tin thuc b mt kinh doanh m khng c php ca ch s hu b
mt kinh doanh s b coi l hnh vi xm phm.
6.3.2 Bin php x l cc hnh vi xm phm
Ch s hu quyn s hu cng nghip i vi b mt kinh doanh c quyn yu
cu cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn buc ngi thc hin hnh vi xm
phm quyn ca mnh phi chm dt hnh vi xm phm v bi thng thit hi.
Thi hiu thc hin quyn yu cu x l hnh vi xm phm l mt nm tnh t
ngy pht hin c hnh vi xm phm nhng khng qu ba nm tnh t ngy
hnh vi xm phm xy ra.
Ch s hu quyn s hu cng nghip i vi b mt kinh doanh c ngha v
chng minh iu kin xc lp quyn v phm vi quyn ca mnh; nu r tn, a
ch ca ngi thc hin hnh vi xm phm; cung cp cc chng c v phm
vi, mc ca vic xm phm . Trong trng hp yu cu bi thng thit
hi th ch s hu quyn s hu cng nghip i vi b mt kinh doanh phi
chng minh mc thit hi do ngi c hnh vi xm phm gy ra.
Cu hi n tp
1.

B mt kinh doanh c c bo h trong Lut SHTT khng? Ti sao?

Nu c th iu no? Ngoi ra b mt kinh doanh cn c bo h
trong nhng lut no khc?

3.

ng Thanh pht minh v ng k bo h cch ch to thm x da v

ang tm cch ng dng vo sn xut v kinh doanh. Trong khi tho lun
vi ng Bnh v cch bn sn phm, ng tit l mt b mt kinh
doanh v cng ngh mi ct cc si x da theo hnh ch V, lm
thm c kt cu bn hn. Sau khi tho lun khng thnh cng, ng Bnh
t mnh sn xut ra thm x da c kt cu ging nh ng Thanh m
t. ng Thanh kin ng Bnh v n cp tng, ai thng?

4.

nh pht trin mt cch lm xe my dng ng c t trong loi nh.

nh bn vi Thng v cch sn xut chng. Sau nhiu ln bn bc,
Thng ni rng khng th to c khun mu c kiu dng loi
ng c ny v b d bn bc. t lu sau Thng t sn xut v bn mt
loi xe my khc. Thng cng nhn l piston v b ch ho kh ca mnh
156

cng kiu vi kiu ca nh. nh ngh ngng sn xut. Thng khng

ng . Ai c l?
5.

Xun c lm gim c ca cng ty thng mi Expo theo hp ng

lao ng 10 nm. Theo hp ng, Xun khng c tham gia vo bt c
doanh nghip no m khng c s ng ca cng ty Expo, khng c
s dng hay tit l cc b mt v cc nh cung cp v cc khch hng
ca cng ty. Khng xin php Expo, Xun bt u kinh doanh cho bn
thn vi t cch l i din ca hai cng ty cnh tranh vi Expo. Cc
cng ty ny cng mua ti nh cung cp ca Expo v bn cho khch hng
ca Expo. Sau 4 nm Xun thi gi chc gim c v ngh hu. Khi
Expo pht hin vic ny kin Xun v s dng cc b mt kinh doanh
ca cng ty. H c l khng?

6.

Pht lm nhn vin bn hng cho cng ty thc phm ng lnh X,

chuyn b mi cho cc ca hng thc phm trong mt khu vc thnh
ph. Sau khi b k lut thi vic, Pht pht trin mng li kinh
doanh ca mnh trong cng mt khu vc v cng cc ca hng m cng
ty X ang cung cp. Cng ty ca Pht cng thu nhn thm 8 ngi na
t cng ty X. Cng ty X kin Pht v ti kinh doanh khng trung thc v
s dng b mt kinh doanh. H c l khng?

157

Chng 7:
7.1

B tr mch tch hp bn dn

nh ngha thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn

Mch tch hp bn dn l sn phm di dng thnh phm hoc bn thnh

phm, trong cc phn t vi t nht mt phn t tch cc v mt s hoc tt
c cc mi lin kt c gn lin bn trong hoc bn trn tm vt liu bn dn
nhm thc hin chc nng in t. Mch tch hp ng ngha vi IC, chip v
mch vi in t. Cc mch vi in t ny c trong tt c cc sn phm in t
hin nay, v nhiu sn phm s dng in khc (nh l nng vi ba hay thang
my). Thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn l cu trc khng gian ca cc
phn t mch v mi lin kt cc phn t trong mch tch hp bn dn.
Mch tch hp ng vai tr iu khin t ng ho cc sn phm s dng in.
Trong tng lai, mch tch hp s ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong vic
sn xut ra nhng sn phm thng minh nh l nng c th t to ra ba
n theo chng trnh c ghi trong a CD-R bn km vi thc phm, hay t
lnh c th thng bo cho ch nh bit sn phm no cn phi tiu th ngay v
sp ht hn hay phi bo qun thc phm nh th no, v.v.
7.2

Tiu chun bo h i vi thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn

Theo iu 68, thit k b tr c bo h nu p ng hai iu kin: c tnh

nguyn gc; v c tnh mi thng mi. Thit k b tr l s kt hp cc phn
t, cc mi lin kt thng thng ch c coi l c tnh nguyn gc nu ton
b s kt hp c tnh nguyn gc. Tnh nguyn gc c ngha l thit k
phi l kt qu lao ng sng to ca chnh tc gi ng tn trn n yu cu
bo h. Ngoi, thit k phi cha c nhng ngi sng to thit k b tr
v nhng nh sn xut mch tch hp bn dn bit n mt cch rng ri ti thi
im to ra thit k b tr (iu 70 Lut SHTT).
Thit k b tr c coi l c tnh mi thng mi nu cha c khai thc
thng mi ti bt k ni no trn th gii trc ngy np n ng k. Tuy
nhin, lu rng thit k b tr khng b coi l mt tnh mi thng mi nu
n ng k thit k b tr c np trong thi hn hai nm k t ngy thit k
b tr c ngi c quyn ng k ti bt k ni no trn th gii hoc
c khai thc nhm mc ch thng mi ln u tin nc ngoi. Khai
thc l hnh vi phn phi cng khai nhm mc ch thng mi i vi mch
tch hp bn dn c sn xut theo thit k b tr hoc hng ho cha mch
tch hp bn dn (iu 71 Lut SHTT).

158

Ngoi ra, iu 69 ca Lut cng qui nh mt s i tng khng c bo h

vi danh ngha thit k b tr, do chng khng phi l gii php k thut m ch
l cc nguyn l khoa hc, khng phi l mi nh mt pht kin, m ch l mi
nhn ra mt vn tn ti trong th gii t nhin m thi. Cc i tng
bao gm nguyn l, quy trnh, h thng, phng php c thc hin bi
mch tch hp bn dn; v thng tin, phn mm cha trong mch tch hp bn
dn (s c bo h di dng quyn tc gi hay sng ch).
7.3

Xc lp quyn i vi thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn

c bo h, t chc, c nhn phi ng k thit k b tr ti Cc SHTT.

Cng nh trng hp ca sng ch hay KDCN, ngi c quyn np n yu
cn bo h bao gm tc gi to ra thit k b tr bng cng sc v chi ph ca
mnh; v t chc, c nhn u t kinh ph, phng tin vt cht cho tc gi di
hnh thc giao vic, thu vic, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc.
Ngoi n v cc ti liu cn thit chung khc, ngi np n yu cu bo h
thit k b tr cn np ti liu, mu vt, thng tin xc nh thit k b tr cn bo
h trong n ng k thit k b tr, bao gm: bn v, nh chp thit k b tr;
thng tin v chc nng, cu to ca mch tch hp bn dn sn xut theo thit k
b tr; v mu mch tch hp bn dn sn xut theo thit k b tr, nu thit k
b tr c khai thc thng mi. Mc ch ca vic np ti liu ny cc
chuyn vin ca Cc SHTT c th cn c vo n m xt nghim tnh nguyn
gc v tnh mi ca thit k b tr.
7.4

Quyn ca ch s hu thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn v cc

ngoi l (s dng hn ch)

Cng nh cc i tng SHCN khc, ch s hu thit k b tr mch tch hp

c c quyn s dng v nh ot thit k b tr ny. S dng thit k b tr
l vic thc hin cc hnh vi sau y:
a)
Sao chp thit k b tr; sn xut mch tch hp bn dn theo thit k b
tr c bo h;
b)
Bn, cho thu, qung co, cho hng hoc tng tr cc bn sao thit k
b tr, mch tch hp bn dn sn xut theo thit k b tr hoc hng ho
cha mch tch hp bn dn sn xut theo thit k b tr c bo h; v
c)
Nhp khu bn sao thit k b tr, mch tch hp bn dn sn xut theo
thit k b tr hoc hng ho cha mch tch hp bn dn sn xut theo
thit k b tr c bo h.

159

i vi thit k b tr c ngi c quyn ng k hoc ngi c ngi

cho php khai thc thng mi trc ngy cp Giy chng nhn ng k
thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn, nu ngi c quyn ng k bit rng
thit k b tr ang c ngi khc s dng nhm mc ch thng mi th
ngi c quyn thng bo bng vn bn v quyn ng k ca mnh i vi
thit k b tr cho ngi s dng ngi chm dt vic s dng thit k
b tr hoc tip tc s dng.
Hnh vi xm phm quyn i vi thit k b tr l hnh vi s dng thit k b
tr c bo h m khng c s ng ca ch s hu. Tuy nhin, ch s
hu khng c quyn cm ngi khc thc hin hnh vi thuc cc trng hp
ngoi l thng thng. l:
a)

b)
c)

S dng nhm phc v nhu cu c nhn hoc mc ch phi thng mi

hoc nhm mc ch nh gi, phn tch, nghin cu, ging dy, th
nghim, sn xut th hoc thu thp thng tin thc hin th tc xin
php sn xut, nhp khu, lu hnh sn phm;
Lu thng, nhp khu, khai thc cng dng ca sn phm c a ra
th trng, k c th trng nc ngoi mt cch hp php; v
S dng nhm mc ch duy tr hot ng ca cc phng tin vn ti
qu cnh.

Ngoi ra, vic s dng thit k b tr khi khng bit hoc khng c ngha v
phi bit thit k b tr c bo h cng c coi l hnh vi c php.
Kt lun
Thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn l mt i tng tng i mi Vit
Nam. Tiu chun bo h thit k b tr l tnh nguyn gc v tnh mi ca thit
k. Cho n hin nay vn cha c thit k b tr no dc ng k. Theo nh
lut Moore (sng lp vin ca cng ty Intel), th tc x l cc vi mch s tng
gp i theo mi chu k 3 nm. iu cng cho thy rng nu thi gian ng
k thit k b tr qu lu, tc gi thit k b tr cng cm thy khng cn thit
phi ng k. Trong thi gian hin ti, thi hn bo h ca thit k b tr l t
khi c cp bng v kt thc 10 nm tnh t ngy np n. Ch s hu thit k
b tr c quyn c quyn s dng v nh ot thit k b tr, song cng c mt
s trng hp c php s dng m khng cn phi xin php nh nu
trn.

160

Chng 8

Hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh

8.1

Khi nim v c im

8.1.1

Khi nim

mt t nc ang trong qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho nh nc ta,

nhu cu nm bt cc cng ngh mi ui kp cc nc tin tin l mt trong
nhng mc tiu cp bch nht. Nm 1995, Quc hi Vit Nam quyt nh
a hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh thnh mt phn trong BLDS. Sau n
nm 2000, Quc hi cng thng qua Lut Khoa hc Cng ngh, th hin mi
quan tm c bit n vic chuyn giao cng ngh, c bit l chuyn giao cng
ngh t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam.
Cng ngh c hai c tnh, th nht l chng u c kh nng ng dng vo
thc tin. Th hai l chng u l nhng kin thc k thut c hnh thnh
mt cch c h thng.98 Theo Lut Khoa hc Cng ngh, cng ngh l s kt
hp ca cc kin thc (bao gm quy trnh, phng php, k thut, b quyt, my
mc thit b) nhm bin nguyn vt liu thnh sn phm. Theo nh ngha
mt s nc, cng ngh l nhng kin thc v k thut c hnh thnh mt
cch c h thng v c ng dng vo thc tin. Phm vi ng dng ca cng
ngh rt rng, trong sn xut hng ha (cch sn xut du gi u), trong vic
vn hnh thit b my mc (v d cch li my bay) cng nh trong cung ng
dch v (v d cch sinh li trong vic iu hnh qun n nhanh ca
McDonalds).99
Cng ngh bao gm: (i) cc i tng s hu cng nghip; (ii) b quyt; (iii) cc
h tr k thut v dch v k thut; v (iv) cc gii php hp l ho sn xut.
Chng u c c im chung l cc ti sn tr tu, l "phn mm", cn my
mc i km cng ngh l "phn cng." c c phn cng, chng ta c th
mua my mc thit b (hp ng mua bn), song vic chuyn giao phn mm
phc tp hn, i hi c hai bn cng phi c kin thc k thut v mc tiu
ng dng r rng. V th m hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh nhm vo i
tng th hai, l phn mm.
Tnh n cui nm 1996 mi c hn 100 d n c hp ng chuyn giao cng
ngh. S hp ng lp y th tc np cho B KHCN mi c trn 40 hp
ng, bao gm cc lnh vc: t: 8 (mi c 3 hp ng c ph duyt), sn
98

Th d vic hc tp quy trnh lp rp t m khng c sn xut th khng phi chuyn giao

cng ngh. Kin thc c hnh thnh khi ny khng c tnh h thng.
99
Van Houtte, H. (1996) International Business Law. Sweet & Mazwell.

161

xut thp: 2 (c 2 hp ng ny u c ph duyt), ha cht: 2 (1 hp ng

c ph duyt), cng nghip thc phm: 18 (mi c 10 hp ng c ph
duyt), xy dng: 3 (mi c 1 hp ng c ph duyt). Vic chuyn giao
cng ngh qu t l vn m B KHCN quan tm.100
8.1.2

Hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh

Hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh l hp ng chuyn giao quyn s hu hay

quyn s dng cng ngh, trong bn giao cng ngh c ngha v chuyn giao
cng ngh cho bn nhn cng ngh nhm t c mc tiu m cng ngh
ra, cn bn nhn cng ngh c ngha v thanh ton cho bn giao theo cc iu
kin ca hp ng. Hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh c Nh nc can thip
v iu chnh nhm bo v quyn li ca t nc, v quyn li ca bn nhn
cng ngh, v phn ln cc hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh hin nay l hp
ng chuyn giao cng ngh t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam. Trong mt thi gian
di, hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh Vit Nam c iu chnh bi chng
III phn 6 BLDS, Ngh nh 45/1998/N-CP ngy 1/7/1998, ring cc quy nh
v hp ng li-xng c quy nh ti Thng t 3055/TT-SHCN ngy
31/12/1996. Hin nay cc qui nh v chuyn giao cng ngh c ghi nhn ti
Ngh nh 11/2005/N-CP. Ngoi ra, mt dng chuyn giao cng ngh c th
l hp ng franchising (cn gi l hp ng nhng quyn kinh doanh) c
Lut Thng mi 2005 (c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2006) iu chnh.
Ch th ca vic chuyn giao cng ngh l bn giao v bn nhn cng ngh, bao
gm c nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc c li ch hp php trong vic
chuyn giao cng ngh. V chuyn giao cng ngh l mt giao dch dn s, nn
cc ch th tham gia hot ng chuyn giao cng ngh cn phi bo m nhng
yu cu ti thiu thc hin giao dch dn s ny, c ngha l c php lut
bo v v c kh nng thc hin hnh vi chuyn giao cng ngh (c nng lc
php lut v nng lc hnh vi).
Php lut ch bo v nhng ai c li ch hp php trong vic chuyn giao cng
ngh. Nhng ch th c li ch hp php gm nhng ch s hu cc i tng
ca chuyn giao cng ngh hoc nhng ch th c quyn nh ot cc i
tng . Th d bn nhn cng ngh c k hp ng chuyn giao li mt
phn cng ngh nu bn giao ng . Nhng quy nh ny ph hp vi cc
iu kin chuyn giao s hu hay quyn s dng ni chung trong BLDS (v d
iu 421). iu ny cng c ngha trong vic x l tranh chp hp ng
chuyn giao cng ngh, v ta n (hay k c hi ng trng ti) khng th th l
100

Ph Vn Lch (1996): Cng nghip ha, hin i ha v vn chuyn giao cng ngh
Vit Nam, trang 3

162

v n khi nguyn n khng c li ch hay quyn hp php no i vi i

tng ca v n.
Chuyn giao cng ngh l vic chuyn giao mt ti sn c ngun gc, nn
ngi chuyn giao phi c quyn nh ot ti sn (c th di dng quyn s
hu hay quyn nh ot ni ring, v d nh quyn c chuyn giao li (sublicense), v ngi nhn quyn ti sn khng th nhn nhiu quyn hn ngi
chuyn giao quyn ti sn.
Php lut quy nh phng thc chuyn giao cng ngh bao gm vic gp vn
bng cng ngh, bn hay thu cng ngh. Theo lut c gi l vic gp vn
lin doanh bng cng ngh, vic chuyn giao quyn s hu i tng cng ngh
v chuyn giao quyn s dng i tng cng ngh (hay cn gi l hp ng lixng cng ngh).
V hnh thc, tt c cc hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh u phi c lp
thnh vn bn v ng k ti c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Ring cc hp
ng c s tham gia ca doanh nghip c Nh nc gp vn chim a s phi
c B Khoa hc v Cng Ngh ph duyt. Mi hp ng khng c ng
k, ph duyt theo quy nh ca php lut u v hiu.
cc nc, hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh cng c Nh nc quan tm
c bit. Cc nc Lin minh Chu u thng qua mt Quy nh chung v
hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh, trong quy nh r nhng iu khon no
khng c php a vo hp ng, v gi c chuyn giao cng ngh nn c
xc nh nh th no.
8.1.3

Hp ng li-xng

Vic chuyn giao quyn s dng cng ngh i vi cc i tng s hu cng

nghip chim v tr kh c bit trong cc quy nh nh nc di mt tn ring
c t lu: hp ng li-xng (xem Ngh nh 201-HBT nm 1988 v gn
y l Ngh nh 63/CP v Thng t 3055). Hp ng li-xng l mt dng c
th ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh, trong i tng ca hp ng l
cc i tng s hu cng nghip (ch bao gm sng ch, gii php hu ch,
KDCN v nhn hiu). Thut ng "li-xng", theo ting la-tinh, ting Anh hay
Php, u c ngha l "s cho php." V ch s hu sng ch, gii php hu
ch, kiu dng cng nghip v nhn hiu c c quyn cho/khng cho ngi
khc s dng i tng s hu cng nghip, nn vic s dng cc i tng
ny cn phi c php ca ch s hu i tng s hu cng nghip.101
101

Hong Vn Tn (1998): Li-xng S hu Cng nghip Vit Nam, bo co ti Hi tho v

S hu cng nghip thng 11/1997 TP HCM.

163

V i tng ca s hu cng nghip l nhng quyn ti sn c ng k, nn

hiu lc ca vic chuyn giao cng ngh i vi s hu cng nghip ch c
cng nhn sau khi tin hnh chuyn giao quyn s hu hay quyn s dng cc
i tng s hu cng nghip v c ng k ti c quan c thm quyn - Cc
SHTT (iu 806 2). V d nh Thng t 3055 c quy nh: khi chuyn giao
quyn s hu hay quyn s dng cc i tng s hu cng nghip cn phi
ng k ti Cc SHTT, c ngha l nu trong cc danh mc c chuyn giao
cng ngh c nhn hiu hng ha, th vic chuyn quyn s dng nhn hiu
hng ha phi c ng k ti Cc SHTT. Hp ng li-xng khng nht
thit phi lp ring bit, m c th nm trong mt hp ng khc, v d nh hp
ng lin doanh. Tuy vy phn li-xng vn phi c ng k.102
Hp ng li-xng c hiu lc t thi im ng k. Hp ng li-xng phi c
gii hn v phm vi s dng i tng s hu cng nghip (c quyn hay
khng c quyn), v thi gian (thi hn li-xng) v khng gian (lnh th lixng). Li-xng c quyn l khi bn nhn li-xng c ton quyn s dng lixng trong phm vi lnh th nht nh . Bn giao li-xng khng c giao lixng cho bt k bn th ba no khc, cng nh khng c quyn u t trc
tip sn xut ng dng cng ngh ca mnh trn lnh th li-xng. Ngoi ra, bn
giao li-xng c ngha v ngn khng cho cc bn nhn license lnh th khc
xut khu sn phm c li-xng vo lnh th ca bn nhn license c quyn.
V d, ch c Nh my Bia Vit Nam c trn quyn sn xut v bn bia
Heineken di li-xng (nhng quyn) ca cng ty Heineken Brouwerijen N.V.
- H Lan. Tt c cc loi li-xng cn li l li-xng khng c quyn.
V phm vi bo h quyn s dng cc i tng s hu cng nghip rt rng,
nn nhiu khi gia hai ch th kinh doang xut hin mt hp ng li-xng v
hnh m cc bn khng . Th d trong hp ng i l gia cng ty A ca
c v cng ty B ca Vit Nam, vic B s dng nhn hiu ca A trong vic
qung co cho bn sn phm l mt hnh vi s dng nhn hiu, c bo h
c quyn cho A. Nh vy A v B phi tch vic s dng nhn hiu trong hp
ng i l ra thnh mt phn ring, gi l hp ng li-xng v cho ng k
hp ng . Vic khng ng k hp ng li-xng b coi l hnh vi vi phm
hnh chnh theo Ngh nh 12/1999/N-CP ngy 6/03/1999 v x pht hnh
chnh trong lnh vc s hu cng nghip.
102

Trc y, theo Ngh nh 63/CP mt s hp ng sau y cn phi c B Khoa hc v

Cng Ngh ph duyt trc khi ng k: (i) hp ng c s tham gia ca doanh nghip c Nh
nc gp vn; v (ii) hp ng li-xng c bn giao l bn Vit Nam v bn nhn l bn nc
ngoi. Mc ch ca vic ph duyt hp ng l bo m cho hp ng mang tnh cng bng
v bo v cho li ch nh nc cng nh cho cng ngh Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, mc ny hin
nay b, v bn thn trong vic ng k hp ng cc c quan nh nc c dp kim tra ni
dung hp ng, v c th t chi cho ng k nu hp ng c ni dung khng ph hp quy
nh ca php lut.

164

8.1.4

Hp ng nhng quyn kinh doanh - hp ng franchising

Hp ng franchising (hay hp ng nhng quyn kinh doanh tiu th sn

phm) l mt dng c th ca hp ng i l, trong mt bn (bn nhng
quyn) c ngha v li-xng nhn hiu v chuyn giao cc kin thc k thut v
kinh nghim kinh doanh cho bn kia (bn nhn quyn), nhm mc ch tiu th
sn phm do bn giao franchise cung cp. Th d i l xe gn my Honda, i
l thc n nhanh KFC hay c ph Trung Nguyn. Cc ca hng bn sn phm
v dch v ny thng c cng mt bin hiu, cch trang tr v ng phc nhn
vin, cng nh cng mt phng thc sn xut kinh doanh. Bn i l c ngha
v ng gp mt bng kinh doanh v tin u t. Hin ti t chc thng nht t
php quc t (UNIDROIT) son tho mu hp ng franchising, vi nhng
iu khon cn thit bao gm:
-

Quyn s dng nhn hiu;

Trang tr ca hng v phng thc kinh doanh;
Ngha v u t vo c s h tng ca bn i l;
Ngha v bo mt, v.v.

