Quản Lý Dự Án - TS. Trịnh Thùy Anh

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MC LC
Gii thiu mn hc
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V QUN TR D N
1.1 Tng quan v d n...9

1.2 Tng quan v qun tr d n
17
CHNG 2. LA CHN D N.............................
30
2.1 Vn c bn v la chn d n
30
2.2 La chn d n trong iu kin bt trc
36
CHNG 3. THIT K T CHC D N V XY DNG I

NG D N ..............................................................
43
3.1 Thit k c cu t chc d n
43
3.2 Gim c d n
49
3.3 Xy dng i ng d n
54
Chng 4. LP K HOCH V NGN SCH D N..64

4.1 Cc vn v lp k hoch d n
64
4.2 C cu phn chia cng vic, biu trch nhim
69
4.3 Ngn sch d n
74
CHNG 5. LP TIN D N ........................
83
5.1 Cc vn c bn v s mng
83
5.2 S mng CPM
87
5.3 S mng PERT
95
5.4 Lp tin d n bng s mng
98

CHNG 6. PHN B NGUN LC .....................
108
6.1 Mt s vn c bn v ngun lc 108

6.2 iu ho ngun lc113
6.3 Phng php ng gng
116
6.4 Phn b ngun lc hn ch
118
6.5 Mi quan h gia thi gian v chi ph
119
CHNG 7. KIM SOT D N ............................
124
7.1 Vn c bn v kim sot d n
124
7.2 Qu trnh kim sot d n
128
7.3 Ni dung kim sot d n
133
Chng 8. QUN TR RI RO & HP NG D N 142

8.1 Ri ro v qun tr ri ro d n
142
8.2 Hp ng v qun tr hp ng d n
152
Chng 9. KT THC D N .................................
160
9.1 Cc hnh thc kt thc d n
160
9.2 Khi no cn kt thc d n
163
9.3 T chc kt thc d n
165
9.4 Bo co tng kt
170
Ti liu tham kho ...174

GII THIU MN HC
Cho mng cc bn sinh vin n vi chng trnh o to t xa
ca trng i hc M TP. H Ch Minh.
Chng ti mong rng ti liu ny s gip bn t hc d dng mn

Qun tr d n, nm bt c cc vn c bn lin quan n vic la
chn d n, bit cch t chc thc hin d n, bit cch lp k hoch,
hiu cc ni dung kim sot v kt thc d n.
KHI QUT V MN HC
Trong nn kinh t th trng hin nay, cc d n l ht sc a dng,
phc tp, v lin quan n mi mt, mi hot ng ca nn kinh t.
iu ny i hi vic qun tr d n phi mang tnh chuyn nghip
cao, i hi cc phng php v k thut qun tr d n ngy cng
tin tin v hin i. D n l mt hot ng nh nht pht trin
nn kinh t quc gia. Mt khc n cng l cng c mang li li
nhun v cc li ch khc cho cc bn lin quan. Nh vy bn c th
thy, vic qun tr d n - vi mc ch l hng d n ti thnh
cng v hiu qu theo cc mc tiu t ra c mt ngha quan trng
c bit vi cc ngnh, cc cp, cc bn lin quan. V bn cng c th
thy trong bi cnh ngun lc hn ch, vic nghin cu qun tr d n
s h tr cho bn - trong vai tr nh qun tr d n cc kin thc, k
thut, bn c th dn dt d n i n thnh cng trong iu kin
rng buc v ngun lc. y chnh l ngha ca mn hc.
MC TIU CA MN HC
Sau khi hc xong mn hc, chng ti tin rng bn s t c cc mc

tiu sau y:
7

Nm c c s l lun v cc ni dung c bn ca qun tr d n.

Trong vai tr nh qun tr d n, bit cch chn la d n mang li
li ch cao. Bit cch t chc c cu b my, nm c cc yu
cu v t cht ca gim c d n, nguyn tc lnh o v xy
dng i ng d n.
Bit cch lp k hoch, c tnh ngn sch, lp tin , v xem xt
phn b ngun lc thc hin d n
Nm c cch thc v ni dung kim sot d n, qun tr ri ro
v hp ng d n, hiu c vic kt thc mt cch thnh cng
d n.
YU CU CA MN HC
Mn Qun tr d n l mt hc phn 45 tit. Bn s hc mn ny tt

hn nu trang b trc cc kin thc sau:
Ton cn bn: bit nhn dng hm s, v th, gii phng trnh,
l thuyt xc sut v thng k, gii cc bi ton v gi tr ti u,
thut ton tm ng ngn nht, ng di nht
Kinh t - x hi: nhng thng tin lin quan n mi trng u t
v m, hnh lang php l v u t v qun l nh nc v u t,
quy nh v hng dn v thm nh, qun l, gim st, t vn d
n, cc hng dn v qun l chi ph v cht lng cng trnh, cc
thng tin v mt s d n trong cc lnh vc khc nhau
Nu bn c c cc kin thc v lp v thm nh d n, hoc
phn tch d n, th vic tip cn mn hc Qun tr d n s cng
d dng v thun li hn.
Cc kin thc v: hnh vi t chc, qun tr nhn s cng gp phn
h tr cho sinh vin trong khi nghin cu mn hc ny.

NI DUNG MN HC
Mn hc c thit k thnh 9 chng. Cc ni dung ca mn hc

nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v qun tr d n

Chng ny nhm gii thiu cc kin thc c bn v qun tr d
n. Sau khi hc xong chng ny, bn s hiu c th no l d n?
d n c cc c im g? chu k ca d n ra sao? cc i tng no
s tham gia vo d n? Cc mc tiu, qu trnh v ni dung qun tr
d n nh th no?
Chng 2: La chn d n
Chng ny gip bn nm bt c mc tiu v ni dung ca
vic la chn d n, hiu v bit cch p dng cc phng php nh
lng v nh tnh trong la chn d n. Ngoi ra la chn d n
trong iu kin c bin ng v ri ro cng c xem xt trong
chng ny.
Chng 3: Thit k t chc v xy dng i ng d n

Mc tiu ca chng ny nhm gip bn hiu c vai tr v
trch nhim ca gim c d n trong vic thit k t chc d n, xy
dng i ng dn dt d n n thnh cng. Nghin cu chng
ny bn s tr li c cc cu hi: La chn m hnh t chc nh th
no? Cc yu cu v trch nhim ca gim c d n? Xy dng i
ng d n th no? Cch pht trin v lnh o i ng d n? Gii
quyt mu thun v xung t trong i d n ra sao?

Chng 4: Lp k hoch v ngn sch d n

Chng ny gip bn hiu, bit cch lp k hoch d n; xc
nh ngn sch d n. Cc bn s hiu c cch lp k hoch d n,
xy dng c cu phn chia cng vic, phng php t trn xung v
t di ln lp ngn sch d n, cng nh tm hiu v cc b phn
cu thnh nn ngn sch d n.
Chng 5: Lp tin d n
Hiu c cc vn v lp tin d n d n, bit cch p
dng lp biu Gantt v s mng th hin tin d n l mt
vic lm ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh qun tr d n. Chng
ny cp n cc vn v s mng, cch thc thit lp s
mng, gm mng CPM v mng PERT. Chng ny c cc bi tp
bn tp luyn cch lp tin d n.
Chng 6: Phn b ngun lc d n

Sau khi lp tin d n, bn cn phn b ngun lc d n.
Chng ny gii thiu cc vn c bn v ngun lc, vn v iu
ha ngun lc, phn b ngun lc trong iu kin hu hn, mi quan
h gia thi gian v chi ph d n, nghin cu s nh i gia chng.
Chng 7: Kim sot d n

Chng ny gip bn tm hiu nguyn tc, phng php v cng
c kim sot d n. Sau khi hc xong chng ny, bn s nm
c mc tiu ca kim sot, qu trnh kim sot d n nh th no?
Nguyn tc v cng c kim sot? Cc ni dung kim sot bao gm
kim sot thi gian, chi ph, cht lng.
Chng 8: Qun tr ri ro v hp ng d n
10

Qun tr d n khng th khng cp n vn ri ro. Chng

ny gip bn tm hiu th no l ri ro d n? cc ni dung v qu
trnh qun tr ri ro d n nh th no? Cc vn v hp ng nh
k kt v thc hin hp ng, thay i v hy b hp ng, gii quyt
tranh chp hp ng c cp n trong chng ny.
Chng 9: Kt thc d n
Chng ny gip bn nhn bit cc hnh thc kt thc d n khc
nhau, a ra cch thc t chc vic kt thc d n, la chn thi
im kt thc d n, cch thc v ni dung ca bo co tng kt.
NHNG TI LIU NN THAM KHO
Cc bn c th tham kho mt trong s cc ti liu sau:

1. Vin Nghin cu v o to v Qun tr. T chc v iu hnh d
n. NXB Ti chnh, 2006.
2. Jack R. Meredith, Samuel J. Mantel, Jr. Project Management: A
Managerial Approach, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003
3. Project Management Institute. A Guide to Project Management
Body
of
Knowledge
(PMBOK
Guide),
Newtown
Square
Pennsylvania USA,. 2004.

Trong trng hp cn trao i thm v ni dung ca ti liu ny, bn
c th lin h vi tc gi theo a ch: E-mail: tthuyanh@yahoo.com.
Chc bn thnh cng.
11

CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V QUN TR D N

Chng ny gii thiu vi cc bn nhng vn c bn v qun
tr d n trc khi bn nghin cu su vo cc ni dung c th ca
mn hc. Cc khi nim c bn v d n v qun tr d n, cc ni
dung v qu trnh qun tr d n s c cp trong chng ny.
MC TIU
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, bn s nm c cc vn :
Khi nim c bn v d n: c im, chu k, cc bn lin quan.
Hiu c s nh hng ca cc c im d n n qu trnh
qun tr d n
Cc vn v qun tr d n: mc tiu, qu trnh, ni dung qun tr
d n. Hiu c vic qun tr d n theo cc giai on v theo cc
lnh vc khc nhau.
NI DUNG CHNH
TNG QUAN V D N
1.1.1 D n v cc c trng ca d n
a. Khi nim
Bn c th xem xt d n t nhiu gc khc nhau. Nhng nhn
chung bn c th nh ngha d n nh sau:
12

D n: s dng cc ngun
lc hu hn thc hin
nhiu cng vic khc nhau,
nhng c lin quan vi
nhau v cng hng ti mt
mc tiu chung nhm t
cc li ch c th.
D n: gii php ha hn mt
li ch c th
Mc ch: lm ra tin hoc tit
kim tin
Ngun lc: thi gian, vn, con
ngi, my mc thit b, vt
liu
b. c im ca d n
Cc d n u t c nhng c im c bn nh sau:
D n l tm thi v c chu k
sng: D n mang bn cht tm
D n c mt im xut pht v
thi, tc l c thi im bt u ch n c th.
v thi im kt thc c th. Vic
kt thc ca mt d n l thi
im ta bt u nghin cu c
hi u t cho mt d n mi.
D n l mt hot ng c mc ch: Mc ch, hay cn gi mc
tiu tng th ca d n l kt qu cui cng m nh u t mong i.
t c mc ch, bn c th phn chia kt qu mong mun thnh
cc mc tiu c th cn t c trong tng giai on ca d n. Cc
mc tiu ny cn c xc lp nhm m bo nguyn tc: c th, o
lng c, kh thi, cn i v ngun lc, c thi hn nht nh.
Tnh c th: Mi d n u c
nhng yu t c th so vi cc d n
khc, khng c d n nghin cu
pht trin hay d n xy dng, d n
sn xut no hon ton ging nhau.
Mi d n u phi c tin hnh
nghin cu t m, thit k k thut c
th, vic qun l v khai thc vn
hnh cng c nhng c th khc
nhau.
13
Mi d n l duy nht,
trc v sau n khng c d
n th hai ging ht vy.

Tnh khng chc chn ca d n: D n thng lun i km vi

nhiu ri ro, nhiu yu t bin ng kh lng, do qu trnh thc hin
d n ko di, i hi ngun vn ln,
chu s tc ng ca mi trng kinh t, x

hi, lut php v cc bn lin quan. Cc ri
ro tim n ny c th xut hin v tc ng
n mc tiu v kt qu ca d n.
Ri ro lun
song hnh
cng d n
Tnh ph thuc v xung t: Mt d n c mi quan h tc ng

qua li vi nhau v mu thun vi cc yu t bn ngoi, chng hn
nh mu thun vi cc d n khc v ngun lc, ng thi trong bn
thn d n cng cha ng nhiu mu thun gia cc b phn thc
hin d n, gia nhim v v ngun lc thc hin.
1.1.2 Chu k ca d n
Chu k d n, l cc thi k
m mt d n cn phi tri
qua, bt u t thi im c
nh u t cho n thi
im kt thc d n.
Hu ht cc d n u tri
qua cc giai on ging
nhau, t lc khi u cho
ti khi hon thnh
% hon thnh ca d n
Chu k ca d n c minh ho trong hnh 1.1.
Kt thc chm
Tng trng
nhanh
Bt u
chm
Thi gian
14

Hnh 1.1: Chu k ca d n
u tin khi d n c hnh thnh, bn cn mt n lc rt ln

khi ng d n. Bn phi chn ra nh qun tr d n, tp hp nhm
d n, tin hnh lp k hoch v xc nh cc ngun lc ban u. Giai
on ny mi vic tin trin kh chm do mi ngi cn c thi gian
lm quen nhau cng nh xc nh mc tiu d n. Khi vt qua
c nhng tr ngi ny, cng vic c trin khai kh nhanh v sun
s. Qu trnh tin trin ko di lin tc ti cao im v gim dn
khi d n gn i ti hon thin. Vic hon thnh nhng nhim v cui
cng dng nh i hi ngi tham gia cng vic phi b ra mt
lng thi gian ng k. Trong nhiu trng hp, d n c b ko di
ra mi giai on cui cng, cho n khi n c kt thc. y l
chu k thng thng i vi d n, tt nhin trong thc t cng c
trng hp d n kt thc nhanh, nhng trng hp khng ph
bin.
1.1.3 Cc bn lin quan n d n
Mt d n c nhiu i tng
tham gia thc hin. Mi i tng
c vai tr, v tr nh hng, quyn
v ngha v nht nh. m bo
d n thnh cng, cn c s phi
hp cht ch, hp tc v h tr gia
cc bn lin quan.
Cc bn tham gia d n c
th h tr hp tc vi
nhau, tuy nhin cng c
th mu thun nhau.
a. Khch hng
Khch hng y chnh l nh u t. Bn cn phn bit khch
hng ca d n - l ngi t hng xy dng, thc hin, qun l mt
d n; v khch hng ca sn phm d n - tc l i tng s dng
cc sn phm do d n to ra. Khch hng c th l mt ngi, mt t
15

chc hoc mt tp th c y quyn trong trng hp d n cp vn

t ngun ngn sch Nh nc.
Khch hng ny cn c xc nh ngay t khi c nh u t.
Cc yu cu, i hi ca khch hng s nh hng trc tip n quy
m, c tnh k thut v cng ngh ca d n. Khch hng chnh l
ngi a ra cc yu cu cui cng v kt qu d n v cng l ngi
cung cp vn hoc tr tin thc hin hoc khai thc d n.
b. Ngi c y quyn (ngi tip nhn d n)
Ngi c y quyn l ngi tip nhn d n thc hin d
n nhm tha mn nhu cu khch hng. Sau khi tip nhn d n, bn
c y quyn cn c vo yu cu v nhu cu ca khch hng bt
u tin hnh d n. Trong sut qu trnh qun tr d n t giai on
bt u, lp k hoch, thc hin n kt thc, ngi c y quyn
lun gi vai tr ch o. V th, nng lc, t cht ca ngi c y
quyn s trc tip nh hng n cht lng d n. La chn ngi
tip qun d n tt l yu t quan trng nng cao cht lng d n.
Hin nay trn th gii, ch yu khch hng dng hnh thc mi thu,
u thu chn nh thu tt nht.
c. Bn cung ng
Cc t chc ny chu trch nhim cung ng cc loi vt t, thit
b, my mc ch yu cho d n, hoc cc hp ng thu ph cho d
n, thc hin mi iu khon tho thun trong hp ng theo
nguyn tc: m bo v mt cht lng, s lng, chng loi v ng
b; m bo v tin (ph hp v thi gian v hnh thc giao nhn).
d. Cc t chc ti tr vn
Cc t chc ti tr vn bao gm ngn hng, cc nh ch ti
chnh, qu tn dng, qu u t pht trin bo him
e. Cc c quan qun l Nh nc lin quan n d n
16

thng nht qu trnh u t v m bo d n c mc ch,

mang ngha kinh t x hi thit thc, ph hp vi quy m, vi s
pht trin ca t nc, ng thi m bo vic u t c qun l,
gim st mt cch ton din v c khoa hc, cn c s qun l ca
Nh nc m i din l cc c quan qun l nh nc. Nh nc
qun l d n thng qua quy hoch pht trin, h thng chnh sch,
lut php
1. 2 TNG QUAN V QUN TR D N
1.2.1 Qun tr d n v cc c trng ca n
Qun tr d n nhm gip
d n t cc mc tiu
t ra v gip m bo
t hiu qu mong i
Qun tr d n: ng dng cc
kin thc, k nng, vo cc
hot ng d n m bo
d n t c cc mc tiu,
yu cu t ra.
Qun tr d n ln u c p dng trong lnh vc qun s ca

M vo nhng nm 50, sau n nhanh chng c ng dng rng
ri vo cc lnh vc kinh t v x hi. Do nhu cu v hng ha v dch
v ngy cng gia tng vi nhng i hi phc tp ca khch hng;
mt khc kin thc ca con ngi cng nh cng ngh k thut ngy
cng pht trin dn n nhu cu v qun tr d n ngy cng tng.
Qun tr d n bao gm qu trnh lp k hoch, iu phi v gim
st qu trnh pht trin ca d n nhm m bo d n hon thnh
ng thi hn, trong phm vi ngn sch c duyt v t c cc
yu cu nh v k thut v cht lng sn phm dch v.
Cc hot ng ca d n i hi c s tham gia ca nhiu bn
lin quan khc nhau, nn qun tr d n mang tnh phc tp, mu
thun v kh khn. Do c s khc bit ln gia qun tr d n v qun
17

tr sn xut kinh doanh thng thng, nn trong qu trnh qun tr d

n bn cn lu mt s im sau:
Qun tr thi gian v chi ph: trong qun tr d n vn c
c bit quan tm l qun tr thi gian v qun tr chi ph, bn phi
xem xt cc quyt nh hn ch s thay i ca cc yu t ny so
vi mc tiu t ra.
Qun tr ri ro: Qun tr d n thng phi i ph vi nhiu
loi ri ro c bt nh cao trong cng tc lp k hoch, d tnh chi
ph, d on s thay i cng ngh, thay i c cu t chc Do vy,
bn phi ch n vn qun tr ri ro mt cch thng xuyn.
Qun tr nhn s: Chc nng t chc gi v tr quan trng trong
qun tr d n. Bn cn la chn m hnh t chc ph hp phn r
trch nhim v quyn lc trong qun tr d n, nh m bo thc
hin thnh cng d n.
1.2.2 Cc mc tiu ca qun tr d n

S thnh cng ca d n th hin thng qua vic qu trnh qun
tr d n c t c cc mc tiu ca d n hay khng. Theo quan
im hin i, cc mc tiu ca qun tr d n bao gm cc mc tiu
thuc v d n (thi gian, chi ph, cht lng d n) v mc tiu lm
khch hng hi lng (xem hnh 1.4).
a. Cc mc tiu thuc v d n
C th k ra ba yu t c bn xc nh mc tiu ca qun tr d
n, l: thi gian, chi ph v cht lng cng vic; v gia chng li
c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Khng n thun ch l hon thnh kt
qu, m thi gian cng nh chi ph t kt qu u l nhng yu
t khng km phn quan trng. Tuy mi quan h gia ba mc tiu c
th khc nhau gia cc d n, hoc gia cc thi k i vi cng mt
18

d n, nhng ni chung t c kt qu tt i vi mc tiu ny

thng phi hy sinh mt hoc hai mc tiu kia. Do vy, trong qu
trnh qun tr d n, bn nn c gng t c s kt hp tt nht gia
cc mc tiu ny.
Li nhun
Cc
mc tiu
nh gi
s hi
lng ca
khch
hng
Cc
mc tiu
thuc v
d n
Mc tiu
cp 2
Cc ch
ban u
Thi gian
thc hin
Sn phm/
dch v
Chi ph
Mc tiu
cp 1
Cht lng
d n
Hnh 1.4: Cc mc tiu ca qun tr d n
b. Cc mc tiu nh gi mc hi lng ca khch hng