Hp ng nhng quyn kinh doanh c Lut Thng mi iu chnh. Mc

ch ca vic iu chnh ny l bo v bn nhn quyn khi phi b thit hi
do tin vo nhng thng tin n tng v kh nng sinh li ca h thng
nhng quyn. Lut qui nh cc hot ng nhng quyn cn phi c ng
k ti S thng mi ni c tr s ca bn nhng quyn. Bn nhng quyn
phi cung cp cc thng tin ti thiu cho bn nhn quyn, trong c bit l
cc thng tin v kh nng sinh li ca h thng nhng quyn, cc thng tin ti
chnh v cc iu kin v vic tham gia h thng nhng quyn. Ngc li, bn
nhng quyn cng c mt s li ch chnh ng cn c bo v. Th d, bn
nhng quyn cn phi kim sot cht lng ca h thng nhng quyn, v
khi c du hiu cht lng ca h thng nhng quyn suy gim th bn nhng
quyn c quyn chm dt hp ng vi bn nhn quyn khng m bo cht
lng. Tng t, bn nhn quyn khng c php chuyn giao hp ng
nhng quyn m khng c s ng ca bn nhng quyn. l v ngi
c chuyn giao phi tho mn mt s iu kin nht nh trc khi tin hnh
tham gia vo h thng nhng quyn.
8.1.5 Nhng hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh khc
Ngoi cc hnh thc hp ng nh trn, cn c cc hp ng t vn cng ngh,
th d t vn ci cch hnh chnh v ngn hng, t vn u t, t vn trang tr
ni tht. Cc hp ng ny c th c coi nh hp ng dch v, song nu

165

trong hp ng c chuyn giao kin thc nhm t c mt s hiu qu nht

nh, cc hp ng cng c coi l hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh.
Mt loi hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh khc l hp ng cha kho trao tay
(turn-key contract), theo mt bn chu trch nhim thit k, xy dng v vn
hnh mt nh my hay mt cng trnh xy dng (th d cng trnh cu M
Thun). Sau khi chuyn giao ton b cng trnh, cc bn c th tip tc k cc
hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh v bo tr hay h tr k thut cho cng trnh,
xy lp thit b, o to, v.v.
Hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh c th tn ti c lp, hay cng c th c
tin hnh trong khun kh mt d n u t, theo mt bn ng gp vn vo
cng ty lin doanh hay hp ng hp tc kinh doanh, gi l hp ng lin
doanh hay hp ng hp tc kinh doanh. Trong cc hp ng ny, mt bn
ng gp cng ngh c chia li nhun t d n u t. Theo lut Vit
Nam, t l gp vn bng cng ngh trong hp ng lin doanh ti a khng qu
30% vn php nh ca mt d n.
8.1.6

c im ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh v hp ng li-xng

Mi hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh hay hp ng li-xng u c nhng c

im sau y:
-

V hnh thc, cc hp ng cn phi c ng k trc khi c hiu lc,

mt s hp ng cn phi c ph duyt ca c quan nh nc c thm
quyn;

V ni dung, mt s iu khon khng c php a vo hp ng,

nhm m bo s bnh ng, t nguyn gia cc bn khi giao kt hp
ng;

V gi c v phng thc thanh ton, hp ng li-xng hay chuyn giao

cng ngh c yu t nc ngoi u c Nh nc quy nh gi ti a,
ti thiu;

V i tng ca hp ng li-xng hay hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh

l quyn ti sn (hay ti sn), nn quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong
hp ng tng t nh quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong hp ng
mua bn hay thu ti sn, tr trng hp c tho thun khc hay php
lut c quy nh khc.

166

8.2

Ph duyt, ng k hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh

Hin nay, phn ln cc nc trn th gii b hay ni rng kim sot i vi

vic chuyn giao cng ngh. Vic kim sot chuyn giao cng ngh bt u t
nhng nm 1970 khi cc nc ang pht trin, di s h tr ca T chc pht
trin ca Lin hip quc (UNCTAD) xut bn cun cc quy nh v chuyn
giao cng ngh (UNCTAD Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer). Mc
ch ca cun sch ny l ra cc mu lut cho cc nc ang pht trin
tham kho, nhm bo v quyn li ca cc nc ang pht trin v gip h
khng b p gi cng ngh qu ng. qun l hot ng chuyn giao cng
ngh, cun sch cng gi cc nc phi c c ch ph duyt hp ng chuyn
giao cng ngh.103 Vit Nam, vn bn c th ho c ch ph duyt hp ng
c quy nh ln u tin trong Ngh nh 49/HBT nm 1991. iu 4 Ngh
nh 49 c quy nh cng ngh c chuyn giao phi p ng mt trong cc
yu cu sau: (i) nng cao trnh cng ngh sn xut; v (ii) khai thc hp l
cc ngun nguyn liu, nhin liu, vt liu ti ch, s dng c ngun lao
ng di do, to cng n vic lm, khai thc hp l v pht trin cc ti nguyn
ti to c. Ngoi ra, cng ngh c giao phi bo m (i) khng gy nhng
tc ng lm nh hng hoc a n hu qu xu cho mi trng, v (ii) yu
cu v an ton lao ng, iu kin v mi trng cng nghip cho ngi lao
ng. 104 Nh vy, c quan nh nc c thm quyn s xt duyt xem cng
ngh c giao c p ng cc nhu cu trn khng. C quan nh nc cng s
c ton quyn xem xt xem cng ngh c chuyn giao c nng cao trnh
cng ngh sn xut khng. Xin lu l cng ngh sn xut ch khng phi
cng ngh trong nc. Th d ngnh c kh ca Vit Nam lc hu so vi cc
nc cng nghip t 30 - 50 nm.105 iu khng c ngha l chng ta s
chp thun chuyn giao cng ngh c kh ca nhng nm 70, 80. Nh vy c
quan nh nc s c quyn quyt nh th no l nng cao trnh , cng nh
th no l khai thc hp l.
V sao Nh nc li quan tm n vic chuyn giao cng ngh? Theo gii thch
ca mt s chuyn gia, c hai nguyn nhn dn n vic ny. Th nht l vai
tr n by ca vic chuyn giao cng ngh. X l vn ny khng c nh
hng r rng s dn n tnh trng nhp khu cng ngh lc hu, tn thm chi
ph m hiu qu vn thp. Th hai l do cng ngh lin quan n cht xm 103

Brusick, P. (2001) The UNCTAD Role in Promoting Co-operation on Competition Law and
Policy. World Competition 24, No. 1: 26.
104
Mc ny nhn mnh n nhng iu cm vi phm trong chuyn giao cng ngh, c ngha l
cng ngh s b cm chuyn giao m khng cn i kin ph duyt ca c quan nh nc c
thm quyn, chng no bn chuyn giao cn cha bo m c nhng iu trong mc.
105
Ph Vn Lch (1996): Cng nghip ha, hin i ha v vn chuyn giao cng ngh
Vit Nam, trang 3.

167

nhng kin thc k thut hay s hu tr tu, vn l nhng ti sn v hnh.106 Cc

ti sn ny tuy c th d chuyn nhng nhng rt kh xc nh, kh nh gi
v kh bo v. Nu khng kim sot, cc bn c th khai gi cng ngh qu cao
nhm chuyn vn ra nc ngoi, trn thu. Tuy nhin, khi i vo thc t, chng
ta thy vic kim sot cng ngh gy ra hu qu bt li hn l c li. Mt khi
gi c cng ngh c kim sot, cc nh sn xut nc ngoi s khng chuyn
giao cng ngh, m s thnh lp doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi hay trc
tip nhp khu sn phm vo Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, Vit Nam s b mt li th
cnh tranh vi cc nc khc, mt phn v cc nc ny khng c nhng hn
ch v chuyn giao cng ngh nh Vit Nam.107
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l Nh nc cn phi t b s can thip ca php
lut vo nguyn tc t do hp ng ca cc bn trong chuyn giao cng ngh.
Chng ta c th thy l khc vi nhng hp ng thng dng khc, khi BLDS
ch quy nh nhng iu khon no phi ghi trong hp ng, th hp ng
chuyn giao cng ngh, Php lut cng quy nh r nhng iu khon no
khng c php ghi trong hp ng (iu 17.4 Thng t 3155). Nhng quy
nh ny cng rt ph bin lut ca cc nc khc v c gi chung l danh
sch en (black list). Cc iu khon ny c quy nh trnh vic lm
dng ca bn giao cng ngh v u th c quyn cng ngh. Theo qui nh
hin nay ca Ngh nh 11/2005/N-CP, cc qui nh trn c bi b. Mc
du vy, cc qui nh v ng k hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh vn tn ti,
v vy cng khng chc rng mi tho thun gia cc bn u c hiu lc trong
hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh.
8.3

i tng ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh v hp ng li-xng

8.3.1 Thng tin trong chuyn giao cng ngh v li-xng

V bn cht, hp ng li-xng l mt loi hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh
(xem Ngh nh 45/1998/N-CP v chuyn giao cng ngh). Tuy nhin, i
tng iu chnh ca hp ng li-xng l cc i tng s hu cng nghip,
trong khi i tng ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh cn c thm ba i
tng na, l b quyt, dch v k thut v cc gii php hp l ho sn xut.
Trong cc i tng ny, b quyt c nh ngha rng nht. l mt loi b
mt kinh doanh c th. Trong cc ti liu gio khoa v trong Quy nh
240/96/EEC v chuyn giao cng ngh ca y ban Lin minh Chu u (EC), b
quyt (know-how), c nh ngha l: thng tin k thut c tnh cht b mt,
quyt nh trong cnh tranh gia cc nh sn xut cng mt mt hng hay cung
106
107

L Quang Bu (1996): Tnh hnh chuyn giao cng ngh Vit Nam.
L Nt (2001): Chuyn giao cng ngh qu t, v sao? Tui tr ngy 15/12/2001.

168

cp cng mt dch v. Theo Ngh nh 11/2005/N-CP, b quyt l tp hp

cc kin thc thng tin, di dng phng n cng ngh (tng qut), cc GPKT
(chi tit), quy trnh cng ngh (cng chi tit), chng trnh my tnh, ti liu
thit k, cng thc, thng s k thut, bn v, s k thut c hoc khng km
theo my mc thit b. Cc i tng cn li khng phi l b quyt s c coi
l b mt kinh doanh. Vic phn bit b mt kinh doanh v b quyt rt quan
trng v mt hnh thc, bi l vic chuyn giao quyn s dng b mt kinh
doanh th khng phi ng k, ph duyt (xem Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP),
trong khi chuyn giao b quyt th c coi l chuyn giao cng ngh v phi
c ng k, ph duyt.
Cc dch v k thut, o to nhn vin k thut, cc cung cp thng tin v cng
ngh chuyn giao bao gm cc chng trnh hun luyn ging dy bn nhn
nm bt c cng ngh chuyn giao, hay cc dch v cng thm khin bn
nhn c th an tm khi s dng cng ngh ca bn giao.
Cch sp xp i tng chuyn giao cng ngh nh trn chng t phm vi iu
chnh ca hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh rt ln. Nu ta coi phm vi ny c
gii hn cc tiu v cc i, th cc tiu ca n c th ch l hp ng li-xng
nhn hiu hng ha m khng c yu t cng ngh no, v cc i ca n l
hp ng trang b trn gi (turn key contract) hay hp ng xy dng, kinh
doanh, chuyn giao (Build, Operate, Transfer hay cn gi l hp ng BOT).108
V thc tin, cch phn loi nh trn l rt hu dng trong vic lm mu son
tho hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh. Ly v d, chng ta khng th no gp
chung nhng iu khon v chuyn giao quy trnh cng ngh v chuyn giao s
hu cng nghip vo cng mt chng, v tnh cht ca mi lin h gia bn
giao v bn nhn cng ngh trong hai trng hp l hon ton khc nhau. i
vi chuyn giao s hu cng nghip, chng ta quan tm hn n vic bo v s
hu cng nghip khi cc hnh vi vi phm s hu cng nghip, trong khi i
vi vic chuyn giao quy trnh cng ngh, chng ta quan tn hn n tin
chuyn giao, cht lng cng ngh, bo hnh v bo mt.
Theo kin ca ng Trn Quang Nhun, chuyn vin Cc SHTT, th hp ng
chuyn giao cng ngh c quy nh qu s si v n gin hn c nhng hp
ng dn s thng dng, cc khi nim b quyt, gii php hp l ha sn
xut u khng c nh ngha v khng quy nh ai c quyn chuyn giao,
php lut cng nhn bo v chng n chng mc no, v.v. 109 Tuy nhin, cc
108

Trn Phng Hin (1996): Tng quan quy nh v chuyn giao cng ngh ti mt s nc
trong khu vc.
109
Trn Quang Nhun (1996): Mt s vn php l v chuyn giao cng ngh trong B Lut
Dn s.

169

lut gia khc th cho rng chng ta khng th cu ton v hy vng php lut s
thay th mi k nng son tho hp ng ca cc bn.
8.3.2 Phn cng ca chuyn giao cng ngh v li-xng - my mc thit b
BLDS cho php i km trong hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh nhng my mc
thit b phc v cho cng ngh m php lut cho php chuyn giao. Tuy vy
cng cn lu my im sau. Th nht, my mc thit b khng phi l i
tng chnh ca chuyn giao cng ngh m ch l nhng i tng km theo.
Hp ng ch gm mua bn my mc thit b cng vi nhng hng dn vn
hnh khng phi l hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh m l hp ng mua bn
ti sn. Th hai, v my mc thit b c tnh cht i km, vic chng c c i
km hay khng cn ph thuc vo tnh cn thit ca chng. y khng th c
chuyn bn km, ngha l bn giao cng ngh buc bn nhn cng ngh phi
mua nhng my mc thit b ca mnh, mc d bn nhn khng mun, do chng
khng thc s lin quan n cng ngh c giao hoc do h c th mua nhng
my mc thit b tng t ni khc vi gi r hn. cc nc yu cu kim
sot my mc c chuyn giao l c bit quan trng, v chng lin quan n
lut chng c quyn (hin nay chng ta cha c).110 Ta n chu u pht
cng ty sn xut bao b Tetra Pak 74 triu la M do p buc bn nhn
cng ngh sn xut bao b ca mnh phi mua loi nguyn liu v my lm giy
bao b do mnh sn xut. Sau cng, ch c chuyn giao nhng my mc c
php lut cho php chuyn giao. Nh vy vic chuyn giao my mc thit b i
km ngoi vic b hn ch do tnh cht ca chng, cn b hn ch bi php lut.
Th d php lut Vit Nam khng cho php nhp khu thit b my mc qua
s dng, tr trng hp c l do chnh ng v c B Khoa hc v Cng
Ngh cp giy php.111
8.4

m phn k kt hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh c yu

t nc ngoi

8.4.1

Cc yu t cn xem xt khi m phn k kt hp ng

Khi m phn k kt hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh hay hp ng li-xng,

nhng yu t sau y cn c xem xt k:

110

Jae-Hoon Kim (1993): Experience and practice of Regulating Industrial property licensing
and Promotion of Trade and Investment in the Republic of Korea.
111
Thng t 1940/1997/TT-KHCNMT v/v thm nh cng ngh u t v Quyt nh
2019/1997/Q-BKHCNMT yu cu v k thut /v vic nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng
V d khng cho php nhp thit b qua s dng i vi thit b nh my in nh trng
hp Nh my in Hip phc trc y.

170

mc ch v i tng ca hp ng (ni dung cng ngh c chuyn

giao hay phm vi s dng ca hp ng li-xng);

ngha v ca bn giao cng ngh hay bn giao li-xng; v

ngha v chung ca c hai bn trong hp ng.

V mc ch ca hp ng, bn nhn cng ngh hay bn nhn li-xng cn c

m bo rng cng ngh chuyn giao hay i tng s hu cng nghip c
php s dng s mang li kt qu nh h mong mun. V th, kt qu chuyn
giao cng ngh, hay mc ch s dng i tng s hu cng nghip cn phi
c ghi r trong hp ng. Ngoi ra, hp ng cn phi quy nh trch nhim
ca bn giao cng ngh hay bn giao li-xng trong trng hp kt qu hay mc
ch ca hp ng khng t c nh cc bn tho thun. V pha bn giao
cng ngh hay giao li-xng, ci m h quan tm l ph li-xng hay gi chuyn
giao cng ngh. V vy, gi c v phng thc thanh ton cng cn phi c
tho lun k.112
V i tng ca hp ng, cc bn trong hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh cn
phi xc nh c th ni dung cng ngh s chuyn giao, tin , thi hn
chuyn giao. Nu cn thit, hp ng c th c b sung thm (di dng ph
kin hp ng) cc s bn v, bng k chi tit ni dung cng ngh v cc yu
cu v c s vt cht bn nhn c th tip nhn cng ngh. Tng t, cc
bn trong hp ng li-xng cn xc nh r quyn s dng i tng s hu
cng nghip ca mnh l nhng quyn g (quyn p dng i tng s hu cng
nghip vo sn phm c bo h, hay quyn lu thng, nhp khu sn phm
c bo h), phm vi s dng (lnh th li-xng) l u, v thi hn s dng
l bao nhiu lu.
V ngha v ca bn giao cng ngh hay bn giao li-xng, bn nhn cn lu
rng bn giao c ngha v phi chuyn giao cng ngh sao cho ph hp vi nhu
cu s dng ca bn nhn.113 Bn giao khng c php min tr trch nhim
i vi nhng sai st do mnh gy ra, hay i vi nhng khuyt tt ca my
mc thit b do mnh cung cp (cho d mnh c sn xut my mc thit b
hay khng). Nu l hp ng li-xng sng ch hay nhn hiu, th bn nhn phi
c bo m rng hng ho sn xut theo li-xng s t c nhng tiu chun
cht lng tng ng vi hng ho do chnh bn giao li-xng sn xut, v
ph hp vi nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng trong nc (tr trng hp c tho
112

Debra Counsell (1996): The Regulation of Technology Transfer in Viet Nam - The
Investors Perspective.
113
Bodin Asanavich (1998): Chuyn giao cng ngh v Li-xng Thi Lan.

171

thun khc). Nh vy, trong hp ng li-xng cn phi c nhng iu khon

bo hnh cht lng sn phm.
V ngha v chung ca hai bn trong hp ng, cc bn cn lu n ngha v
bo mt v ngha v trao i thng tin v cc ci tin cng ngh. Nu i tng
ca hp ng l b quyt, th bn thn b quyt to nn li th cnh tranh ca cc
bn trong hp ng so vi bn th ba. V th b quyt cn phi c gi b mt,
khng ch vi bn nhn, m c i vi nhng nhn vin ca bn nhn (k c khi
nhng ngi ny khng cn lm vic vi bn nhn na). Ngoi ra, thi hn bo
mt c th c ko di hn so vi thi hn hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh.
V ngha v trao i thng tin v ci tin cng ngh, thng thng cc bn c
th trao i cho nhau cc thng tin s b, song khng nht thit phi chuyn
giao v iu kin cc ci tin cng ngh. Bn mun s dng cc ci tin cng
ngh c th phi tr tin cho vic s dng ny.
8.4.2 Th tc tin hnh k kt, ph chun v ng k hp ng
Mi hp ng li-xng hay chuyn giao cng ngh u phi c lp thnh vn
bn, c y cc iu khon cn thit. Mt s nc cn quy nh hp
ng li-xng/ chuyn giao cng ngh c hiu lc, cc hp ng ny cn phi
c ng k hay ph duyt ti c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Th tc ng
k khc ph duyt ch i vi th tc ng k, c quan nh nc s cn c
theo cc iu kin lut nh tin hnh ng k/t chi ng k hp ng.
i vi hp ng ph duyt, c quan nh nc khng nhng cn c vo iu
kin lut nh, m cn cc iu kin kinh t - x hi quyt nh.
8.4.3

iu kin c cp li-xng bt buc

Trong chng trc, chng ta thy i vi mt s sng ch, gii php hu ch

c vai tr quan trng i vi x hi, nu ch s hu khng s dng ph hp vi
li ch ca t nc, c th b buc cp li-xng bt buc. c cp li-xng
bt buc, ch th c nguyn vng s dng phi lm n yu cu c quan patent.
hn ch vic lm dng yu cu cp li-xng bt buc, Tha c TRIPS t
ra cc iu kin sau y: (i) ch th lm n phi c nhu cu v kh nng s
dng ph hp vi nhu cu x hi, (ii) ch th ny c gng thng lng vi
ch s hu vn bng bo h, v mc d a ra gi hp l, song vn khng
c chp nhn, (iii) vic cp li-xng bt buc phi da trn mc gi c hp l,
v (iv) li-xng bt buc phi l li-xng khng c quyn.114

114

Shiro Mochizuki (1998): Chuyn giao v Li-xng cng ngh.

172

8.5

Ni dung hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh

8.5.1

Ni dung ch yu ca hp ng li-xng v chuyn giao cng ngh

Ni dung ch yu ca hp ng l nhng iu khon bt buc phi c hp

ng c hiu lc. Theo ngha nh vy, th hp ng li-xng hay chuyn giao
cng ngh l s kt hp v bn cht gia hp ng thu v hp ng dch v
trong BLDS. Ni dung ch yu ca chng bao gm: ch th, i tng, thi
hn thc hin hp ng, gi hp ng (ph chuyn giao cng ngh hay ph lixng), cc tho thun v bo m kt qu cng ngh c chuyn giao, v v
vic pht trin cng ngh c chuyn giao.
Trong cc ni dung chuyn giao, cn quy nh r nhng g bn nhn cng ngh
hay bn nhn li-xng khng c lm. Th d trong hp ng i l gia nh
cung cp Vit Nam vi doanh nghip ti Hoa K cn quy nh r bn i l
(doanh nghip Hoa K) khng c ng k hay c hnh vi no nh hng n
quyn li ca bn giao i l (doanh nghip Vit Nam), ng thi tha nhn
rng nhn hiu c s dng ti Hoa K l thuc s hu ca bn giao i l.115
8.5.2

Cc iu khon khng c a vo hp ng

Bn giao li-xng thng l bn nm c quyn sng ch, b quyt, nhn hiu.

V vy h c th p buc bn nhn li-xng phi tun theo nhng iu khon
khng c li, m bn nhn li-xng khng c cch no khc ngoi vic phi tun
th, v trnh k thut ca mnh cn lc hu, khng cho php la chn cch
khc. Th d, bn giao li-xng chim c quyn k ngh sn xut bao b bng
giy, cn bn nhn li-xng l cng ty sn xut hng xut khu. Bn giao c th
yu cu bn nhn phi mua giy ca mnh cng vi cng ngh ng gi. V bn
giao c quyn v cng ngh, nn bn nhn c th phi nhn li mua giy ca
bn giao vi gi cao, trong khi c nhng cng ty khc c th bn giy vi gi r
hn cho bn giao.
Cc iu khon khng c php a vo trong hp ng c quy nh ti
iu 13 Ngh nh 45/1998/N-CP v chuyn giao cng ngh, v iu 17.4
Thng t 3055/TT-SHCN gii thch Ngh nh 63/CP bao gm:

115

V nhn hiu Hoa K c bo h theo nguyn tc ai s dng trc c u tin, cho nn

doanh nghip Vit Nam cn phi chng minh mnh l ngi s dng trc nhn hiu, k c ti
Hoa K. Nu nhng iu khon nh vy khng c, thm ch cn c cc iu khon bt li cho
bn giao i l v im ny th hu qu s l vic bn nhn i l ng k nhn hiu ca bn
giao i l nh nhn hiu ca mnh (gi l nh cp nhn hiu, nh trng hp xy ra vi
Cng ty C ph Trung Nguyn hay Bia Si Gn).

173

iu khon buc bn nhn phi mua mt s nguyn vt liu, my mc i

km vi cng ngh m khng c l do chnh ng (lut Hoa K cng c
khi nim tng ng, gi l cc iu khon tying arrangement);
iu khon hn ch s lng sn phm sn xut, n nh gi bn v th
trng tiu th sn phm ca bn nhn, tr trng hp bn nhn gia
cng sn phm cho bn giao cng ngh (lut EU gi l iu khon v
price fixing v quantitative restriction);
iu khon ngn cn bn nhn cng ngh tip tc nghin cu pht trin
sn phm, hay buc bn nhn phi chuyn giao v iu kin cc ci tin
nghin cu cng ngh cho bn giao;
iu khon ngn bn nhn khng c tip tc s dng cng ngh sau
khi hp ng chm dt (tr hp ng li-xng cc i tng s hu cng
nghip ang trong thi hn bo h ti Vit Nam); v
iu khon min tr trch nhim ca bn giao cng ngh v cc sai st
trong vic chuyn giao cng ngh v cc thit b chuyn giao.

Cc qui nh ny khng c nhc n trong Ngh nh 11/2005. Tuy nhin

iu ny cng khng c ngha l cc bn c ton quyn quyt nh ni dung.
Theo qui nh ca Lut Cnh tranh (c hiu lc t ngy 01/07/2005), cc hnh
vi nh buc mua, bn km hay hn ch s lng, th trng sn phm c th b
coi l vi phm lut cnh tranh, nu hnh vi ca bn giao li-xng b nh gi l
hnh vi lm dng v tr thng lnh (iu 13), hoc trong mt s trng hp c
bit - b coi l tho thun phi cnh tranh (iu 8). y l vn phc tp,
khng nm trong phn gio trnh v lut SHTT.
8.5.3

Gi c v phng thc thanh ton

Gi c v phng thc thanh ton do cc bn t tho thun trong hp ng,

di s gim st ca c quan nh nc. Phng thc thanh ton c th l tr
gn, tr theo k v, gp vn hay s kt hp ca cc phng thc trn.
i vi mt s hp ng c s tham gia ca doanh nghip Nh nc hay lin
quan n li ch ca Vit Nam, php lut c quy nh v gi chuyn giao i a
(i vi cng ngh chuyn giao t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam) v ti thiu (i
vi cng ngh chuyn giao t Vit Nam ra nc ngoi). Hin ti gi chuyn
giao ti a c quy nh nh sau (iu 23 Ngh nh 45/1998/N-CP):
(i)
(ii)

khng qu 5% (trng hp c bit 8%) gi bn tnh ca sn phm c p

dng cng ngh c chuyn giao trong thi hn hp ng;
khng qu 25% (trng hp c bit 30%) li nhun sau thu t vic
tiu th sn phm c p dng cng ngh trong thi hn hp ng;

174

(iii)

khng qu 8% tng vn u t (hay 20% vn php nh) trong trng

hp gp vn lin doanh bng cng ngh.

Cc trng hp c bit l khi cng ngh c u tin chuyn giao vo Vit

Nam nh cng ngh cao, cng ngh ch to vt liu siu bn, siu dn, v.v.
8.6

Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng

8.6.1 Lut p dng

Tranh chp hp ng li-xng hay hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh c th xut
hin di hai dng sau y:
tranh chp v quyn s hu cng nghip hay v b quyt gia mt bn
th ba v cc bn trong hp ng; v
tranh chp gia cc bn trong hp ng vi nhau do mt bn vi phm
hp ng.
Nu nh l tranh chp gia mt bn th ba v cc bn trong hp ng, thng
thng lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp l lut ca ni c tr ca b n,
hay lut ca ni cp vn bng bo h i tng s hu cng nghip. Nu nh
tranh chp gia cc bn trong hp ng, th lut gii quyt tranh chp s theo
quy nh ca BLDS. iu 827 BLDS cho php cc bn p dng lut x l tranh
chp theo tha thun, min khng tri vi cc nguyn tc ca php lut
CHXHCN Vit Nam.
8.6.2

C quan x l tranh chp

Thng thng, mi tranh chp trc khi a ra c quan x l tranh chp, cn

phi c tin hnh ho gii. Mt trong cc hnh thc ho gii l cho php bn
vi phm hp ng c thi gian hn ch thit hi gy ra cho bn khng vi
phm, ng thi sa cha nhng thiu st trong vic chuyn giao cng ngh,
hay nhng khim khuyt trong sn phm li-xng trong hp ng li-xng. Ngoi
ra, cc bn cn c th gi cc chuyn gia k thut n phn x tranh chp xem
cn phi gii quyt hu qu vi phm hp ng nh th no.
Nu ho gii khng thnh, c quan x l tranh chp c th l to n, hoc mt
c quan trng ti quc t do cc bn tho thun. V to n, lut Vit Nam quy
nh cc tranh chp v s hu cng nghip ni chung v chuyn giao cng ngh
ni ring c yu t nc ngoi s do To n Nhn dn Thnh ph H Ni v
To n Nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh gii quyt.

175

8.7

Kt lun

Chng ny nn bt nhng im sau y:

-

Cng ngh l nhng kin thc v k thut c hnh thnh mt cch c

h thng v c ng dng vo thc tin.

Ch th ca chuyn giao cng ngh l nhng c nhn, php nhn v cc

ch th khc trong hot ng chuyn giao cng ngh.

C bn i tng ca chuyn giao cng ngh, tp trung trong 2 mng

ln, l:
Cc i tng s hu cng nghip c hoc khng km theo my
mc thit b m php lut cho php chuyn giao v
B quyt kin thc k thut v cng ngh, cc dch v k thut,
cung cp thng tin v cng ngh chuyn giao v cc gii php
hp l ha sn xut.

Khng c chuyn giao nhng cng ngh khng p ng cc quy nh

do c quan nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh hoc b php lut nghim
cm.

Cu hi n tp
1.

Li-xng l g? C my loi li-xng? Mt hp ng li-xng khc vi mt

hp ng chuyn giao quyn s hu i tng s hu cng nghip, hay
mt hp ng thu ti sn hu hnh ch no?

2.

Li-xng c quyn l g? Quyn v ngha v ca bn giao li-xng v

bn nhn li-xng? Chng khc vi li-xng khng c quyn im no?

3.

Cc i tng ca li-xng s hu cng nghip l g? Cch iu chnh

ca chng c g khc nhau? Nu vic chuyn giao cng ngh bao gm
tt c cc i tng c iu chnh trong iu 804 th hp ng gi
l hp ng g? Khi son tho hp ng ny, cn lu vn g?

4.

Cc yu cu v hnh thc v ni dung ca hp ng li-xng i tng s

hu cng nghip l g?

5.

Nhng iu khon thng c quan tm trong hp ng li-xng l g?

Theo anh (ch), nhng yu cu no nn ch trong vic nhn li-xng t
nc ngoi?
176

6.

Nhng yu cu bt hp l trong hp ng li-xng l g? Cc bin dng

ca nhng yu cu ny l g? Chng c nh hng nh th no v cho
ai?

7.

Ga c trong li-xng c xc nh nh th no? Cht lng cng ngh

chuyn giao c cn c bo m khng?

8.

Cht proliferon gm c hot cht Gama-X v c th dng sn xut

thuc Penicin cha mt s bnh ung th. Cng ty A nm patent sn xut
proliferon. A khng sn xut proliferon Vit Nam m ch kinh doanh
nhp khu proliferon t cng ty m ca mnh c sn xut. Cng ty B
nghin cu trin khai thuc cha bng ung th v s dng hot cht
proliferon ch to penicin. Cc qun l dc ca B Y t cho php
cng ty B dng th penicin trong mt s bnh vin. Sau nhiu ln m
php vi cng ty A v xin li-xng s dng proliferon trong thuc penicin
song khng thnh cng. Cng ty B gi n n Cc SHTT xin c cp
li-xng bt buc, ni rng vic cp li-xng ny l v li ch ca x hi.
-

c cp li-xng bt buc, bn np n cn phi tho mn

cc iu kin g?
Theo anh (ch), Cc SHTT c nn cp li-xng bt buc cho cng
ty B khng? Nu c, vi gi bao nhiu?

9.

Nutrasweet l cht ngt dng thay ng cho nhng ngi s bo ph v

thnh phn dinh dng ca chng gn nh bng khng. Ch patent ca
Nutrasweet l A. B mun c li-xng sn xut nn tho lun vi A.
Sau khi hai bn khng thng nht vi nhau v gi, B lm n ln Cc
SHTT xin cp li-xng bt buc. B cho rng vic cp li-xng ny l
phc v nhu cu cha bnh cao huyt p cho nhn dn. Theo anh (ch),
B c c cp li-xng khng?

10.

C quan nghin cu thng tin Chu u ETSI, hin ang tin hnh d n
hon thin mt tiu chun v my in thoi di ng, gi l GSM. H
quy nh bt k cng ty vin thng no tham gia d n ny u phi lixng cc cng ngh ca mnh v GSM cho ETSI cng nghin cu v
pht trin. y c phi l mt hnh thc li-xng bt buc khng?

11.

Vic mua a mm c cha chng trnh my tnh l nhn quyn s hu

hay nhn li-xng (thu) phn mm bn trong a? Ti sao?

177

12.

Hy son tho mt hp ng li-xng n gin. Trong trng hp li-xng

khng c quyn, bn nhn li-xng phi ghi nhng iu khon g bo
v quyn li ca mnh?

13.

Trong hp ng franchising (hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh bao gm

c 4 i tng trong iu 804 BLDS) c th gp chung nhng iu
khon v i tng s hu cng nghip vi nhng iu khon v b
quyt hoc hp l ho sn xut c khng?

14.

Mt hp ng chuyn giao quyn s hu cng ngh thng bao gm

nhng iu khon g? c thc hin di dng no?

15.

B quyt l g? Khi chuyn giao b quyt cn lu vn g?

16.

Mt hp ng chuyn giao quyn s hu cng ngh t nc ngoi vo

thng c p dng lut ca nc no?

17.

Dng l nhn vin k thut ca cng ty nc gii kht TBC, chu trch
nhim c vn nhng vn k thut lin quan n hot ng sn xut
kinh doanh ca cng ty cng nh thit k v trin khai cc GPKT. Anh
ta pht minh mt phng php mi lm ng lnh soda v gi cho
chng c bo qun tt hn trc. Sau khi thi vic ti cng ty TBC v
lm vic cho cng ty nc gii kht CL, anh ta xin ng k bo h gii
php hu ch trn. Cng ty TBC i anh phi chuyn giao cng ngh ca
gii php hu ch ny cho mnh. H c quyn i khng?

18.

Tetra Pak l mt cng ty sn xut bao b giy ca Thy in. H pht

minh ra mt loi giy PE c kh nng bo qun cc sn phm t sa lu
6 thng khng cn trong t lnh. Song h yu cu tt c cc khch
hng mun nhn cng ngh bo qun v ng gi sa ca h phi mua
nguyn liu v my p bao b do Tetra Pak cp. Nhng hp ng chuyn
giao cng ngh nh th c hiu lc khng? Ti sao?

178

Chng 9:
9.1

Quyn i vi ging cy trng

Khi nim

Ging cy trng l qun th cy trng thuc cng mt cp phn loi thc vt

thp nht. Qun th ny ng nht v hnh thi, n nh qua cc chu k nhn
ging, c th nhn bit c bng s biu hin cc tnh trng do kiu gen hoc
s phi hp ca cc kiu gen quy nh v phn bit c vi bt k qun th
cy trng no khc bng s biu hin ca t nht mt tnh trng c kh nng di
truyn c.
T chc, c nhn c bo h quyn i vi ging cy trng l ngi chn to
hoc pht hin v pht trin ging cy trng hoc u t cho cng tc chn to
hoc pht hin v pht trin ging cy trng hoc c chuyn giao quyn i
vi ging cy trng. H c th l t chc, c nhn Vit Nam; t chc, c nhn
nc ngoi thuc nc thnh vin cng c Budapest v bo v ging cy trng
(uniform convention on protection of plant variety UPOV).
9.2

Xc lp quyn i vi ging cy trng

9.2.1

Tiu chun bo h ging cy trng

Theo iu 158 Lut SHTT, ging cy trng c bo h l ging cy trng

c chn to hoc pht hin v pht trin, thuc Danh mc loi cy trng c
Nh nc bo h do B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh, c tnh
mi, tnh khc bit, tnh ng nht, tnh n nh v c tn ph hp.
Ging cy trng c coi l c tnh mi nu vt liu nhn ging hoc sn phm
thu hoch ca ging cy trng cha c ngi c quyn ng k quy nh
ti iu 164 ca Lut ny hoc ngi c php ca ngi bn hoc phn
phi bng cch khc nhm mc ch khai thc ging cy trng trn lnh th
Vit Nam trc ngy np n ng k mt nm hoc ngoi lnh th Vit Nam
trc ngy np n ng k su nm i vi ging cy trng thuc loi thn g
v cy nho, bn nm i vi ging cy trng khc.
Ging cy trng c coi l c tnh khc bit nu c kh nng phn bit r rng
vi cc ging cy trng khc c bit n rng ri ti thi im np n hoc
ngy u tin nu n c hng quyn u tin. Ging cy trng c bit n
rng ri thuc mt trong cc trng hp sau y:
a)
Ging cy trng m vt liu nhn ging hoc sn phm thu hoch ca
ging c s dng mt cch rng ri trn th trng bt k
quc gia no ti thi im np n ng k bo h;
179

b)
c)
d)

Ging cy trng c bo h hoc c ng k vo Danh mc loi

cy trng bt k quc gia no;
Ging cy trng l i tng trong n ng k bo h hoc c ng
k vo Danh mc loi cy trng bt k quc gia no, nu cc n ny
khng b t chi; v
Ging cy trng m bn m t chi tit ca ging c cng b.

Ging cy trng c coi l c tnh ng nht nu c s biu hin nh nhau v

cc tnh trng lin quan, tr nhng sai lch trong phm vi cho php i vi mt
s tnh trng c th trong qu trnh nhn ging.
Ging cy trng c coi l c tnh n nh nu cc tnh trng lin quan ca
ging cy trng vn gi c cc biu hin nh m t ban u, khng b
thay i sau mi v nhn ging hoc sau mi chu k nhn ging trong trng
hp nhn ging theo chu k.
9.2.2

ng k quyn i vi ging cy trng

c bo h quyn i vi ging cy trng, ngi c quyn np n phi

thc hin vic np n ng k bo h cho c quan qun l nh nc v quyn
i vi ging cy trng. Ngi c quyn np n bao gm:
a)
b)
c)

Tc gi trc tip chn to hoc pht hin v pht trin ging cy trng
bng cng sc v chi ph ca mnh;
T chc, c nhn u t cho tc gi chn to hoc pht hin v pht trin
ging cy trng di hnh thc giao vic, thu vic, tr trng hp c
tho thun khc; v
T chc, c nhn c chuyn giao, tha k, k tha quyn ng k bo
h ging cy trng.

Quyn i vi ging cy trng c chn to hoc pht hin do s dng ngn

sch nh nc hoc t d n do Nh nc qun l thuc v Nh nc.
Ngi ng k phi xut mt tn ph hp cho ging cy trng vi cng mt
tn nh tn ng k bt k quc gia no khi np n ng k bo h. Tn
ny phi c kh nng d dng phn bit c vi tn ca cc ging cy trng
khc c bit n rng ri trong cng mt loi hoc loi tng t, khng xm
phm o c x hi. Nguyn tc np n u tin v quyn u tin ca n
i vi ging cy trng cng p dng tng t nh i vi n sng ch,
KDCN hay nhn hiu.

180

Bng bo h ging cy trng ghi nhn tn ging v loi cy trng, tn ch s

hu quyn i vi ging cy trng (sau y gi l ch bng bo h), tn tc gi
ging cy trng v thi hn bo h quyn i vi ging cy trng. Vic cp
Bng bo h v ni dung Bng bo h c ghi nhn trong S ng k quc gia
v ging cy trng c bo h.
Bng bo h ging cy trng c hiu lc trn ton lnh th Vit Nam. Vn
bng ny c hiu lc k t ngy cp n ht hai mi lm nm i vi ging
cy thn g v cy nho; n ht hai mi nm i vi cc ging cy trng khc.
Khi vn bng c sai st, ch bng bo h c quyn yu cu c quan qun l nh
nc v quyn i vi ging cy trng thay i, sa cha sai st.
Bng bo h ging cy trng c th b nh ch hiu lc nu khng cn p ng
iu kin bo h, ch bng bo h khng np l ph duy tr hiu lc, hay khng
cung cp ti liu, vt liu nhn ging cn thit duy tr v lu gi ging cy
trng theo quy nh. Ch vn bng bo h c th np n yu cu xem xt li
l do nh ch. Nu trong thi hn chn mi ngy k t ngy np n, ch
bng bo h phi khc phc nhng l do b nh ch th s c xem xt phc
hi hiu lc Bng bo h v thng bo trn tp ch chuyn ngnh.
Bng bo h ging cy trng b hy b hiu lc nu n ng k bo h ging
cy trng do ngi khng c quyn ng k ng tn; ging cy trng c bo
h khng p ng cc iu kin bo h ti thi im cp Bng bo h ging cy
trng. Khi c n ca mt ch th yu cu hu b hiu lc Bng bo h ging
cy trng sau khi nghe kin ca cc bn lin quan, c quan qun l nh nc
v quyn i vi ging cy trng c th ra thng bo t chi hu b hoc ra
quyt nh hu b hiu lc Bng bo h ging cy trng.
9.2.3 Son tho n yu cu bo h
n ng k bo h gm t nht: a) t khai ng k; b) nh chp, t khai k
thut; v c) ti liu chng minh quyn ng k; d) chng t np ph, l ph.
Mi n ch c ng k bo h cho mt ging cy trng.
Ging nh n sng ch, n yu cu bo h ging cy trng s tri qua hai giai
on: thm nh hnh thc v thm nh ni dung. Thi gian thm nh hnh
thc l 15 ngy t ngy nhn n. Ngoi cc l do thng thng nh trong n
sng ch, n bo h ging cy trng s khng c chp nhn nu ging cy
trng nu trong n khng thuc loi cy trng c tn trong Danh mc loi cy
trng c bo h. n c chp nhn hp l c cng b trn tp ch
chuyn ngnh v ging cy trng trong thi hn chn mi ngy, k t ngy n
c chp nhn. Nu khng c chp nhn, n c th phi b sa i. Vic
181

sa i, b sung n ng k bo h khng c lm thay i bn cht n

ng k bo h. Ngoi ra, ngi np n cn c th t nguyn rt n.
Thm nh ni dung c tin hnh i vi n c chp nhn l hp l. Ni
dung thm nh bao gm: a) Thm nh tnh mi v tn gi ph hp ca ging
cy trng; b) Thm nh kt qu kho nghim k thut i vi ging cy trng.
Vic kho nghim k thut do c quan nh nc c thm quyn hoc t chc,
c nhn c nng lc tin hnh kho nghim ging cy trng thc hin.
K t ngy n ng k bo h ging cy trng c cng b trn tp ch
chuyn ngnh v ging cy trng n trc khi ra quyt nh cp Bng bo h
ging cy trng, bt k ngi th ba no cng c quyn c kin v vic cp
Bng bo h ging cy trng vi c quan qun l nh nc v quyn i vi
ging cy trng. kin phi c lp thnh vn bn v km theo cc ti liu,
chng c chng minh. Sau khi ging cy trng c bo h, ngi th ba cng
c th lm n yu cu hy b ng k.
9.3

Quyn v gii hn quyn ca ch s hu ging cy trng

Quyn i vi ging cy trng c th chia thnh quyn tc gi v quyn ca h

vn bng bo h. Tc gi ch c hng quyn nhn thn v quyn hng th
lao. Cc quyn cn li thuc quyn ca ch vn bng bo h. Tc gi ging cy
trng c ngha v gip ch bng bo h duy tr vt liu nhn ging ca ging
cy trng c bo h.
Ch bng bo h c quyn s dng hoc cho php ngi khc s dng cc
quyn sau y:
a)
Sn xut hoc nhn ging;
b)
Ch bin nhm mc ch nhn ging;
c)
Cho hng;
d)
Bn hoc thc hin cc hot ng tip cn th trng khc;
)
Xut nhp khu; lu gi.
Hnh vi b coi l xm phm quyn ca ch bng bo h bao gm khai thc, s
dng cc quyn ca ch bng bo h m khng c php ca ch bng bo h;
s dng tn ging cy trng m tn trng hoc tng t vi tn ging cy
trng c bo h cho ging cy trng cng loi hoc loi lin quan gn gi
vi ging cy trng c bo h; hoc s dng ging cy trng c bo
h m khng tr tin n b.
Quyn ca ch bng bo h c m rng i vi:

182

1.

2.
3.

Ging cy trng c ngun gc t ging cy trng c bo h, tr

trng hp ging cy trng c bo h c ngun gc t mt ging cy
trng c bo h khc. l khi ging cy trng vn gi li
biu hin ca cc tnh trng ch yu thu c t kiu gen hoc s phi
hp cc kiu gen ca ging c bo h, tr nhng khc bit l kt qu
ca s tc ng vo ging c bo h;
Ging cy trng khng khc bit r rng vi ging cy trng c
bo h;
Ging cy trng m vic sn xut i hi phi s dng lp li ging cy
trng c bo h.

Ch bng bo h c cc ngha v tr th lao cho tc gi ging cy trng v np

l ph duy tr hiu lc Bng bo h ging cy trng theo quy nh. Ngoi ra, ch
vn bng bo h phi lu gi ging cy trng c bo h, cung cp vt liu
nhn ging ca ging cy trng c bo h cho c quan qun l nh nc v
quyn i vi ging cy trng v duy tr tnh n nh ca ging cy trng c
bo h theo quy nh.
Ngi ng k bo h ging cy trng c quyn tm thi t ngy n ng k
bo h ging cy trng c cng b n ngy cp Bng bo h. Nu khng
c cp Bng bo h th ngi ng k bo h khng c quyn ny. Khi c
quyn tm thi, ngi ng k bo h ging cy trng c quyn thng bo bng
vn bn cho ngi ang s dng ging cy trng v vic np n ng k
bo h ging cy trng. Nu ngi c thng bo vn tip tc s dng ging
cy trng th khi Bng bo h ging cy trng c cp, ch bng bo h c
quyn yu cu ngi s dng ging cy trng phi tr mt khon tin n b
tng ng vi gi chuyn giao quyn s dng ging cy trng trong phm
vi v thi hn s dng tng ng.
Quyn ca ch bng bo h ging cy trng cng c gii hn, l cc hnh vi
sau y khng b coi l xm phm quyn i vi ging cy trng c bo
h, bao gm:
a)
S dng ging cy trng phc v nhu cu c nhn v phi thng mi;
b)
S dng ging cy trng nhm mc ch lai to nghin cu khoa hc;
c)
S dng ging cy trng to ra ging cy trng mi khc bit vi
ging cy trng c bo h;
d)
H sn xut c th s dng sn phm thu hoch t ging cy trng c
bo h t nhn ging v gieo trng cho v sau trn din tch t ca
mnh.
Cc quyn i vi ging cy trng cng khng c p dng i vi cc hnh
vi lin quan n vt liu ca ging cy trng c bo h do ch bng bo h
183

hoc ngi c ch bng bo h cho php bn hoc bng cch khc a ra th

trng Vit Nam hoc th trng nc ngoi-, tr cc hnh vi sau y:
a)
Lin quan n vic nhn tip ging cy trng ;
b)
Lin quan n vic xut khu cc vt liu ca ging cy trng c kh
nng nhn ging vo nhng nc khng bo h cc chi hoc loi cy
trng , tr trng hp xut khu vt liu nhm mc ch tiu dng.
9.4

Chuyn giao quyn s dng ging cy trng

Chuyn giao quyn s dng ging cy trng l vic ch bng bo h cho php
ngi khc thc hin mt hoc mt s hnh vi thuc quyn s dng i vi
ging cy trng ca mnh. Vic chuyn giao quyn s dng ging cy trng
phi c thc hin di hnh thc hp ng bng vn bn. Bn chuyn giao
quyn s dng c quyn cho php hoc khng cho php bn nhn chuyn giao
quyn s dng chuyn giao li quyn s dng cho bn th ba. i li, bn nhn
chuyn giao quyn s dng c cc quyn chuyn giao quyn s dng cho bn
th ba, nu c bn giao quyn s dng cho php; yu cu bn giao quyn s
dng thc hin cc bin php cn thit ph hp chng li cc hnh vi xm
phm ca bn th ba gy thit hi cho mnh; v tin hnh cc bin php cn
thit ngn chn cc hnh vi xm phm ca bn th ba, nu trong thi hn ba
thng, k t ngy nhn c yu cu ca bn chuyn giao quyn s dng khng
thc hin yu cu ny.
Hp ng chuyn giao quyn s dng ging cy trng khng c c nhng
iu khon hn ch bt hp l quyn ca bn nhn chuyn giao quyn s dng,
c bit l nhng iu khon hn ch khng xut pht t quyn ca bn chuyn
giao quyn s dng i vi ging cy trng tng ng hoc khng nhm bo v
cc quyn .
Bn cnh khi nim chuyn giao (quyn s dng) cn c khi nim chuyn
nhng (quyn s hu). Chuyn nhng quyn i vi ging cy trng l vic
ch bng bo h ging cy trng chuyn giao ton b quyn i vi ging cy
trng cho bn nhn chuyn nhng. Bn nhn chuyn nhng tr thnh ch
bng bo h ging cy trng k t ngy hp ng chuyn nhng c ng k
ti c quan qun l nh nc v quyn i vi ging cy trng theo th tc do
php lut quy nh. Vic chuyn nhng quyn i vi ging cy trng phi
c thc hin di hnh thc hp ng bng vn bn.
Trng hp quyn i vi ging cy trng thuc ng s hu th vic chuyn
nhng cho ngi khc phi c s ng ca tt c cc ng ch s hu.

184

Cng ging nh trng hp ca sng ch, c ch lixng bt buc cng p dng

cho ging cy trng. Cc trng hp ny theo iu 195 phi tho mn cc iu
kin sau:
a)
b)

c)

Vic s dng ging cy trng nhm mc ch cng cng, phi thng

mi, phc v nhu cu quc phng, an ninh, an ninh lng thc v dinh
dng cho nhn dn hoc p ng cc nhu cu cp thit ca x hi;
Ngi c nhu cu v nng lc s dng ging cy trng khng t c
tho thun vi ngi nm c quyn s dng ging cy trng v vic k
kt hp ng s dng ging cy trng mc d trong mt thi gian hp l
c gng thng lng vi mc gi v cc iu kin thng mi tho
ng;
Ngi nm c quyn s dng ging cy trng b coi l thc hin hnh
vi hn ch cnh tranh b cm theo quy nh ca php lut v cnh tranh.

Khi cn c chuyn giao quy nh nu trn khng cn tn ti v khng c kh

nng ti xut hin, ngi nm c quyn s dng ging cy trng c quyn yu
cu chm dt lixng.
Lixng bt buc phi ph hp vi cc iu kin sau y:
a)
b)
c)

d)

Quyn s dng c chuyn giao khng phi l quyn c quyn;

Quyn s dng c chuyn giao ch c gii hn trong phm vi v
thi hn p ng mc ch chuyn giao v ch yu cung cp
cho th trng trong nc;
Ngi c chuyn giao quyn s dng khng c chuyn nhng
quyn cho ngi khc, tr trng hp chuyn nhng cng vi c s
kinh doanh ca mnh v khng c chuyn giao quyn s dng th cp
cho ngi khc;
Ngi c chuyn giao quyn s dng phi n b tho ng cho
ngi nm c quyn s dng ging cy trng tu thuc vo gi tr kinh
t ca quyn s dng trong tng trng hp c th, ph hp vi
khung gi n b do Chnh ph quy nh.