Cc mc tiu nh gi mc hi lng ca khch hng c th
hin qua vic cc ch ban u c t c khng? cc sn phm/dch
v do d n cung cp c ph hp vi nhu cu th trng, c ngi
tiu dng n nhn khng? v vn quan trng nht, li nhun ca
khch hng t c l bao nhiu? c t c cc d kin nh t
ra ban u khng? Cc mc tiu ny c mi quan h vi nhau, tc
ng vi nhau v cng nh gi mc hi lng ca khch hng.
19

1.2.3 Vai tr ca qun tr d n
Qun tr d n c cc tc dng ch yu sau:

Gip t chc c cu qun tr, tng cng cc hot ng lp k
hoch, iu hnh thc hin, kim sot, ra quyt nh kp thi m
bo d n t c mc tiu t ra. Gip to ra sn phm v dch v
c cht lng cao hn.
Lin kt tt c cc hot ng, cng vic ca d n. Lin kt cc
nhm thc hin d n vi khch hng v cc bn lin quan khc. Tng
cng s hp tc gia cc thnh vin tham gia d n.
To iu kin pht hin sm nhng kh khn vng mc ny
sinh v iu chnh kp thi trc nhng thay i. To iu kin m
phn trc tip gia cc bn gii quyt bt ng.
Qun tr d n c nhiu kh khn. Nhng mu thun do cng
chia nhau ngun lc ca t chc; quyn lc v trch nhim ca nh
qun tr d n trong mt s trng hp khng c th hin y ;
vn hu (hay bnh) d n l nhng kh khn m bn cn ch
.
1.2.4 Qu trnh qun tr d n
Qun tr d n bao gm ba giai on ch yu. l vic lp k

hoch, iu phi thc hin v gim st d n. Ni dung ch yu l
qun tr tin thi gian, chi ph thc hin d n nhm t c
nhng mc tiu c th. y l mt chu trnh nng ng v c tnh cht
phn hi cho vic ti lp k hoch nh trnh by trong hnh 1.5.
20

Lp k hoch
Thit lp mc tiu
iu tra ngun lc
Xy dng k hoch
Gim st
iu phi thc hin
o lng kt qu
So snh vi mc tiu
Bo co
Gii quyt cc vn .
iu phi tin thi gian

Phn phi ngun lc
Phi hp cc n lc
Khuyn khch v ng vin
cn b v nhn vin.
Hnh 1.5: Chu trnh qun tr d n
Lp k hoch: l giai on xy dng mc tiu, xc nh nhng

cng vic cn lm, ngun lc cn thc hin d n.
iu phi thc hin: l qu trnh phn phi ngun lc, gm tin
vn, lao ng, thit b v c bit quan trng l iu phi v qun tr
tin thi gian.
Gim st: l qu trnh theo di kim tra tin trnh d n, phn tch
tnh hnh hon thnh, gii quyt nhng vn lin quan v thc hin
bo co hin trng.
21

1.2.5 Ni dung qun tr d n

Bn s nghin cu ni dung ca qun tr d n hai gc : v
m v vi m.
a. Qun l v m i vi d n
Qun l v m hay qun l Nh nc i vi d n bao gm tng
th cc bin php v m tc ng n cc yu t ca qu trnh hnh
thnh, hot ng v kt thc d n. Trong qu trnh trin khai thc
hin d n, Nh nc (m i din l cc c quan qun l Nh nc)
lun theo di cht ch, nh hng v chi phi hot ng ca d n,
nhm m bo d n ng gp tch cc vo s pht trin kinh t - x
hi. Nhng cng c qun l v m ca Nh nc gm cc chnh sch,
k hoch, quy hoch. V d chnh sch v ti chnh tin t, t gi, li
sut, chnh sch u t, u i u t, chnh sch thu, h thng lut
php, nhng quy trnh v ch k ton, thng k, bo him, tin
lng.
b. Qun tr vi m i vi hot ng d n
Qun tr d n tm vi m l qu trnh qun tr cc hot ng c

th ca d n. N bao gm nhiu khu cng vic nh lp k hoch,
iu phi, kim sot cc hot ng d n. Qun tr d n gm hng
lot vn nh qun tr thi gian, chi ph, ri ro, hot ng mua
bn Qu trnh qun tr c thc hin trong sut cc giai on t
chun b u t, thc hin u t n giai on vn hnh kt qu d
n. Trong tng giai on, qun tr d n u phi gn vi ba mc tiu
c bn l: thi gian, chi ph v kt qu hon thnh.
Lnh vc qun tr d n
Qun tr d n gm 9 lnh vc chnh nh trong hnh 1.6.
22

Lp k hoch tng quan: l qu trnh t chc d n theo mt trnh

t l gic, l vic chi tit ho cc mc tiu d n thnh nhng cng vic
c th v hoch nh mt chng trnh thc hin cc cng vic
nhm m bo cc lnh vc qun tr khc nhau ca d n c kt hp
chnh xc v y .
Qun tr phm vi: l vic xc nh, gim st thc hin mc tiu
d n, xc nh cng vic no thuc v d n v cn phi thc hin,
cng vic no ngoi phm vi ca d n.
Qun tr thi gian: l vic lp k hoch, phn phi v gim st
tin thi gian nhm m bo thi hn hon thnh d n. N ch r
mi cng vic ko di bao lu, khi no bt u khi no kt thc v
ton b d n bao gi s hon thnh.
Qun tr chi ph: l qu trnh d ton kinh ph, gim st thc hin
chi ph theo tin cho tng cng vic v ton b d n. Cn t chc,
phn tch s liu v bo co chi ph
d n.
Qun tr cht lng: l qu trnh trin khai gim st tiu chun

cht lng cho vic thc hin d n, m bo cht lng sn phm d
n p ng yu cu ca ch u t
Qun tr nhn lc: l vic hng dn, phi hp nhng n lc ca
mi thnh vin tham gia d n vo vic hon thnh mc tiu d n.
23

KH tng quan
Qun tr phm vi
Qun tr thi gian
- Lp k hoch
- Thc hin k
hoch
- Qun tr thay
i
- Xc nh phm
vi
- Lp k hoch
phm vi
- Qun tr thay
i phm vi
- Xc nh cng
vic
- D tnh thi
gian
- Qun tr tin
Qun tr chi ph
Qun tr cht lng
Qun tr nhn lc
- Lp k hoch
ngun lc
- Tnh ton chi
ph
- Lp d ton
- Qun tr chi ph
- Lp k hoch
cht lng
- m bo cht
lng
- Qun tr cht
lng
- Lp k hoch
nhn lc
- Tuyn dng
- Pht trin
nhm, xy
dng i ng
Qun tr thng tin
Qun tr ri ro
Qun tr cung ng
- K hoch qun
tr thng tin
- Phn phi
thng tin
- Bo co tin
- Xc nh ri
ro
- Chng trnh
qun tr ri ro
- Phn ng i
vi ri ro
- K hoch cung
ng
- La chn nh
cung ng
- Qun tr hp ng
- Qun tr tin
cung ng
Hnh 1.6: Cc lnh vc qun tr d n
Qun tr thng tin: l qu trnh m bo cc dng thng tin thng

sut mt cch nhanh nht v chnh xc gia cc thnh vin d n v
vi cc cp qun l khc nhau.
Qun tr ri ro: l vic xc nh cc yu t ri ro d n, lng
ho mc ri ro v c k hoch i ph cng nh qun tr tng loi
ri ro.
24

Qun tr hp ng v hot ng mua bn: l qu trnh la chn,

thng lng, qun tr cc hp ng v iu hnh vic mua bn
nguyn vt liu, trang thit b, dch v cn thit cho d n. Qu
trnh qun tr ny gii quyt vn : bng cch no d n nhn c
hng ho v dch v cn thit ca cc t chc bn ngoi cung cp cho
d n, tin cung, cht lng cung nh th no.
Qun tr theo giai on ca d n
D n l mt thc th thng nht, thi gian thc hin di v c
nhiu thay i, nn cc t chc thng chia d n thnh mt s giai
on qun l thc hin. Mi giai on c nh du bi vic thc
hin mt s cng vic. Tng hp cc giai on ny gi l chu k d
n. Chu k d n xc nh im bt u, im kt thc v thi hn
thc hin d n
Tu theo mc ch nghin cu, c th phn chia chu k d n
thnh nhiu giai on khc nhau. Hnh 1.7 th hin vic phn chia chu
k ca mt d n thnh 4 giai on.
Giai on
khi u
Giai on
hoch nh
Giai on
thc hin
Giai on
kt thc
Hnh 1.7: Cc giai on pht trin ca chu k d n
Giai on khi u:
giai on ny, tng d n bt u c nh hnh v pht
trin, ngi ta xc nh bc tranh ton cnh v mc tiu, kt qu cui
cng v phng php thc hin kt qu . Xy dng tng d n
c bt u ngay khi nhn c ngh lm d n: do , qun tr
d n c i hi ngay t khi d n bt u hnh thnh. Tp hp s
25

liu, xc nh nhu cu, nh gi ri ro, d tnh ngun lc, so snh

la chn d n l nhng cng vic c trin khai v cn c
qun l trong giai on ny. Quyt nh chn la d n l nhng
quyt nh chin lc da trn mc ch, nhu cu v cc mc tiu lu
di ca t chc doanh nghip.
Giai on hoch nh:

y l lc cn xem xt mt cch chi tit vic thc hin d n.
Ni dung ch yu ca giai on ny tp trung vo cng tc thit k v
lp k hoch. Ni dung ca giai on ny bao gm nhng cng vic
nh: thnh lp nhm d n, xc nh cu trc t chc d n, lp k
hoch tng quan, phn tch cng vic ca d n, lp k hoch tin
thi gian - ngn sch - ngun lc, thit k sn phm v quy trnh sn
xut, lp k hoch chi ph v d bo dng tin thu, xin ph chun thc
hin. Giai on ny cha ng nhiu yu t phc tp nht. Thnh
cng ca d n ph thuc kh ln vo cht lng v s chun b k
lng cc k hoch.
Giai on thc hin:

y l giai on qun tr thc hin d n, bao gm cc cng vic
nh: xy dng nh xng v cng trnh, la chn cng c, mua sm
thit b v lp t... Giai on ny i hi nhiu thi gian v ngun lc
nht. Nhng vn cn xem xt y l: cc yu cu k thut c th,
so snh nh gi la chn cng c, thit b, k thut lp rp, mua thit
b chnh Kt thc giai on ny cc h thng c xy dng v
kim nh, dy chuyn sn xut c vn hnh.
Giai on kt thc:
26

Lc ny cn thc hin nhng cng vic cn li nh hon thnh

sn phm, hon chnh h s, bn giao cng trnh v nhng ti liu lin
quan, thanh quyt ton, nh gi d n, gii phng ngun lc.
TM TT
D n hng ti vic t c cc li ch c th. l mt tp
hp cc cng vic c th cn phi hon thnh trong mt thi hn nht
nh, vi ngn sch nht nh v phi m bo t c cc yu cu
nht nh v cht lng.
Cc d n u tri qua ba giai on pht trin: chun b, thc hin
v kt thc. Cc giai on l mt chu trnh khp kn v c tc ng vi
nhau.
Mi d n u gm nhiu hot ng c mc ch c th, mi d
n c tnh c th ring khc nhau, cc d n u c chu k sng v
mang tnh cht tm thi, cc hot ng ca d n v mi quan h gia
cc bn lin quan mang tnh tng h v mu thun nhau. Do d n
chu s tc ng ca mi trng kinh t - x hi, d n li thng tn
ti trong mt khong thi gian di, ngun vn huy ng ln, nn lun
tim n nhiu ri ro v bt trc.
D n lin quan n nhiu bn tham gia, bao gm khch hng
(ch u t), ngi c y quyn (t chc t vn; xy dng); bn
cung ng (nh thu cung ng vt t, thit b; nh thu ph); t chc ti
tr vn; v cc c quan qun l Nh nc. Do vy qun tr d n cn
c s phi hp cht ch, hp tc v h tr ln nhau gia cc bn lin
quan.
27

Qun tr d n bao gm qu trnh lp k hoch, iu phi thi

gian, ngun lc v gim st qu trnh pht trin ca d n nhm m
bo t c cc mc tiu t ra. Qun tr d n l qu trnh phc tp.
Thi gian, chi ph v cht lng l ba yu t c bn xc nh mc
tiu ca qun tr d n; gia chng c mi lin quan cht ch vi
nhau. Ngoi ra, theo quan im hin i, qun tr d n cn nhm tha
mn yu cu ca khch hng.
gc v m, Nh nc qun l cc d n thng qua tng th
cc bin php, c ch chnh sch, lut l, quy nh, hng dn, th
tc gc vi m, nh qun tr d n trong vai tr ca ch u t,
nh thu hay t vn s qun tr cc hot ng d n theo tng giai
on c th, v hng vo 9 ni dung qun tr khc nhau.
CU HI N TP
1. c im ca d n chi phi vic qun tr d n nh th no?
2. Bnh lun v s thnh cng ca d n, th no l d n thnh
cng? Cho bit cc mc tiu ca qun tr d n? t c cc mc
tiu ny qu trnh qun tr d n phi ch nhng vn g?
HNG DN TR LI
1. c im ca d n l tnh tm thi v c vng i nht nh; c
mc ch; mang tnh c th; tnh khng chc chn, tnh ph thuc v
xung t. Nh vy qun tr d n l mt qu trnh phc tp, lin quan
ti nhiu bn khc nhau, nn nh qun tr d n khng trc tip gii
quyt tng cng vic m thng qua mt nhm nhng ngi thc hin
d n, do vy phi ch vn qun tr nhn lc v mi quan h gia
28

cc bn tham gia. Do khng lng trc c cc bin ng ny sinh

trong qu trnh thc hin d n nn cn ch ti vic qun tr ri ro.
Mt khc, d n t c mc ch c bn ca n (l cc mc tiu
thuc v d n) th cn ch vn qun tr thi gian v chi ph.
2. Mt d n c coi l thnh cng khi n t c cc mc tiu
ra. l nhm cc mc tiu thuc v d n nh m bo thi gian,
chi ph, cht lng d n theo yu cu; v nhm mc tiu tho mn
cc yu cu c th ca khch hng, nh mang li li nhun, d n to
ra sn phm v dch v hp l.
Theo quan im hp v qun tr d n, th qu trnh qun tr d n
bao gm lp k hoch, iu phi, gim st cc hot ng d n. Trong
qu trnh ny, yu t thi gian v chi ph l c bit quan trng. Tuy
nhin hiu v qun tr d n nh vy th cha , theo quan im rng
v qun tr d n, th vic qun tr nhm t c cc yu cu ca
khch hng, l cc yu cu v li nhun v cc yu cu v sn
phm d n, s c m bo nu nh qun tr c s la chn ng d
n theo ui, cng nh xem xt cc yu t ri ro c th gy tc
ng n vic t c yu cu ca khch hng.
29

CHNG 2
LA CHN D N
La chn d n l cng vic quan trng u tin, bi nu chn sai
d n th ngun lc s khng c s dng c hiu qu, bn thn d
n cng kh t c thnh cng. Ton b chng ny dnh trnh
by cc vn v la chn d n.
MC TIU
Chng ny nhm gip bn t c cc mc tiu sau:
Cc vn d cn xem xt khi la chn d n.
La chn d n trn c s cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu ti chnh
kinh t x hi, kt hp vi cc ch tiu k thut.
La chn d n mt cch ton din xt n mi kha cnh lin
quan khc.
La chn d n xt n cc yu t ri ro v bt trc.
30

NI DUNG CHNH
2.1 VN C BN V LA CHN D N
2.1.1 Khi nim la chn d n
Vic la chn d n c thc hin trong giai on lp d n.
Vic lm ny c ngha rt quan trng. N gip bn tm chn thc
hin cc d n mang li hiu qu cao nht trong iu kin cc ngun
lc ngy cng khan him.
Cn nghin cu, xem xt mt
cch khch quan, khoa hc v
ton din cc ni dung c bn
nh hng trc tip ti tnh kh
thi, tnh hiu qu ca d n, t
c quyt nh la chn ng
d n.
D n c chn phi
c hiu qu cho ch
u t v/ hoc mang
li li ch cho x hi.
2.1.2 Khung phn tch la chn d n

la chn d n, cn tin hnh phn tch cc ni dung ca d
n. Cc ni dung cn phn tch bao gm:
- Phn tch tnh hnh kinh t x hi v th trng
- Phn tch k thut
- Phn tch ti chnh
- Phn tch kinh t x hi
- Phn tch nh gi tc ng mi trng d n
- Phn tch cc yu t ri ro
- Phn tch t chc thc hin v vn ngun lc
Ni tm li, bn phi phn tch tnh kh thi v tnh hiu qu ca
d n, t c th a ra quyt nh la chn ng d n.
31

2.1.3 La chn d n trong lnh vc t v cng
C th phn loi cc d n thuc lnh vc t nhn hoc lnh vc

cng cng. Ch u t ca mt d n thuc lnh vc t nhn in hnh
l mt hng kinh doanh, hng ny cung cp cc hng ha hoc dch v
nhm thu c li nhun. V d nh cc trung tm thng mi bn l,
cc cng trnh nh my sn xut, ch bin, cc nh my cng nghip,
hoc cc cng trnh gii tr... Do ch u t ny l mt hng kinh
doanh t nhn, cc nh qun tr s linh hot trong vic la chn cc
dch v cung ng nh k thut, thit k, xy dng ph hp vi cc
nhu cu c th ca h. V d, h c th thc hin u thu cnh tranh
hoc ch nh mt t chc cung cp cc dch v cung ng. H khng
b hn ch v vic chp nhn gi thu thp nht v c th chn bt k
hnh thc thanh ton no cho cc dch v.
Ch u t ca cc d n thuc lnh vc cng in hnh l mt c
quan chnh ph, chng hn nh thnh ph, cc B, Ban, ngnh. i
vi cc d n thuc lnh vc cng, vic phn tch v la chn d n
c thc hin trn c s nh gi li ch kinh t x hi. Trong qu
trnh qun tr d n, ch u t c th trao hp ng v cc dch v
cung ng da trn nng lc chuyn mn c th v cc nhn t khc
ch khng ch duy nht l gi.
Mt d n c th rt tt i vi mt ch u t t nhn, nhng c
th li khng tt i vi ton b nn kinh t, v ngc li. Ty vo
quan im c th ca ngi xem xt d n m c th cn nhc cc ch
tiu c bn la chn d n.
32

2.1.4 Cc ch tiu nh lng la chn d n
Phn tch ti chnh v phn tch kinh t x hi l mt cn c quan

trng la chn d n. Thng qua cc ch tiu nh lng nh gi
hiu qu ti chnh v kinh t x hi d n, nh qun tr c th a ra
quyt nh la chn d n.
Ngoi cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu ti chnh v kinh t x hi,
ngi ta cn c th cn c vo mt s ch tiu nh gi v mt k
thut v mi trng la chn d n. Cc ch tiu ny c th nh
lng c. V d nh cc ch tiu v khi lng xy dng d n
(khi lng thi cng, xy lp, din tch xy dng, din tch chim
t...); cc ch tiu c tnh sn phm ca d n (quy cch, mu m v
c tnh ca sn phm...); cc ch tiu khai thc d n (cng sut sn
phm, lng tiu hao nhin liu, thi gian khai thc v bo dng...);
cc ch tiu v mi trng (mc nh hng hoc tc ng n mi
trng).
Sau y bn s xem xt cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu ti chnh
c s dng trong phn tch v la chn d n. Ch l cc ch tiu
nh gi hiu qu kinh t x hi cng tng t cc ch tiu ti chnh,
ch khc l cc chi ph v thu nhp trong cc cng thc l cc chi ph
v thu nhp kinh t x hi, v sut chit khu tnh khng ly theo
li sut vay ngn hng m y l sut chit khu kinh t x hi.
Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV):
cho bit quy m li ca d n.
y l gi tr quy i v hin
ti ca tt c cc khon thu sau
khi tr i cc chi ph. D n
c hiu qu (c li) l d n c
NPV > 0. D n c NPV cng
cao th cng c a thch.
NPV =
t =0
Bt C t
(1 + r ) t
Bt : khon thu nm th t
Ct : khon chi nm th t
n : tui th ca phng n
r : sut chit khu
33

T sut ni hon (IRR):

t l % m d n s mang li
mt khon thu hi trn vn
u t. IRR tng t nh li
sut d kin ca d n, c
xem l sut sinh li ti thiu
Bt C t
(1 + IRR)
t =0
=0
Gii phng trnh ny ta s

xc nh c IRR
ca d n. D n c IRR > li sut vn vay s c chn.