Kt lun
Quyn i vi ging cy trng kh gn gi i vi sng ch, song c mt s c
th ring, ch yu cn c bo h v quyn v nha v ca cc ch th. Hin
nay s lng i tng ny c bo h khng c (do cha thnh lp c quan
ng k). Trong thi gian ti hy vng s c nhiu v vic lin quan n vn
ny.

185

Chng 10: Thc thi quyn s hu tr tu

Thc thi quyn s hu tr tu l vic cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn thc
hin php lut, x l cc hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu. Vic thc thi
quyn s hu tr tu phi tho mn li ch ca bn ch th: l ngi tiu
dng (khng b nhm ln gia hng tht v hng gi), ch s hu i tng s
hu tr tu (bo v uy tn sn phm, bo v nhng thng tin c gi tr), cc nh
sn xut khc (c cnh tranh bnh ng) v Nh nc (bo m mt h thng
php lut cng bng v hiu qu, chng tht thu thu). Tuy nhin, do yu t v
hnh ca cc ti sn tr tu, cng nh thiu cc quy nh v t tng hu hiu m
hin nay cc hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip vn din ra ph bin
v vic x l rt ro cn gp nhiu kh khn.
10.1. Cc quy nh v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu theo Tha c TRIPS
v Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K
10.1.1 Gii thiu ni dung Tha c TRIPS
Tho c TRIPS bao gm cc iu khon v quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan,
nhn hiu, tn gi xut x hng ho, kiu dng cng nghip, sng ch, thit k
mch tch hp. V bn cht, l mt tp hp cc cng c m t trc n
nay WIPO vn ang gim st, bao gm Cng c Berne, Cng c Rome,
Cng c Paris v Cng c Budapest v ging cy trng (UPOV).
Cng nh cc tho c khc v thng mi, Tho c TRIPS da trn hai
nguyn tc c bn: nguyn tc i ng nh cng dn (national treatment, hay
cn gi l nguyn tc i x quc gia) v nguyn tc i x ti hu quc (most
favoured nations, MFN, hay cn gi l nguyn tc quan h thnng mi bnh
thng - normal trade relationship hay NTR). 116
Nguyn tc i ng nh cng dn quy nh cc thnh vin khng c i x
cng dn ca quc gia thnh vin khc km thun li hn cng dn ca chnh
nc mnh, tr mt s trng hp ngoi l c cho php.
Nguyn tc MFN quy nh mi thun li, u i, min tr dnh cho cng dn
ca mt nc thnh vin no s lp tc phi c ginh cho cng dn ca tt c
cc thnh vin khc. Tuy nhin, nguyn tc ny khng p dng trong trng
hp cc nc thnh vin c tham gia cc tho thun a phng (th d Vit

116

Gervais, D. (1998) The TRIPS Agreement, Drafting History and Analysis. Sweet & Maxwell.

186

Nam tham gia tho c thnh lp khi mu dch t do ASEAN - AFTA, hay
Php tham gia Lin minh Chu u).
Tho c quy nh chi tit cc tiu chun bo h ti thiu v cc quyn ti thiu
i vi bn quyn tc gi (c bit l chng trnh my tnh), nhn hiu, sng
ch, thit k vi mch, b mt thng mi, v phng php thc thi quyn s hu
tr tu.117
10.1.2 C ch thc thi quyn s hu tr tu theo Tho c TRIPS
Phn III ca Tho c TRIPS quy nh v c ch thc thi quyn s hu tr tu.
Cc thnh vin c ngha v phi p dng cc th tc thc thi quyn s hu tr
tu mt cch bnh ng, cng bng, hiu qu. Cc quyt nh x l phi bo
m tnh minh bch v quyn khng co, khiu ni ca ng s. Vic bi
thng thit hi phi mang tnh cht n b i vi ngi b thit hi v gio
dc i vi ngi xm phm.
c bit, Tha c TRIPS yu cu cc nc thnh vin phi p dng mt s th
tc t tng ti thiu lm tng hiu qu thc thi quyn s hu tr tu. Th
nht l to n c quyn yu cu ngi b nghi l xm phm phi cung cp chng
c v hnh vi xm phm. Th hai l to n c quyn yu cu p dng bin php
khn cp tm thi i vi hng ho xm phm. Cc bin php ny c php
p dng k c khi cha tin hnh khi kin hay th l v n. Bin php khn
cp tm thi s b chm dt nu nguyn n khng tin hnh khi kin chm
nht l 20 ngy lm vic sau khi p dng cc bin php trn. Theo quy nh,
To n cng quyn ra bn n m khng cn y chng c nu b n c tnh
khng cung cp chng c. Vic bi thng thit hi khng bt buc phi tnh
ton chnh xc trong trng hp xm phm quyn tc gi.
Bn cnh vic nng cao kh nng ca to n, Tha c TRIPS cng tp trung
vo vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu ti bin gii. C th l c quan hi quan
c quyn tm nh ch nhp khu hng ho nu c cn c vi phm quyn s hu
tr tu, tiu hy, tch thu cc hng ho xm phm m khng p dng bin php
buc ti xut.
V hnh chnh, mt s nc trn th gii cho php cc c quan nh nc c
thm quyn (thng thng l Cc Bn quyn hay qun l th trng) c php
khm xt, pht tin, tch thu, tiu hy cc tc phm xm phm quyn tc gi.
Mc pht tin ph bin cc nc l vo khong 10.000 USD cho mt tc
phm xm phm.
117

Blakeney, M. (1996) Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - A Concise

Guide to TRIPS Agreement, Sweet & Maxwell.

187

V hnh s, nhiu nc quy nh vic sao chp, n cp thnh qu lao ng

ca ngi khc (nh xm phm quyn tc gi) l xm phm ti sn ca cng
dn, v l mt ti hnh s. Cc ch ti hnh s phi tng ng vi cc ti phm
khc gy thit hi c cng mc nghim trng.118
10.1.3 Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M
Ngy 14/7/2000, Vit Nam v Hoa K k Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M
(gi tt l Hip nh), m ra mt c hi, song cng l mt thch thc mi cho
qu trnh Vit Nam hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii. Hip nh cp n
nhiu kha cnh ca thng mi, bao gm hng ho, dch v, s hu tr tu v
u t. Theo Hip nh, hng ho Vit Nam vo th trng M s c hng
quy ch ti hu quc (Most Favoured Nation, MFN hay Normal Trade
Relations, NTR) v c hng cc quyn li nh hng ho ca M trong
nc (National Treatment). Hng ho M v u t M vo Vit Nam cng s
c hng quy ch MFN, song quy ch National Treatment th cn hn ch
trong mt thi hn nht nh, sao cho nn kinh t Vit Nam tng trng sc
cnh tranh vi hng ho v dch v M.
10.1.4 Bo h quyn s hu tr tu theo Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M
Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M m ra nhiu c hi, song cng nhiu thch thc
mi cho qu trnh Vit Nam hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii. Mt trong
nhng thch thc l vic bo h v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu (SHTT),
c quy nh trong chng II ca Hip nh.
Chng II ca Hip nh c nm ni dung ch yu. Th nht l Vit Nam s
bo h quyn s hu tr tu ca cc cng dn, cng ty M nh bo h i vi
cng dn Vit Nam. C th ho iu ny c ngha l cc chng trnh my tnh
ca Microsoft, phim nh M, v.v. s c Nh nc Vit Nam bo h quyn tc
gi. y s l mt thch thc i vi Vit Nam trong thi gian ti, v theo
thng k ca Hoa K, t l xm phm quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh my
tnh Vit Nam l trn 90%.
im th hai cn lu trong Hip nh l Vit Nam cam kt trong vng 24
thng k t khi Hip c c hiu lc s tham gia cc cng c v SHTT m
hin ti cha tham gia, c th l Cng c Berne v quyn tc gi, Cng c
Geneva v quyn lin quan, Cng c UPOV v ging thc vt, v Cng c
Brussels v tn hiu pht sng thu qua v tinh. iu ny khng phi l kh thc
118

Trong khi theo lut Vit Nam, ngi xm phm quyn tc gi, b x l hnh chnh m
cn tip tc ti phm ch b pht n 3 nm t treo (iu 131 BLHS).

188

hin, bi l mc d cha tham gia cc cng c Geneve v Cng c UPOV,

cc vn bn php lut hin ti ca nc ta nhn chung mc nhin cng nhn cc
quy nh bo h c nu trong cc cng c. T thng 10/2004, Vit Nam
tham gia Cng c Berne.
im th ba, im quan trng nht, l vic Hip nh quy nh chi tit cc
tiu chun bo h ti thiu i vi quyn tc gi (c bit l chng trnh my
tnh), nhn hiu, sng ch, thit k vi mch, b mt thng mi, v phng php
thc thi quyn s hu tr tu. Nhn chung cc quy nh v bo h quyn s hu
tr tu ca Vit Nam u tng ng vi cc tiu chun ti thiu ny, tuy nhin
cc quy nh v thc thi cn cn phi b sung thm nhng bin php kp thi v
ch ti mnh ngn nga tnh trng xm phm quyn SHTT. Th d theo
yu cu ca Hip nh, chng ta phi quy nh chi tit cc th tc t tng
m bo quyn ca ch s hu i tng SHTT: bao gm quyn yu cu to n
ra lnh b n phi cung cp y chng c (cn gi l lnh Anton Piller),
quyn ra bn n m khng cn nguyn n khng cung cp y chng c
nu b n c tnh khng cung cp chng c, quyn p dng cc bin php khn
cp tm thi m khng cn khi kin (gn gi l lnh ex parte), quyn yu cu
bi thng thit hi. Vic bi thng thit hi khng bt buc phi tnh ton
chnh xc trong trng hp xm phm quyn tc gi. Hng ho khi xc nh l
gi cn phi tch thu. Vic loi b yu t xm phm i vi hng gi ch p
dng trong trng hp c bit. y l nhng im mi m lut php Vit
Nam cn c b sung sa i theo quy nh ca Hip nh trong vng 2
nm k t ngy 10/12/2001. Ngoi ra, cc ch ti hnh s v ti xm phm
quyn SHTT phi tng ng vi cc ti phm khc gy thit hi c cng mc
nghim trng.
im th t l Hip nh quy nh c th cc bin php thc thi quyn s hu
tr tu ti bin gii, bao gm vic bt gi hnh xm phm ti ca khu (khng
qu 10 ngy, khi gia hn phi c lnh ca c quan thm quyn), k khai ng k
i tng s hu tr tu ti ca khu hi quan d bo v, theo di. Sp ti
y khi Chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh hng dn thi hnh Lut Hi quan s
cp n vn ny.
im th nm l Hip nh cng quy nh mt s ngoi l, c ngha l mt s
i tng (th d gio vin, sinh vin) c th s dng SHTT khng xin php m
khng b coi l xm phm nu iu khng nh hng ln n li ch ca ch
i tng SHTT.
Vit Nam cam kt s ban hnh Ngh nh v bo h quyn tc gi v b mt
thng mi cho cc tc phm (k c tc phm phn mm) trong vng 18 thng
k t khi Hip nh c hiu lc. iu ny c ngha l cc phn mm ca M s
189

c thc thi bo h nghim chnh ti Vit Nam chm nht l 18 thng sau khi
Hip nh c hiu lc. Vi cc iu khon khc ca Chng III, Vit Nam cam
kt s khng ban hnh vn bn no khng ph hp vi cc ni dung ca Hip
nh Thng mi Vit-M. Vit Nam cng cam kt s xy dng khung php
lut v s hu tr tu theo quy nh ca Tho c TRIPS. Nu c mu thun v
ni dung gia Hip nh bo h bn quyn Vit Nam - Hoa K v Hip nh
Thng mi Vit-M, Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M s chim u th.
Nh vy tho mn cc yu cu thc thi quyn s hu tr tu ca Hip nh
Thng mi l iu khng n gin. Cu hi hin nay c t ra l lm th
no tn dng nhng thun li v thi c, khc phc nhng kh khn v
thch thc trong qu trnh thc hin Hip nh. (trch Ngh quyt ca Quc hi
v vic ph chun Hip nh ngy 28/11/2001).
10.2

Nhng kh khn vng mc trong vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu

c hiu qu trc khi c Lut SHTT

10.2.1 Tng kt cc kh khn trong vic thc thi

Mc d nc ta xy dng cc quy nh v bo h quyn SHTT t nhiu nm
nay, song tnh trng xm phm quyn SHTT, c th l nn sn xut v bun bn
hng gi, hng bt chc sn phm c bo h ca ngi khc vn din
bin phc tp cho n trc khi ban hnh Lut SHTT. Mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn l do th tc t tng, cc bin php ch ti hin thi t ra khng thch hp
trong vic bo v quyn SHTT c ba lnh vc dn s, hnh s v hnh chnh.
V ch ti dn s, nguyn n c ngha v phi chng minh chnh xc mc
thit hi mi c bi thng. y l mt vic khng phi d lm, nht l khi
cc c quan thc thi khng c lnh khm xt khn cp khi bt hng gi, khin b
n c th tu tn ti liu, ti sn. Trung Quc khc phc tnh trng ny,
ngy 27/10/2001 Quc hi sa i lut bo v nhn hiu hng ha, cho php
to n t n nh mc bi thng ln n 60.000 USD, cng vi chi ph iu tra
v ph lut s cho nhng trng hp khng xc nh c chnh xc thit hi.
Ngoi ra, lut mi ca Trung Quc cng cho php to n c php ban hnh
bin php khn cp tm thi (tm gi tang vt, khm xt, cm i khi ni c tr,
v.v.) theo yu cu ca ch SHTT i vi nhng i tng b tnh nghi l xm
phm quyn SHTT m khng cn phi th l v n trc . y l mt quy
nh rt quan trng (iu 13 chng II ca Hip nh TM Vit M), nu khng
ngi xm phm s c thi gian tiu hy chng c hay ti liu, thm ch t chi
khng ra to, ngay khi bit c rng mnh b khi kin. Vit Nam vic ban
hnh cc bin php trn hin nay ch c tin hnh sau khi th l v phi do c
quan thi hnh n tin hnh (vn hin ang b qu ti do qu nhiu v vic).
190

V cc ch ti hnh s, theo B Lut Hnh s 1999 cc ti xm phm quyn

SHTT b x khng qu 3 nm t treo (trong trng hp c bit nghim trng
khng qu 3 nm t giam), trong khi cc ti xm phm ti sn khc d c gi
tr t hn (th d trm cp) th li b x pht nng hn. i vi x pht hnh
chnh cng vy, mc x pht ph bin khong 10 triu 30 triu ng, trong
khi thit hi do hng gi gy ra c th n hng t ng. Hng gi bt c t
khi b tch thu tiu hy m ch loi b yu t vi phm, tr trng hp hng
ho khng th s dng li. Nh vy trong nhiu trng hp hng gi sau
khi bc nhn li c tr cho ngi xm phm, gy nn tnh trng bt cc b
a ngi bun bn hng gi vn tip tc ti phm. y cng l mt trong
nhng l do khin cho nn lm hng gi khng c x l tn gc, mc d cc
c quan cng nh ch SHTT mt rt nhiu thi gian cng sc.
Ngoi ra, ti cuc hi tho v s hu tr tu c t chc ti TP H Ch Minh
trong cc ngy 30 v 31 thng 5 nm 2002, mt cuc thm d kin c t
chc trong cc c quan thc thi. Kt qu thm d cho thy phn ln cho rng
kh khn ln nht l kin thc thc thi v thc thc thi quyn t tng lp
nhn dn n c quan thc thi. Kh khn th hai l v vn kinh ph h tr
cho cng tc thc thi.
10.2.2 V kin thc thc thi v t duy c quan thc thi
Nhn chung, cc c quan chc nng vn cha sn sng cho vic phi hp t
chc bo v quyn s hu tr tu, nht l quyn tc gi i vi phn mm v h
cho rng, vic bo h quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cng nghip l "li bt cp
hi," v ngi tiu dng khng c sn phm r dng, trong khi nhn dn ang
cn nng cao dn tr v hiu bit v cng nghip phn mm. C kin cn cho
rng bo h phn mm cht qu s lm hn ch ph cp kin thc, km hm s
pht trin ca t nc. Nh vy, vn l phi thuyt phc v lin tc tin
hnh cc hi tho, cc chng trnh o to v s hu tr tu ti tt c cc
trng hnh chnh quc gia, trng o to cn b sao cho cc cn b thc thi
bo h quyn s hu tr tu nhn thc c rng vic chng li hnh vi xm
phm phn mm l mt cng tc trng tm.
Song song vi nhng bin php tng cng kin thc thc thi, Nh nc phi
c nhng chnh sch thch hp, khuyn khch lao ng sng to sao cho khng
nhng cc cng ty nc ngoi c quyn s hu tr tu, m cc doanh nghip
Vit Nam cng phi quen dn vi vic s hu i tng ny. Ch khi ti sn s
hu tr tu c ni a ho, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v cc c quan thc
thi mi cm thy c li ch ca vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu.

191

10.2.3 V kinh ph thc thi

V kinh ph hot ng ca cc c quan x pht hnh chnh, trong thi gian u
khuyn khch cc c quan nh nc x l nghim minh tnh trng xm phm
quyn s hu tr tu, Nh nc c quy nh trong Thng t Lin tch
10/2000/TTLT ngy 27/4/2000 ca lin b Thng mi - Ti chnh - Cng an KHCNMT v cng tc chng sn xut v bun bn hng gi. Theo , cc
khon thu t vic x pht hnh chnh trong cng tc chng hng gi s c cc
c quan x pht gi li ti cung cp kinh ph hot ng cho cc c quan x
pht (Mc VI.2). Ngoi ra, kinh ph c th do cc khon t nguyn ng gp
(nu c) ca cc t chc, c nhn trong v ngoi nc.
Kinh ph thu c s c dng vo cc khon chi sau:
-

mua sm trang thit b, phng tin thc thi php lut ca cc c quan;
chi cho cng tc bt gi, bo qun, tiu hy, vn chuyn tang vt xm
phm;
t chc tuyn truyn bi dng, o to nghip v (t nht 20% kinh
ph);
trch thng cho cc t chc, c nhn c cng bt gi hng ho xm
phm (khong 20% kinh ph);
mua tin tc pht hin hnh vi xm phm, thng cho qun chng
gip cc c quan pht hin hnh vi xm phm (trong trng hp kh
truy tm th phm); v
cc khon chi hp l khc.

Tuy nhin, quyn li cng phi i i vi ngha v. Nu cc c quan bung

lng qun l, thiu trch nhim trong vn x l khiu ni ca ch th b xm
phm phi b x l k lut, t khin trch n vic chu trch nhim mt phn
hu qu do hnh vi xm phm gy ra (nu c bao che cho hnh vi xm phm).
Thc t hin nay Thng t Lin tch 10 vn cha c trin khai thc hin,
khin c quan thc thi mun nhn c h tr ti chnh ca doanh nghip cng
khng c c ch, m nu chm tr trong vic thc thi cng khng gp phi ch
ti no. y s l im yu khin nhng tng tt trong Lut SHTT trong thi
gian ti kh kh thi.
10.3

Vai tr ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT

Trong h thng bo h quyn s hu tr tu, Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc

SHTT tuy khng c kh nng n nh mc pht, song l nhng c quan c trnh
php l v trnh nghip v, c kh nng tr li cc cu hi ca cc c
quan thc thi khc. V th, Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT l c quan
192

chnh trong vai tr phi hp h tr nghip v vi cc c quan chc nng khc.

Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT cng l c quan ng vai tr chnh trong
vic hp tc quc t trong lnh vc s hu tr tu v m cc lp hun luyn
nghip v cho cc cn b thc thi.
Ngoi vic phi hp v h tr cc c quan chc nng, Cc Bn quyn tc gi v
Cc SHTT cn ng vai tr lm c quan trung gian gii quyt ho gii cc tranh
chp v quyn tc gi. iu ny cng ph hp vi kinh nghim mt s nc
trn th gii.119 Qua so snh vi kinh nghim ca nhiu nc nc , chng ta
thy vai tr ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT hin ti l ph hp vi
mc ch hot ng, mc d so vi mt s nc, Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc
SHTT ca Vit Nam cha c nhiu thm quyn bng.120
Cc Bn quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT c u im l nm vng cc vn v mt
php l, l u no ca cc c quan thc thi. V th, Cc Bn quyn tc gi v
Cc SHTT khng nhng c th ch o phi hp cc c quan thc thi khc, m
cn c th gim st vic thc thi ca cc c quan ny. Mun nh vy, Cc Bn
quyn tc gi v Cc SHTT phi c mt vai tr c lp nht nh khi s kim
sot ca cc B VHTT hay KHCN, hoc l cc B phi phi hp cht ch vi
nhau v vi cc cc b khc vic bo h v thc thi thm hu hiu.
10.4

Cc quy nh v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu trong lut Vit Nam

sau khi c Lut SHTT

Vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu Vit Nam c th c tin hnh di ba

hnh thc: dn s, x l vi phm hnh chnh v truy cu trch nhim hnh s.
Bc chuyn bin ln nht trong Lut SHTT l v th tc t tng dn s.
10.4.1 Th tc t tng dn s v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu

119

Tuy nhin, c quan ho gii khng phi l Cc Bn quyn tc gi hay Cc SHTT. V

d ti Nht Bn, c quan ho gii tranh chp tc quyn l y ban Ho gii Tranh chp. Nht,
c quan chu trch nhim qun l quyn tc gi l Cc Bn quyn thuc B Gio dc. Trong
khi , Australia, Phillippines v Malaysia khng c c quan ring ng k bo h quyn
tc gi.
120
so snh vai tr ca Cc Bn quyn tc gi ti Vit Nam vi cc c quan tng t ti cc
nc, chng ta c th k n cc th d sau. Trung Quc Cc Bn quyn Quc gia (National
Copyright Administration - NCA), trc tip thuc Chnh ph, c thnh lp khng ch ng
k bn quyn, m cn chu trch nhim iu tra cc v xm phm quyn tc gi ln, xy dng
quan h quc t, bo h quyn tc gi i vi tc phm nc ngoi, ng thi gim st cc c
quan a phng thc thi quyn tc gi. (Xem Baker & McKenzie, "Intellectual Property Guide
- China", 1999, trang 16.).

193

V nguyn tc, tranh chp v quyn tc gi v quyn s hu cng nghip c

gii quyt ti To n nhn dn cp huyn. Tuy nhin, v cc quan h lin quan
n quyn s hu tr tu tng i phc tp, nn cc v tranh chp ny c
gii quyt ti To n nhn dn cp Tnh hay thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng.
y l cc v n thuc thm quyn ca To cp huyn m To cp tnh ly ln
gii quyt.121 Cc tranh chp c yu t nc ngoi v bo h quyn tc gi
(v quyn s hu cng nghip) s do To n nhn dn Thnh ph H Ni hay
Thnh ph H Ch Minh gii quyt theo php lut Vit Nam v cc iu c
quc t m Vit Nam k kt hay tham gia.
C s ca vic khi kin dn s bo v quyn tc gi v quyn s hu cng
nghip c quy nh iu 199 Lut SHTT. Theo iu ny, ch th b xm
phm c quyn yu cu ngi xm phm chm dt hnh vi vi phm, xin li, ci
chnh cng khai v bi thng thit hi (theo nguyn tc bi thng thit hi
ngoi hp ng). Tuy nhin, vic thc hin cc quyn dn s ca ch s hu
i tng s hu tr tu khng h n gin, nht l i vi cc hnh vi xm
phm ti sn v hnh nh s hu tr tu. Cc yu cu khi x l hnh vi xm
phm sao cho hiu qu rt nhiu. Th nht l cn phi c cc bin php khn
cp tm thi thu gi tang chng, ngn chn vic tip tc xm phm. Th hai
l phi c quyn yu cu bn xm phm cung cp cc tang vt tch thu, x l.
Th ba l cn c s phi hp ng b ca cc c quan chc nng. Cui cng l
phi c hng dn ca Ta n trong vic xc nh mc bi thng thit hi.
C ch bi thng thit hi c quy nh theo phng thc bi thng ngoi
hp ng. Trong nguyn n phi chng minh c yu t li, hnh vi tri
php lut, thit hi xy ra v mi quan h nhn qu gia thit hi v hnh vi tri
php lut. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh thit hi v chng minh mi quan h nhn
qu trong quan h bi thng thit hi l rt kh khn. Chnh v th m cc
nc nh Anh, M cho php cc thm phn c t n nh mc bi thng
thit hi da trn ba phng php: mt l xc nh khon thu nhp b mt do
hnh vi xm phm (khng nht thit phi l thu nhp thc t), hai l xc nh
mt mc ph m ngi xm phm phi tr, nu h mun s dng tc phm mt
cch hp php (gi l ph li-xng tng ng), ba l t xc nh mc thit
hi yu cu bi thng m khng cn phi a ra cn c (statutory
damages). C ba phng php ny u khng xc nh chnh xc mc thit
hi. Tuy nhin, vic quy nh v bi thng thit hi theo lut ca cc nc ny
trong mt s trng hp khng cn phi chnh xc, min l m bo tnh rn e,
gio dc i vi k xm phm.