T sut li ch/chi ph (BCR):
cho bit mt ng vn b vo d
n th mang li c bao nhiu
ng doanh thu. D n no c
BCR cng ln th cng hiu qu.
Thi gian hon vn (T): cho
bit thi gian cn thit hon
li tin vn u t. ng
nhin ngi ta c xu hng
la chn d n no c thi
gian hon vn ngn.
BCR =
Bt
(1 + r )
t =0
n
Ct
(1 + r )
t =0
Bt C t
(1 + r )
t =0
=0
Gii phng trnh ny tm T
2.1.5 Cc tiu ch nh tnh la chn d n

Cc ch tiu nh lng l cc
con s c th tnh ton c
bng tin, th hin hiu qu
ca d n. Tuy nhin, c
nhiu li ch ca d n khng
th lng ha c bng tin,
hoc khng th thu thp c
Trong nhiu trng

hp, cc chi ph v li
ch ca mt d n ch
ng vai tr rt nh
trong quyt nh cui
cng.
d liu tnh ton. Lc ny bn c th s tin hnh xc nh cc tiu

ch nh tnh nh gi xem d n c ng chn hay khng.
Vic xc nh cc tiu ch nh tnh ny c th c thc hin
nh vo kinh nghim ca nh phn tch, hoc thng qua phng vn
34

chuyn gia. Ngi ta xc nh cc tiu ch nh gi, cho im trng

s cc tiu ch ny, v ng thi nh gi gi tr ca tng tiu ch i
vi tng d n cn la chn. T xc lp ma trn gi tr la chn
d n mang li nhiu li ch nht.
Bng 2.1 trnh by mt ma trn c xy dng h tr cho ch
d n trong qu trnh ra quyt nh la chn cc d n. Cc tiu ch
nh gi cc d n ny c cho im trng s ty thuc vo mc
quan trng ca tng tiu ch (cc trng s ny phi c tng bng 1).
Ch l y tiu ch li nhun ch c im trng s 0,3; tc l
chim 30% tng s im so vi cc tiu ch khc v mc ri ro,
tnh kh thi, kinh nghim ca ch d n Cc tiu ch ny c nh
gi t mc 1 5 vi cc gi tr t thp nht n cao nht. Chng hn
d n nh my ht nha rt d dng v thun li trong vic cp php
v thu xp mt bng nn c im 5 cho tiu ch ny, trong khi d n
cao c v d n khch sn ch c 2 im. Sau khi tnh ton, ta thy
d n kinh doanh khch sn nh hng c im trng s cao nht
trong cc d n v y chnh l d n c chn.
Vic s dng cc tiu ch nh tnh nh gi v la chn d n
c nhiu u im. N cho php s dng nhiu tiu ch nh gi, bao
gm c tiu ch ti chnh. N thch hp vi phn ln cc d n. Tuy
nhin cng c nhc im l ma trn quyt nh c xy dng hon
ton da vo kin ch quan ca ngi nh gi nn tin cy cha
cao.
Bng 2.1: Ma trn quyt nh la chn d n
D n
Gia
Cc tiu ch
trng
la chn
tng
c vn
khch sn,
phng
nh hng
Xy cao Kinh doanh
35
Sn xut ht
nha

A: Li nhun
0,3
B: S thun li
0,15
C: Trnh CT
0,2
D: t ri ro
0,15
E: Khai thc qun
0,1
0,1
3,1
2,85
l
F: Li ch khc
Tng im
Ghi ch:
A: Yu t li nhun, th hin t c cc ch tiu ti chnh.
B: S thun li, th hin vic d dng trong vic xin c cp php,
kh nng gii phng mt bng, s thun li v h tr ca c quan
qun l nh nc v chnh quyn a phng trong qu trnh thc hin
d n.
C: Trnh ch u t, th hin kinh nghim, chuyn mn ca ch
d n trong lnh vc u t.
D: t ri ro, th hin vic t chu s tc ng ca mi trng kinh t
x hi.
E: Kh nng khai thc, qun l, th hin kh nng d dng trong
khai thc, qun l mt cch chuyn nghip.
F: th hin vic nng cao uy tn sau khi thc hin d n, kh nng
pht trin lu di v sau, v cc li ch khc.
2.2 LA CHN D N TRONG IU KIN BT TRC

PHN TCH RI RO D N
D n nm trong mi trng kinh t x hi lun vn ng v bin

i khng ngng. Mt khc, d n lin quan n nhiu i tng, i
36

hi s tham gia ca nhiu ngi, huy ng ngun ti lc ln trong

mt thi gian kh di, do vy c rt nhiu yu t ri ro xut hin v
gy nh hng n kt qu ca d n. Chnh v vy, vic la chn d
n khng ch cn c vo tnh hiu qu ca d n thng qua cc ch
tiu nh lng v cc tiu ch nh tnh trong iu kin bnh thng,
m cn nh gi n trong iu kin ri ro. V d, d n c th gp cc
ri ro nh nn kinh t suy thoi, thay i gi c, chnh sch v quy
nh ca chnh ph lm nh hng n tnh hiu qu v mc tiu
ca d n. C nh gi c d n trong iu kin ri ro, th bn mi
c mt cn c vng chc la chn ng d n.
C hai vn bn cn phi nh gi: th nht l kh nng xy ra
ri ro (hay cn gi xc sut xy ra ri ro) v th hai l mc tc
ng n mc tiu d n khi ri ro xy ra. C nhng loi ri ro t
khi xy ra v c nhng loi ri ro thng d xy ra. Mt khc, c
nhng ri ro khi xy ra gy rt t tc ng, v c nhng ri ro khi xy
ra gy tc ng ln n mc tiu d n. Trong qu trnh phn tch,
tnh ton, nu bn thy d n vn cn c hiu qu trong trng hp
cc ri ro d xy ra (tc l cc ri ro c xc sut xy ra cao), th khi
bn c th vn tip tc la chn d n . Hoc nu khi ri ro xy ra
nhng khng gy nh hng nhiu n d n ca bn (tc l d n
ca bn khng nhy cm vi ri ro ), bn cng c th vn tip tc
chn d n . C hai cch nh gi iu ny, l phng php
nh tnh v nh lng trong phn tch ri ro d n.
2.2.1 Phng php phn tch nh tnh ri ro
Phng php phn tch nh tnh ch yu da vo kinh nghim,

nhn nh, linh cm v c s may mn ca ngi ra quyt nh. Bn
c th da vo kin v nhn nh ca cc chuyn gia nh gi
37

kh nng xut hin ri ro v mc tc ng n mc tiu d n khi

ri ro xut hin.
2.2.2 Phng php phn tch nh lng ri ro

Phng php phn tch nh lng mang tnh khoa hc, da vo
cc m hnh, hm s ton hc th hin cc tc ng m ri ro c th
mang li cho d n. C mt s phng php phn tch nh lng sau
y.
a. Phng php t sut chit khu iu chnh
Theo phng php ny, t sut chit khu s c cng thm mt

t l nht nh, tu thuc vo mc mo him ca d n, v c gi
l t sut chit khu iu chnh theo ri ro. D n no mo him
cng cao th t sut chit khu iu chnh cng ln. S dng t sut
chiu khu iu chnh ny nh gi li cc ch tiu NPV, BCR, T;
nu cc ch tiu ny vn cho thy d n c hiu qu th nh qun tr c
th la chn c d n .
b. Phng php phn tch nhy
Phng php phn tch nhy l phng php nh gi cc tc

ng ca ri ro i vi hiu qu d n, bng cch xc nh kh nng
sinh li ca vn u t thay i nh th no khi c ri ro tc ng.
Phng php ny cho php xc nh ri ro no nh hng n d n
nhiu nht. Phng php phn tch nhy gii quyt hai bi ton
sau:
Bi ton 1: Tm gi tr ti thiu ca mt hoc mt s i lng
u vo nh gi bn sn phm, mc sn phm cn thit phi bn c,
38

thi gian cn khai thc d n d n ha vn. Nh vy nu d

n c nhiu kh nng vt qua c cc gi tr ti thiu ny, d n s
c hiu qu v c th la chn c. Gii phng trnh NPV (i
lng u vo) = 0 s tm c cc gi tr ti thiu ca mt hoc mt
s i lng u vo.
Bi ton 2: Nghin cu s thay i ca i lng u ra khi i

lng u vo thay i. Phng php ny s nh gi cc ch tiu
NPV, IRR, T tng/gim nh th no khi cc yu t u vo nh vn
u t ban u, li nhun d kin t c hng nm, thi gian khai
thc d n, gi tr thanh l... tng/gim mt lng nht nh (v d
5%, 10%).
c. Phng php xc sut
nh gi ri ro nh hng n kt qu ca d n nh th no,
c th gi thit mt s kch bn xy ra i vi d n. L thuyt xc
sut nghin cu tnh bt trc ca cc s kin, x l thng tin t nhiu
ngun khc nhau, t a ra gi tr k vng ca li nhun d n.
mi kch bn, tng ng vi xc sut xy ra Pi, d n s mang
li mc li nhun Xi nht nh. Nh vy, gi tr k vng ca li nhun
mong i c th c tnh nh sau:
.
Gi tr k vng ca li nhun mong i X = Xi . Pi

i=1
Trong : Xi : li nhun kch bn i

Pi : Xc sut xy ra kch bn i
39

d. Phng php phn tch cy quyt nh
Phng php ny l mt biu hnh cy, m t qu trnh ra

quyt nh. Quyt nh la chn tng lai s c xc nh nh vo
cy quyt nh ny. Xc sut xy ra mi phng n khc nhau la
chn v cc gi tr tng ng ca n c th hin trn mi ng
nhnh ca cy. Bn cn tnh ton cc gi tr trn ng nhnh ny trn
c s xc sut v gi tr ca tng phng n . Phng n cho gi tr
d kin ln nht s l phng n c la chn.
e. M phng
Phng php m phng s dng m hnh ton hc m t chi
tit nh hng ca cc yu t ri ro c th n mc tiu ca d n. M
phng d n da trn c s k thut Monte Carlo.
Phng php m phng cho php xc nh chi ph ca d n theo
mt hm ca cc yu t nh hng c th. Nh s liu thu thp c
trong qu kh bn c th xc nh c mi lin quan gia cc nhn
t ny, tc l xc nh c tham s ca m hnh. T s dng m
hnh d on cc mc chi ph c th i vi d n.
TM TT
La chn d n l khu u tin, v rt quan trng quyt nh

s thnh cng ca d n. La chn d n sai lm s dn n nhng
hu qu ln, thm ch nh hng n nhiu hot ng ca nn kinh t
ch khng ch nh hng n li nhun ca ch d n. Vic la chn
d n c thc hin trn c s phn tch nh gi d n v cc mt
ti chnh, kinh t, k thut, php lut, mi trng. Tuy nhin, vic la
chn d n ch yu da vo vic xem xt cc ch tiu c th nh
40

lng c, l cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu ti chnh kinh t x

hi. Bn c th kt hp vic xem xt tnh hiu qu ny vi cc ch tiu
v k thut. Mt khc, mt cch tng quan v ton din hn l bn c
th thng qua cc tiu ch nh tnh cn nhc la chn d n. Ngoi
ra, vic la chn d n cn xem xt n kh nng xy ra ri ro cng
nh mc tc ng ca ri ro n d n. Thng tin chnh xc l cn
c quan trng la chn d n.
CU HI N TP
1. Ti sao cn la chn d n? Cc vn cn xem xt khi tin hnh

la chn d n? D n nh th no th c th c chn?
2. Cc cch la chn d n?
3. Ti sao phi xem xt yu t ri ro trong qu trnh la chn d n?
41

HNG DN TR LI
1. La chn d n nhm tm ra d n tt nht u t v thc hin.
Tt nht y cn tu thuc quan im nh gi. Trong lnh vc t
nhn, ngi ta quan tm ti vn li nhun. Cn trong lnh vc cng
th ch n cc li ch m c nn kinh t, c x hi c hng li.
D n c chn phi l d n mang tnh kh thi v hiu qu cao.
c th chn c d n nh vy, bn cn xem xt phn tch v cc ni
dung k thut, ti chnh, kinh t x hi, mi trng, cc ngun lc v
hnh thc t chc thc hin d n.
2. C th la chn d n theo cc ch tiu nh lng, cn c vo cc

ch tiu ti chnh kinh t x hi, nu c xem xt kt hp vi cc ch
tiu th hin k thut th vic la chn cng ton din v chnh xc
hn. Ngoi ra c th la chn d n theo cc tiu ch nh tnh, trong
c xt n yu t li ch ti chnh v kinh t x hi ca d n,
nhng li ch ny ch l mt phn trong cc tiu ch nh gi. Cn cc
tiu ch khc khng nh lng hon ton thnh con s c th c,
cng c kt hp a vo m hnh chn la d n.
3. Do d n lun chu s tc ng ca mi trng thay i bn ngoi

v mi trng ni b bn trong d n, v vy cn phi xem xt tnh
hiu qu v kh thi ca d n trong iu kin bin ng ni trn. Ni
cch khc l cn phn tch ri ro, d n nu vn c hiu qu trong
trng hp c mt s ri ro d xy ra, hoc khng qu nhy cm vi
ri ro, th d n mi c la chn.
42

CHNG 3
THIT K T CHC D N
V XY DNG I NG D N
Sau khi la chn c d n thch hp, vic lm tip theo l
thit k m hnh t chc thc hin, tm chn mt gim c thch hp,
gy dng v pht trin i ng d n. Chng 3 trnh by v cc vn
lin quan n yu t con ngi trong qun tr d n.
MC TIU
Sau khi hc xong chng 3, bn s nm c cc vn sau:
Bit cch la chn v thit k c cu t chc d n.
Hiu c cc yu cu, trch nhim ca gim c d n.
Nm c cch thc c bn xy dng, pht trin v lnh o i
ng d n.
43

NI DUNG CHNH
3.1 THIT K C CU T CHC D N
Nhiu m hnh t chc khc nhau c s
dng thc hin d n. Cch b tr c
th ty thuc vo iu kin ca cng ty
thc hin d n, kh nng lc lng lao
ng sn c, quy m v yu cu c th ca
d n, quan im ca nhng ngi ra
quyt nh
Qun l d n c
ngha l qun l
nhng con ngi
a. M hnh t chc theo chc nng
Nh qun tr c th chia mt d n
thnh cc cng vic khc nhau v ch
nh chng cho cc b phn chc
nng thch hp. Trn c s d n
c thc hin v iu hnh thng
qua s phn cp qun tr. Hnh 3.1 th
hin m hnh ny.
c im ni bt ca
m hnh chc nng l
phn cp qun tr nn
mang tnh chuyn mn
ha cao, khai thc trit
nhn ti, nhng kh
qun tr v hp tc.
Gim c
Trng phng
kinh doanh
Trng phng
k thut
Trng phng
ti chnh
D n 1
D n 3
D n 5
D n 2
D n 4
D n 6
Hnh 3.1: T chc d n theo chc nng
44

Hnh thc t chc d n theo dng chc nng c u im l:

D n c chia thnh tng lnh vc chc nng v giao cho
mt b phn (phng/ban) chc nng trong cng ty m nhn do t
c tnh chuyn nghip cao, tp hp c nhn ti chuyn mn trong
lnh vc ny.
Linh hot trong s dng nhn vin. Nhn ti v lnh vc chuyn
mn no m d n cn c th c la chn t cc b phn chc
nng tng ng.
Tuy nhin m hnh chc nng cng c nhc im sau:
Cc thnh vin ca nhm d n c chn t cc b phn chc
nng khc nhau nn gim c d n phi nht tr trong vic iu hnh
vi lnh o ca cc b phn chc nng, khi hai bn c xung t v
nhu cu nhn vin thng rt kh iu hnh.
Mi trng lm vic ca nhm d n c tnh bt n v t chc
nhm d n lng lo do cc thnh vin c iu ng tm thi t
nhiu b phn chc nng khc nhau, h kh c c s nht tr cao v
tp trung nhiu cho d n.
b. M hnh t chc kiu d n

M hnh t chc kiu d n l to
ra mt t chc do trng d n
qun l, xem Hnh 3.2. M hnh
ny thng thy mt s cng ty
c quy m ln, thc hin v qun
l cc d n ln, phc tp.
Tp trung quyt sch, phn

tn kinh doanh l c im
ni bt nht ca m hnh t
chc kiu d n. T chc
v i ng d n l c lp,
hon chnh.
M hnh kiu d n c nhng u im nh sau:

C i ng d n n nh, nn vic iu hnh v qun tr l
thng nht, d dng, pht huy c hot ng ca nhm d n, kh
45

nng t c cc mc tiu d n l cao hn so vi m hnh kiu chc

nng.
C cc b phn chc nng trong d n chuyn trch thc hin
cc cng vic ca d n, mi thnh vin trong d n u c trch
nhim v quyn hn r rng ca ring mnh, trng d n c y
quyn lc i vi cc nhn vin, iu ny c li rt ln cho vic iu
hnh v qun tr.
y l hnh thc t chc theo yu cu ca khch hng nn c
th phn ng nhanh trc yu cu ca th trng.
Gim c
Trng
phng
kinh doanh
Ch
nhim d
n A
Ti
chnh
Tip
th
Sn
xut
Ch
nhim d
n B
Ti
chnh
Tip
th
Trng
phng
ti chnh
Sn
xut
Hnh 3.2: M hnh t chc kiu d n
Tuy c nhiu u im nhng m hnh ny li c nhng nhc

im r nt nh sau:
Mi t chc d n u thit lp b phn chc nng ca ring
mnh, nh vy mt b phn chc nng khng nhng ch c trong t
chc m, m cn c trong t chc d n na. Nu cng ty m thc
hin cng lc nhiu d n v cc d n u c kt cu theo dng d n
nh vy th s dn n lng ph nhn lc.
46

Do kt cu t chc dng d n l c nh nn trong trng hp

cc nhn vin ca b phn chuyn trch thuc d n ny ang nhn
ri cng kh c th iu ng cho cng ty m hoc cho d n khc.
Cc ngun lc nh trang thit b, my mc cng tng t nh vy, do
hiu qu chung t c khng cao.
Cc d n ring bit c th khng thng nht vi cng ty m,
hoc gia cc d n cng c th khng thng nht vi nhau, dn
n tr ngi cho vic thng nht ch huy v pht trin chin lc ca
cng ty m.
c. M hnh t chc dng ma trn

Loi hnh t chc d n dng
ma trn l s kt hp 2 loi
hnh chc nng v ma trn.
M hnh ny c trnh by
trong hnh 3.3.
M hnh t chc dng ma trn

pht huy u im v khc
phc nhc im ca hai m
hnh trn. Tuy nhin li gp
vn v cn i v phm vi
quyn lc, v cn bnh tp
th.
M hnh ma trn c cc u im sau:

Ging m hnh chc nng, cc ti nng chuyn mn c phn
phi hp l cho cc d n khc nhau, s dng nhn vin linh hot,
chuyn mn ha. Nhn vin ca b phn chc nng c th phc v
cho nhiu d n cng mt lc. My mc trang thit b cng c s
dng trit .
Ging m hnh d n, m hnh ma trn trao quyn cho trng
d n, c kt cu t chc cht ch, c s phn nh gii hn v quyn
lc v chc trch ca trng d n, lnh o b phn chc nng v
thnh vin ca i ng d n, do vy gip t c cc mc tiu d
n.
47

Tng gim c
Ch nhim
Gim c
ch-ng trnh - sn xut
Gim c kinh doanh
Gim c
ti chnh
Ch nhim
ng Thng
ng Hng
d n A -- B Lan -- C H-ng -C Vinh
ng Ti
- Gim c
k thut
- Gim c
nhn s
ng nh
-- ng Dn --
Ch nhim -- C Thanh
ng Tm
ng Dng ---d n B
ng Minh
ng Ti
B H
C Hin
-- C Hin
Ch nhim
ng Thng -- ng Tm -- ng Dng -- ng C-ng --d n C
ng Dn
C Hin
Hnh 3.3: M hnh t chc dng ma trn
Mt khc m hnh ny tn ti cc nhc im nh sau:

Nu quyn quyt nh trong qun tr d n khng r rng, tri
ngc, chng cho s nh hng n cng vic ca d n. Hoc
quyn lc v lc lng gia trng d n v lnh o b phn chc
nng khng cn i s gy ra vn phc tp cho kt cu t chc
dng ma trn.
Khi xut hin mt s vn no , u phi triu tp nhiu
lnh o, nhn vin t cc b phn khc nhau nghin cu, tho
lun, a ra quyt nh, cho d c lc cha chc trong s ng nhn
vin ai cng nm chc c vn . Do vy lng ph v thi gian
v sc lc.
48

3.2 GIM C D N
Ngy nay, vai tr ca nh qun tr d
n ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn.
chnh l ngi quyt nh s
thnh bi ca d n. Nng lc qun
tr d n, kh nng t chc, iu
hnh cng nh t cht kin thc,
kinh nghim v ti
Nh qun tr d n
mt phn ln thi
gian quan h v gii
quyt vi cc bn
tham gia d n
lnh o, thm ch tnh cch ca c nhn gim c, u c nh hng

nht nh n vic t c mc tiu ca d n.
3.2.1 V tr v trch nhim ca gim c d n

a. V tr ca gim c d n
V mt t chc, gim c l trung
tm ca d n, l cu ni v mu
cht phi hp cc bn lin quan
n d n v c v tr trng tm
gia cc bn d n. Gim c d n
khng ch l trung tm ca
Gim c d n l
trng tm ca qun tr
d n v c vai tr
quan trng trong hot
ng d n.
qun tr d n, tc ngi ch huy, d n thc hin c hiu qu, m

cn l trung tm iu tit lin kt gia cc bn c lin quan n d n.
Qun tr d n ni chung l qu trnh qun l con ngi. Qu trnh
thc hin d n lin quan n cc bn khc nhau nh khch hng, nh
u t, bn vay vn, nh cung ng, t chc thit k, t vn, cc c
quan qun l Nh nc, dn c khu ph, gii bo ch, nhng nh cnh
tranh trn th trng. Gia h kh trnh khi vic ny sinh nhng mu
thun, xung t v nhng s c ln. Trong ci vng xoy mu thun,
xung t ny, ngi chu trch nhim phi hp v ha gii vn
chnh l gim c d n. Gim c l ngi i din ton quyn ca
d n, chu trch nhim hon ton v vic thc hin mc tiu d n.
49

b. Trch nhim ca gim c d n
Trch nhim ca gim c d n c xem xt trn hai phng

din: trch nhim phc v khch hng, p ng cc yu cu lm cho
khch hng hi lng; v trch nhim i vi ton b qu trnh ca d
n, bo m hon thnh d n ng cht lng v thi gian trong iu
kin ngn sch hn ch.
Trch nhim phc v khch hng
Khi doanh nghip coi Khch hng l thng " trong qu trnh
cung cp cc sn phm v dch v i km th phi phn tch th trng
nhm pht hin ra nhng vn m khch hng cha hi lng ci
thin kp thi. ng thi phi coi mc tiu d n cn thc hin cng
l mt loi sn phm hoc dch v, gim c d n tin hnh thc hin
v qun tr d n, lm khch hng hi lng bng nhng dch v v sn
phm bo m cht lng.
Trch nhim vi ton b qu trnh d n
Quan nim "tt c v khch hng" buc gim c d n c
trch nhim vi ton b qu trnh d n.
Gim c d n phi nm c nhu cu ca khch hng, thit lp
ra mc tiu theo nhu cu ca khch hng. Do gim c d n cn
h tr khch hng pht hin nhu cu, sng lc, gip khch hng thit
lp nn d n v mc tiu d n. Sau khi hon thnh vic thc hin d
n, tc l sau khi bn giao d n s dng, khch hng vn cn c
s h tr ca gim c d n. Nh cc d n phc tp v k thut,
trc khi vn hnh kinh doanh, khch hng cn ngi c y quyn
ca d n (cng ty thc hin d n) cung cp nhn lc k thut v
qun l h tr cho vic th vn hnh kinh doanh. Cui cng l em
li li ch kinh t cho khch hng. Nh vy mi khng ngng nng
50

cao cht lng i ng d n v hnh nh tt p cho cng ty, t

em li li ch kinh t cho i ng d n v cng ty.
Trc y, gim c d n l ngi chuyn thi hnh, mc tiu
m h phi thc hin va n gin va r rng, l hon thnh d
n ng thi gian v ng cht lng. Cn nhng vn nh v sao
li u t thc hin d n ny, tnh hnh khch hng ra sao, u t c
li hay khng, hiu qu kinh t ra sao th gim c d n li khng cn
quan tm. Gim c d n hin i ngy nay phi tham d vo vic
xy dng mc tiu d n, ton quyn qun tr d n, iu hnh thc
hin d n v h tr khch hng trong vic to li ch u t, c ngha
l chu trch nhim ton b qu trnh thc hin d n.
Trch nhim ca gim c d n th hin c th nh sau:
Thc hin hp ng d n, thc hin d n v m bo mc
tiu ca d n.
Lp k hoch thc hin d n v iu hnh tng th.
Xy dng i ng d n.
a ra quyt sch.
3.2.2 T cht cn thit ca gim c d n
Trch nhim c th v tnh cht cng vic t ra cc i hi c

bit v kin thc, nng lc v phm cch ca gim c d n. Ch khi
hiu c nhng t cht m mt gim c d n cn phi c, bn mi
c th gii quyt hiu qu nhng vn nh: lm th no tr thnh
gim c d n xut sc, ai mi c th m nhn chc gim c d n
v lm th no la chn c gim c d n. Vn ny v cng
quan trng i vi khch hng khi a ra yu cu d n v c i vi
nh thu khi tip nhn d n.
51

Cng vi s pht trin ca qun tr d n, trch nhim m gim

c d n phi gnh vc v quyn lc m h c c ngy cng cao
v ng nhin, cc i hi v t cht ca h ngy cng nhiu. T
cht ca gim c m ta cp n y khng ch n thun dnh
cho gim c m cn cho ton b ban gim c d n.
a. T cht kin thc ca gim c d n
Kin thc l i hi hng u ca gim c d n, kin thc cng

su rng th cng c li cho cng vic.
Mc su rng v kin thc k thut chuyn mn
D n c quy m ln v phc tp th tnh chuyn mn v cng
ngh, k thut v thit b cng cao, yu cu i vi gim c d n
cng cng cao. Khng hiu k thut chuyn mn l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn chnh dn n s tht bi ca gim c d n. Nu gim
c d n thiu kin thc chuyn mn c bn th kh c th ln k
hoch, t chc v phi hp cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh thc hin
d n. ng nhin, khng th yu cu gim c d n phi ht sc
thng tho tt c nhng kin thc chuyn mn, nhng cng cn phi
nm c nhng kin thc k thut c bn a ra quyt sch hp
l vi s h tr ca c vn k thut v ban gim c d n.
Hiu bit su rng v kin thc tng hp
Gim c d n cn chu trch nhim hon ton v d n. Gim
c d n khng cn phi lm nhng cng vic c th v cng khng
cn phi l chuyn gia v k thut nhng cn c kin thc nht nh.
Gim c d n phi nm c nhng kin thc c bn v khoa hc
t nhin v khoa hc x hi, tm l hc, php lut, vi tnh v ngoi
ng, cn c kh nng x l tt ngn t
Kin thc qun l
52

Chc nng chnh ca gim c d n l qun l. Nu ch gii v

k thut m khng c kin thc qun l th cng khng th thch ng
vi yu cu ca gim c d n hin i. Mt gim c d n cn
nm c l lun v qun l, l thuyt ra quyt nh, l thuyt t
chc, khoa hc hnh vi, tm l hc, thng tin qun l, lut hp ng,
lut kinh t... v mt s k thut iu hnh cn thit.
b. T cht nng lc ca gim dc d n
Nng lc l yu t trng tm trong ba yu t: kin thc, nng lc

v phm cht. T cht kin thc, phm cht, ngh thut lnh o l
nhng yu t rt quan trng. Trn thc t, gim c d n c th da
vo chuyn ha thnh nng lc bn thn v gii quyt mi vn
.
Nng lc lnh o
Lnh o l nng lc c bn nh qun tr d n ch o, nh
hng, khuyn khch v phi hp cc thnh vin trong nhm cng
thc hin d n. y l k nng quan trng nht. N i hi cc nh
qun tr d n c nhng phm cht cn thit, c quyn lc nht nh
t mc tiu d n.
Nng lc ngoi giao
Nng lc ngoi giao th hin thng qua kh nng giao tip v
thng tin trong qun tr d n, kh nng thng lng v gii quyt
kh khn vng mc, kh nng tip th v quan h vi khch hng.
Nng lc ra quyt nh
Gim c d n cn phi bit a ra quyt nh kp thi v ng
n. La chn d n v cch thc thc hin d n l nhng quyt nh
rt quan trng, c bit trong iu kin thiu thng tin v c nhiu
thay i.
53

c. T cht phm cch ca gim c d n
T cht phm cch l khi nim dng ch nhng c trng v

cc phng din nh t tng v nhn thc c th hin trong hnh
ng c th. T cht phm cch l bn cht ca gim c d n, n c
tnh n nh tng i cao. T cht phm cch c th chia lm 2 loi
l phm cht tnh cch v phm cht o c.
Phm cht tnh cch
Tnh cch l bn tnh t nhin ca con ngi. Mt gim c d
n thnh cng cn phi c nhng phm cht v tnh cch nh tnh tnh
ci m, gii giao tip, hng ngoi, d gn, bao dung; c ch, lp trng; kin quyt v bnh tnh khi x l cng vic; lm vic linh hot,
bit ng bin. ng nhin, con ngi khng c ai l hon ho. Khi
la chn gim c d n, chng ta cng khng th v mt khuyt im
no m mt i mt gim c d n ti gii.
Phm cht o c
Quan nim v o c ca con ngi quyt nh nguyn tc x l
hnh vi ca ngi . Gim c d n cn phi c phm cht o c
tt.
3.3 XY DNG I NG D N
3.3.1 i ng d n
a. Khi nim i ng d n
i ng d n l mt tp
th cc cn b nhn vin
trc tip thc hin cc
cng vic d n. i ng
d n c thnh lp trong
thi gian tn ti ca d n.
i ng d n khng ch l
mt t hp cc chuyn gia
m n c s khc bit v
bn cht so vi qun th.
Nu i ng thiu tinh thn
tp th th kh to ra sc
mnh. y chnh l nguyn
nhn tht bi ca i ng.
54

Mt i ng phi l mt tp th c cng mc tiu, l tng. Cc

thnh vin trong i ng phi nh hng ln nhau, da vo nhau
tn ti v pht trin, ng thi c th phi hp cng vic nhp nhng
vi nhau nhm theo ui mc tiu chung v t c thnh cng ca
ton tp th. K hoch d n mun thc hin c khng ch cn s
lnh o ca cp trn m quan trng hn l n lc ca cc thnh vin.
b. Nguyn tc xy dng i ng d n
Ngh thut giao tip, t cht tt v nng lc ca cc thnh vin
trong i ng chnh l nn tng i ng d n hon thnh mc tiu
ca mnh. Tuy nhin, vic gii quyt v phi hp lm sao cho hi ha
cc yu t mi quan trng, l nhn t nh hng n s thnh bi
ca d n.
Quyn li v trch nhim
i ng phi c quyn lc trong vic ra chnh sch, quyt nh
th mi pht huy ht kh nng ca mnh v ginh c thnh tch cao
trong cng vic. Mt khc, quyn li phi ngang bng vi trch
nhim.
Khch l v rng buc
y l iu kin m bo i ng hot ng c hiu qu. Cn c
h thng nh gi s cng hin ca tng thnh vin cng nh thnh
tch v hot ng ca c i ng; c chnh sch thng pht r rng.
Ch o v gip
Mc tiu, phng hng pht trin ca i ng, vic la chn
nhn vin v lnh o, xy dng mi quan h vi bn ngoi, gii
quyt xung t u cn c cc quy tc v s ch o, h tr ca cc
55

chuyn gia v lnh o cp trn. S gip ton din v tinh thn, vt

cht ca lnh o l cc k cn thit.
Dung ha cc mi quan h bn ngoi

Bao gm cc mi quan h vi khch hng, c quan qun l nh
nc, i tc
3.3.2 Pht trin v lnh o i ng d n
a. Pht trin i ng d n
o to v bi dng
Cn bi dng cc thnh vin trong i ng v quan im nhm
mc ch nng cao tnh gic ng, bi dng k nng nghip v, k
nng i ng thc y s trng thnh ca tng thnh vin cng
nh ton i ng. Coi trng vic bi dng, o to nhn vin nhm
nng cao k nng giao tip, trnh k thut ca mi ngi phi c
xem l mt bin php quan trng pht trin i ng d n.
nh gi v khuyn khch
Gim c d n cn tin hnh nh gi v khuyn khch thng
xuyn i vi cc thnh vin d n xy dng vn ha v tinh thn
i ng d n. y l nhn t quan trng nng cao nng sut i
ng, thc y i ng thc hin t cc mc tiu t ra. Cn c c ch
nh gi hiu qu cng vic ca i ng thng qua s nh gi bn
ngoi v s nh gi ca chnh bn thn cc thnh vin trong i ng.
Cn xy dng c ch nh gi thnh tch i ng ngay sau khi thnh
lp i ng. Chnh sch khuyn khch cc thnh vin trong i ng
cng l v kh thc y s pht trin ca i ng.
56

b. Lnh o i ng d n
Trong s pht trin i ng v trong qu trnh thc hin d n,

vai tr lnh o ca tng cng ty v gim c d n l v cng quan
trng. C ba hnh thc lnh o nh sau:
Lnh o d n theo hnh thc gim st
Gim c d n l ngi a ra mi quyt nh. Nhn chung,
gim c d n thng c chim quyn lc, cc thnh vin khng
c tham gia vo chnh sch d n m ch thc hin thng qua s ch
o ca cp trn. Hnh thc lnh o ny cn tr s pht huy ti nng
v s hp tc ca cc thnh vin, gim c d n kiu ny rt kh
thch ng vi iu kin thay i nhanh chng ca thi i.
Lnh o d n theo hnh thc tham gia
y l hnh thc qun l tng i dn ch. Khi ra chnh sch,
gim c d n thng trng cu, tip thu kin ca cc thnh vin
trong i ng, thng xuyn trao i cc thng tin, ti liu ca d n
vi cc thnh vin trong i ng nhm to ra bu khng kh dn ch
gia lnh o v cp di. Phng php lnh o ny thng c hiu
qu cao v pht huy c s tch cc, ch ng v sng to ca cc
thnh vin, sc mnh tp th c ch trng v pht huy.
Lnh o d n theo hnh thc i ng
Gim c v ton th i ng cng a ra chnh sch, k hoch,
cng gii quyt vn , gnh vc trch nhim ca d n. Mt khc,
gim c tuy m nhim trng trch ln nhng t khi tham gia vo
cng vic thng ngy ca d n.
Gim c cn phi lm cho ton b thnh vin u dc ht sc
lc, tr tu vo cng vic chung ca d n; cn khuyn khch tinh thn
sng to, tnh nng ng ca mi c nhn; phi c lng tin vi cc
thnh vin trong i ng v phi lm th no h c lng tin vi
mnh, to ra sc ht gia cc thnh vin.
57

Trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh i ng, gim c d n

cng lc m nhim hai vai tr: va l thnh vin va l ngi qun
l nhng nhim v chnh vn l thc y s pht trin ca i ng,
ng thi to ra c hi cc thnh vin pht huy nng lc bn thn.
Trong khi gii quyt cc xung t trong i ng, gim c d n cn
tip thu, tp hp, la chn nhng kin ca cc bn nhm tm ra phng php gii quyt hiu qu nht.
b. Xy dng vn ha i ng d n
Mi i ng d n u cn c vn ha ring ca mnh, th hin

qua tinh thn v ch ca i ng. Tinh thn i ng l ng lc
pht trin d n, nu i ng thiu tinh thn tp th th cng ging mt
ngi khng c sc sng. Tinh thn i ng th hin lng nhit tnh
ca cc thnh vin, s h tr thc y nhau v mc tiu chung, s chia
x gnh vc trch nhim, bu khng kh ci m, dn ch Mt khc
i ng d n hiu qu cao phi l mt i ng d n c ch tin th,
cc thnh vin c ch quyt tm cao, khng ngi kh khn gian kh,
sn sng n nhn nhng thch thc pha trc, bit ng ln sau khi
vp ng, bit rt ra nhng bi hc t sau tht bi, khng ngng nng
cao nng lc t cht v tinh thn gic ng ca bn thn, i ng phi
lun trn y khng kh hc tp ln nhau cng tin b.
58

d. Qun tr xung t
Xung t l s va chm ca cc
khuynh hng i lp, khng
tng ng, trong mt thi k
nhn thc no ca con ngi.
Xung t c th xy ra trong quan
Xung t c th gip
xy dng, cng c th
to ra s v.
h gia ngi/nhm ngi ny vi ngi/nhm ngi khc lm xut

hin nhng xc ng tnh cm, tm l mnh lit. Nguyn nhn xung
t l s va chm nhng li ch, quan nim, nhu cu, gi tr v phng
php mang li cc gi tr khng tng thch nhau. C hai phng php
gii quyt xung t: phng php c cu v phng php c nhn.
Phng php c cu ch yu phng, trnh v hn ch cc
xung t tiu cc, bao gm cc vic sau:
Gii thch r yu cu i vi cng vic;
To s phi hp v lin kt cc hot ng ca nhng ngi
hoc b phn khc nhau, s dng th tc ra quyt nh v trao i
thng tin;
Xc lp cc mc tiu chung cho c i ng/t chc;
p dng h thng thng pht
Phng php c nhn qun l tnh hung khi xung t
ny sinh l da vo nm phong cch ng x: xoa du, tha hip, hp
tc, b qua, i lp.
Xoa du: s dng khi cn lp li khng kh n nh ch khng
phi l gii quyt xung t; hoc khi i tng ca xung t ch quan
trng i vi cc bn tham gia ch khng quan trng i vi ngi
xoa du.
Tha hip: cc bn c gng iu ha bt ng bng nhng
nhng b nht nh t c hai pha. Tha hip cho php gii quyt
59

xung t nhanh nhng khng phi lc no cng to ra nhng quyt

nh ti u.
Hp tc: khi cc bn c kin khc nhau nhng sn sng lng
nghe nhau, by t quan im ca mnh, hiu nguyn nhn xung
t v xy dng quan h lu di cng c li. Phng php ny kh,
i hi bit kim ch, th hin r mong mun ca mnh v lng nghe
ngi khc.
B qua: khng bo v quan im ca mnh, cng khng hp
tc, khng xy dng phng n gii quyt xung t m n thun l
khng tip xc trnh bt ha v khng mun gii quyt vn . Lc
ny xung t khng xy ra nhng vn cn . Phng php ny
c s dng vi mc ch hon binh, tranh th thi gian tm hiu
thm thng tin, nghin cu tnh hung.
i lp: quyt tm bo v quan im ca mnh, khng g
n kin ca ngi khc. Phng php ny thng thng c
nhng ngi c ch, uy tn, quyn lc s dng, c th c p dng
trong trng hp ngi lnh o cho rng quyt nh ca mnh l ti
u, hoc khi cn phi ra nhng quyt nh bt thng.
S dng phong cch ng x ph hp no qun tr tnh hung
xung t mt cch c hiu qu, nhm gii quyt xung t mt cch
xy dng, hn ch hoc ngn nga xung t l ty thuc vo ti nng
v kinh nghim ca bn.
60