121

Cng vn s 97/KHXX ngy 21/8/1997 ca To n nhn dn ti cao xc nh thm

quyn gii quyt tranh chp v quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cng nghip.

194

Kinh nghim ca cc nc v xc nh mc thit hi c p dng ti

Vit Nam trong Lut SHTT. iu 205 qui nh trong trng hp nguyn n
chng minh c hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu gy thit hi v vt
cht cho mnh th c quyn yu cu To n quyt nh mc bi thng theo mt
trong cc cn c sau y:
a)

b)

c)

Tng thit hi vt cht tnh bng tin cng vi khon li nhun m b

n thu c do thc hin hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu,
nu khon li nhun b gim st ca nguyn n cha c tnh vo
tng thit hi vt cht; hoc
Gi chuyn giao quyn s dng i tng s hu tr tu vi gi nh b
n c nguyn n chuyn giao quyn s dng i tng theo hp
ng s dng i tng s hu tr tu trong phm vi tng ng vi hnh
vi xm phm thc hin; hoc
Trong trng hp khng th xc nh c mc bi thng thit hi v
vt cht theo cc cn c quy nh ti im a v im b trn th mc bi
thng thit hi v vt cht do To n n nh, tu thuc vo mc
thit hi, nhng khng qu 500.000.000 ng.

Ngoi ra, nu nguyn n chng minh c hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr

tu gy thit hi v tinh thn cho mnh th c quyn yu cu To n quyt
nh mc bi thng trong gii hn t nm triu ng n nm mi triu
ng, tu thuc vo mc thit hi. Ngoi khon bi thng thit hi nu
trn, ngi b thit hi c quyn yu cu To n buc t chc, c nhn c hnh
vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu phi thanh ton chi ph hp l thu lut s.
Bc tin quan trng th hai trong vic ci tin th tc t tng dn s trong vic
x l hnh vi vi phm quyn s hu tr tu l qui nh v ngha v chng minh.
Lut SHTT chuyn t vic p dng cng nhc nguyn tc suy on v ti
(nguyn n phi chng minh hnh vi xm phm ca b n), sang vic p dng
mt s ngoi l (b n phi chng minh mnh khng xm phm). y l
nhng ci tin nhm thc hin nhng cam kt trong Hip nh thng mi Vit
M. Cc qui nh ny cng hp l, v vic tm chng c trong vic thc thi
quyn SHTT khng n gin. Nh vy, theo nguyn tc kinh t v thng tin bt
i xng (asymmetric information), ai c nhiu thng tin hn th ngi c
ngha v phi chng minh.
Theo , trong v kin v xm phm quyn i vi sng ch l mt quy trnh
sn xut sn phm, thay v ngha v chng minh thuc v nguyn n, th b
n phi chng minh sn phm ca mnh c sn xut theo mt quy trnh khc
vi quy trnh c bo h trong cc trng hp sau y:

195

a)
b)

Sn phm c sn xut theo quy trnh c bo h l sn phm mi;

Sn phm c sn xut theo quy trnh c bo h khng mi nhng
ch s hu sng ch cho rng sn phm do b n sn xut l theo quy
trnh c bo h v mc d s dng cc bin php thch hp nhng
vn khng th xc nh c quy trnh do b n s dng (th d nh
dc phm hay cc my mc in t phc tp).

Ngoi ra, trong trng hp mt bn trong v kin xm phm quyn s hu tr

tu chng minh c chng c thch hp chng minh cho yu cu ca mnh
b bn kia kim sot do khng th tip cn c th c quyn yn cu To n
buc bn kim sot chng c phi a ra chng c .
Bn cnh vic xc nh thit hi v vic chuyn giao ngha v chng minh,
nhng kh khn trc y trong vic p dng bin php khn cp tm thi
c ci tin mt bc. Theo iu 206 Lut SHTT, khi khi kin hoc sau khi
khi kin, nguyn n c quyn yu cu To n p dng bin php khn cp
tm thi nu c nguy c xy ra thit hi khng th khc phc c cho nguyn
n hay hng ho b nghi ng xm phm quyn s hu tr tu hoc chng c
lin quan c nguy c b tu tn hoc b tiu hu nu khng c bo v kp thi.
Cc bin php khn cp tm thi bao gm: thu gi; k bin; nim phong; cm
thay i hin trng; cm di chuyn; cm chuyn dch quyn s hu. trnh
tnh trng lm dng cc bin php khn cp tm thi, iu 208 cng qui nh
ngi yu cu p dng bin php khn cp tm thi c ngha v chng minh
quyn yu cu bng cc ti liu, chng c.
Ngoi ra, ngi yu cu p dng bin php khn cp tm thi c ngha v bi
thng thit hi gy ra cho ngi b p dng bin php trong trng hp
ngi khng xm phm quyn s hu tr tu. bo m thc hin ngha v
ny, ngi yu cu p dng bin php khn cp tm thi phi np khon bo
m bng mt trong cc hnh thc sau y: a) Khon tin bng 20% gi tr hng
ho cn p dng bin php khn cp tm thi hoc ti thiu hai mi triu ng
nu khng th xc nh c gi tr hng ha ; hay b) Chng t bo lnh ca
ngn hng hoc ca t chc tn dng khc. Trong trng hp yu cu p dng
bin php khn cp tm thi khng c cn c xc ng th To n s hy b
bin php ny. Nu bin php gy thit hi cho ngi b p dng bin php
khn cp tm thi th To n buc ngi yu cu phi bi thng thit hi.
Nhn chung, cc qui nh v th tc t tng dn s trong vic thc thi quyn s
hu tr tu th hin c quan im ch o trong Hi ngh ton quc v thc
thi quyn SHTT thng 9/2004, l tng cng hiu qu cho cc bin php
thc thi dn s, bt gnh nng cho cc c quan thc thi theo th tc hnh chnh.

196

10.4.2 X l vi phm hnh chnh

Ngoi vic khi kin hnh chnh, ch th b xm phm c quyn t co hnh vi
xm phm ln cc c quan hnh chnh c thm quyn: Cc Bn quyn tc gi
(Ngh nh 76/CP, iu 31) hay Cc SHTT, UBND tnh, thnh ph (Ngh nh
76/CP, iu 32), thanh tra VHTT (Ngh nh 76/CP, iu 34), qun l th
trng, cnh st kinh t (iu 33 Php lnh x l vi phm hnh chnh), Hi
quan (theo Lut Hi quan). Cc bin php x pht bao gm pht tin, lp bin
bn tch thu x l tang vt, phng tin (bn u gi hoc hy). Tuy nhin, cc
mc pht cn nh, cha t c nhng tiu chun ti thiu ca Tho c
TRIPS hay Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M.
Ngoi cc bin php pht chnh, cc bin php pht b sung cng rt c tc
dng rn e, nht l i vi cc i tng xm phm quyn s hu tr tu nhiu
nht. Nu pht hin cc c s sn xut v bun bn hng gi, c quan x l
hnh vi xm phm c quyn tm nh ch hay thu hi giy php kinh doanh ca
c s, cnh co trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng, tch thu sung vo cng
qu cng c, phng tin sn xut hng gi, hng xm phm quyn s hu cng
nghip.
Cc quy nh thc thi v s hu tr tu ca Vit Nam c pht trin thnh hai
giai on. Bin gii gia hai giai on ny l cc Ngh nh v thc thi quyn
s hu cng nghip (Ngh nh 12/1999/N-CP) v quyn tc gi (Chng 7
Ngh nh 31/2001/N-CP).
Cc vn bn php lut giai on 1 bao gm:
-

Php lnh x l vi phm hnh chnh (ngy 3/6/1996).

Ngh nh 140/HBT v x l, bun bn hng gi (ngy 25/4/91). Theo

, hng gi c hiu l hng khng t cht lng ti thiu, s dng bao b &
nhn gi hay khng c php ca ch s hu NH (TTLB s 1254 ngy
8/11/1991). Cc bin php x l c quy nh iu 10 (nim phong, tm
gi, tm nh ch sn xut), iu 11 (hy b, cm lu thng, g b nhn gi), v
iu 12 (pht t 1 3 ln gi tr l hng phm php hay s li bt chnh).
-

Quyt nh 96/TTg quy ch v trch nhim v quan h phi hp hot

ng gia cc c quan qun l nh nc trong cng tc qun l th
trng, chng bun lu v cc hnh vi kinh doanh tri php (ngy
18/2/1995). iu 6 ca quyt nh ny phn nh trch nhim c th ca
cc c quan thc thi. B Thng mi c quyn xem xt v x pht hot
ng s hu tr tu trong lnh vc thng mi (thng qua c quan qun
197

l th trng). Tng cc Hi quan c quyn thc hin quyn khi t

hnh s v x l vi phm hnh chnh v hi quan. Tng cc Thu c
quyn x l vi phm hnh chnh v thu. B Khoa hc v Cng Ngh
c phn cng trch nhim thanh tra, kim tra, gim nh, hng dn
nghip v, x l tranh chp v s hu cng nghip (thng qua c quan
thanh tra khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng). B Ni v (nay l B
Cng an) c trch nhim x l cc v vic ln, trng im v sn xut
hng gi, hng xm phm. Trong khi thc hin, B Thng mi thng
qua qun l th trng c coi l c quan thng nht ch o (iu 9),
coi trng vic chng hng gi khu sn xut, cc loi hng tiu dng,
nng nghip, t chc phi hp kim tra lin ngnh, t chc cc trm
kim sot QLTT, GTVT, kim lm.
-

Ngh nh 57/CP v x pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc o lng & cht
lng hng ho (ngy 31/5/1997). Ngh nh ny quy nh cc mc pht
i vi vic sn xut v bun bn hng gi, hng xm phm quyn s
hu tr tu. i vi hnh vi sn xut hng gi: pht tin t 2.000.000
10.000.000, t 10.000.000 20.000.000 nu l hng gi gy c hi
sc kho, mi trng, nh hng n uy tn quc gia. i vi hnh vi
bun bn hng gi: pht tin t 1.000.000 5.000.000, t 5.000.000
20.000.000 nu gy c hi sc kho, mi trng, nh hng n uy
tn quc gia. Ngoi ra Ngh nh cn quy nh cc hnh thc b sung bao
gm: bi thng thit hi, tch thu phng tin sn xut, bun bn v
ton b hng ho lin quan n vic sn xut v bun bn hng gi. Tuy
nhin, hnh thc x pht b sung ch p dng i vi nhng hnh vi c
ti phm nhiu ln.

Giai on 2: sau khi Ngh nh v thc thi quyn s hu cng nghip (Ngh
nh 12/1999/N-CP) v quyn tc gi (Chng 7 Ngh nh 31/2001/N-CP)
ra i.
Ngh nh 12/1999/N-CP quy nh hnh thc x pht i vi cc hnh vi
xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip nh sau:
-

vi phm hnh chnh v xc lp, nh ch, hu b vn bng bo h hay

ng k hp ng li-xng;

xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip (lm hng gi, hng nhi, v.v.);

vi phm hnh chnh do t vn sai v s hu cng nghip hay t vn

nhm mc ch lm dng quyn s hu cng nghip.

198

i vi hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu cng nghip, Ngh nh quy nh mc

pht t 20 n 50 triu ng, trong trng hp ti phm mc pht c th ln n
50 triu ng, v trong trng hp c bit nghim trng c th b pht n 100
triu ng.
Chng 7 ca Ngh nh 31/2001/N-CP cng quy nh nhng ch ti sau y
cho hnh vi sn xut bun bn hng xm phm quyn tc gi:
-

pht tin t 1 triu ng n 3 triu ng i vi hnh vi sao chp phim,

bng hnh, a hnh lu kinh doanh;

pht tin t 3 triu ng n 10 triu ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi

nh lp ghp chng trnh phim, bng hnh, a hnh kinh doanh,
qung co m khng c s ng ca ch s hu bn quyn;

pht tin t 10 triu ng n 20 triu ng i vi mt trong cc hnh

vi nhn bn chng trnh pht thanh, truyn hnh c pht sng
ph bin nhm mc ch kinh doanh khi cha c s ng ca ch
s hu chng trnh; sao phn mm kin trc m khng c s ng
ca ch s hu bn quyn;

pht tin t 20 triu ng n 40 triu ng i vi mt trong cc hnh

vi nhn bn, ti bn tc phm vn hc ngh thut, cng trnh khoa hc
kinh doanh m khng c s ng ca ch s hu bn quyn; sao
chng trnh my tnh m khng c s ng ca ch s hu.

i vi hnh vi ti phm c th b pht tin t 50 triu ng n 70 triu ng.

Mc tin pht quy nh nh trn l rt thp v khng sc rn e hnh vi xm
phm. V th, Lut SHTT qui nh rng mc pht cn c n nh t nht bng
gi tr hng ho vi phm pht hin c v nhiu nht khng vt qu nm
ln gi tr hng ho vi phm pht hin c. Tuy cc mc pht c th ln
n cao nh vy, song khng c ngha l vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu s c
hiu qu tc th. Cn lu l cc c quan x pht ch c th p dng mc pht
n gii hn thm quyn ca mnh nh trong quy nh ca Php lnh x l vi
phm hnh chnh (ngy 3/6/1996). Theo :
-

Ch tch UBND cp huyn ch c x pht n 10 triu ng;

Ch tch UBND cp tnh c x pht n 100 triu ng;

199

Thanh tra chuyn ngnh cp tnh c x pht n 20 triu ng, i

vin thanh tra c x pht n 200 ngn ng.

Trng phng cnh st kinh t cp tnh, i trng i kim sot hi

quan c x pht n 2 triu ng.

i trng i qun l th trng c x pht n 1 triu ng, chi cc

trng chi cc qun l th trng c x pht n 10 triu ng.

Tng t, Lut SHTT cng c bc tin ln trong vic a ra cc bin php

ngn chn v bo m x pht hnh chnh. Theo iu 215, ngi b xm phm
c quyn yu cu c quan c thm quyn p dng bin php ngn chn v bo
m x pht hnh chnh nu hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu c nguy c
gy ra thit hi nghim trng cho ngi tiu dng hoc cho x hi; hoc tang
vt vi phm c nguy c b tu tn hoc c nhn, t chc vi phm c biu hin
trn trnh trch nhim; hoc nhm bo m thi hnh quyt nh x pht vi phm
hnh chnh.
Bin php ngn chn v bo m x pht hnh chnh c p dng theo th tc
hnh chnh i vi hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu bao gm: tm gi
ngi; tm gi hng ho, tang vt, phng tin vi phm; khm ngi; khm
phng tin vn ti, vt; khm ni ct giu hng ho, tang vt, phng tin
vi phm v s hu tr tu. Tuy nhin, nh ni trn, vic p dng cc bin
php x l hnh chnh (khm xt, tm gi tang vt, phng tin) cc cn b
thc thi cn phi tun th cc quy nh ti Php lnh x pht hnh chnh. C th
l:
-

Vic tm gi tang vt khng c qu 15 ngy (sau phi c quyt

nh x l tang vt tuy vy Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT cho
php ko di thi hn tm gi ln n 30 ngy). Nu ch p dng pht
tin m khng p dng hnh thc pht b sung th ch tm gi giy php
kinh doanh, giy php lu thng ch khng tm gi tang vt.

Vic khm ngi phi do th trng c quan thc thi ra quyt nh.

Ch c i trng i qun l th trng, trng phng cnh st kinh t

mi c quyn ra lnh khm xt ni ct giu hng ho xm phm v phi
chu trch nhim v quyt nh ca mnh, ng thi phi thng bo cho
Vin Kim st trong vng 12 gi k t khi ra quyt nh khm xt.

C quan thc thi phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi nu thc thi
sai.
200

Cc quy nh ny, nht l cc quy nh v trch nhim ca c quan thc thi phi
bi thng thit hi nu thc thi sai khin cho cc c quan thc thi e ngi
trong vic ra quyt nh x pht. hn ch phn no trch nhim ca mnh,
cc c quan thc thi thng hi kin Cc SHTT hay Cc Bn quyn tc gi
xem hnh vi mnh sp p dng bin php x pht c phi l hnh vi xm phm
quyn s hu tr tu hay khng. Theo Thng t 825/2000/TT-BKHCNMT, cc
c quan ni trn v S Khoa hc v Cng ngh c trch nhim a ra nhng
kin nh gi v kh nng xm phm. Tuy nhin, nhng kin nh gi ny
khng c gi tr bt buc thi hnh, v vy nu thc thi sai cc c quan cho kin
cng vn khng phi chu trch nhim.
gii quyt mi quan ngi trn, cc nc trn th gii thng p dng hai
bin php sau y: (i) quy nh r l c quan thc thi khng phi chu trch
nhim v hu qu thc thi, v (ii) ngi yu cu thc thi phi np cc khon
tin bo m thc hin ngha v ca mnh nu vic thc thi khng xc ng,
gy thit hi cho ngi b thc thi.
10.4.3 Truy cu trch nhim hnh s
B Lut Hnh s va c sa i v p dng t ngy 1 thng 7 nm 2000 va
qua nng s iu v ti xm phm quyn tc gi t mt iu 126 thnh 2
iu. Tuy nhin, vic gia tng v s lng cha th hin c s gia tng v
cht lng.
V hnh vi phm ti, lut quy nh b truy cu trch nhim hnh s, ngi
phm ti phi phm ti c , nh vy Vin Kim st cng nh nguyn n s c
thm ngha v chng minh hnh vi phm ti c ca ngi xm phm.
cng l mt kh khn khin nhiu ngi c th nn lng trong cng tc phng
chng ti phm.
V khung hnh pht, ti xm phm quyn tc gi hin b x l qu nh (iu
131: pht t t 1 n 3 nm t treo, v ch khi ngi xm phm b x pht
hnh chnh m cn ti phm). Trong khi , vn cha c Ngh nh v x pht
hnh chnh trong lnh vc quyn tc gi. iu ny th hin vic cha thng
sut v t tng trong cc i biu Quc hi v vic cn phi bo h quyn s
hu tr tu. c bit k hp Quc hi cui nm 1998, d tho B Lut Hnh
s c a ra tho lun song cui cng cha c thng qua (phi i n
cui nm 1999) v mt s i biu cho rng mc x l i vi hnh vi xm
phm quyn s hu tr tu l cao qu. Tnh hnh nh vy i hi cn phi tin
hnh nhiu hn cc hi tho v quyn tc gi vi s tham gia ca cc i biu
Quc hi, lm cc i biu Quc hi hiu r v vai tr cng nghip phn mm
201

trong nn kinh t quc gia, cn u i ti a, khuyn khch ti a v bo h

quyn tc gi mt cch c hiu qu.
10.5

Thc thi quyn s hu tr tu ti bin gii

Vn thc thi quyn SHTT ti bin gii c nhc n trong Hip nh

Thng mi Vit M v c c th ho phn no trong Lut Hi quan. Tuy
nhin, ch n khi Lut SHTT ra i th cc qui nh trn mi mang tnh kh thi
cao. Theo iu 216, cc bin php kim sot hng ho xut khu, nhp khu
lin quan n s hu tr tu bao gm:
a)

Tm dng lm th tc hi quan i vi hng ho b nghi ng xm phm

quyn s hu tr tu. l bin php c tin hnh theo yu cu ca
ch th quyn s hu tr tu nhm thu thp thng tin, chng c v l
hng ch th quyn s hu tr tu thc hin quyn yu cu x l hnh
vi xm phm quyn v yu cu p dng cc bin php khn cp tm thi
hoc cc bin php ngn chn v bo m x pht hnh chnh.

b)

Kim tra, gim st pht hin hng ho c du hiu xm phm quyn

s hu tr tu. l bin php c tin hnh theo ngh ca ch th
quyn s hu tr tu nhm thu thp thng tin thc hin quyn yu cu
p dng bin php tm dng lm th tc hi quan.

yu cu p dng bin php kim sot hng ho xut khu, nhp khu lin
quan n s hu tr tu, ngi yu cu phi chng minh mnh l ch th quyn
s hu tr tu, v cung cp y thng tin xc nh hng ho b nghi ng
xm phm quyn s hu tr tu hoc pht hin hng ho c du hiu xm
phm quyn s hu tr tu. Ngoi ra, h phi np n cho c quan hi quan v
np ph, l ph theo quy nh ca php lut; v cam kt bi thng thit hi v
thanh ton cc chi ph pht sinh cho ngi b p dng bin php kim sot trong
trng hp hng ho b kim sot khng xm phm quyn s hu tr tu.
bo m thc hin cam kt bi thng thit hi nu trn, ngi yu cu p
dng bin php tm dng lm th tc hi quan phi np khon bo m, hoc
bng khon tin 20% gi tr l hng cn p dng bin php tm dng lm th
tc hi quan hoc ti thiu hai mi triu ng nu khng th xc nh c gi
tr l hng ; hoc chng t bo lnh ca ngn hng hoc ca t chc tn dng.
Th tc p dng bin php tm dng lm th tc hi quan c qui nh ti
iu 218 Lut SHTT. Khi c yu cu tm dng lm th tc hi quan, vi
chng c v cc khon tin bo m nu trn, c quan hi quan ra quyt nh
tm dng lm th tc hi quan i vi l hng. Thi hn tm dng lm th tc
202

hi quan l 10 ngy lm vic, k t ngy ra quyt nh. Trong trng hp ngi

yu cu tm dng c l do chnh ng th thi hn ny c th ko di, nhng
khng c qu 20 ngy lm vic. Khi kt thc thi hn nu trn m ngi yu
cu tm dng lm th tc hi quan khng khi kin dn s v c quan hi quan
khng quyt nh th l v vic theo th tc x l vi phm hnh chnh i vi
ngi xut khu, nhp khu l hng th c quan hi quan c trch nhim tip tc
lm th tc hi quan cho l hng; v buc ngi yu cu tm dng lm th tc
hi quan phi bi thng cho ch l hng ton b thit hi.
h tr ch th quyn s hu tr tu, Lut cn qui nh khi pht hin l hng
c du hiu xm phm quyn s hu tr tu, c quan hi quan phi thng bo
ngay cho ch s hu tr tu. Trong thi hn ba ngy lm vic k t ngy c
thng bo, nu ngi ngh khng yu cu tm dng lm th tc hi quan i
vi l hng b pht hin v c quan hi quan khng quyt nh xem xt vic p
dng bin php x l hnh chnh th c quan hi quan c trch nhim tip tc
lm th tc hi quan cho l hng.
10.6

Kinh nghim ca cc nc trong vic thc thi quyn s hu tr tu

10.6.1 Ci tin cc quy nh v t tng dn s gip cho vic thc thi c

hiu qu hn
Nh trong phn trnh by thc trng, Php lnh gii quyt cc v n dn s hin
ti c mt s nhc im sau y, v cc nhc im ny cng th hin r khi
p dng gii quyt cc v n xm phm quyn s hu tr tu:
-

Th nht l vic p dng cc bin php khn cp tm thi mang li hiu

qu rt thp, v n ch c p dng sau khi mt bn khi kin v to n
th l v n. Sau to n phi gi cc bn n bit kin. iu
ny dn n mt hu qu l khi ngi xm phm c bit trc l ti
sn ca mnh s b k bin th h s tu tn ti sn, xa mi vt tch xm
phm khin cho vic chng minh hnh vi xm phm li cng kh khn.

Th hai l vn bi thng thit hi rt kh khn, do chng ta p dng

qu cng nhc nguyn tc "bi thng phi chnh xc, y ," m qun
i mt chc nng khng km phn quan trng ca bi thng thit hi,
l chc nng gio dc, rn e hnh vi xm phm.

Th ba, vn chng minh thit hi gp kh khn do khng bit c

cc s liu v ngi xm phm xo chng c v du vt.

203

Th t, cng tc thi hnh n chm tr v s lng n tn ng qu ti,

khng c kh nng xc minh ti sn.
a.