TM TT
C th t chc d n theo m hnh chc nng, m hnh d n v
m hnh ma trn. Mi m hnh c u, nhc im v phm vi p dng
ring. Vic la chn m hnh no ty thuc vo iu kin c th, quy
m v tnh cht phc tp ca d n cng nh quan im ca nh qun
tr.
Gim c d n l ngi ng vai tr quan trng, quyt nh s
thnh bi ca d n. Qun tr d n chnh l qun tr con ngi, gim
c d n cn thc r iu ny trong trch nhim ca mnh. Gim
c d n i hi phi c t cht tt v kin thc chuyn mn, kin
thc tng hp v kin thc qun l. Kin thc l iu kin cn nhng
cha , gim c d n cn phi c cc nng lc lnh o, nng lc
ngoi giao v nng lc ra quyt nh. Nhng nng lc ny gip cho
gim c cho li con thuyn d n i n ch. Mt khc, gim c
cn phi c phm cht tnh cch v o c tt.
Mt gim c d n gii cha gip d n thnh cng.
Gim c gii cn phi bit to ra mt i ng ln mnh h tr cho
mnh. pht trin i ng, gim c d n cn phi ch trng vic
o to, bi dng, nh gi v khuyn khch ng vin cc thnh
vin. ng thi cn ch trng ti vic lnh o i ng mt cch dn
ch, sng to, to bu khng kh ci m v nhit thnh trong i d
n. Kh nng xy ra xung t cng l mt vn cn xem xt, i hi
ti nng v kinh nghim ca gim c d n.
61

CU HI N TP
1. C nhng m hnh no t chc thc hin d n? Bn s chn m
hnh no cho d n ca bn?
2. Gim c d n c vai tr g? m bo vai tr gim c d
n phi l ngi tho mn nhng yu cu nh th no?
3. Th no l i ng d n tt? c mt i ng d n tt bn cn
lm g?
HNG DN TR LI
1. C 3 m hnh t chc thc hin d n l m hnh kiu chc nng,
m hnh kiu d n v m hnh kiu ma trn. Mi m hnh u c u
nhc im ring. La chn m hnh no l tu thuc vo iu kin
c th ca d n, kh nng lc lng lao ng sn c, quy m v yu
cu c th ca d n, cng nh quan im ca bn. Tuy nhin bn c
th tham kho mt s gi sau:
M hnh dng chc nng kh thch hp vi cc d n quy m
nh v ch trng k thut m khng thch hp vi cc d n c s
bin i tng i ln v mi trng d n. Nguyn nhn l do s
bin i mi trng i hi phi c s hp tc cht ch gia cc b
phn chc nng, trong khi s tn ti ca bn thn b phn chc
nng v s xc nh gii hn ca quyn lc v chc trch li l mt
tr ngi m s phi hp cht ch gia cc b phn khng th vt
qua.
Khi trong mt cng ty bao gm rt nhiu d n hoc quy m d
n tng i ln, k thut phc tp th nn la chn m hnh dng d
n. So vi m hnh chc nng, khi phi i mt vi hon cnh bt n,
62

m hnh ny th hin c li th tim nng ca n v iu ny c

c t s hp tc cht ch ca i ng d n.
So vi hai kiu t chc trn, m hnh ma trn r rng th hin
c tnh u vit rt ln ca n trong vic tn dng trit ngun lc
ca doanh nghip.
2. Gim c d n ng vai tr trung tm, chu trch nhim iu phi,
lin kt cc hot ng d n, kt hp s tham gia ca cc bn lin
quan n d n, lnh o v pht trin i ng d n. Gim c d n
c trch nhim phc v khch hng, do vy c trch nhim vi ton
b qu trnh d n.
Mt gim c d n gii l mt ngi c kin thc tt, hiu bit
su rng v chuyn mn, c kin thc qun l; c nng lc lnh o,
ngoi giao v ra quyt nh. Ngoi ra cn c o c tt v c tnh
cch ci m, kin quyt, linh hot.
3. i ng d n tt l mt tp th c cng mc tiu, lm vic n , h
tr trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. to ra mt i ng d n
tt, bn cn tun theo cc quy tc to ra quyn li v trch nhim
ngang bng v cn i gia cc thnh vin i ng, to s khch l v
rng buc gia cc thnh vin, c s ch o v gip ca lnh o
d n, dung ho mi quan h vi bn ngoi. pht trin v lnh o
i ng d n, bn cn c bin php o to v khuyn khch s pht
trin ca thnh vin i d n. Bn c th p dng cc bin php gim
st khc nhau, tu thuc vo iu kin v nng lc c th ca thnh
vin i d n. Vn ho v tinh thn i ng l yu t kch thch hoc
hn ch s pht trin ca i ng rt mnh m, do vy bn cn ch
n vn ny, cng nh n vic gii quyt mu thun v xung t
gia cc thnh vin i ng d n.
63

4 CHNG 4
5 LP K HOCH
6 V NGN SCH D N
Sau khi thit lp c i ng nhn vin thc hin d n, vic
lm tip theo l lp k hoch d n. Vic lp k hoch c coi l
khi im u tin cho cc cng vic thc hin d n. Chng ny s
trnh by cc vn c bn nht v lp k hoch v ngn sch d n.
MC TIU
Chng ny nhm gip bn nm c cc vn sau:
Cc vn v k hoch, cch thc lp k hoch d n.
Xy dng c cu phn chia cng vic c s lp k hoch d
n.
Phng php lp v cc b phn cu thnh nn ngn sch d n.
NI DUNG CHNH
4.1 CC VN V LP K HOCH D N
Qun tr d n cng c y cc chc nng nh qun tr cc

lnh vc khc. Cc chc nng c bn l lp k hoch, t chc, iu
hnh v kim tra. Lp k hoch c coi l quan trng nht, v l
xut pht im cho mi cng vic v sau. Lp k hoch phi gn lin
vi vic la chn mc tiu v chng trnh hnh ng trong tng lai.
64

4.1.1 Khi nim
Lp k hoch d n l vic xc nh nhng cng vic cn lm,

sp xp chng theo mt trnh t hp l, xc nh ngun lc thc hin
v thi gian lm nhng cng vic nhm hon thnh tt mc tiu
xc nh ca d n. Khi lp k hoch d n, bn chi tit ha nhng
mc tiu ca d n thnh cc cng vic c th v hoch nh mt
chng trnh thc hin cc cng vic .
4.1.2 Trnh t lp k hoch d n
Lp k hoch d n l mt qu trnh gm 6 bc, c th hin

trong hnh 4.1 sau.
Xc lp mc
tiu d n
Bo co,
kt thc
S
k hoch
Pht trin
k hoch
D ton chi ph,

phn b ngun lc
Lp tin
thc hin
Hnh 4.1: Qu trnh lp k hoch
Bc 1: Xc lp mc tiu d n
Ni mt cch n gin, cng tc lp k hoch ngha l xc nh

xem ai lm g? Khi no lm? Qu trnh lp k hoch bt u bng vic
thit lp mc tiu d n. Nhng mc tiu ny phn nh thi im bt
u v hon thnh d n, chi ph d ton, cc kt qu cn t c.
65

Bc 2: Pht trin k hoch
Trong giai on pht trin k hoch ngi ta tin hnh xc nh

cc nhim v chnh thc hin mc tiu. Lp k hoch d n ch c
hiu qu khi c c cc thng tin cn thit v nhim v phi thc
hin mt cch y v r rng ngay t khi bt u d n. Pht trin
k hoch c thc hin thng qua vic lp danh mc v m ha cng
vic, xy dng s c cu phn chia cng vic (WBS - Work
Breakdown Structure).
Bc 3: Xy dng s k hoch d n
Sau khi xc nh c mi quan h, th t trc sau gia cc

cng vic, cn phi lp mt s k hoch nhm phn nh quan h l
gc ca cc cng vic.
Bc 4: Lp tin thc hin d n
Tin thc hin d n ch r khi no cc cng vic bt u, khi

no kt thc, di thi gian thc hin tng cng vic v nhng mc
thi gian quan trng khc.
Bc 5: D ton chi ph v phn b ngun lc
thc hin k hoch d n tng th cn d ton chi ph cho

tng cng vic, tng khon mc chi ph cng nh nhng ngun lc
khc nh lao ng, my mc thit b thc hin d n. y thc
cht l k hoch chi tiu i lin vi vic lp tin thc hin d n.
66

Bc 6: Chun b bo co v kt thc d n
Chun b tt h thng bo co, kim tra, gim st l mt trong

nhng khu cn thit thc hin thnh cng k hoch d n. Cc bo
co quan trng nht bao gm bo co tin thi gian, chi ph.
4.1.3 Ni dung ca k hoch d n
Qu trnh lp k hoch d n mi t chc rt khc nhau, nhng

u cn phi c chn ni dung ch yu sau:
Ni dung 1: Tng quan chung v d n

y l bn tm tt ngn gn mc tiu v ni dung ca d n,
bo co cho cp qun l cao nht. Bn tng quan th hin mi quan h
ca d n vi mc tiu ca t chc m, m t c cu qun l s c
p dng cho d n v danh sch cc im mc quan trng trong lch
trnh d n.
Ni dung 2: Cc mc tiu ca d n
Ni dung ny gm cc thng tin chi tit cho mc ch chung

nu ra phn tng quan. Phn ny cn c cc thng tin v li nhun,
mc tiu cnh tranh cng nh cc mc tiu k thut ca d n.
Ni dung 3: Kha cnh k thut v qun tr ca d n
M t phng php qun l v k thut s dng cho cng vic

ca d n. Cc vn k thut cn nu r c mi lin h ca d n
vi cc k thut sn c.
67

Ni dung 4: Vn hp ng ca d n
y l phn quan trng ca d n, trong c bn danh sch v

m t cc yu cu c th, ngun cung cp, cc tho thun hp tc, cc
ban t vn, ban kim tra, th tc hu b, cc yu cu c quyn, cc
tho thun qun l c th
Ni dung 5: Tin d n
Phn ny nu ra nhng tin khc nhau v lit k tt c nhng

im mc quan trng. Khi lit k mi nhim v th thi gian d kin
cho mi nhim v do ngi s thc hin nhim v a ra. Tin
tng quan ca d n phi c xy dng t nhng u vo ny.
Trch nhim ca mi c nhn hoc trng b phn c xc nh cui
cng trong tin c chp thun.
Ni dung 6: Ngun lc d n
C 2 vn c bn c cp n trong phn ny. Th nht l

ngn sch, nhng yu cu v vn v cc ch tiu cn phi c th
hin rt chi tit trong bn ngn sch d n. Th hai l cn phi nu r
cc th tc kim sot v iu hnh chi ph. Cc th tc ny phi bao
qut c nhng yu cu v ngun lc c bit ca d n.
Ni dung 7: Nhn s d n
Phn ny lit k nhng yu cu nhn s cn thit i vi d n.

Cn phi nu r cc k nng c bit, loi hnh o to cn thit, vn
68

tuyn dng, cc hn ch v php l hay chnh sch i vi lc

lng lao ng v bt c yu cu c bit no.
Ni dung 8: Phng php kim tra v nh gi d n
Mi d n s c nh gi theo nhng tiu chun v phng

php khc nhau, c xc nh ngay t ban u. Phn ny m t tm
tt nhng th tc cn phi tun th trong vic iu hnh, thu thp, lu
tr v nh gi qu trnh d n.
Ni dung 9: Cc vn ri ro tim n
Vn ri ro v k hoch i ph vi ri ro cn c xem xt t
u khi ri ro xy ra c cc phn ng kp thi nhm lm gim cc
hu qu gy bt li n mc tiu d n.
4.2
C CU PHN CHIA CNG VIC V BIU

TRCH NHIM
Sau khi xc lp xong mc tiu d n, vic tip theo l xc nh,

lit k cc cng vic v nhim v phi thc hin, tc l pht trin
nhng k hoch u tin cho d n. Phn ny gi l lp k hoch qun
tr phm vi d n.
Qun tr phm vi nhm xc nh cc cng vic thuc v khng
thuc d n. N gm nhiu qu trnh thc hin khng nh d n
bao qut c tt c cc cng vic cn thit v ch bao gm cc cng
vic . Mt trong nhng phng php chnh xc nh phm vi d
n l lp c cu phn chia cng vic.
69

4.2.1 Khi nim
C cu phn chia cng vic WBS l vic phn chia theo cp bc

mt d n thnh cc nhm nhim v v nhng cng vic c th. Cn
phi xc nh, lit k, v lp bng gii thch cho tng cng vic cn
thc hin ca d n.
S c cu phn chia cng vic c minh ha nh trong hnh
4.1. V hnh thc, n ging mt cy a h phn nh theo cp bc cc
cng vic cn thc hin ca d n. Cp bc trn cng phn nh nhim
v cn thc hin, cc cp bc thp dn th hin mc chi tit ca cc
mc tiu, cp bc thp nht l cc cng vic c th. S lng cp bc
ca mt WBS ty thuc vo quy m, mc phc tp ca d n. V
d minh ha hnh 4.2 th hin 6 mc phn chia cng vic.
10.00.00 D n xy dng
nh
11.00.00 Chun b
12.00.00 Xy nh
14.00.00 Hon thin
11.10.00 hp vi
12.10.00 mng
14.10.00 ...
.phng
11.20.00 o c
12.20.00 Lm tng 1
14.20.00
11.30.00
12.30.00 Lm tng 2
14.30.00
12.31.00
11.31.00
12.31.10
11.32.00
12.31.20
11.32.10
12.31.21
11.32.20
12.31.22
11.32.21
11.32.32
12.32.00
12.40.00
Hnh 4.2: V d v WBS ca mt d n xy dng nh
70

4.2.2 Phng php lp WBS
WBS phi phn nh c cch thc thc hin d n. Thng

thng c th s dng 6 cp bc phn chia cng vic, trong 3
cp bc u phc v cho yu cu qun tr, 3 cp bc sau phc v cho
cc yu cu k thut. Cp cui cng c th l mt cng vic c th
hoc mt nhm nhiu vic lm chi tit. Tuy nhin, mc chi tit cho
cc cng vic cp bc cui ch nn va c th phn phi
ngun nhn lc v kinh ph cho tng cng vic, cho php giao trch
nhim cho tng ngi ngi chu trch nhim v mt cng vic
no c th tr li r rng cu hi: cng vic hon thnh cha,
v nu hon thnh ri th c thnh cng hay khng?
Phn chia cng vic cn m bo yu cu d qun tr, th hin r
phn chia trch nhim theo cng vic, cc cng vic c lp tng i
nhng vn lin quan vi nhau, cho php tp hp thng nht d n t
cc cng vic ring bit v phn nh c tin thc hin d n.
4.2.3 Trnh t lp WBS
Trnh t lp WBS nh sau:

Phn tch cng vic: phn tch d n thnh cc cng vic
hoc gi cng vic nh theo mt s tiu ch c th. Qu trnh phn
chia c thc hin cho n khi cng vic cp bc cui mc
chi tit, c th kim tra v gim st c. Mt khc, cng vic bc
cui cng l cng vic lin quan n hot ng sn xut sn phm
cui cng ca d n.
71

Lp danh mc v m ha cc cng vic: n gin v d

nhn, ngi ta m ha cc cng vic/gi cng vic, cn c vo cp bc
v th t ca cng vic.
Xc nh thi gian, ngun lc cho mi cng vic: i vi
mi cng vic/gi cng vic c phn chia, cn xc nh cc d
liu lin quan (ngi chu trch nhim thi hnh, khi lng cng vic,
thi gian thc hin, ngn sch v chi ph, my mc thit b, nguyn
vt liu, nh cung ng).
Xc lp ma trn trch nhim: Thng tin quan trng nht l
v ngi hoc b phn chu trch nhim thi hnh cng vic phn
chia trn. Ma trn trch nhim xc nh ai chu trch nhim v ci
g, y chnh l c s phi hp cc cng vic ca d n.
4.2.4 Ma trn trch nhim
WBS l c s cc thnh vin d n hiu c cu v cc mi

quan h ca cc cng vic trong d n. Song d n ch c th c
thc hin khi c s phi hp thng nht gia cc thnh vin. Ma trn
trch nhim l cn c m bo iu ny.
Hnh 4.3 m t cch s dng c cu t chc d n OBS v WBS
xy dng ma trn trch nhim. OBS v ma trn trch nhim l hai
cng c chnh gip gim c thnh lp nhm ph hp vi yu cu,
mc tiu, nhim v d n.
Ma trn trch nhim m t v thng nht c cu trch nhim thc
hin cc cng vic/gi cng vic d n. Ma trn bao gm danh mc
cc cng vic/gi cng vic theo mt trc v danh sch cc b phn
thi hnh theo trc kia. Bng 4.1 th hin v d v ma trn trch nhim
ca d n.
72

OBS
WBS
Hnh 4.3: Hnh thnh ma trn trch nhim
73

Bng 4.1: Ma trn trch nhim cc thnh vin trong d n

Cng
vic
Gim Gim K s
c
Trng Trng
c trng ton b phn b phn
cng d n d n trng k.doanh sn xut

ty
Lp k
PD
d n
GS
TT
YK
YK
YK
TT
YK
YK
YK
GS
TT
YK
YK
PD
YK
TT
YK
PD
YK
YK
TT
hoch d
n
Xc nh
WBS
c tnh
chi ph
Lp KH
th trng
Lp tin
d n
Ghi ch: PD: ph duyt cui cng; GS: gim st chung; C: ch o
v ph duyt; TT: trch nhim trc tip; YK: phi c tham kho
kin.
4.3
NGN SCH D N
4.3.1 Khi nim
Ngn sch d n (hay cn gi l ngn qu d n) c hiu l k

hoch phn phi ngun qu cho cc hot ng d n nhm m bo
thc hin tt cc mc tiu chi ph, tin v m bo yu t k thut
ca d n.
74

Ngn sch d n c xc nh trn c s WBS, ngi ta phi

xc nh xem cn dng nhng ngun lc vt cht no (nhn lc, thit
b, nguyn liu...) v mi ngun cn bao nhiu thc hin tng cng
vic ca d n. Mt khc, ngn sch d n cn ph thuc vo ngn
sch ca t chc, b rng buc bi chnh sch v iu kin, kh nng
ca t chc.
4.3.2 Phng php lp ngn sch d n
a. D ton ngn sch t trn xung

Vic d ton ngn sch t trn xung da trn kinh nghim ca
qun tr cp cao v cp trung gian, v nhng d liu sn c trong qu
kh ca cc d n tng t. Nhng nh qun tr c lng chi ph cho
ton b d n cng nh cc
chi ph ca cc hng mc nh thuc d
n. Vic d ton chi ph ny sau
c a xung cp qun l thp hn,
nhng ngi s tip tc phn tch chi
ph cho cc nhim v c th v cc gi
cng vic nh hn. Qu trnh ny tip
tc cho n cp thp nht.
Cn c vo s liu v
kinh nghim qu kh,
chi ph ca cc khon
mc s chim mt t l
% nht nh trong tng
th
Qu trnh lp ngn sch din ra song song cng qu trnh ln k

hoch tng th c miu t trn. Ngn sch, cng nh d n, s
c chia thnh nhng chi tit nh hn k tip nhau, bt u t cp
cao nht cho n cp thp nht.
u im ca quy trnh t trn xung l tng ngn sch c th
c d tnh kh chnh xc. Do t l % phn b ca cc khon mc/b
phn theo tng th l n nh, nn ngn sch c d tnh tng i
n nh v chnh xc, chng c b phn chi ph no b b qun. Mt
75

khc nh qun tr cp trn cng mun dng ngn sch nh mt cng

c kim sot t chc. Tuy nhin, cc chi ph th li khng chnh xc
lm. Trong nhiu trng hp, cp di cm thy ngn sch xc nh
cho h khng thc hin cc cng vic c giao. Lc ny, nh
qun tr cp trn phi c nh hng r rng i vi vn chi ph b
d ton di mc yu cu. Mt khc, phng php ny khng khuyn
khch c s hp tc v hiu bit gia cc cp qun tr thp.
c. D ton ngn sch t di ln
Vic d ton chi ph trc tip cho cc cng vic c thc hin
bi nhng nh qun tr cp thp. Cn tnh ton cc yu cu v ngun
lc nh lao ng, tiu hao nguyn vt liu v ngy cng i vi cc
cng vic nh, ri cng dn ln cho cc cng vic ln hn, theo c
cu phn chia cng vic WBS. S phn tch ny c chuyn i
tng ng sang con s c th bng tin.
Nhng khc bit v quan im cn phi c gii quyt bng cc
cuc tranh lun gia cc cp qun tr. Gim c d n v cc chuyn
gia chu trch nhim v chuyn mn phi cng bn bc a ra c
d ton ngn sch chnh xc. Sau khi chuyn gia xc nh c chi
ph trc tip ca cc cng vic, nh qun tr d n s thm vo mt s
cc chi ph gin tip nh chi ph qun l chung v hnh chnh, chi ph
d phng d n, v li nhun nh mc m t chc yu cu.
Phng php lp ngn sch t di ln thng l chnh xc hn
i vi cc nhim v nh nhng c mc quan trng cao. Tuy nhin
phng php ny c v phc tp v kh a ra c mt danh sch
hon ho chi ph cho cc cng vic phi lm so vi phng php t
trn xung.
76

u im ca phng php lp ngn sch t di ln l chng kt

hp c vi kiu qun l tham gia. C nhn gn b vi cng vic
nhiu hn th c kh nng s a ra c nhng tnh ton chnh xc
v nhu cu ngun lc hn nhng lnh o cp cao ca h v nhng
ngi m khng lin quan nhiu lm n cng vic. Thm vo , s
tham gia trc tip ca nh qun tr cp thp vo vic chun b ngn
sch cho thy h s t nguyn chp nhn cc cng vic cn thc hin.
S tham gia vo qu trnh ny cng l mt k thut hun luyn o
to, gip nhng nh qun tr cp di c c hi v kinh nghim hoch
nh ngn sch cng nh l kin thc tc nghip cn c xc nh
ngn sch.
D tnh ngn sch t trn xung ph bin hn so vi t di ln.
Cc nh qun tr cp trn khng my tin tng vo d ton ngn sch
lp t di ln. V nhn chung, cp di thng mun ni qu ln nhu
cu ngun lc m h cn v lo ngi rng cp trn s ct gim bt ngn
sch, v c s cnh tranh v ti chnh gia cc nh qun tr cp di
do h u mun ginh ngun ti chnh cho cc hot ng ca h.
d. D ton ngn sch kt hp
Thng thng, cc nh qun tr cp thp, bo v s thnh cng

trong cng vic ca h, thng a ra mt d ton cao hn cho cc
cng vic m h phi cam kt thc hin. Trong khi cc nh qun tr
cp cao, do ngun lc v ti chnh hn hp, mun phn chia theo cch
m h cho l cng bng hoc theo hng tit kim chi ph. V vy c
s khc bit kh ln gia ngn sch lp t di ln v ngn sch lp
t trn xung. Trn thc t, c th ngi ta phi s dng phng php
hn hp, kt hp m phn ni b gia cc cp qun tr v ngn sch
d n cho tng hng mc cng vic.
77

Quy trnh thc t xy dng ngn sch d n kt hp c hai

chin lc trn xung v di ln l mt qu trnh thng thn, ci
m, minh bch. D ton ngn sch phc tho u tin c th l t trn
xung hoc t di ln. Trn c s ngn sch phc tho, qu trnh
m phn din ra gia cc cp qun tr cui cng t c mt d
ton ngn sch ph hp vi yu cu v iu kin ca c hai bn.
4.3.3 c lng cc yu t chi ph
Cc yu t/b phn chi ph bao gm: chi ph trc tip, chi ph

chung, li v thu nh mc ca t chc.
a. Chi ph trc tip
Chi ph trc tip l cc hao ph cn thit v nguyn vt liu, lao

ng, my mc cn c s dng cho d n. Mi cng vic trong k
hoch hnh ng hay trong c cu phn chia cng vic WBS s c
nh gi v cc yu cu ngun lc v c lng cc chi ph ny.
b. Chi ph chung
Chi ph chung bao gm chi ph qun l v hnh chnh. Chi ph

ny tr cho cn b qun l cp cao, nhn vin cc phng ban chc
nng khc nhau, cc chi ph vn phng gm chi ph s dng cc thit
b vn phng chung nh my copy, thit b thit k, my pha c ph,
chi ph in nc vn phng... v nhng chi ph khc khng c tnh
vo chi ph trc tip. Chi ph chung c tnh bng t l % c nh
ca chi ph trc tip.
78

c. Li nhun nh mc v thu
Mi t chc c th cng thm vo chi ph trc tip v chi ph

chung mt t l li nhun nh mc m t chc yu cu v thu m t
chc phi np cho nh nc.
Cc nh qun tr d n nn chun b hai loi ngn sch, mt loi
l d ton chi ph y gm c chi ph trc tip v chi ph chung,
cn mt loi ch bao gm chi ph trc tip. D ton ngn sch chi ph
y s c nhm k ton s dng c lng li nhun ca d
n. Trong khi ngn sch ch gm chi ph trc tip s c tc dng mang
li cho nh qun tr d n cc thng tin cn c iu hnh d n m
khng b xo trn vi nhng chi ph m nh qun tr d n khng th
kim sot c.
TM TT
K hoch d n l cn c rt quan trng tin hnh trin khai
thc hin v qun tr d n. Ngn sch d n c xc nh cng vi
qu trnh lp k hoch d n. Lp k hoch v xc nh ngn sch d
n l cc cng vic u tin phi lm khi nhm qun tr d n tip
nhn d n, bt u qu trnh trin khai thc hin.
Vic lp k hoch d n c tin hnh theo mt trnh t v
nguyn tc nht nh. Cn c lp k hoch d n l c cu phn
chia cng vic WBS. Ch l WBS cng c xc lp theo trnh t
v cc nguyn tc c th. Mc phn chia cng vic chi tit n u
l ty thuc vo c im, yu cu v phc tp ca d n, nhng
thng thng ch s dng 6 cp bc.
79

Trn c s WBS v OBS, ma trn trch nhim c xc lp

nhm gip gim c d n xc nh r nhim v v trch nhim ca
cc thnh vin i vi cc cng vic. Mt khc, ma trn trch nhim
cng l cn c phi hp iu hnh s hp tc gia cc thnh vin.
Ngn sch d n c lp theo cch t trn xung hoc t di
ln, hoc kt hp c hai vi qu trnh m phn gia cc cp qun tr.
Cc b phn chi ph ca ngn sch gm chi ph trc tip, chi ph
chung, li nhun nh mc v thu.
CU HI N TP
1. Cn phi thc hin nhng g khi tin hnh lp k hoch d n? Ti

sao lp k hoch d n li quan trng?
2. K hoch d n bao gm cc ni dung g?
3. Nu nhng bc c bn thit k v s dng WBS? WBS ni ln
iu g v nhm mc ch g?
4. Bn s la chn phng php lp ngn sch d n no?
HNG DN TR LI
1. Trnh t lp k hoch d n: u tin cn phi xc lp c mc

tiu d n, y l cn c pht trin k hoch, thng qua c cu
phn chia cng vic WBS. T s k hoch d n c xc lp,
tin thc hin d n c a ra, sau ngi ta tnh ton chi ph
v phn b ngun lc.
K hoch d n l cn c rt quan trng tin hnh trin khai
thc hin v qun tr d n bi n l c s tuyn dng, iu phi
nhn lc, l c s trao quyn cho thnh vin d n. K hoch d n
l cn c lp ngn sch v kim tra ti chnh d n, l cn c iu
80

phi v qun tr cc cng vic ca d n. Ngoi ra n cn gip trnh

khi hoc gim nh cc bt trc, ri ro; to iu kin kim tra, gim
st, kim sot d n v trnh tnh trng khng kh thi ca cng vic c
th gy lng ph ngun lc v nhng hin tng tiu cc.
2. K hoch d n bao gm chn ni dung c bn, chnh l bn
tuyn b chung v d n, cc mc tiu d n, kha cnh k thut v
qun tr ca d n, vn hp ng ca d n, lch trnh, ngun lc,
nhn s v cc vn ri ro tim n ca d n.
3. Cc bc thit k WBS nh sau:
Lp danh mc v m ha cc cng vic
Xc nh thi gian, ngun lc cho mi cng vic
Xc lp ma trn trch nhim
Phn tch cng vic l c s thc hin cc nhim v ca d
n. WBS cho bit cc thng tin sau:
Xc nh khi qut cc cng vic phi lm
Nhn s chu trch nhim cc cng vic
nh hnh c cu hp nht cc cng vic v h thng kim tra
gim st.
WBS c vai tr nh sau:
WBS l c s giao nhim v, xc nh trch nhim ca tng
c nhn, b phn i vi mi cng vic ca d n. Nh c WBS m
cc thnh vin quan tm v hiu c yu cu ca d n hn.
WBS l c s pht trin trnh t v quan h th t trc sau
gia cc cng vic, l c s lp s mng.
WBS l c s xy dng cc k hoch chi tit v iu chnh
cc k hoch tin thi gian, phn b cc ngun lc cho tng cng
vic ca d n nh b tr lao ng, my mc thit b cng nh lp
d ton v ngn sch theo phng php t di ln.
81

WBS gip cc nh qun tr trnh c cc sai st nh b qun

mt s cng vic no trong qu trnh iu phi cc k hoch thi
gian, chi ph v ngun lc.
4. C th p dng phng php trn xung v di ln lp ngn
sch d n. Vic chn phng php no l tu thuc vo phm vi, quy
m v cc i hi cng nh yu cu c th ca vic lp ngn sch d
n. Tuy nhin, do phng php trn xung c u im l xc nh
ngn sch chnh xc, tng qut, cn i, nhng cc b phn chi ph
no c th c th khng c chnh xc lm. Trong khi phng
php di ln c u im l cho php cc thnh vin cp thp tham
gia vo qu trnh lp ngn sch. Nhn chung, cc chuyn gia khuyn
khch bn s dng kt hp c hai phng php ny. y, qu trnh
m phn v tho lun qua li l rt quan trng cc cp cng xc
nh ngn sch ph hp v chnh xc cho d n.
82

CHNG 5
7
8 LP TIN D N
Sau khi lp k hoch d n, vic tip theo l bn cn lp tin
d n. Tin d n c ngha rt quan trng. l cn c u tin
gip bn qun tr thi gian d n, nhm mc tiu hon thnh d n
ng thi hn quy nh.
MC TIU
Chng ny s gip bn gii quyt cc vn sau:
Thit lp s mng th hin tin d n.
p dng phng php v tnh ton s mng CPM v s
mng PERT.
NI DUNG CHNH
5.1 CC VN C BN V S MNG
Tin d n l c s trin khai thc hin d n, iu hnh v
gim st cc hot ng ca d n. Tin d n c lp trn c s
thit lp biu Gantt v s mng. Sau y bn s nghin cu tng
loi s ny.
83

5.1.1 Cc loi s th hin tin d n

a. Biu Gantt
Biu Gantt (cn gi s
ngang) do k s Henry L. Gantt
pht minh nm 1910 M. Mc
ch l xc nh tin hp l
thc hin cc cng vic khc
nhau trong d n.
Biu Gantt: th hin

tin trnh thc t cng
nh k hoch thc hin
cc cng vic ca d n
theo trnh t thi gian.
Cc thng tin v cng vic v thi gian thc hin cng vic trong
biu Gantt c minh ha trong hnh 5.1. Trong , ct dc trnh
by cng vic c th; trc honh th hin thi gian; mi on thng
biu hin mt cng vic. di on thng l di cng vic. V tr
ca on thng th hin quan h th t trc sau gia cc cng vic.
Biu Gantt cho bit khi no cc cng vic bt u v kt thc,
mc hon thnh ca cc cng vic, d kin tnh trng ca d n ti
cc thi im khc nhau, cc hot ng song song c th thc hin
ng thi vi nhng hot ng khc. Biu Gantt c lp theo kiu
tin ti, t tri sang phi, cng vic no cn lm trc xp trc.
Cng
vic
Thi gian thc hin cng vic (thng)

1
9 10 11
A1
A2
A3
A4
Hnh 5.1 : V d v biu Gantt
84

b. S mng
S mng l m hnh th hin
ton b d n thnh mt th
thng nht. S mng m t
mi quan h lin tc gia cc
cng vic, ni kt cc cng vic
v cc s kin
S mng: mng
th hin mi quan h
gia cc cng vic d
n
theo th t trc sau ca chng. Phng php s mng trong lp

tin d n tr nn ph bin khong u nhng nm 1950 cho
n nay. C nhiu phng php s mng, nhng c dng ph
bin hn c l s CPM (Critical Path Method phng php
ng gng) v s PERT (Program and Evaluation Review
Technique K thut nh gi v kim sot chng trnh). V c bn,
hai phng php ny l ging nhau v hnh thc, trnh t lp mng,
ch khc nhau v tnh ton thi gian. Thi gian trong CPM l mt i
lng xc nh, c tnh t nh mc lao ng, cn thi gian trong
PERT khng cn c vo nh mc lao ng tnh m ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t ngu nhin.
Phng php s mng c th hin di dng mng AON hoc mng
AOA.
5.1.2 Cc phn t ca s mng

S kin: l mc nh du s bt u hay kt thc ca mt
hay mt s cng vic. N khng tiu hao thi gian v ngun lc m
ch th hin v tr c th ca cc cng vic trn s .
Cng vic: th hin mt qu trnh hay mt tp hp cc qu
trnh sn xut no c tiu hao thi gian v ngun lc.
85

ng v ng gng: ng l s sp xp lin tc ca cc
cng vic i t s kin bt u n s kin kt thc. Chiu di ca
ng l tng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic nm trn ng .
ng c di ln nht l ng gng. Cng vic nm trn ng
gng l cng vic gng.
Ngun lc: thi gian v vt cht cn thit thc hin d
n.
Thi gian cng vic: l khong thi gian hon thnh cng
vic theo c lng, c n nh trc hay tnh ton trc.
5.1.3 S mng theo phng php AON

AON (Activities on Node) l s mng trong cng vic t
trn nt. S mng AON da trn khi nim sau:
Cc cng vic c trnh by trn
mt nt (hnh ch nht), gm cc
thng tin: tn cng vic, th t cng
vic, di thi gian thc hin cng
vic, ngy bt u v ngy kt thc.
Tn cng vic
1
5 ngy
15/2/2007
10/2/2007
Cc ng th hin cc s kin, cho bit mi lin h v xc nh th

t trc sau ca cc cng vic.
5.1.4 S mng theo phng php AOA
AOA (Activities on Arrow) l s mng trong cng vic t
trn ng. Phng php ny c s dng ph bin hn phng
php AON. S mng AOA da trn khi nim sau:
Cng vic l mt nhim v hoc nhm nhim v c th cn
thc hin ca d n. N i hi thi gian, ngun lc, v chi ph
hon thnh.
86

Cng vic c t trn cc ng c mi tn ch chiu thun

ca cng vic, trn ng ny c ghi thng tin v thi gian, v chi ph,
ngun lc hon thnh.
S kin c t ti nt, l
im chuyn tip nh du mt (mt
nhm) cng vic hon thnh v
khi u ca mt (mt nhm) cng
vic k tip.
j
Ej
m
i
Lj
ng l s kt ni lin tc cc cng vic tnh t s kin u

n s kin cui.
im u tin ca mng l im khi u, cc cng vic s bt
u c thc hin t y. im cui cng l im kt thc, lc ny
cng vic cui cng s c thc hin, khp li ton b d n.
5.2 S MNG CPM
Phng php ng gng CPM (Critical Path Method) c

cng ty Dupont v Remington Rand pht trin qun l xy dng v
bo tr cc nh my ho cht. Hin nay, phng php ny c ng
dng kh rng ri trong qun tr d n.
lp c k hoch tin , cng nh kim sot tin sau
ny, bn cn tnh ton cc tham s thi gian trong s mng. iu
quan trng l bn phi nm c ng gng, l ng quyt nh
thi gian hon thnh d n.
5.2.1 Cc thng s thi gian ca s kin
87

Ngi ta chia s kin lm 4 . S kin thng biu din bng

vng trn nn c tn gi l vng trn s kin. Cc thng s c k
hiu nh sau:
Ej
Lj
j: s kin ang xt
i: s kin ng trc i n j
bng ng di nht
Ej , Lj: thi im sm, mun ca
s kin ang xt
Thi im sm ca s kin
Thi im sm ca s kin j (k hiu Ej) l thi im sm nht
kt thc cc cng vic i vo s kin j, hoc sm nht bt u
cc cng vic i ra khi s kin j.
Nu ng trc j ch c mt s kin i th Ej = Ei + ti j
Nu ng trc j c nhiu s kin th Ej = Max (Ei + ti j )
S kin bt u c E1 = 0
Thi im mun ca s kin
Thi im mun ca s kin j (k hiu Lj) l thi im mun
nht kt thc cc cng vic i vo s kin j, hoc mun nht bt
u cc cng vic i ra khi s kin j
Nu ng sau j ch c mt s kin k th Lj = Lk t jk
Nu ng sau j c nhiu s kin th Lj = Min (Lk tjk)
S kin kt thc c Ln = En
Thi gian d tr ca s kin
Mt s kin c 2 thi im xut hin l sm Ej v mun L j;
nhng n cng c th xut hin bt c lc no gia 2 thi im .
88

Khong thi gian chnh lch gia 2 thi im l thi gian d tr

ca s kin. y l khong thi gian c th tr hon s kin m khng
lm thay i thi gian thc hin c d n, c tnh nh sau:
Rj = Lj Ej
Cc s kin j nm trn ng gng th thi gian d tr Rj = 0
5.2.2 Cc thng s thi gian ca cng vic

Thi im bt u sm ca cng vic
Thi im bt u sm ca cng vic (k hiu ESij) l thi im
sm nht bt u cng vic ij. Tc l n c bt u thi im
sm ca s kin tip u: ESij = Ei
Thi im kt thc sm ca cng vic
Thi im kt thc sm ca cng vic (k hiu EFij) l thi im
sm nht hon thnh cng vic ij. Nh vy n c tnh bng thi
im bt u sm ca cng vic ij cng vi thi gian thc hin cng
vic : EFij = ESij + tij
Thi im kt thc mun ca cng vic
Thi im kt thc mun ca cng vic (k hiu LFij) l thi
im mun nht hon thnh cng vic ij m khng nh hng n
cng vic tip sau n: LFij = Lj
Thi im bt u mun ca cng vic
Thi im bt u mun ca cng vic (k hiu LSij) l thi im
mun nht bt u cng vic ij m khng lm nh hng n thi
im bt u ca cc cng vic sau n:
LSij = LFij tij
Thi gian d tr ca cng vic
C 4 loi thi gian d tr ca cng vic l:
89

D tr chung (d tr ton phn, d tr ln nht) ca cng vic ij

(k hiu GRij) l d tr chung ca tt c cc cng vic khng gng
lin quan k nhau trn ng i di nht t s kin bt u n s
kin kt thc:
GRij = Lj Ei tij
ng gng s l ng ni cc cng vic c GRij = 0
D tr gc (d tr bt u) ca cng vic ij l thi gian ti a c
th tr hon bt u hoc ko di cng vic ij m khng nh hng n
thi im kt thc mun nht ca mi cng vic trc n (khng lm
mt thi gian d tr ca cng vic trc n). Khi s dng ht d tr
ny, cc cng vic pha sau cng vic ij nm trn ng di nht s tr
nn gng.
SRij = Lj Li tij
D tr ngn (d tr kt thc) ca cng vic ij l thi gian ti a c
th tr hon s hon thnh ca cng vic ij m khng nh hng n thi
im bt u sm nht ca mi cng vic sau n (khng lm mt thi
gian d tr ca cc cng vic sau n). Khi s dng ht d tr ny, cc
cng vic pha trc cng vic ij nm trn ng di nht s tr nn
gng.
FRij = Ej Ei tij
D tr ring (d tr c lp, d tr b nht) ca cng vic ij l
thi gian ti a c th tr hon cng vic ij m khng nh hng n
thi im kt thc mun ca cc cng vic trc n, cng nh thi
im bt u sm ca cc cng vic sau n, ngha l khng nh hng
n thi gian d tr ca cc cng vic c trc c sau cng vic ij:
IRij = Ej Li tij
90