Bin php khn cp tm thi, lnh khm xt v buc cung cp tin

tc

V bin php khn cp tm thi, kinh nghim ca Anh v c rt ng hc

tp. Cc nc ny thnh lp cc to n chuyn trch, chuyn ra cc quyt
nh khn cp tm thi.122 Theo , khi c yu cu p dng cc bin php khn
cp tm thi ca ch s hu quyn s hu tr tu v c bo m rng nu yu
cu ny l sai th ch s hu s bi thng ton b thit hi, to n s ra quyt
nh p dng bin php bin php khn cp tm thi m khng cn phi thng
bo cho ngi xm phm bit (lnh ex parte theo lut c hay lnh Mareva
theo lut Anh) v trc c khi nguyn n np n khi kin. Sau khi p dng
cc bin php khn cp tm thi, ngi yu cu p dng phi tin hnh khi
kin ngi b coi l xm phm ngay gii quyt hu qu, nu khng to n s
thu hi quyt nh p dng bin php khn cp tm thi.
Vit Nam hin ang mun tham gia WTO, nn vic quy nh v nng cao hiu
lc ca cc bin php khn cp tm thi khng ch l vn ni b ca Vit
Nam, m cn l mt trong nhng iu kin ca Tho c TRIPS v gia nhp
WTO sau ny.
Ngoi vic p dng bin php khn cp tm thi i vi ti sn ca ngi xm
phm, to n cc nc cn c php ra lnh khm xt ni ca ngi xm
phm, buc ngi xm phm phi khai ni cung cp hng xm phm, cng nh
cc chng c khc cho ngi b xm phm xc nh mc bi thng thit
hi. Lnh ny Anh gi l lnh Anton Piller. Vic chng i lnh Anton Piller
s b coi l chng i lnh ca Nh nc, v ngi chng i s b pht t hay
pht tin do khng chp hnh lnh ca to n. V lnh cung cp chng c, iu
43 ca Tho c TRIPS quy nh: "Trng hp mt bn trong v kin a ra
nhng cn c xc ng v vic quyn li ca mnh b xm phm, v mt s
chng c ca vic xm phm ang nm trong s kim sot ca pha bn kia, th
c quan xt x phi c quyn bt buc pha bn kia a ra nhng chng c nu
trn." Thit ngh, mt iu khon tng t nh vy cng nn c a vo B
Lut T tng dn s ca Vit Nam, khi chng ta tham gia vo WTO.
Vic p dng bin php khn cp tm thi, lnh khm xt v buc cung cp tin
tc thnh cng s dn n vic chng minh thit hi d dng hn. Vic bt qu
tang ti phm cng khin cho ngi xm phm lo ngi phi bi thng thit hi
122

Cornish, W. (sd).

204

m c th cung cp thm tin tc cho ngi b xm phm v nhng ngi ch

mu, ngi sn xut chnh nhm c gim mc bi thng thit hi (v BLDS
cho php cc bn t tho thun v mc bi thng thit hi). Nh m cng
tc u tranh phng chng xm phm quyn tc gi phn mm c hiu qu hn.
b.

Mc bi thng thit hi

i vi vic xc nh mc bi thng thit hi trong vic xm phm quyn s

hu tr tu hay quyn tc gi phn mm, chng ta khng nn t yu cu phi
chng minh c thit hi tuyt i v iu qu kh i vi ngi b xm
phm. Thay vo , To n Nhn dn Ti cao c th ra mt cng vn hng
dn cc to cp di, cho php p dng cch tnh tng i v thit hi, nhm
nng cao tc dng gio dc v rn e hnh vi xm phm.123 iu ny c
thc hin trong qu kh, khi to hng dn mc bi thng thit hi v tinh
thn t 5 triu ng n 10 triu ng. iu 41 ca tha c TRIPS cng yu
cu cc ch ti i vi ngi xm phm (k c bi thng thit hi) phi c tc
dng rn e, v th tc i bi thng thit hi phi khng qu phc tp v tn
km. Nh vy y cng l mt trong nhng ci t v php lut bt buc nu
chng ta mun gia nhp WTO.
y cng l kinh nghim ca mt s nc ang p dng. C th l trong Lut
Bn quyn ca Hoa K (1979) ngi ta chia thnh hai loi bi thng; bi
thng thit hi thc t, v bi thng thit hi theo lut. loi th hai, lut
php cho php to n t n nh mc bi thng thit hi: t 500 USD n
20.000 USD cho mi tc phm b xm phm. i vi cc hnh vi c gy thit
hi, mc bi thng c th ln n 100.000 USD (iu 504 Lut Bn quyn
Hoa K). Khc vi cc bin php x pht hnh chnh (cc khon tin pht do
Nh nc thu), Hoa K cc khon tin bi thng thit hi theo lut s c
tr cho bn b thit hi, v bn gy thit hi cng kh khng co v mc bi
thng, v to n c quyn t mnh n nh mc bi thng m khng cn
phi thu thp bng chng.
c.

V thi hnh n

Vic thi hnh n hin nay b chm tr do n tn ng nhiu, trong khi cn b

thi hnh n, tuy c nhiu quyn lc, song thiu thi gian v nhn lc. Mt khc,
chng ta khng th tng bin ch khng ngng ca c quan thi hnh n. Chnh
vn lm chng ta phi t li cu hi: liu c cch no thi hnh bn n m
khng cn phi c c quan thi hnh n hay khng? M v cc nc Ty u
hin nay b C quan Thi hnh n. Cc bn buc phi chp hnh bn n
123

Phan Minh Nht (1999) Bo h nhn hiu hng ho theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam.
ti NCKH i hc Lut TP HCM.

205

c hiu lc thi hnh. Bn c thi hnh n c quyn cm bn n n a cho

bn phi thi hnh n buc h thi hnh. Nu bn phi thi hnh n khng thi
hnh, bn c thi hnh n c quyn cm quyt nh ca to n n yu cu cc
ngn hng hay bt k ngi no gi ti sn ca ngi phi thi hnh n phi tit
l chi tit v ti sn v tr li ti sn cho ngi c thi hnh n. Ngi c
thi hnh n cn c quyn yu cu c quan cnh st gip buc ngi phi thi
hnh n phi chp hnh bn n.
Ngoi ra, vic khng chp hnh bn n c hiu lc l mt ti hnh s hu
ht cc nc Phng Ty, s b pht tin v pht t, bt k ni dung bn n sau
c b gim c thm hay khng. Hnh vi phm ti l hnh vi khng chp
hnh bn n, ch khng phi vic xem xt xem bn n c ng n hay
khng. Theo lut c, k c khi mt bn n c hiu lc b hy, ngi khng
chp hnh bn n vn phi chu pht tin v pht t, v y ti ca h l
khng chp hnh bn n. Khi bn n c hiu lc, mi ngi phi thi hnh, mi
khiu ni s c gii quyt theo th tc ring, v khng lm cn tr qu trnh
thi hnh n.124 Thit ngh y cng l mt kinh nghim ng cho chng ta hc
hi, c th tinh gim bin ch mt s lng rt ln cng chc, vin chc ch
bng vic b sung B Lut Hnh s v B Lut T tng dn s.
Ngc li, ngi c thi hnh n hon ton chu trch nhim v vic thi hnh
sai bn n. Nu ngi c thi hnh n thi hnh qu mc c thi hnh, th h
cng phi chu trch nhim hnh s trc php lut.
10.6.2 Ci tin phng php x l vi phm hnh chnh
Nhng thiu st ca vic x l vi phm hnh chnh lin quan n s hu tr tu
cho thy nhu cu ca vic ci t v chuyn mn ho b my hnh chnh, v nht
l phi thay i quan nim v cch nhn ca cc c quan thc thi php lut s
hu tr tu. Trc tin, cc c quan qun l nh nc sm ban hnh vn bn x
pht i vi hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu, t nng trch nhim v
mc pht, cc bin php ch ti i vi ngi c hnh vi xm phm.
Trc y theo Ngh nh s 140/HBT v chng hng gi, hnh vi sn xut,
bun bn hng gi c th bi x pht n gi tr gp 3 ln gi tr l hng phm
php. Gi y theo Ngh nh s 12/1999/N-CP v x pht hnh chnh trong
lnh vc s hu cng nghip mc pht b rt xung cn 30 triu ng, trng
hp cc k nghim trng cng khng qu 100 triu ng. l cha ni theo
thm quyn x l vi phm hnh chnh th cn b thc thi ch c php pht
khng qu 10 triu ng. mc cao hn phi do Ch tch UBND huyn hay
124

Hi tho NOIP-TAP VIET dnh cho thm phn v cn b to n, t chc thng 6 nm 2000.

206

tnh quyt nh. Nh vy mc x pht hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu

cn phi c tng ln c tc dng rn e. so snh, ti Trung Quc bin
php x pht c th l pht gp 5 ln gi tr l hng phm php, hay pht n
mc 100.000 Nhn dn t (khong 22.000 USD). 125
10.6.3 Truy cu trch nhim hnh s
Thng thng nhng hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu tr tu ch b x l mc
hnh chnh, vic a ra xt x v n hnh s ch dnh cho nhng hnh vi gy
hu qu nghim trng, v th, php lut phi c hnh pht tng xng mc
nghim trng ca v vic. Trung Quc, khung hnh pht p dng cho ti xm
phm quyn tc gi l nh sau:
-

Pht t t 3 thng n 3 nm i vi ngi sn xut phn mm tri php.

Phm ti c bit nghim trng c th b t t 3 n 7 nm. Ngi bn
phn mm sao chp lu c th b pht t n 2 nm nu mc thit hi
tng i ln. Nu mc thit hi l rt ln, mc pht c th nng ln
3 nm.

Pht tin n 500.000 Nhn dn t. Nu ngi xm phm l php nhn,

s tin ny s do php nhn chu, hnh pht t s do c nhn, i din
php nhn trc tip chu trch nhim trong vic xm phm chp hnh.

Nht, hnh pht t p dng ti a l 3 nm, pht tin ti a l 3 triu Yn

(24.000 USD). Malaysia, mc pht tin i vi hnh vi nghim trng xm
phm quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh my tnh l 250.000 Ringit (khong
60.000 USD), pht t n 3 nm, v pht tin 500.000 Ringit v pht t n 5
nm nu ti phm. Singapore, mc pht t t 1 n 5 nm, pht tin 10.000
la Singapore (SGD) cho mi tc phm xm phm, ti a l 100.000 SGD
(khong 70.000 USD hay 1 t ng).
Trong khi ch mt s thay i tip theo ca B Lut Hnh s, theo hng pht
tht nng nhng ngi xm phm, trc mt to n nn phi hp vi Chnh ph
trong vic h tr cng nghip phn mm, bng cch p dng hnh pht cao nht
trong khung hnh pht theo php lut hin hnh, ch yu l cc hnh pht tin
(theo lut mi c th ln n 100 triu ng). iu ny c th c thc hin
thng qua mt vn bn hng dn xt x ca To n Nhn dn Ti cao v vn
ny.

125

L Nt (2001) Bo h quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh my tnh ti Vit Nam. ti

NCKH 2001.

207

Nh nu phn trn, ngoi vic p dng khung hnh pht cao nht theo php
lut hin hnh i vi ti xm phm quyn tc gi, cn phi b sung vo B
Lut Hnh s ti khng chp hnh cc bn n, phn quyt ca to dn s hay
quyt nh hnh chnh c hiu lc ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Hin
nay B Lut Hnh s ca Vit Nam cha c quy nh v ti khng chp hnh
bn n, quyt nh ca to n.
Cu hi n tp
1. Th no l hnh vi xm phm quyn SHCN v quyn ca tc gi? Th no
l s dng hn ch? Nu cc trng hp s dng hn ch i vi sng ch,
gii php hu ch.
2. Nh my Bia Vit Nam cho rng nhn hiu bia Tiger do mnh sn xut
(c cng ty Asia Brewery Pte. Ltd. ca Singapore cp li-xng) b Cng
ty Bia Bn Thnh (ch NH ca bia Bn Thnh) nhi li. Sau khi lin h vi
Cc SHCN, c bit NH ca bia Bn Thnh cha c ng k bo h,
song c Cc Qun l o lng Cht lng cp giy ng k cht
lng sn phm. Hnh dng NH ca hai loi bia nh hin ang bn ngoi
th trng. Hi: vic s dng NH bia Bn Thnh c xm phm NH ca bia
Tiger khng? Ti sao (m t nhng im ging v khc gia hai NH)?
Trong trng hp b coi l xm phm, ch NH bia Bn Thnh s phi chu
nhng bin php ch ti no v s nh hng ra sao n cng vic kinh
doanh ca h. Cu tr li c khc khng nu NH bia Bn Thnh c
cp giy chng nhn ng k NH.
3. Gi s bn bo v quyn li cho Cng ty Bia Bn Thnh, bn c th da vo
nhng cn c no cho rng NH ca cng ty mnh khng xm phm NH
ca bia Tiger?
4. Mt ngi t nghin cu tm ra mt GPKT (GPKT) tng t vi mt GPKT
khc c bo h di dng sng ch ti mt nc khc th c th np
n xin bo h ti Cc SHCN ca Vit Nam khng? Ti sao?
5. c bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng trong trng hp xm phm
quyn SHCN, nguyn n phi chng minh c iu g? B n c th bo
cha bng nhng l do g? Trong trng hp no b n c th yu cu
nguyn n bi thng thit hi?
6. Cc cn c php lut v x l vi phm hnh chnh c lin quan n SHCN.

208

7. Mt c nhn kinh t c th c lm i din SHCN khng? Mt k s

bch khoa c th c lm i din SHCN khng, ti sao? iu kin
c lm ngi i din SHCN l nh th no? ng trng phng hnh
chnh mt cng ty quc doanh sn xut bt git c th lm ngi i din
SHCN c khng?
8. Ngi i din SHCN v t chc dch v i din SHCN khc nhau ch
no? Nu hai ngi mun thnh lp t chc dch v SHCN m h cha
phi l i din SHCN th h phi lm nhng th tc g? Bn thn ngi i
din SHCN c th i din cho khch hng trong cc v vic lin quan n
SHCN c khng?

209

Chng 11: Lm dng quyn s hu tr tu

Khi WTO d kin a ra Hip nh v Quyn s hu tr tu, ti cng cc thnh vin
ca Hi ng T vn Kinh t Hoa K phn i rt mnh m nhng cui cng li
khng thnh cng do sc p ca gii doanh nghip v gii truyn thng Hoa K. R
rng, nhng quy nh v quyn s hu tr tu hn ch quyn tip cn vi tri thc v
cng ngh cao ca cc nc ang pht trin. Trong lnh vc dc phm li cng ti t
hn v t , ngi dn cc nc ngho s rt kh khn c tip cn vi cc loi
thuc tt.
GS. Joseph Stiglitz tr li phng vn VietnamNet 26/11/2004

11.1

S dng v lm dng quyn s hu tr tu

11.1.1 Nguyn tc s dng quyn s hu tr tu

Trong chng u v khi nim quyn s hu tr tu, chng ta nhn nh
quyn s hu tr tu l mt dng c quyn, tuy nhin l c quyn c kim
sot. Vic kim sot ngn cc ch s hu lm dng c quyn gy thit hi cho
x hi. iu 9 Lut SHTT quy nh T chc, c nhn c quyn p dng cc
bin php m php lut cho php t bo v quyn s hu tr tu ca mnh v
c trch nhim tn trng quyn s hu tr tu ca t chc, c nhn khc theo
quy nh ca Lut ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan. Ch s
hu i tng s hu cng nghip phi s dng quyn ca mnh ph hp vi
o c x hi, khng tri vi php lut, khng xm phm quyn v li ch hp
php ca ch th khc. Cc quy phm php lut v quyn tc gi khng ni r
nguyn tc s dng quyn, song cc ch th quyn cng phi tn trng nhng
nguyn tc chung ca BLDS, trong c nguyn tc tn trng quyn v li ch
nh nc, li ch hp php ca cc ch th khc.
Cc nguyn tc s dng quyn ni trn p dng cho mi loi hnh thc s hu,
k c s hu ti sn hu hnh. Ch s hu bt ng sn c ngha v phi tn
trng cc quyn ca ch s hu bt ng sn lin k. Ch s hu cng khng
c php vt qu gii hn phng v chnh ng trong vic bo v quyn s
hu ca mnh gy thit hi cho ngi khc. Ngi no c li gy thit hi cho
ngi khc th ngi phi bi thng (cho d hnh vi dn n thit hi c
nm trong phm vi quyn s dng ca ch s hu hay khng). Ngoi ra, php
lut cng ng h ngi c kh nng s dng ti sn c hiu qu. Ngi s dng
ti sn khng r ch s hu mt cch ngay tnh, trung thc trong mt thi hn
nht nh th c lm ch s hu ti sn .
Tho c TRIPS tuy nu r quyn s hu tr tu l mt quyn dn s (private
rights), song cng nu r rng mc tiu ca vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu l
210

 thc y s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut. iu 7 ca TRIPS cng ni

rng vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu phi gp phn vo thun li chung
ca ngi to ra v ngi s dng kin thc cng ngh v theo cch thc
hng ti phc li x hi v kinh t v vo s cn bng v quyn v ngha v.
Hip c WIPO v quyn tc gi trong li m u cng nhn mnh s cn thit
duy tr cn bng gia quyn ca tc gi v li ch ca cng chng, c bit trong
gio dc, nghin cu v tip cn thng tin.
Trong Hin chng ca Lin hip quc v Nhn quyn 1948 cng nu ng
thi hai quyn i vi ti sn tr tu. iu 27(1) nu r mi ngi u c quyn
lao ng sng to v c hng nhng li ch vt cht t thnh qu lao ng
sng to ca mnh. Trong khi iu 27(2) cng nhn mnh rng mi ngi
u c quyn tip cn thng tin v tri thc khoa hc k thut. Nh vy, vn
t ra l lm th no va cho php ch th lao ng sng to c hng
thnh qu t hot ng lao ng sng to ca mnh, va kim sot khng cho
php vic thc hin quyn ca ch s hu l ro cn ngn khng cho ngi s
dng c tip cn thng tin v tri thc khoa hc k thut.
Th d, nu mt phn mm c bn vi gi 300 USD mt nc m thu
nhp ca ngi dn ch mc 400 USD/nm, th ngi s dng kh c th
s dng phn mm c v hu qu l tnh trng xm phm quyn tc
gi phn mm tr nn nghim trng. Tuy nhin, nu nh nc n nh gi
ti a ca phn mm th s xm phm n nguyn tc t nguyn, bnh ng
ca lut dn s. Ch s hu phn mm c th lp lun rng mnh b
hng trm triu USD to ra phn mm, nu khng bn vi gi 300 USD
th khng th no thu hi c vn.
Qua th d trn y chng ta thy pht sinh nhu cu phi c mt c ch t
kim sot i vi kh nng lm dng quyn s hu tr tu. C ch kim sot
ny c th l s kim sot trc tip ca Nh nc (n nh gi hay phng thc
chuyn giao sn phm tr tu nh cc quy nh ca Vit Nam v chuyn giao
cng ngh hin nay). C ch kim sot cng c th l hn ch quyn ca ch s
hu tr tu khi x hi b thit hi nhiu hn l li ch m ch s hu c c (th
d nh cc quy nh v s dng hn ch quyn tc gi hay quyn s hu cng
nghip, bao gm c hnh vi nhp khu song song). Sau cng, c ch kim sot
cng c th t c thng qua thit lp mt c ch cnh tranh hu hiu.
Thng qua cnh tranh, gi c ca sn phm s c kim sot, cht lng ca
sn phm cng khng ngng c ci tin.
11.1.2 S dng sai nguyn tc v lm dng

211

Theo T in Gii thch Thut ng Lut hc ca i hc Lut H Ni (1999),

lm quyn dn s c hiu l s dng quyn khng ch tho mn quyn
ca mnh m cn lm hi n quyn, li ch hp php ca ngi khc, s dng
quyn tri vi mc ch ca quyn hoc dng phng thc, bin php bo v
khng c php. Qua gii thch cc trng hp lm quyn nu chng 1 v
chng ny, chng ta cng c th hiu lm dng quyn s hu tr tu c hiu
l vic s dng quyn s hu tr tu sai vi nguyn tc, mc tiu m quyn s
hu tr tu ra. Tuy nhin, bn thn khi nim ny rt tru tng: ti sao ch
s hu, ngi c c quyn s dng ti sn v hnh ca mnh, li phi s
dng cho ng mc tiu m x hi hng ti? Ch s hu ti sn hu hnh c
nht thit phi s dng ti sn cho ng mc ch chc nng ca ti sn
khng (th d mt con dao ct giy c th c dng lm dao nu n)? Hn
na, ngha, chc nng ca mt loi ti sn c th thay i khi tnh hnh thay
i. Chc nng ca quyn s hu tr tu ngy nay khng nht thit phi ging
nh chc nng ca quyn s hu tr tu th k trc. Nu nh th k trc
chc nng ca quyn s hu tr tu l bo v thnh qu lao ng sng to ca
gii tr thc, th chc nng ca quyn s hu tr tu th k ny l bo v
thnh qu u t ca cc ch th sn xut kinh doanh, gip h hn ch ri ro
trong vic u t nghin cu v pht trin sn phm. i vi quyn s hu ti
sn hu hnh, khi nim lm dng c hiu phm vi hn ch hn: ch s hu
mt con dao n c th s dng con dao vo nhiu mc ch, song khng
c dng vo mc ch e do tnh mng, ti sn ca ngi khc. Nh vy,
lm dng ch xy ra nu vic s dng gy thit hi n quyn v li ch hp
php ca ngi khc.
11.1.3 Quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi khc
Th no l quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi khc? y l mt khi nim
qu rng, i hi phi tm hiu nhiu vn , trong c: quyn v li ch hp
php khc nhau ch no? Ngi khc l ngi no? Nhng ngi ny c
quyn v li ch hp php g?
a.

Quyn v li ch hp php

Cng theo T in Gii thch Thut ng Lut hc ca i hc Lut H Ni

(1999), quyn c hiu l nhng x s c php ca ch th, c php lut
bo v. Th d, cng dn c quyn t do kinh doanh, t do nghin cu khoa
hc, c quyn lao ng v hc tp. Li ch hp php bao gm nhng li ch
vt cht v tinh thn m mt ch th c c t vic thc hin quyn ca mnh
hay c hng t hot ng ca ngi khc m php lut cng nhn bo v.
Nh vy hai khi nim quyn v li ch hp php rt gn nhau, mc d phm vi
ca li ch hp php ln hn quyn mt cht. Th d, vic c tip cn vi
212

nhng kin thc cng ngh hin i l li ch hp php ca mt doanh nghip,

tuy nhin c tip cn c hay khng cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong
c vic doanh nghip c tr tin cho ch s hu nhng kin thc cng ngh
hay khng.
b.

Ngi khc v quyn li ca nhng ngi ny

C rt nhiu ch th tham gia vo quan h php lut dn s v s hu tr tu,

c phn thnh ba nhm: nh sn xut, ng thi l ch s hu tr tu; tc gi
(khng ng thi l ch s hu tr tu) v ngi s dng. Trong tt c cc
chng trc chng ta phn tch quyn v li ch hp php ca ch s hu
tr tu. Trong phn ny chng ta s phn tch quyn v li ch hp php ca hai
loi ch th cn li tc gi (khng ng thi l ch s hu tr tu) v ngi s
dng. Khi nim ngi s dng y khng ch c hiu l c nhn tng loi
ngi s dng, m cn l nhng nhm ngi s dng khc nhau.
c.

Quyn li ca tc gi

Cc tc gi c hai li ch chnh ng m php lut phi quan tm: li ch tinh

thn v li ch vt cht i vi thnh qu lao ng sng to ca mnh. tho
mn li ch tinh thn, cc vn bn php lut quy nh quyn nhn thn cho tc
gi, v vic bi thng thit hi bng tin i vi hnh vi xm phm quyn
nhn thn. tho mn li ch vt cht, tc gi giao kt hp ng nghin
cu, hp ng lao ng vi nh sn xut. Vic Nh nc c bo h c quyn
thnh qu lao ng sng to ca h hay khng s nh hng trc tip n quyn
li ca nh sn xut, v ch nh hng gin tip n quyn li ca tc gi m
thi. Lu nay chng ta vn coi quyn li ca nh sn xut v quyn li ca tc
gi i vi vic bo h c quyn thnh qu lao ng sng to l ng nht,
khng c mu thun, song s thc khng phi nh vy.126
Thin ti hay sng to khng phi t trn tri ri xung, m l do qu trnh rn
luyn, hc hi, kinh nghim m nn. Tc gi mun sng to cn phi hc hi,
nghin cu. hc hi nghin cu h phi tip cn nhng thng tin khoa hc
tin tin t khi cn trn gh nh trng, lin tc cho n khi h khng cn lao
ng na. Nh vy, php lut phi quy nh nhng ngoi l ca c quyn s
hu tr tu i vi vic s dng i tng s hu tr tu vo mc ch nghin
cu, hc tp, sao cho ngun nhn lc cho mt nn kinh t nng ng v sng
to khng b cn kit v nhng ro cn ca vic bo h c quyn. Tm li,
sng to khng phi l mt qu trnh mt chiu t tc gi n ngi s dng,
m l mt qu trnh trao i, hc hi cm nhn. Marx cng ni rng qu trnh
126

Grosheide, W. (sd).