Trnh t tnh ton s mng

Bc 1: Tnh thi im sm ca s kin (t tri qua phi)
- Bt u s kin xut pht vi E1 = 0
- S kin tip theo Ej = Max (Ei + ti j )
- C nh vy n s kin cui cng En
Bc 2: Tnh thi im mun ca s kin (phi qua tri)
- Bt u t s kin cui cng vi Ln = En
- Tnh ngc li cc s kin trc Lj = Min (Lk tjk)
- C vy tnh li v s kin xut pht
Bc 3: Xc nh ng gng: l ng di nht v i qua
cc s kin gng. Cc s kin trn ng gng c Rj = 0
Bc 4: Tnh thi im sm ca cng vic
Thi im bt u sm ESij = Ei
Thi im kt thc sm EFij = ESij + tij
Bc 5: Tnh thi im mun ca cng vic
Thi im kt thc mun LFij = Lj
Thi im bt u mun LSij = LFij tij
Bc 6: Tnh thi gian d tr
D tr chung GRij = Lj Ei tij
D tr gc SRij = Lj Li tij
D tr ngn FRij = Ej Ei tij
D tr ring IRij = Ej Li tij
V d: Mt d n bao gm cc cng vic, thi gian v trnh t

thc hin cc cng vic c cho trong bng sau:
TT
Thi hn
hiu
1
Trnh t thc hin cng

vic
Khi cng ngay
91

Khi cng ngay
Khi cng ngay
Lm sau A
Lm sau B
12
Lm sau C
Lm sau F, E, D
Sau G
Sau C
Tin d n c biu th bng s mng CPM sau:
A, 4
1
G, 4
D, 3
2
E, 6
B, 2
3
3
I, 4
F, 12
K, 3
C, 4
Tnh ton cc thng s thi gian theo phng php s mng

CPM.
Bc 1: Tnh thi im sm nht hon thnh s kin Ej
Ta c E1 = 0
E2 = E1 + t12 = 0 + 4 = 4
E3 = E1+ t13 = 0 + 2 = 2
E4 = E1+ t14 = 0 + 4 = 4
E5 = max [E2+ t25; E3+ t35; E4+ t45] = E4+ t45 = 16
E6 = E5+ t56 = 16 + 4 = 20
E7 = max [ E4+ t47; E6+ t67] = E6+ t67 = 20 + 4 = 24
Bc 2: Tnh thi im mun nht hon thnh s kin Lj
Do Ln = En nn L7 = E7 = 24
92

L6 = L7 t67 = 24 4 = 20
L5 = L6 t56 = 20 4 = 16
L4 = min [L7 t47; L5 t45] = L5 t45 = 4
L3 = L5 t35 = 16 6 = 10
L2 = L5 t25 = 16 3 = 13
L1 = min [L2 t12; L3 t13; L4 t14] = L4 t14 = 0
Bc 3: Xc nh ng gng
1
0
13
16
E, 6
6
20
B, 2
G, 4
D, 3
A, 4
20
16
4
I, 4
3
2
10
1
C, 4
F, 12
4
4
K, 3
24
24
Ta thy ng ni cc s kin 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 l ng di nht v

c Rj = 0 nn l cc s kin gng. ng gng {A, D, E, F, G}
c nh du bi ng mi tn hai nt.
Bc 4, 5, 6 c thc hin thng qua bng tnh sau:
Cng tij
ESij EFij LFij LSij GRij SRij FRij IRij
vic
Ei
Lj
(1)
A (1-
(2) (3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) (10)
13
10
2)
B (13)
C (1-
93

4)
D (2-
16
13
16
10
F (4- 12
16
16
16
20
20
16
20
20
24
20
24
21
17
17
17
17
5)
E (35)
5)
G (56)
I (67)
K (47)
Ch :
Ct (4) = ct (3) + ct (2)

Ct (6) = ct (5) ct (2)
Ct (7) = ct (5) ct (3) ct (2)
D tr gc, d tr ngn v d tr ring c tnh nh sau:

SR12 = L2 L1 t12 = 13 0 4 = 9. Tng t c:
SR13 = 10 0 2 = 8
SR14 = 4 0 4 = 0
SR25 = 16 13 3 = 0
SR35 = 16 10 6 = 0
SR45 = 16 4 12 = 0
SR56 = 20 16 4 = 0
SR67 = 24 20 4 = 0
SR47 = 24 4 3 = 17
FR12 = E2 E1 t12 = 4 0 4 = 0. Tng t c:

FR13 = 2 0 2 = 0
FR14 = 4 0 4 = 0
FR25 = 16 4 3 = 9
FR35 = 16 2 6 = 8
FR45 = 16 4 12 = 0
FR56 = 20 16 4 = 0
FR67 = 24 20 4 = 0
FR47 = 24 4 3 = 17
IR12 = E2 L1 t12 = 4 0 4 = 0. Tng t c:

IR13 = 2 0 2 = 0
IR14 = 4 0 4 = 0
94

IR25 = 16 13 3 = 0
IR35 = 16 10 6 = 0
IR45 = 16 4 12 = 0
IR56 = 20 16 4 = 0
IR67 = 24 20 4 = 0
IR47 = 24 4 3 = 17
5.3 S MNG PERT

S mng PERT (Program and Evalution Review Technique)
l mt hnh thc th hin ng b cc cng vic cn thit thi cng
xy dng cng trnh tm cch lp k hoch v ch o thc hin.
Bn cht ca phng php s mng PERT l a yu t khng xc
nh vo c lng thi gian thc hin cc cng vic v hon thnh
d n.
5.3.1 Tnh cc thng s trong s PERT

Thi gian mong i te:
L thi gian d kin s hon thnh cc cng vic ca d n, c
xc nh nh sau:
te =
(a + 4m + b)
6
a: thi gian lc quan, c xem l thi gian ngn nht thc

hin cc cng vic trong cc iu kin thun li c bit. Thi gian
ny c xc sut xut hin thp.
b: thi gian bi quan, l thi gian di nht thc hin cc cng
vic trong cc iu kin bt li him hoi. Thi gian ny c xc sut
xut hin thp.
m: thi gian hin thc, l thi gian thng thng cn thit thc
hin cc cng vic trong cc iu kin bnh thng. Thi gian ny c
xc sut xut hin cao.
lch chun :
nh gi mc phn tn ca gi tr trung bnh te
95

ba
6
Phng sai:
Phng sai l i lng o phn tn cc gi tr ngu nhin
xung quanh gi tr trung bnh, cho php xc nh chnh lch gia
cc gi tr trung bnh:
b - a
V= =
Kh nng hon thnh d n trong thi gian mong mun:

Gi S l thi gian ti thiu hon thnh d n trong iu kin
trung bnh ng vi cc thi gian k vng te;
D l thi gian mong mun hon thnh d n;
2 l phng sai ca cc cng vic trn ng gng.

Ta c:
S = te = ti j
2tng = 2i j (ij l cc cng vic trn ng gng)

t Z =
DS
D S
=
tong
2ij
Trnh t lp s mng PERT:

Bc 1: V s mng
Bc 2: Tnh cc thng s te, , V
Bc 3: Xc nh cc cng vic gng v ng gng:
cch tnh tng t nh mng CPM vi ti j = te
Bc 4: Xc nh kh nng hon thnh d n trong thi
gian mong mun
5.3.2 Cc bi ton lin quan n s PERT

Vi s mng PERT, bn c hai bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1: Cho thi hn D, tm xc sut thi gian hon thnh d n
nm trong thi hn D : T D Z p%
96

Bi ton 2: Cho xc sut p, xc nh xem d n c p kh nng hon

thnh trong thi hn bao lu, tc l tm D: T p Z D
V d: cho u bi nh trn. Xc nh thi gian sm nht hon
thnh d n? Xc nh xc sut hon thnh d n mun nht l 28
tun? Tnh thi gian hon thnh d n vi kh nng 70%?
Cng vic
te
2.5
0.8
0.7
4.0
0.3
0.1
4.5
0.8
0.7
3.2
0.5
0.3
6.0
0.7
0.4
11
12
16
12.5
0.8
0.7
4.5
1.2
1.4
4.7
1.0
1.0
3.5
1.2
1.4
Cng vic gng: C, F, G, I ng gng l 1-4-5-6-7 c di 26,2

tun. Tc l thi gian sm nht hon thnh d n l S = 26,2 tun.
2ij = 3,8 (ij l cc cng vic trn ng gng)
Z=
DS
2
ij
28 26
3,8
= 1, 028
Tra bng hm phn phi xc sut ta c p = 0,847. Tc l d n c

84,7% kh nng hon thnh trong vng 26,2 tun.
Vi p = 0,7 tra bng hm phn phi xc sut c Z = 0,502
D = (Z ij2 ) + S = 0,502 3,8 +26,2 = 27,2 tun
97

5.4 LP TIN D N BNG S MNG
5.4.1 Trnh t lp tin bng s mng
Phng php CPM v PERT l hai phng php ca s mng,

tuy c nhng nt khc nhau, nhng c hai k thut u ch r mi
quan h lin tc gia cc cng vic, u dn n tnh ton ng
gng, cng ch ra thi gian d tr ca cc cng vic.
V phng php thc hin, c 5 bc c bn c p dng
chung cho c PERT v CPM nh sau.
Bc 1: Xc nh cc cng vic v mi lin h gia chng
Da vo c cu phn chia cng vic, bn lit k v xc nh mi
quan h gia cc cng vic. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc cng vic
l xem xt cng vic no lm trc, cng vic no lm sau, cc cng
vic no lm ng thi, trnh t thc hin chng ra sao.
Bc 2: V s mng cng vic
Da vo mi quan h gia cc cng vic, bn lp s mng.
Mng cn c lp sao cho n gin, d nhn nht.
Bc 3: Tnh s mng
Bn cn nh s cc s kin, ghi thi gian cng vic, nhu cu
ngun lc. Tnh ton s mng v xc nh ng gng, tnh ton
thi gian d tr ca cc cng vic v s kin. Tnh thi gian thc hin
d n.
Bc 4: Chuyn s mng ln lch tin
tin vic theo di, bn nn chuyn s mng ln trc thi
gian, hoc chuyn thnh s mng ngang.
Bc 5: Ti u ha s mng
98

Lp biu nhn lc v cc nhu cu ngun lc khc. iu chnh

ti u ngun lc phn b trn s mng. Bc ny s c xem
xt chng sau.
5.4.2 S dng thi gian d tr trong lp tin
Nh c thi gian d tr m mt s kin i c th xut hin bt k

lc no trong khong thi im sm Ei n thi im mun Li ca n.
Mt cng vic ij cng c th c bt u bt c lc no trong khong
thi im bt u sm ESij v mun LSij. N cng c th c hon
thnh bt c lc no trong khong thi im kt thc sm EFij v
mun LFij.
Do vy thi gian d tr c s dng trong lp tin d n
c mt lch biu thc hin cng vic ph hp hn v mt ngun lc
hoc thi gian.
Thi gian d tr ring IRij ch c dng ko di thi gian
thc hin bn thn cng vic ij thi. S dng IRij bn s khng lm
nh hng n thi im bt u v kt thc ca cc cng vic trc
v sau n.
Thi gian d tr chung GRij c s dng trong cc trng hp
sau:
iu chnh biu ngun lc: khi tnh ton xong s
mng v chuyn ln trc thi gian, bn v c biu ngun lc.
Biu ny lc u s khng iu ha, bn c th s dng thi gian
d tr thay i cc thi im bt u v hon thnh ca cng vic
iu chnh ngun lc iu ha hn.
Ko di thi gian thc hin cng vic: v mt l do no ,
bn c th ko di thi gian thc hin mt s cng vic cn thi gian
d tr m khng lm nh hng n thi hn hon thnh d n.
99

iu ha ngun lc: cc ngun lc thc hin d n nhn

chung l b hn ch, khng th tha mn tt c cc yu cu cng mt
lc, nn bn cn phn b theo nguyn tc t c s iu ha hn.
5.4.3 p dng phn mm my tnh vo lp tin
Trn th gii hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm my tnh cho php

lp tin thc hin d n. Cc d n trong thc t c cc cng ty
s dng cc phn mm ny lp tin v qun l tin thc hin
d n. Ti Vit Nam, hin ang lu hnh ph bin phn mm
Microsoft Project. Phn mm ny khng th s dng cho cc d n
ln. Primavera l phn mm chuyn nghip hn i vi cc d n ln
c s lng u cng vic ln ti vi chc ngn cng vic.
Microsoft Project (MP) c th lm c cc cng vic sau:
MP gii quyt cc vn v lp tin v biu din tin
di dng s mng PERT Chart v s ngang dng Gantt Chart.
MP h tr vic cn bng v kim sot ngun lc.
Quan st v bo co: MP cho php quan st tin vi dng
lch (calendar) hoc cc dng biu (chart). Ngoi ra MP gip lp
cc bo co tng qut v tin , cc phn vic ang tin hnh, cc
phn vic cn li, chi ph ti nguyn.
Lm vic vi nhiu d n: MP gip kt ni vi cc d n khc
ca cng ty, cng c th kt ni tng cng vic ring l trong mt d
n vi mt cng vic ca d n khc. C th qun tr nhiu d n cng
chung mt ngun vn v ti nguyn.
MP l mt cng c mnh gip bn t chc v kim sot nhiu
vn nh lp tin chi tit cho d n, cn bng ngun lc hn ch
mt cch hiu qu, kim sot tin trnh, kt thc d n.
100

Lp k hoch chi tit cho d n

Khi bn nhp vo mt vi thng tin d n, MP s thc hin cho
bn cc phn vic cn li. C th, bn nhp vo cc cng vic, cc
mi quan h gia chng, thi gian thc hin cng vic, gn ngun lc
cho cng vic... th MP s gip bn thc hin cc vic sau:
Ln tin cho mi cng vic v tnh ton ngy kt thc.
Tnh ton thi gian hon thnh ca cc cng vic.
Cn bng quy m, ti nguyn v thi gian hoc ch dn bn
cch cn bng.
Nu bn thay i bt k yu t no th MP s t tnh ton li tin
ph hp vi mc tiu d n t ra. C th iu chnh cng vic
rt ngn thi gian k hoch. Khi thay i cc d liu cho cc cng
vic, s c k hoch cp nht mi, c tnh ton li tng ng.
Cn bng ngun lc hn ch mt cch hiu qu
MP gip bn duy tr trng thi cn bng gia quy m, ngun lc
v thi gian. Phn b ti nguyn v cn i ti nguyn cho tng cng
vic cng nh ton b d n. V c cc dng biu ti nguyn.
Tin do MP lp s cho bn thy c th thc hin c cc
cng vic mi vi ngun lc hin ti m khng cn ko di thi gian
d n hay khng?
Mt khc, MP gip bn duy tr s cn bng gia s gi thc hin
cng vic, ngun lc gn cho cc cng vic v ton b thi gian
cho php thc hin cng vic. V d nu mt cng vic cn 6 ngi
hon thnh trong 3 ngy, th khi bn mun rt ngn cng vic
trong 2 ngy, th cn 9 ngi v MP s gn thm cho cng vic
thm 3
ngi na.
101

Kim sot tin trnh

Khi bn kim sot d n, tc l kim sot tin trnh thc hin cc
cng vic, v cn phi so snh gia thc t v k hoch. Lc ny, khi
pht hin thy khc bit, bn cn hiu chnh tin d n d n
vn c kt thc ng hn. MP s gip bn:
Trnh by cc thng s k hoch v d liu thc s.
Tnh ton v trnh by s khc bit gia thc t v d tr.
n gin ha qu trnh cp nht k hoch d n vi cc d liu
thc t.
Tnh ton cc tc ng ca vic cp nht ny.
Kt thc d n
Khi kt thc d n, bn s xc nh cc cng vic lm tt, cc vn
tn ti, lu li cc h s, bo co... b sung cho c s d liu v
cc d n ca cng ty m, cng nh ci thin v p dng trong
tng lai. MP s gip bn:
Lu li bn k hoch gc c th xc nh c cc vn
tn ti.
Lu li cc ghi ch v cng vic v ngun lc.
Cung cp cc thng tin d n cn cho bn sau ny.
MP s gip bn qun tr d n vi thi gian v cng sc t nht.
c th s dng thnh tho cc chc nng ca MP, bn cn c
thm ti liu hng dn s dng phn mm ny (xem ti liu tham
kho cui ti liu ny).
102

TM TT
Trong giai on trin khai thc hin d n, u tin cn phi lp
tin d n. y l cn c trin khai thc hin d n cng nh
iu hnh v gim st cc hot ng ca d n sau ny. C nhiu
phng php lp tin nh phng php biu Gantt, phng
php s mng. Biu Gantt d hiu hn v cho thy trng thi
hin ti ca d n mt cch r rng hn. Tuy nhin, biu ny cng
c mt s hn ch nh khng ch ra mt cch r rng cc cng vic u
tin v mi lin h ph thuc ln nhau gia cc cng vic. Do cc u
vit ni tri nn s mng l phng php c s dng ph bin.
S mng bao gm CPM v PERT. V mt hnh thc, cc tham
s thi gian trong CPM v PERT l nh nhau. Hai phng php ny
tuy c nhng nt khc nhau, PERT gi nh thi gian thc hin cc
cng vic thay i nhng c th tnh c nh phng php xc sut
cn CPM li s dng cc c lng thi gian xc nh. Nhng c hai
phng php u ch r mi quan h lin tc gia cc cng vic, u
dn n tnh ton ng gng, cng ch ra thi gian d tr ca cc
cng vic. S mng c th t cng vic trn nt (AON) hoc t
cng vic trn ng (AOA). Thc cht hai mng ny l tng
ng. V d trnh by trong chng l mng AOA.
Sau khi thit lp s mng cn xc nh thi gian sm v mun
ca cc s kin v cc cng vic, thi gian d tr ca cc s kin v
cng vic. Trn c s xc nh ng gng l ng ni t cng
vic/s kin u tin n cng vic/s kin cui cng vi di thi
gian ln nht. S mng c ti u ha bng cch tp trung vo
cc cng vic trn ng gng rt ngn tin thc hin d n.
103

p dng phng php PERT ta c th tr li cho cu hi kh

nng (xc sut l bao nhiu %) d n s c hon tt trong khong
thi gian 1 nm; 2 nm; 2,5 nm? V 80% (hoc 90%, 95%) kh nng
d n s c hon tt trong khong thi gian no?
CU HI V BI TP
1. Ni dung lp tin d n? Lp tin d n c th c thc
hin nh vo cc k thut no?

2. Hy so snh phng php biu Gantt v s mng? t c
th thy u, nhc im v iu kin p dng ca phng php

ny?
3. S ging v khc nhau gia biu Gantt, s mng CPM v
mng PERT? Nu cc li th tng i ca cc loi s ny?

4. Quy tc v trnh t lp s mng? S mng c lp theo
phng php AON hay phng php AOA? S khc nhau gia s
mng AON v AOA?
5. Hy lp s mng th hin tin d n, cho bit cc thng tin
v thi gian v trnh t thc hin cng vic nh sau:
Thi gian
Trnh t thc hin cng vic
Khi cng ngay
Khi cng ngay
Lm sau A
Lm sau A
Lm sau B v D
Lm sau B v D
hiu
104

Lm sau C v E
Lm sau F
6. Cho u bi nh trn. Xc nh thi gian sm nht hon thnh
d n? Xc nh xc sut hon thnh d n mun nht l 20

tun? Tnh thi gian hon thnh d n vi kh nng 80%? Bit cc
cng vic A, C, E c th c thc hin ngn hn ti a na tun
hoc c th b ko di hn 1 tun. Trong khi cc cng vic cn li
c th c thc hin ngn hn 1 tun hoc c th b ko di hn 2
tun.
HNG DN TR LI
Cc cu hi 1 4 xem cc chnh trong phn tm tt chng.
5. Ta lp c bng tnh cc thng s thi gian v v s mng d
n nh sau :
A, 3
4
12 12
3
1
0
C, 2
2
4
D, 3
0
0
B, 5
G, 4
16
E, 6
H, 3
F, 4
16
12
5
13
ng gng l A-D-E-G hoc 1-2-3-4-6.