213

nhn thc c pht trin t trc quan sinh ng n t duy tru tng, ri n
kh nng sng to v p dng vo thc t.127
Song song vi vic to mt hnh lang php l cho vic pht trin ngun nhn
lc, nn kinh t tri thc i hi vic s dng tri thc, nguyn vt liu ca nn
kinh t, mt cch c hiu qu.128 iu ny c ngha l tri thc phi khng b
chim lnh tt c cc kh nng sng to trong mt ngnh nht nh, n ni tc
gi khng cn c hi sng to. Th d pht trin phn mm ng dng cho
mt loi my vi tnh th cc phn mm phi hot ng c mt cch tng
thch (compatible) vi mt loi h iu hnh. Nu cng ty phn mm chim
lnh c quyn h iu hnh ny v khng cng khai giao din ca h iu
hnh, th nhng ngi sng to ra phn mm ng dng khng th bn sn phm
ca mnh (v khng tng thch vi h iu hnh). Hu qu l c hi sng to
trong mt ngnh cng nghip (phn mm ng dng) s ri vo tay ca mt vi
cng ty. Nh vy, cc bin php chng lm dng c hiu qu cng phi nhm
mc ch sao cho tc gi d lm vic u cng phi c c hi sng to. Cu
hi t ra y l c hi sng to c ng nht vi c hi cnh tranh vi ch s
hu i tng s hu tr tu hay khng? C quan im cho rng sng to s to
ra sn phm, sn phm s c bn ra th trng nui sng sc sng to.
Nh vy sn phm s cnh tranh vi chnh ch s hu i tng s hu tr tu.
iu ny tri ngc vi nguyn tc ca lut s hu tr tu l bo h c quyn.
gii quyt cu hi ny, chng ta phi t li cu hi: lut s hu tr tu bo
h c quyn n u. V d, i vi phn mm l h iu hnh th phm vi
bo h c quyn l vic chng li hnh vi sao chp phn mm , ch khng
phi l hnh vi cnh tranh trn th trng phn mm ng dng, mt lnh vc
khng trc tip lin quan n sc lao ng sng to th hin trn h iu hnh.
Ni cch khc, phm vi bo h c quyn cho h iu hnh khng ko di n
giao din ca h iu hnh .129 Quan to Laddie ca Anh pht biu:
n lc chng ta phi cng nhn rng: sao chp l xm phm, nhng sao chp
sng to th khng phi l xm phm.130
d.

Quyn li ca ngi s dng

Ngi s dng c phn thnh hai nhm: nhm th nht bao gm nhng
ngi s dng ng thi l i th cnh tranh ca ch s hu quyn tc gi.
127

Hc vin CTQG (1999) Trit hc Mc L nin, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia.

Demsetz, H. (1971) Information and Efficiency Another Viewpoint, in Lamberton, D.
(ed., 1971) Economics of Information and Knowledge. Penguin.
129
Xem v kin M Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F 2d 1510, 1527 (9th Cir.
1992).
130
Laddie, J. (1996) Copyright: Over-Strength, Over-Regulated, Over-Rated. EIPR 18: 253260.
128

214

Nhm th hai l nhng ngi cn li. Trong nhm ny li chia thnh hai phn
nhm (cn c vo kh nng tham gia vo quan h trao i ti sn). Nhm th
nht l nhng ngi c kh nng tham gia vo quan h ny l nhng ch th
sn xut kinh doanh, c quan nh nc, cc t chc .v.v. Nhm th hai l
nhng ngi hin ti khng c kh nng tham gia vo cc quan h trn, song c
quyn v li ch hp php trong vic s dng cc tri thc thng tin ca nhn
loi: l cc hc sinh, sinh vin, gio vin v cc nh nghin cu. Nhng
ngi ny c hng mt s quan tm c bit v h l ngun nhn lc cho
nn kinh t tri thc, l nhng ngi s ng gp vo vic s dng cng ngh
trong tng lai.
i vi nhm ngi s dng l i th cnh tranh ca ch s hu i tng s
hu tr tu, h phi c hng li ch chnh ng ca mt mi trng cnh
tranh cng bng. Ngha l cc c hi sng to ca h khng b bt kn bi nn
ct c ca cc ch th quyn s hu tr tu i trc. Mt mi trng cnh tranh
cng bng khng cho php cc ch s hu tr tu lm dng c quyn nhm
mc ch tiu dit i th cnh tranh. Ngoi ra, nhng kin thc c bn to nn
sn phm tr tu cng khng c php bin thnh ti sn ring sc sng to
ca cc ch th n sau khng b thui cht. Th d va nu mc (c) trn y
cho thy vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu nu khng tnh to s tr thnh nhng
cnh ca ngn khng cho hot ng sng to vt qua.
Ni rng i th cnh tranh cng l ngi s dng ca ch s hu tr tu l bi
v hot ng lao ng sng to l mt hot ng mang tnh k tha. Sng ch
ca ngi i sau ph thuc vo sng ch ca ngi i trc. iu ny Newton
ni cch y vi trm nm: ti c th nhn thy c xa hn ngi khc l
v ti bit ng trn i vai nhng ngi khng l.131 Nh vy, cc i th
cnh tranh ca ch s hu tr tu c li ch hp php trong vic hc hi v
nghin cu t nhng thnh cng ca ch s hu tr tu. Ngoi ra, ch s hu tr
tu khng c dng nhng bin php ngn cn nhng ngi n sau tip tc
sng to gi ch cho mnh tip tc sng to sau ny. Tnh trng ny xy
ra cc nc Phng Ty, khi ch s hu chim mt cng ngh quan trng v
t chi khng cho nhng ngi khc mua cng ngh ca mnh pht trin mt
sn phm c lin quan. To n chu u buc ch s hu phi cung cp lixng bt buc cho nhng ngi c kh nng v nhu cu s dng cng ngh.132
131

Lai, S. (2000) The Copyright Protection of Computer Software in the United Kingdom. Hart
Publishing.
132
ECJ, Case C-241/91 P and C-242/91 P. (Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) and Independent
Television Publications Ltd. (ITP) v. Commission of the European Communities (Magill)).
Trong v ny, hai cng ty truyn hnh ca Anh l BBC v RTI t chi khng cung cp bn
quyn tp ch v cc chng trnh truyn hnh ca mnh cho cng ty Magill, bi l cng ty ny
s xut bn hai chng trnh truyn hnh ca mnh trn tp ch ca Magill cng mt lc. To n
chu u x buc hai cng ty BBC v RTI phi chuyn nhng bn quyn cho Magill, bi l

215

i vi nhm ngi s dng th hai nhng ngi tiu dng (cc ch th kinh
doanh, song khng phi i th cnh tranh ca ch s hu tr tu), li ch hp
php ca h l quyn c s dng thnh qu u t vi ng gi tr thc ca
n. c c iu ny, phi c s cnh tranh gia cc nh sn xut. Tuy
nhin, v quyn s hu tr tu l mt dng c quyn, nn cc nh sn xut
khng chp nhn vic c cnh tranh. n y cc nh lm lut phi suy tnh
xem nn bo h c quyn n u? C nn bo h c quyn n mc trit
tiu ton b cnh tranh khng, v cnh tranh trong lnh vc no?
V nguyn tc, ngi tiu dng khng nht thit phi mua ng hng ca nh
sn xut, m c th mua hng ca nh sn xut khc mt mt hng thay th
tng ng (substitutes). Nu trn th trng c mt hng tng ng thay
th th quyn s hu tr tu khng trit tiu cnh tranh. Quyn s hu tr tu ch
trit tiu cnh tranh khi n l nguyn nhn dn n vic khng c mt hng no
thay th c sn phm ca ch s hu tr tu. Trng hp ny t khi xy ra,
song khng phi l khng c (th d nh trng hp ca Microsoft c quyn
h iu hnh Windows). chng hnh vi lm dng quyn s hu tr tu, lut
php nhiu nc quy nh quyn s hu tr tu khng c trit tiu ton b s
cnh tranh i vi cc sn phm c bo h.
i vi nhm ngi s dng th ba sinh vin, hc sinh, gio vin, php lut
t lu cng nhn quyn c tip thu kin thc ca cc ch th ny. iu 10
ca Cng c Berne quy nh cc nc c th ginh ngoi l ca quyn tc gi
i vi vic s dng tc phm minh ho ging dy min l iu ph
hp vi thng l chnh ng. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc ngoi l ny ang b nh
hng bi vic ch s hu s dng cng ngh thng tin m ho cc tc phm k
thut s (nh c s d liu, multimedia hay phn mm). Hin nhin vic m
ho tc phm k thut s l mt vic lm chnh ng ca ch s hu tr tu
(ging nh ch s hu mt chic xe c quyn kho chic xe ca mnh). Tuy
nhin, vn y khng n gin, v ti sn v hnh khc ti sn hu hnh, v
v vai tr ca s hu tr tu trong vic thc y sng to133 buc nh nc phi
tm cch cho nhm ngi s dng th ba c quyn tip cn kin thc vi gi
phi chng.
e.

Li ch ca x hi

th trng tp ch truyn hnh khng phi l th trng chnh ca BBC v RTI. BBC v RTI
lm dng quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh truyn hnh ngn cn ngi khc khng c
kinh doanh mt ngnh Thng mi mi (xut bn tp ch chng trnh truyn hnh).
133
Xem chng 1 v phn u ca chng 10.

216

Trong quan h php lut dn s, cc ch th u bnh ng vi nhau v a v

php l, v th nu xy ra xung t quyn li gia cc ch th th cng kh c
th phn nh c quyn li ca bn no c u tin hn. Chnh v th m
cc nh lm lut tp trung phn tch yu t th ba l li ch x hi. Php
lut ca cc nc phn ln u cao nguyn tc: li ch x hi c u tin
hn li ch c nhn.134
Li ch x hi c hnh thnh t u? C ba quan im v vn ny. Quan
im th nht cho rng li ch x hi l li ch ca a s cc tng lp trong x
hi. y l quan im ca nhiu nh trit hc t sn (J. J. Russeau) cng nh
v sn (K. Marx).135 Quan im th hai cho rng li ch x hi l nhng gi tr
c ton th x hi nht tr cng nhn, thng qua tp qun v o c. y l
quan im ca cc nh trit hc Anh, M th k 19, in hnh l J. Bentham.
Quan im th ba cho rng li ch x hi t c thng qua i thoi gia cc
tng lp khc nhau trong x hi, trong mt c ch dn ch. y l quan im
ca cc nh trit hc v kinh t hc ca th k 20, in hnh l J. Habermas, J.
Stiglitz v G. Soros.136 Hin nhin, cu tr li tt nht v li ch x hi l cu
tr li dung ho c c ba quan im trn, tuy nhin trong trng hp khng
tm c quan im dung ho th chng ta phi c quan im da trn mt
trong ba quan im trn. tr li cu hi ny, chng ta cn phi xem xt
nguyn nhn ca vic khng th dung ho c c ba quan im ni trn.
Theo l thuyt kinh t ca R. Coase (xem Chng 1 trn y),137 th kh nng
khng t c tho thun gia cc ch th din ra khi li ch ca cc ch th
qu i khng nhau, v chi ph giao dch (transaction cost) qu ln h c th
hp tc c vi nhau. vt qua ro cn ny, php lut phi to mt mi
trng cho cc bn tin tng ln nhau. Mun vy, phi c mt c ch kim sot
v cn bng li ch gia cc ch th. C ch kim sot ch c th t c khi
cc bn th hin c s minh bch trong quyn li ca mnh. V vy, cc bin
php ci t php lut cn nhm vo nhng mc tiu sau y:
-

Xc nh sng to v pht trin cng ngh l ng c thc y chnh ca nn

kinh t th trng. D bo h hay cnh tranh cng phi nhm vo hai mc
ch trn (c xc nh nh nhng li ch x hi bt bin).

134

Th d iu 5 BLDS Ba Lan, hay BLDS Nht Bn. V lut dn s Ba Lan, xem Wolter, A.,
Ignatowicz, J. v Stefaniuk, K. (1996) Prawo Cywilne, Zarys Czesci Ogolnej. PWN. V lut
dn s Nht Bn, xem kin ca GS. Niimi trong Mt s vn v Sa i, B sung BLDS Vit
Nam, Tp ch Thng tin Khoa hc Php l thng 11 + 12/2001, trang 248.
135
Murphy, W. v Roberts, S. (1998) Understanding Property Law. Sweet & Maxwell.
136
G. Soros (1999) Open Society Reform Capitalism. London.
137
Coase, R. (1988) The Firm, The Market, and the Law. The University of Chicago Press, IL

217

Tng cng trao i thng tin gia ch s hu tr tu v ngi s dng. Khi

quyn li ca hai bn i nghch nhau, ai c kh nng c thng tin nhiu
hn v mt vn , ngi c ngha v chng minh. Nguyn tc ny cng
ph hp vi l thuyt thng tin bt i xng (asymmetric information)
ca Alkerlof, Spence v Stiglitz, c gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm
2001.

Tm nhng yu t gy cn tr cho s cnh tranh gia cc nh sn xut, cn

tr s la chn sn phm tng ng, cn tr s xut hin ca nhng sn
phm tng ng trn th trng. Sau , cn nghin cu xem cc yu t
c th loi b c khng. Nu khng th loi b v l do n nh hng
n quyn li hp php ca ch s hu tr tu, th phi c c ch thch hp
kim sot cc yu t .

Sau cng, cn phn tch hnh vi ca cc bn trong quan h php lut v s

hu tr tu da trn gi thit v tnh ch k ca cc ch th (ch th no cng
hot ng v li ch ca mnh), v vy lun lun phi c c ch phng
tnh ch k ca cc ch th gy phng hi n li ch hp php ca cc ch
th khc.

11.1.4 Gy thit hi v kh nng gy thit hi

Yu t th hai ca lm dng l hu qu ca vic s dng quyn - gy thit hi
cho ngi khc. Quyn s hu tr tu, cho d l mt dng c quyn, khng
phi bao gi cng nh hng n li ch ca ngi khc. Th d, nh vn A
c bo h c quyn i vi tc phm vn hc ca mnh v c in thnh
sch. ng B l ngi s dng. ng c hai cch la chn. Mt l mua sch ca
nh vn A. Hai l nu sch ca nh vn A t hay khng t cht lng, ng s
mua sch ca cc nh vn khc. Nh vy li ch ca ng B cng khng b nh
hng ca vic bo h c quyn. c quyn trong trng hp ny c gi tr v
mt php l, song v mt kinh t th ch l c quyn hnh thc ch khng phi
c quyn thc s. Trong cc l thuyt v kinh t, c quyn c xc nh bi
cu hi trn th trng c sn phm thay th (substitute) sn phm c quyn
hay khng.
Kh nng gy thit hi ca c quyn ch ln nu nh n tr thnh c quyn
thc s xt t kha cnh kinh t (de facto monopoly). iu ny c ngha l nh
hng ca hnh vi c quyn ln n mc ngi b nh hng khng c cch
no gim thiu thit hi bng cch tm sn phm khc thay th. c quyn xut
hin khi mt hay mt nhm cc doanh nghip c kh nng khng ch gi. Ni
cch khc, cc doanh nghip c quyn c mt sc mnh m cc doanh nghip
trong nn kinh t cnh tranh hon chnh khng th c: l h c th hot ng
218

m khng tun theo lut cung cu ca nn kinh t th trng. Biu hin ca mt

nn kinh t c quyn l gi c khng mang tnh linh hot v khng phn ng
theo lut cung cu.
Mt th d in hnh ca sn phm c quyn v kinh t l phn mm h
iu hnh Windows ca Microsoft. y l h iu hnh c s dng trn
90% cc my tnh c nhn (PC) c s dng b vi x l (microprosessor) ca
Intel. Ngi s dng PC bt buc phi dng phn mm Windows, ko theo
l cc phn mm ng dng ca Microsoft nh Word, Excell hay Access. V
ngi s dng khng c cch no thay i nh cung cp, v cc phn mm
ca Microsoft c bo h c quyn di dng quyn tc gi, Microsoft
c hng u th c quyn v c th gi gi bn cao i vi cc phn
mm ca mnh trong mt thi gian di (t 100 USD n 300 USD), trong
khi gi phn cng trn th gii do c cnh tranh quyt lit nn lin tc
gim gi.
Mt vn na cn phi phn tch l th no l thit hi, v thit hi cho
ai? Nh phn tch v quyn v li ch hp php ca cc ch th, thit hi
pht sinh khi quyn v li ch hp php b xm phm. C th l:
-

cc ch th cnh tranh khng th sng to do b t chi quyn s dng

cc cng ngh c tnh then cht, hay khng th sn xut sn phm p ng
nhu cu ca th trng;

ngi tiu dng khng c mua cc sn phm thay th tng ng hay

ng nhu cu ca mnh; v

sinh vin, hc sinh, gio vin, nh nghin cu khng c tip cn thng tin
cng ngh b bt kn bi hnh vi lm dng c quyn ca quyn s hu
tr tu.

11.2

Lm dng quyn tc gi v quyn lin quan

Nh trnh by cc phn trn, vn lm dng quyn l mt khi nim rt

rng. Trong phn ny ch xin trnh by nhng hnh vi lm dng quyn nh
hng n hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cc ch th khc
11.2.1 Lm dng quyn tc gi i vi nhn hng ho/bao b sn phm
Chng ta bit phm vi cc i tng c th c bo h di dng quyn tc
gi rt ln, bao gm c cc tc phm to hnh. V th, cc c s sn xut hng
ho c th ng k quyn tc gi i vi cc tc phm to hnh l nhn hay bao
219

b sn phm ca mnh ti Cc Bn quyn Tc gi. c cp giy chng nhn

ng k quyn tc gi, cc c s ny c th yu cu nhng c s sn xut kinh
doanh khc c nhn hay bao b ging nhn hay bao b ca mnh phi thay i
nhn hay bao b khng b coi l xm phm quyn tc gi. Hnh vi ny nguy
him hai im sau y:
-

Khi cp giy chng nhn ng k bn quyn tc gi, Cc Bn quyn Tc gi

khng xt nghim kh nng bo h ca nhn theo tiu ch phn bit, cng
khng th bit tc phm c nguyn gc hay khng, v vic cp bng phn
ln da vo cam kt ca ngi np n. V vy khng th bit ai l ngi
s dng nhn hay bao b sn phm ln u tin.

Giy chng nhn ng k bn quyn tc gi tuy ch c gi tr chng c ch

khng c gi tr php l, song nu cc doanh nghip khng bit vic ny, c
th lm tng l php lut ch bo h ngi c giy chng nhn ng k
quyn tc gi.

trnh hnh vi lm dng giy chng nhn ng k quyn tc gi, nn chng

trn giy chng nhn c dng lu : giy chng nhn ny l bng chng v
vic ngi ng k np mu tc phm ti Cc Bn quyn Tc gi, khng
phi l c s php l v vic pht sinh quyn tc gi ca ngi ng k hay tnh
nguyn gc ca tc phm. Phng php gii quyt y da vo tnh minh
bch ca cc loi giy chng nhn ng k hay bo h, khin cho ch s hu
giy chng nhn ng k khng th lm dng giy chng nhn gy thit hi cho
cc ch th sn xut kinh doanh khc.
11.2.2 Lm dng quyn tc gi i vi phn mm
Phn mm l mt loi hnh tc phm c bit tc phm mang tnh chc nng
(dng gii quyt mt vn c th) v c tnh tng thch cao. Cc phn
mm c xy dng da trn cc lp khc nhau. Lp di cng l h iu
hnh, lp trn l cc phn mm ng dng. Gia cc lp vi nhau lun c mt
mi lin kt gi l giao din. Ngoi ra cn c cc phn mm lm giao din gia
cc phn mm vi nhau, gia phn mm v phn cng, gia my tnh v cc
thit b ngoi vi (my in, camera, v.v.). Cng ngh phn mm yu cu vic sn
xut mt phn mm ph thuc vo vic nghin cu hay sao chp giao din
tng thch vi phn mm . Nu ch s hu phn mm giao din khng cho
php sao chp giao din, vic sao chp ny c th dn ti xm phm quyn tc
gi. Nu ch s hu c tnh khng cho php ngi khc sao chp giao din
nm c quyn sn xut cc phn mm tng thch ca mnh, nng gi sn
phm i vi ngi tiu dng, hnh vi ni trn c th b coi l lm dng quyn
tc gi i vi phn mm. gii quyt vn ny, php lut cn phi lu
220

n cc tnh cht c th ca phn mm, ca cng ngh sn xut phn mm

sao cho vic bo h quyn tc gi khng dn n ngn cn s pht trin ca
ngnh cng ngh ny.138
11.2.3 Lm dng quyn lin quan
Theo iu 774, 776 v 778 quy nh cc ch th quyn lin quan (ngi biu
din, nh sn xut bn ghi m, ghi hnh, pht thanh truyn hnh) khi s dng
mt tc phm cha c cng b ph bin th phi xin php ch s hu quyn
tc gi. Nu tc phm ny c cng b ph bin th phi tr th lao cho tc
gi hoc ch s hu quyn tc gi. Li dng iu khon ny, nhiu ch th
quyn lin quan gii thch l nu h s dng tc phm c cng b ph
bin th khng phi xin php tc gi hoc ch s hu quyn tc gi, v ch tr
th lao theo quy nh ca Nh nc ( ban hnh cch y gn 15 nm v
khng cn ph hp). Th d nh trong v nhc s L Vinh kin Nh xut bn
m nhc Vit Nam v Hng phim Tr TP H Ch Minh s dng bi ht H
Ni v Ti vo mc ch kinh doanh m khng tr th lao, To n ti phin to
s thm tuyn nhc s c hng th lao theo quy nh ca Nh nc l
456.000 ng, trong khi ng phi tr n ph l 2.500.000 ng. Ch khi Cc
Bn quyn Tc gi c kin gii thch rng mc th lao phi theo tho thun th
nhc s L Vinh mi c hng khon tin bi thng thit hi l 29.812.879
ng.139 trnh tnh trng lm dng ca c nhc s (nu i tin th lao qu
cao) v ch th quyn lin quan (thanh ton tin th lao qu thp), c tc gi v
ch th quyn lin quan cn thnh lp nhng hip hi i din cho quyn li ca
mnh (cc t chc qun l tp th) quyn v ngha v cc ch th c quy
nh mt cch minh bch, trnh nhng khiu ni v sau ny.
11.3

Lm dng quyn s hu cng nghip

Nu cc hnh thc lm dng i vi quyn tc gi th hin ch ch th quyn

khai thc nhng l hng php lut kim li cho bn thn v gy thit hi
cho ngi khc, th cc hnh thc lm dng quyn s hu cng nghip c th
hin ch s dng ng lut, song vi ng c khng trung thc, gy thit hi
cho cc ch th sn xut kinh doanh trung thc khc. Cc th d ca vic lm
dng c th hin nhng im sau y.

138

Harz, M. (1997) Dominance and Duty in The EU: A Look Through Microsoft Windows at
the Essential Facilities Doctrine. Emory International Law Review 11: 189.
139
L Hng Lan (2001) Mt s vn v quyn tc gi trong BLDS thc trng thi hnh v
khuyn ngh hon thin. Chuyn Tp ch Thng tin Khoa hc Php l thng 11/12 nm
2001.

221

11.3.1 Lm dng ng k nhn hiu

Do vic u tin ng k nhn hiu c thc hin trn nguyn tc ai np n
ng k trc c u tin trc (first to file), nhiu ngi xin ng k
nhng nhn hiu ca ngi khc trc khi nhng ngi ny kp i ng k ti
Cc SHTT (xem th d v v SURESTAR chng 3 trn y). Khi ch s
hu nhn hiu ch thc n, nhng ngi xin ng k t trc yu cu cc
ch s hu ch thc phi nhn li-xng t h v tr tin. hn ch hnh vi
lm dng ny, Ngh nh 63/CP quy nh c th rng ngi np n xin bo
h phi trung thc v quyn np n. Trong trng hp ngi np n khng
trung thc, vn bng bo h c th b hy b. Ngoi ra, php lut cn quy nh
bo h tn thng mi (c bo h m khng cn phi ng k ti Cc
SHTT). Mt nhn hiu s b t chi ng k nu n trng hay tng t ti mc
gy nhm ln vi mt tn thng mi xut hin v c s dng t trc.
Tuy nhin, tnh trng ny li lm ny sinh mt loi lm dng mi: lm dng tn
thng mi, ngha l mt nhn hiu ang s dng yn n c th b cho l xm
phm tn thng mi xut hin t trc , song khng ai bit v cng
khng ni ting. V vic bo h tn thng mi l v thi hn, v khng ph
thuc vo vic c s dng tn thng mi hay khng, nn rt kh m bit c
tn thng mi no hay ang c bo h. S thiu c th trong quy nh v
bo h tn thng mi c th gy thit hi cho ch s hu nhn hiu.
Gn y do s pht trin ca thng mi in t, mt hnh thc lm dng mi
xut hin: lm dng ng k tn min (domain name) cho trang ch Internet.
Th d tn min www.ikea.com.cn c mt cng ty Trung Quc ng k ch
khng phi hng sn xut g ni ting ca Thy in IKEA ng k, hay tn
min li b mt c nhn ng k ch khng phi hng sn xut qun o ca
Anh FCUK (vit tt ca ch French Collection UK). V tc ng k tn
min rt nhanh, nn cc doanh nghip phi tin hnh ng k tn min ca mnh
cng nhanh cng tt khi b ngi khc ng k mt. Khi xy ra tranh chp,
thng thng cc bn phi nh n t chc gii quyt tranh chp tn min (vit
tt l ICANN, mt b phn ca WIPO) gii quyt. Chi ph gii quyt tranh
chp kh ln khin nhiu doanh nghip chu thua k xm phm hn l theo ui
v kin.140
11.3.2 Lm dng vn bng bo h sng ch, gii php hu ch, kiu dng
cng nghip

140

Th d tn min ca bo Bangkok Post Thi Lan b mt c nhn ca M ng k v i

tin chuc l 7.000 USD. V chi ph cho vic khi kin ln hn s tin chuc, bo Bangkok
Post quyt nh tr tin chuc cho ngi ng k tn min (theo bo Thi Lan).

222

Hin nay Cc SHTT khng tin hnh xt nghim ni dung bt buc i vi cc

n sng ch, gii php hu ch. iu ny khin nhiu ngi np n xin
ng k nhng GPKT khng phi l mi so vi trnh k thut trn th gii,
vi hy vng khng ch ch s hu ch thc ca nhng sng ch . Cch thc
lm dng ny cng ging nh i vi trng hp lm dng vic ng k nhn
hiu hay tn min. Tnh trng ny khng th gii quyt sm v Vit Nam
khng kh nng xt nghim ni dung n. Tuy nhin, n c th b hn ch
nu php lut quy nh x pht nng nhng ngi lm dng vic ng k bo
h sng ch, gii php hu ch.
i vi vic ng k kiu dng cng nghip, trc y do vic xt nghim ni
dung i vi n kiu dng l khng bt buc, nhiu doanh nghip cho ng
k nhn hng, bao b sn phm hay hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm di
dng kiu sng, mc d hnh dng bao b hay sn phm cng khng c g mi
hay c sc. Vic ny dn n tnh trng l mt du hiu b t chi bo h nhn
hiu li c bo h kiu dng cng nghip. Hu qu tip theo l ch s hu
kiu dng cng nghip c th dng giy chng nhn tch thu hay x l nhng
sn phm ca i th cnh tranh (th d tch thu xe my da trn vn bng bo
h kiu dng xe my m thc cht khng m bo tnh mi). gii quyt vn
ny, Ngh nh 06/2001/N-CP quy nh xt nghim ni dung i vi tt
c cc n kiu dng. Tuy vy cng cn lu l kh nng xt nghim kiu
dng cng nghip kh hn i vi nhn hiu, v vic tra cu kiu dng trn my
vi tnh khng d dng. Tnh trng lm dng c quyn kiu dng cng nghip
v vy kh x l tn gc.
Mt hnh thc na cng lin quan n vn bng chng ch l vic lm dng giy
chng nhn ng k thuc ca cc doanh nghip dc. Theo quy nh ca
php lut Vit Nam, nhp khu song song khng phi l hnh vi xm phm
quyn s hu tr tu. Da trn tnh trng gi dc phm Vit Nam cao gp 23 ln gi dc phm cng loi cc nc khc trong khu vc, nhiu doanh
nghip nhp khu thuc t cc nc khc vo Vit Nam bn. Hnh vi ni
trn khng b coi l xm phm quyn s hu tr tu. Tuy nhin, cc doanh
nghip dc chnh gc s dng l do l cc doanh nghip nhp khu song
song s dng s ng k thuc ca mnh l tri php nn khng c nhp khu
hng vo Vit Nam. Vn ny xut pht t thc trng l mt loi thuc khng
th c cp hai s ng k. Nh vy tnh trng lm dng s chng nhn ng
k thuc chng nhp khu song song s dn n hu qu l gi dc phm
Vit Nam vn tip tc cao, gy thit hi cho ngi tiu dng.
11.3.3 Lm dng i tng c bo h theo Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP

223

Vic lm dng cc i tng c bo h theo Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP trn

l thuyt t xy ra v lm dng cc ch th phi c c quyn, trong khi phm
vi c quyn ca cc i tng c bo h theo Ngh nh 54/2000/N-CP
rt hn ch. Tuy vy kh nng lm dng trn thc t vn c i vi tn thng
mi, b mt kinh doanh hay quyn chng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh. Vic
lm dng tn thng mi c nu trong mc 11.3.1 trn y. i vi b mt
kinh doanh, s lm dng c th l vic quy nh trong hp ng bo mt c
nhng thng tin thng thng l b mt kinh doanh, hay cc rng buc bo mt
lu qu mc cn thit. i vi hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh, tnh trng
lm dng c th xy ra khi cc khi nim ch dn thng mi hay thnh qu
u t c gii thch qu rng khin cho cc sn phm thc cht khng tng
t hay gy nhm ln cng b coi l cnh tranh khng lnh mnh vi ch th np
n khiu ni. V nhng v vic v cnh tranh khng lnh mnh thng thng
s c gii quyt qua con ng to n, vai tr ca thm phn, cng trnh
gii quyt v vic rt quan trng i vi vic phn nh mt hnh vi c phi l
hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh hay khng.
11.3.4 Lm dng cc bin php thc thi quyn s hu tr tu
Ch th quyn s hu tr tu cng c th lm dng cc bin php thc thi nh
p dng lnh khn cp tm thi hay tm gi hng, song sau li khng chng
minh c hnh vi xm phm ca ngi b gi hng. gii quyt vn ny,
php lut cc nc thng quy nh rng ch s hu phi np mt khon tin
bo m cho vic thc thi. Nu vic thc thi l hnh vi sai tri hay b lm dng
th khon tin s c dng thanh ton cho vic bi thng thit hi cho
ngi b p dng cc bin php thc thi.
11.3.5 Lm dng hnh thc hp ng li-xng
Ch s hu cc i tng s hu tr tu cng c th lm dng c quyn ca
mnh thng qua vic p t cc iu khon phi cnh tranh v bt li cho bn
nhn li-xng trong cc hp ng li-xng. Ngoi ra, hnh vi lm dng cn l cc
tha thun (k c tha thun ngm) gia cc ch th nhm mc ch loi b cc
i th cnh tranh ca mnh. Cc tha thun dng th hai ny theo Lut ca
Lin minh Chu u s b coi l v hiu tuyt i, tr cc tha thun gia cc
doanh nghip nh v khng gy hu qu ng k n sc cnh tranh trn th
trng. Trn nguyn tc, cc tha thun phi cnh tranh bao gm: (a) c nh gi
bn, gi mua; (b) phn chia th trng hay ngun nguyn liu; (c) hn ch sn
lng, th trng tiu th, cng ngh hay u t; (d) phn bit i x gia cc
i tc mua bn khc nhau; (e) p i tc phi chp nhn cc iu khon khng
lin quan n mc ch chnh ca hp ng; (f) lin kt u thu hay cc hnh
thc hp tc khc. Cc tha thun (e) v (f) c th c chp thun nu cc
224

ch th chng minh c rng cc tha thun nhm nng cao cht lng sn
phm v em li li ch cho ngi tiu dng.
hn ch kh nng lm dng, php lut cc nc thng quy nh l nu
trong hp ng c nhng iu khon mang tnh cht lm dng, th cc bn phi
c ngha v chng minh rng cc iu khon ny khng xut pht t ng c
lm dng. iu ny c ngha l chng phi tha mn hai iu kin (1) vic p
dng cc tha thun trn l cn thit, (2) khng lm mt hon ton kh nng
cnh tranh ca cc i th khc trn th trng. c chp thun, cc ch th
phi cung cp thng tin v tr li cc cu hi ca y ban v cnh tranh ca tng
nc (theo mu son sn). y ban s xem xt trong vng 3 thng. Nu cc ch
th cung cp thng tin sai hay tha thun khng cn tha mn cc iu kin nu
trn, th y ban c quyn rt li chp thun.
11.4

Bin php chng lm dng: vn dng cc iu khon hn ch quyn

s hu tr tu

trnh vic s dng quyn s hu tr tu gy hu qu bt li cho x hi v v

li ch x hi, php lut ca cc nc cng nh cc cng c quc t vn c cc
iu khon hn ch v s hu tr tu (th d nh iu khon v s dng hn ch
c quy nh ti iu 760, 761, 801, 802 v 803 BLDS, hay iu 13 ca Tho
c TRIPS). Nu bit vn dng nhun nhuyn cc iu khon v hn ch
quyn s hu tr tu ni trn, chng ta cng c th hn ch c kh nng lm
dng quyn s hu tr tu ca cc ch s hu. C th l, i vi cc hnh vi s
dng c quyn mang tnh cht lm dng, Nh nc c th tuyn b cho php
ngi s dng ph tnh trng c quyn (s dng m khng xin php) v li ch
x hi.
11.5

Bin php chng lm dng: xy dng lut cnh tranh

Thc t hin nay, khng mt nn kinh t no trn th gii c th c coi nh

nn kinh t cnh tranh ha chnh. Cc sn phm ca cc nh sn xut khng
hon ton tng ng nhau, cc thng tin trn th trng khng phi lc no
cng thng sut, v th xut hin nhng doanh nghip c kh nng khng ch
gi. Gi s nh mt doanh nghip c kh nng khng ch gi, th ngi mua
hng s phi tr gi cao hn so vi gi tr thc ca hng ha. Thng thng,
ngi mua s c phn ng: hoc l chp nhn mua hng gi cao, hoc l la
chn mt hng ha khc c chc nng tng ng song gi r hn. Trn l
thuyt, ngi mua s chn phng n 2, song trn thc t, vic thc hin
phng n ny c nhiu tr ngi, th d nh vic ngi mua l u t vo
mt cng ngh nht nh, hay k cc hp ng khng th hy. Chnh v vy,

225

Nh nc phi can thip vo mi trng cnh tranh ca nn kinh t th trng,

nhm khi phc sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t th trng.
Theo lut cnh tranh ca Lin minh Chu u, u th c quyn (dominant
position) l kh nng ca mt hay mt nhm ch th c th khng ch mt th
trng nht nh.141 Bng phng php nh lng, lut mt s nc quy nh
mt ch th c u th trn mt th trng nu chi phi hn 40% th phn, hay
mt nhm ch th chi phi hn 70% th phn. Mi hnh vi lm dng u th c
quyn, dn n vic hn ch c hi cnh tranh ca cc ch th khc trn th
trng b nghim cm. Cc hnh vi bao gm (a) trc tip hay gin tip n
nh gi mua hay gi bn cho cc i tc khc, (b) hn ch th trng, sn phm
hay cng ngh, gy thit hi cho ngi tiu dng, (c) phn bit i x gia cc
i tc, (d) buc i tc phi chp nhn cc iu kin khng lin quan n mc
ch chnh ca hp ng.142
Hin nay c khong hn 80 nc trn th gii ban hnh lut cnh tranh v
chng c quyn, nhm lnh mnh ho nn kinh t.143 Cng cn lu l cc
nc ny lut cnh tranh hnh thnh m khng cn phi c s tc ng ca bt
c cng c quc t no. Con s ny s cng c ngha nu chng ta bit rng
vo u nhng nm 90 ch c khong 40 nc c lut chng c quyn. Ton
cu ho nn kinh t, cng vi s gia tng bo h c quyn ca ch s hu tr
tu khin cho cc nc cm thy cn thit phi c lut cnh tranh. Litva, lut
cnh tranh quy nh cc ch th vi phm Lut cnh tranh s b y ban Cnh
tranh buc phi chm dt hnh vi vi phm, hon tr li cho i tc nu cc tha
thun hay cc bin php ci t doanh nghip b v hiu, bi thng thit hi cho
bn b thit hi v c th b x pht hnh chnh t 2.500 n 25.000 USD.
Trong trng hp vi phm c bit nghim trng hay ti phm, mc pht c th
cao hn, song khng qu 10% doanh thu trung bnh hng nm ca ch th b
pht.144 Cc nc khc cng c nhng quy nh tng t nh vy. Lut Cnh
tranh ca Vit Nam, c hiu lc t ngy 1 thng 7 nm 2005, l bc tin ln
trn con ng cn bng gia quyn li ca ch s hu quyn s hu tr tu v
nhng ngi s dng cc i tng c bo h.

141

EC Treaty, Art. 82.

EC Regulations on Technology Transfers (1996).
143
Boscheck (2001) Governance of Global Market Relations World Competition 24, 1: 62.
144
L Nt (2000) Lut Cnh tranh Litva. Thng tin Khoa hc Php l, thng 2/2001.
142

226

Chng 11: Mt h thng bo h cn bng

11.1

Bn cht ca bo h quyn s hu tr tu

Quan h php lut dn s v s hu tr tu c nhng c im khin vic bo h

chng khng ging nh vic bo h quyn s hu thng thng. Th nht l
nh hng dy chuyn ca cc ti sn tr tu ti sn sau k tha ti sn trc,
v v vy cc ti sn khng th tch ra bo h mt cch ring bit. Th hai l
trong quan h quyn s hu tr tu, cc ch th va c cc quyn nhn thn va
c cc quyn ti sn i vi cc thnh qu lao ng sng to hay uy tn kinh
doanh c php lut bo h. iu cng l gii ti sao cc quy nh v s
hu tr tu khng c gp chung trong phn 2 ca BLDS v s hu.145 Trong
phn 2, khi nhc n quyn s hu, chng ta ch nhc n kha cnh quyn ti
sn m khng h nhc n quyn nhn thn. Trong khi phn 6, khi nhc n
quyn s hu tr tu, chng ta nhiu ln cp n cc quyn nhn thn ca
tc gi, th d nh quyn c t tn tc phm, ng tn hay bt danh trong tc
phm, hay quyn ca tc gi sng ch c ghi tn mnh trong vn bng bo h
c quyn. l nhng quyn khng th tch ri cc tc gi.
Khi nghin cu v quyn s hu tr tu, hu nh bt c khu no chng ta
cng phi dng li gii thch cc khi nim v cc tiu chun bo h tng i
tru tng (th d nh trnh sng to, kh nng gy nhm ln, khng hiu
nhin, yu t c th, v.v.). Tt c cc tiu chun ny mang tnh nh tnh hn
l nh lng, v phi c xem xt trong tng lnh vc c th, da trn vic
xem xt li ch ca cc bn tham gia quan h.
Nh ni trn, s khng c lut s hu tr tu nu khng nhc n yu t
c quyn. C th ni rng quyn s hu tr tu l mt dng c quyn. iu
c ngha l khng ai c s dng cc i tng s hu tr tu nu cha
c ch th quyn cho php (t mt s trng hp s dng hn ch theo lut
nh).
Tuy nhin, phm vi c quyn ca tng i tng s hu tr tu rt khc nhau.
i vi quyn tc gi, phm vi c quyn ch gi gn trong hnh thc trnh by
tc phm. Ch s hu quyn tc gi vn hc c c quyn cho hay khng
cho ngi khc sao chp hay ci bin tc phm ca mnh. Tuy nhin, ch s
hu quyn tc gi khng c quyn cm ngi khc xut bn mt tc phm
tng t, nu tc phm c sng to mt cch c lp (c tnh nguyn gc),
khng h sao chp t tc phm u tin, v s trng lp ch l ngu nhin. i
145

Xem Bo co Gp ca Chnh ph trnh Quc hi xin kin xy dng BLDS (im 5).

227

vi quyn s hu cng nghip, phm vi c quyn rng ln hn. Nu mt ch

s hu sng ch c cp vn bng bo h, hay thm ch cha c cp
bng nhng np n xin cp vn bng bo h, th bt k ngi no khc, d
sng to c lp, khng n cp tng ca ngi np n, cng khng c
bo h c quyn nh ngi np n u tin na. Chnh v vy trong ch nh
v quyn s hu cng nghip c khi nim v ngy u tin v quyn u tin,
mt khi nim m ch nh v quyn tc gi khng c.
Sau cng, mt c im cn lu l c quyn ca s hu tr tu c php
lut thc thi thng qua mt h thng bo h. Vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu
phi tun th cc nguyn tc sau:
-

Bo h c mc ch: nh gii phng sc sn xut, khuyn khch lao ng

sng to, c kh nng em li li ch cho t nc, c kh nng ng dng
trong cc ngnh kinh t - x hi.

Bo h c iu kin: ngha l vic bo h phi khng i ngc li vi li

ch Nh nc, quyn v li ch ca cc ch th khc.

Bo h c chn lc: ngha l c bo h, cc i tng phi c chn

lc k thng qua vic kim tra cc tiu chun bo h. Khi tiu chun bo h
khng cao, chng ta khng t ra vn phi c c quan tin hnh kim tra
tiu chun bo h. Th d i vi quyn tc gi. Khi tiu chun bo h cao
hn, thc t yu cu phi c mt c quan chuyn trch nhm nh gi cc
tiu chun bo h v cp vn bng bo h.

Bo h c thi hn: ngha l vic ch s hu c c quyn s dng ch

c tin hnh trong mt thi gian nht nh. Khi ht thi hn bo h, i
tng s hu tr tu tr thnh ti sn ca nhn loi v ai cng c php s
dng ti sn m khng phi xin php ch s hu na.

Tm li, c quyn trong s hu tr tu l c quyn c gii hn v thi gian,

khng gian v ni dung. Nguyn nhn gii hn vic bo h l do php lut
mun hn ch nhng mt tiu cc ca c quyn. Bo h to ra c quyn. V
mt tch cc, c quyn khuyn khch lao ng sng to. Chng ta bit c
mt thnh qu lao ng sng to, tc gi phi b bit bao cng sc. Song cc
thnh qu ny d dng b nh cp hay b s dng, thm ch chnh tc gi cng
khng th bit v iu ny. Ch c cc ch nh bo h c quyn mi c th
bo v quyn li hp php ca tc gi. Tuy nhin, v mt tiu cc, c quyn
s lm hn ch cnh tranh, m chnh cnh tranh cng l mt ng lc pht
trin lao ng sng to. V th khi no c quyn cn pht huy tc dng lm
khuyn khch lao ng sng to, gii phng sc sn xut th php lut bo v
228

c quyn. Khi vai tr tch cc ca c quyn chm dt th cng l lc php

lut phi hn ch bo h c quyn.146
11.2

Bo h v cn bng li ch gia cc ch th

Aristotle tng ni: "lut php c lp ra l cn bng cc li ch i

khng nhau." Nh vy mt c ch bo h quyn tc gi phn mm thch hp l
phi cn bng li ch ca cc ch th sau y:
-

nh sn xut cc sn phm c cc yu t ca s hu tr tu;

tc gi;
i th cnh tranh ca nh sn xut;
cc doanh nghip cung ng nguyn liu cho cc sn phm hay tiu th
cc sn phm ;
cc c quan nh nc, trng hc, vin nghin cu;
nhng ngi s dng khc; v
li ch ca Nh nc v ton th x hi.

Nu chng ta coi vic thit k c ch bo h quyn s hu tr tu l vic phn

tch nh gi, so snh c - mt, chng ta s c s sau (hnh 2). Trong
hnh, im B l im ti u v c li ch x hi v mc bo h hp l. Tuy
nhin, vic xc nh im B rt kh. Da vo vic phn tch cc li ch v cn
bng cc li ch , chng ta ch mong xc nh c mt khong trong chng
ta cn thit k c ch bo h hp l (th d t D n E).
Li ch x hi
B
C

D
11.3

mc bo h

Cc vn cn nghin cu tm mt c ch bo h thch hp

Theo hnh v trn, th vn l ch phi tm c gii php ti u cho vic

bo v li ch ca tt c cc ch th c lin quan, c bit l li ch x hi. C
ch bo h ti u khng nht thit l khng c xm phm ( M, nc c lut
146

Kessie, F-K. (1999) Developing Countries and the World Trade Organization What Has
Changed? World Competition 22(2): 94.

229

bo v quyn tc gi i vi phn mm v c ch thc thi nghim khc nht, t

l xm phm phn mm vn l 30%). Tuy nhin, cn phi h t l xm phm
n mc khng nh hng qu ln n qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh ca cc
ch th lao ng sng to. tm c c ch bo h thch hp nht, cn phi
gii p cc cu hi sau y:
-

gii php ca chng ta a ra c lm tng trng nn kinh t hay khng?

v
li ch m t nc thu c t vic tng trng nn kinh t c ln hn
chi ph m x hi phi tr cho cc ch s hu tr tu hay khng?

Cng cn lu l bo h quyn s hu tr tu khng phi l cy a thn thu

ht u t, hay khuyn khch nng ng sng to. C Nh nc v nhn dn
cng cn nhng tc ng tch cc vo vic to ra nhng sn phm tr tu ti
sn tr tu ca Vit Nam khng qu mt cn bng so vi ti sn ca nc ngoi
m Vit Nam ang bo h. Th d, pht trin cng ngh phn mm, th
ngoi bin php bo h, Nh nc nn c chnh sch buc cc c quan nh
nc s dng my tnh c h iu hnh gi r hn h MS. DOS ca Microsoft,
in hnh l h Linux. cng l phng thc m Trung Quc, Php, c v
nhiu nc khc ang p dng. Ngoi ra, Nh nc nn khuyn khch cc cng
ty phn mm sn xut cc phn mm ng dng chy trn h iu hnh Linux, v
tin hnh hun luyn nhn vin lp trnh trn Linux.147 Bn cnh vic khuyn
khch c quan nh nc mua phn mm ni a, Nh nc cn hng dn cc
c quan v ngi s dng mua phn mm trong nc ti cc doanh nghip c
kh nng pht trin. Ngoi ra cn cn c s u t ca Nh nc vo cc cng
ty c nng lc, tp trung cc doanh nghip nh thnh cc cng ty mnh, chuyn
mn ho, u tin s dng cc sn phm phn mm ni a trong cc d n ng
dng.
Tt nhin mt khi thc thi quyn s hu tr tu cht ch, ngi tiu dng s
khng cn mua c bng a, qun o, xe my, in t hng xm phm
quyn thc s hu tr tu vi gi r nh by gi. Tuy nhin, y l mt s
nh i cho li ch thu c t vic bo v v thc thi quyn s hu tr tu :
l vic nng cao mc hp dn u t ui kp cc nc trong khu vc (nht l
Trung Quc), l nhng li ch m hi nhp quc t mang li v to c s yn
tm cho cc nh sn xut trong nc khi u t vo cc i tng s hu tr tu.

147

Hin c rt nhiu cc lp trnh vin trn th gii sn sng trao i kin thc lp trnh
trn h Linux, khng thu tin. Thm ch c mt trang web mang tn "Copyleft"
phn i vic lm dng "Copyright" (bn quyn) ca cc cng ty a quc gia. Bn c
c th lin h trang web: www.gnu.org.

230

11.4

Kt lun

Qua cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch nhng mt li v hi ca vic bo

h quyn s hu tr tu, vi ba kt lun ni bt sau y:
-

Bo h quyn s hu tr tu l cn thit v cn phi c hiu qu, thc

y tnh nng ng v sng to ca nn kinh t th trng, v ch ng
hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii;

Ti sn tr tu hin nay tp trung phn ln vo tay cc cng ty a quc

gia, v ch c mt s quc gia c li th v bun bn trao i ti sn tr
tu. Tuy nhin, xu th bo h quyn s hu tr tu tt c cc quc gia
l xu th tt yu trong mt nn kinh t ton cu ho. Xt v ngha ,
bo h quyn s hu tr tu cn l s nh i cho vic hi nhp kinh t.
S nh i ny c li hay hi l hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng
tham gia hi nhp ca cc thnh phn kinh t ca chng ta; v

Quyn s hu tr tu, cng nh bt c quyn dn s no, cng c kh

nng b lm dng, v th php lut cn phi nhn thy r: khi no th
quyn ny b lm dng, v phi c bin php chng lm dng.

Trong khi tm bin php chng lm dng quyn s hu tr tu, cn lu rng

trong Tho c TRIPS c cho php p dng cc iu khon chng lm dng,
thng qua mt s ngoi l (nh s dng hn ch). Cc ngoi l ny cha hn
l rng vic bo h quyn s hu tr tu khng gy nn nn lm dng c
quyn hay nh hng n nhng i tng Nh nc cn h tr nh cc khu
vc y t, gio dc. Tuy nhin, tm hiu k iu c quc t v gii thch tt
nhng trng hp ngoi l khi t bn vo chn mnh, bn cnh thc
hin ng nhng g cam kt l cch tt nht tn dng nhng thun li,
khc phc nhng kh khn v thch thc trong qu trnh hi nhp quc t.
C ch thc thi quyn s hu tr tu hin nay cha thc s hiu qu theo hng:
n gin, nhanh chng, t tn km. Tuy nhin, thc thi khng phi l qu kh
mt khi c mt h thng bo h cn bng. Nu cc cam kt v thc thi
quyn s hu tr tu trong Hip nh Thng mi Vit-M c thc hin, cc
khim khuyt trn s c sa i. Cc nh sn xut trong nc cng nh cc
cng ty nc ngoi c th lc quan hn v vic thnh qu u t ca mnh s
c bo v. Tuy nhin, vn khng phi ch chng ta khng c bin php,
m ch phi bo m cn bng li ch. Ch khi chng ta c mt h thng bo
h cn bng: gia li ch ca ch s hu tr tu v ca ngi s dng, gia bo
h v cnh tranh, gia s dng quyn v lm dng quyn, chng ta mi thng
sut v mc tiu thc thi quyn s hu tr tu.
231