S E L R Cn ti ESi EF LFi LSij GRi SRij FRi IRij
ki
n
1
ij
1- 3 0
vic
0 0 0
105

2
2
3 3 0
1- 5 0
5 10 1
3
3
2- 3 3
6 6 0
3
4 12 12 0
2- 2 3
5 12 13 1
6 16 16 0
3- 6 6 12 6
3- 4 6 10 9
4- 4 12 16 12 1
6
5- 3 12 15 13 1
6
6. Thi hn ngn nht thc hin d n l 16 tun.

Tnh xc sut hon thnh d n trong vng 19 tun:
Cng vic m (tij)
te
CV
gng
1-2
2.5
3.0
0.2
8
1-3
2-3
2-4
2.5
4
106
5 0.06
5.1
0.5
3.0
0.2
0.06
2.1
0.5
0.25
0.25
x

3-4
3-5
4-6
5-6
5.5
6.0
0.2
4.1
0.5
4.1
0.5
3.1
0.5
x
0.06
0.25
x
0.25
0.25
T ng gng 1-2-3-4-6 ta c 2ij = 2,05

Z=
DS
ij2
20 16
2, 05
= 2,8
Tra bng hm phn phi xc sut ta c p = 0,9974. Tc l d n c

97,74% kh nng hon thnh trong vng 20 tun.
Tnh thi hn hon thnh d n vi p = 80%: Tra bng hm phn phi
xc sut c Z = 0,804
D = (Z ij2 ) + S = 0,804 2,05 +16 = 17,15 tun
107

CHNG 6
PHN B NGUN LC
Lp xong tin d n, bn cn bit cch phn b ngun lc
thc hin d n. C mt vn bn lun phi i mt, l ngun lc
thng lun hn ch so vi yu cu t ra. Chng ny s gip bn
xem xt vic qun tr cc ngun lc lun b gii hn ca d n.
MC TIU
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, bn cn nm c cc vn ct
yu sau:
Hiu c cc vn c bn v ngun lc.
Vn v iu ha ngun lc.
Bit cch phn b ngun lc trong iu kin hn ch.
Ti u ho ngun lc v s nh i gia thi gian v chi ph d

n.
NI DUNG CHNH
MT S VN C BN V NGUN LC
Chng 5 mi ch dng li vic xc nh s mng v xc

nh ng gng. Vic cn lm tip theo l phi ln cc biu nhu
cu ngun lc. Trong khi phn b ngun lc, bn ch l khng phi
lc no ngun lc cng tha mn. Trong thc t c nhng lc yu cu
108

ngun lc vt qu kh nng cung cp ngun lc, mt khc li c

nhiu khi yu cu thp hn kh nng cung cp ngun lc rt nhiu,
tc l c s phn b khng u theo thi gian. S thiu ht hoc d
tha ngun lc u dn n vic chi ph gia tng hoc thi gian thc
hin d n b ko di. Vn t ra l phi nghin cu cch qun l,
iu phi ngun lc c th cn i gia kh nng cung cp v nhu
cu i hi. lm c iu ny, trc tin bn cn hiu cc c
im c bn ca ngun lc.
6.1.1 Cc loi ngun lc

Cc ngun lc thc hin
mt d n l nhng kh
nng hin c v nhn lc,
my mc thit b, nguyn
vt liu, nng lng, ti
chnh....
Thi gian thc hin d n l hn

ch.
Ngun lc thc hin d n cng
hn ch.
C th nh i gia thi gian v
ngun lc
C th phn loi ngun lc s dng cho d n theo mt s cch

nh:
Cch phn loi 1: theo nguyn l k ton, phn bit gia
cc chi ph nhn cng (ngun nhn lc), cc chi ph nguyn vt liu,
v cc chi ph khc, nh li vay. Cch phn loi ny c ch cho vic
lp ngn sch v cng tc k ton. Tuy nhin, c hn ch l khng xt
n kha cnh chnh ca vic qun tr ngun lc l s c sn ca
ngun lc.
Cch phn loi 2: da trn s sn c ca ngun lc, mt s
ngun lc c sn cng mt mc trong mi thi im ca thi k, v
d lc lng lao ng c nh. Ngi ta thng chia cc ngun lc
ny theo c tnh c thay i khi lng hay khng khi c s dng.
109

Ngun lc c th phc hi: l cc ngun lc khng thay i

khi lng ca n trong qu trnh s dng. V d nh lc lng lao
ng, sn xut. Ngun lc ny c sn cng mt mc trong qu trnh
d n.
Ngun lc tiu hao dn: l cc ngun lc thay i khi lng
ca n trong qu trnh s dng. Khi lng ca cc ngun lc loi ny
bin i t l thun vi khi lng cng vic hon thnh do bin
thnh sn phm. in hnh ca loi ngun lc ny l nguyn vt liu,
cu kin, bn thnh phm, tin vn...
Cch phn loi 3: cng da trn s sn c ca ngun
lc. Ngi ta phn theo c tnh c b rng buc hay khng ca ngun
lc trong qu trnh s dng.
Ngun lc khng b rng buc: c sn vi s lng khng hn
ch tng ng vi cc mc chi ph khc nhau, v d lao ng ph
thng v thit b thng thng.
Ngun lc b rng buc: cc ngun lc rt t tin, kh huy
ng c trong phm vi thi hn thc hin d n. V d cc trang
thit b c bit, cc phng th nghim ch hot ng 4 gi trong ngy,
cc chuyn gia k thut c kinh nghim hot ng trong nhiu d n,
cc vt t him phi t hng trc mt thi gian di.
Cch phn loi th 4: cn c theo tnh cht c th thay th
hay khng ca ngun lc. Mt ngun lc A c th c thay th bng
ngun lc B, nhng cha chc ngun lc B li c th thay th c
ngun lc A. V d th xy c th thay th cho th n, nhng th n
cha chc xy c.
Cch phn loi 5: cn c theo kh nng c th d tr ca
ngun lc, ngi ta phn ra thnh:
Ngun lc c kh nng d tr: nhng ngun lc nu khng
dng c th gi li dng vo thi im khc nh tin, vt t...
110

Ngun lc khng c kh nng d tr: loi ngun lc nu khng

dng th coi nh l mt, khng gi li c. Loi ny ch yu l cc
ngun lc v hnh nh cng th, ca my. Nu thu th, thu my
m khng dng th vn phi tr tin. Thi gian cng l mt loi ngun
lc khng th thu hi.
Vic phn loi ngun lc ng vai tr quan trng trong cng tc
qun tr. Chng hn ngun lc thc hin d n c th c phn thnh
3 cp khc nhau. Cc ngun lc cp 1 l cc ngun lc c sn vi
khi lng khng hn ch, do vy khng cn thit phi gim st mt
cch lin tc, tuy nhin cng tc qun tr vn l cn thit s dng
chng c hiu qu hn, ng gp vo hiu qu chung ca d n. Cc
ngun lc cp 2 c mc u tin cao hn, do vy cn c gim st
cht ch hn v nu thiu ht c th gy nh hng ng k n tin
v chi ph d n. Cc ngun lc cp 3 l cc ngun lc qu, him,
rt cn phi tp trung s quan tm ca nh qun tr. Nhn chung cc
ngun lc tiu hao dn v ngun lc b hn ch cn c xem xt,
quan tm c bit.
Trong qu trnh thc hin d n ta phi tin hnh nhiu loi cng
vic. Mi cng vic s dng mt vi loi ngun lc khc nhau. Mt
khc vic s dng cc ngun lc li an xen vo nhau trong sut c
qu trnh. Vai tr, khi lng s dng ca mi loi cng khc nhau
lm cho vic phn b ngun lc cng tr nn phc tp. S loi ngun
lc cng nhiu th vn cng phc tp, i khi phc tp n mc
khng gii quyt ni. Thc t, ngi ta tm cch n gin ho vic
ny, bng cch chn ra loi ngun lc c ngha nht v gii quyt
vn vi ngun lc ch o .
Vng i d n nh hng n cc yu cu v ngun lc ca n.
Trong giai on u ch yu l cc cng vic thit k, chun b, lp k
hoch nn nhu cu v k s k thut, chuyn gia ti chnh, cc nh
111

hoch nh v lp k hoch l cao. Trong giai on tip theo, thc

hin xy dng, ch to, sn xut l ch yu, nn cc nhu cu v vt t,
thit b tng ln. Hnh 6.1 th hin nhu cu cc ngun lc theo cc giai
on thc hin d n.
125
Pht
trin
nng
cao
Thit
k chi
tit
Lao ng ph thng
100
Ch
to
Kt
thc
Vt liu
K s
500
400
75
300
50
200
Cc yu cu vt liu ($100)
Cc yu cu nhn lc (gi cng)
Thit
k s
b
25
100
Hnh 6.1: Cc biu yu cu ngun lc in hnh
6.1.2 Cc bi ton v phn b ngun lc

Trong qu trnh phn b v qun tr ngun lc, mc tiu t ra l
s dng ngun lc sao cho c li nht. Vn ny rt phc tp v a
dng. Thi gian v ngun lc vt cht u l cc yu t hn ch, mt
khc li chu s rng buc vi nhau. Nhiu trng hp mun rt ngn
thi gian thc hin mt s cng vic th cn tng thm chi ph v
ngc li mun gim bt chi ph cho cng vic phi ko di thi gian
thc hin. Xem xt mi quan h gia ngun lc v thi gian, ta thy
c nhng vn sau:
Thi gian hn ch: thi gian thc hin d n l gii hn, d n
cn phi c hon thnh trong khong thi gian nht nh vi mc
s dng ngun lc cng t cng tt. y, thi gian chnh l tiu
112

ch quan trng, vic phn b ngun lc da trn nguyn tc thi gian

hn ch ny.
Ngun lc hn ch: ngun lc thc hin d n l gii hn, d n
cn phi c hon thnh cng nhanh cng tt nhng vi iu kin l
khng vt qu kh nng p ng ngun lc. Lc ny, ngun lc gii
hn cho d n chnh l tiu ch quan trng.
Hai c im trn gii thch l do v sao ta phi cn bng gia
thi gian v ngun lc. Trn thc t c th xy ra cc trng hp c
th nh sau:
iu ha ngun lc: nhu cu ngun lc ti mi thi im nm
trong phm vi cho php nhng mc s dng khng hi ha cn
phi c iu chnh, cn i.
y nhanh tin : chiu di ng gng vt qu thi hn cho
php, cn phi rt ngn li sao cho chi ph tng mc t nht.
Phn b ngun lc trong iu kin hn ch: trng hp nhu cu
ngun lc vt qu kh nng cung cp, cn phi iu chnh (c cho
php ko di ng gng).
Ti u ho quan h thi gian chi ph.
6.2 IU HA NGUN LC
6.2.1 Khi nim iu ho ngun lc
iu ha ngun lc ngha l tm cch phn b ngun lc thc

hin d n mt cch u n v n nh theo thi gian, nhu cu
ngun lc khng b thiu ht hoc d tha so vi kh nng sn c ca
t chc thc hin d n.
113

Cng s dng mt ngun lc r no ca cng vic i-j c

k hiu l ri,j. Thi gian thc hin cng vic i-j l tij. Vy tng s
ngun lc m d n tiu th ht l:
R = rij t ij
i
Thi gian thc hin ton b d n l T. Cng s dng ngun

lc trung bnh l:
Rtb =
R 1
= rij t ij
T T i j
Cng s dng ngun lc cao nht trong ton b cc cng

vic d n l Rmax. H s iu ho ngun lc:
K1 =
Rtb
Rmax
H s ny cng gn 1 th vic s dng

ngun lc cng c coi l iu ho.
6.2.2 Bi ton iu ha biu cht ti ngun lc

Do nhu cu ngun lc thc hin d n l khng u theo thi
gian, biu cht ti ngun lc c on nh cao qu v c on trng
su qu so vi mc trung bnh. iu ny dn n lng ph ngun lc.
Bi ton iu ha ngun lc nhm b tr, sp xp li lm cho ngun
lc cn thc hin d n s t bin ng hn. H s Ki tin gn ti 1,
ni cch khc ngun lc cn huy ng nm xung quanh mc trung
bnh. Hnh 6.2 th hin biu cht ti ngun lc ca d n cho trong
v d chng 5.
Trn hnh ny bn thy ngun lc i hi thc hin d n bin
ng kh ln so vi mc trung bnh. Vy phi iu ho ngun lc nh
th no?
Trc tin trn biu cht ti ngun lc bn phi tm nhng
khong c ngun lc tng hoc gim t ngt.
Tm cc cng vic nm trong khong thi gian c ngun lc
tng gim t ngt , lm gim hoc tng ngun lc cho cc cng
114

vic sao cho t c biu ngun lc cng bng phng cng tt.
lm c vic , bn c th chuyn dch cc cng vic (thay i
thi im bt u) hoc gim ngun lc cn thit (ko di thi gian
thc hin vi iu kin khng vt qu thi gian d tr).
V d trong biu ngun lc hnh 6.2, ngy 1 v 2 cn 19 ngi; nhng ngy 3 v 4 ch cn 13 ngi; ngy 5, 6, 7 li cn ti 22
ngi Trong khong thi gian ny c cc cng vic 1-4; 4-5; 5-6; 67 l gng, khng th thay i, cn li cc cng vic khc khng gng
c th thay i thi im bt u trong phm vi thi gian d tr. Nh
cng vic 1-2; 1-3; 2-5; 3-5; 4-7 c d tr thi gian nn c th y li
li sau. Qu trnh c th ko di n khi biu nhn lc gn bng
phng l c. Nh vy, vi vic chuyn dch cc cng vic trong
phm vi thi gian d tr bn c th thu c biu cht ti ngun
lc iu ho hn (hnh 6.3).
2
4
4
3
2
0
4
20
5
3
1
0
10
16 16
4
0
20
5
4
13
1
12
4
4
24
3
4
24
6
4 !4! 7
4
3 !6! 5
2
!5!
1 !5! 4
1 !6! 3
1 !8!
2
5
!7!
!8!
!10!
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
22
19
2
4-7
0 1-3 13 3-5
12
10
1-2
8
7
2-5
1
115 5-6
1-4
6-7
5
4-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hnh 6.2: Biu cht ti ngun lc
13
12
20
11
10
1-3 3-5
15
1-2
2-5 4-7
8
10
4-5
5-6
6-7
1-4
5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Hnh 6.3: Biu cht ti ngun lc sau khi iu ha
6.3 PHNG PHP NG GNG RT NGN TIN

D N
Trong trng hp thi gian thc hin d n hn ch, cn tin

hnh phn b iu chuyn ngun lc m bo thi gian ny. Lc
ny, chiu di ng gng vt qu thi hn cho php, bn phi iu
chnh rt ngn li. Vic rt ngn ng gng c thc hin theo mt
trong cc cch sau:
Tng ngun lc cho cc cng vic gng trong iu kin cho
php.
Tng ca lm vic cho mt s cng vic gng vi iu kin m
bo cng nhn lm vic bnh thng.
iu ngun lc t cng vic c d tr thi gian sang cho cc
cng vic gng vi iu kin l cc cng vic ny c cng tnh cht k
116

thut v sau khi iu chnh cc cng vic khng gng khng vt qu

thi gian d tr.
T chc thc hin song song cho mt s cng vic gng.
Thay i bin php, cng ngh thc hin cng vic nhm rt
ngn thi gian.
6
!12! 7
5 !12! 6
4 !4! 7
3 !6! 5
2
!5!
1 !7! 4
1 !6! 3
1
!8!
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 222 23 24
2
8 2
3-5
7
2
2
41
18
2 1-4 5 4-7
0
1-3
1
0
3-5
1-2
4-5
2-5
13
12
45 5-6
6-7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
Hnh 6.4: Biu cht ti ngun lc sau khi rt ngn tin d

n theo yu cu
V d: cho v d trn, nhng yu cu d n phi hon tt trong vng 16

ngy ch khng c ko di ht 24 ngy. Lc ny, bn phi tp trung
vo cc cng vic gng 1-4-5-6-7 v gim i 8 ngy. gim c 1
ngy, cng vic 1-4 v 6-7 mi cng vic cn thm 2 nhn cng; cng
117

vic 5-6 gim 2 ngy vi nhu cu nhn lc tng thm 4 ngi; cng
vic 4-5 gim 4 ngy v nhu cu nhn lc cn tng 6 ngi. R rng,
vic gim thi gian v tng ngun lc l khng cng mt t l tng
xng. Trong v d ny, tin c rt ngn xung 16 ngy, v
ngun lc i hi tng ln, thi im cao nht cn 28 ngi.
6.4
PHN B NGUN LC HN CH
i khi v iu kin ngun lc c hn m thi hn nh khng

th bo m v b ko di. Vn ny thng ny sinh trong thc t.
V d khng tin trin khai nn rt nhiu d n phi ch i gy
lng ph, tht thot. Nhiu cng trnh xy dng khng gi kp vn
hoc ch tc trong khu gii phng mt bng nn thi im khi cng
phi hon li nhiu nm...
Phn b ngun lc c hn cn phi tun th cc quy tc v phng php phn phi.
Mt khc, nhiu trng hp trong thc t, sau khi thc hin tt c
cc bin php x dch, ko di cng vic m vn khng m bo c
iu kin v gii hn ngun lc th lc ny buc phi cn nhc u tin
mt trong hai mc tiu: m bo thi gian th phi vt qu gii hn
v ngun lc, cn m bo v gii hn ngun lc th thi hn thc
hin d n buc phi y li v sau.
6.4.1 Quy tc phn phi ngun lc c hn
Khi ngun lc c hn, bn phi phn phi chng theo mt s quy

tc u tin nh sau:
u tin cc cng vic gng v cc cng vic ny quyt nh thi
hn thc hin d n
118

u tin cc cng vic c d tr thi gian nh nht (nu trong

cc cng vic ang xt khng c cng vic gng).
u tin cc cng vic c thi gian thc hin nh nht ( c th
nhanh chng thot ra khi tnh trng kh khn).
u tin cc cng vic c thi im khi cng hay hon thnh
sm nht.
u tin cc cng vic i hi phi hon thnh trc.
u tin cc cng vic theo mun ch quan hoc ngha
chnh tr ca con ngi.
6.4.2 Phng php phn b ngun lc c hn
Vic phn b ngun lc s c tin hnh t thi im bt u

n thi im kt thc d n, tin hnh sp xp dn trong sut thi
gian thc hin d n.
Ti tng thi im c mt s cng vic kt thc, mt s cng
vic tip tc, mt s cng vic bt u v mt s cng vic b y li
t thi im trc . Bn cn lp bng danh sch cc cng vic v
xp th t theo quy tc u tin no . Sau phn phi ngun lc
cho cc cng vic theo th t u tin lp n ht gii hn cho php.
Nhng cng vic cn li v khng ngun lc s b y li n
thi im sau. Ti thi im tip theo, cc cng vic b y li li
c a vo bng sp xp li theo quy tc u tin chn. C th
qu trnh sp xp, phn phi, y li (nu khng ngun lc) c
lp li cho n ht.
119

6.5
MI QUAN H GIA THI GIAN V CHI PH
Chi ph v thi gian c mi quan h vi nhau. Chi ph trong d

n bao gm chi ph trc tip v chi ph gin tip. Chi ph trc tip l
cc chi ph lao ng, nguyn vt liu lin quan trc tip n hot
ng ca d n. Cng tng nhng khon chi ph ny th thi hn hon
thnh d n c th c rt ngn. Cc khon chi ph gin tip nh chi
ph qun l chung th c th gim bt nu rt ngn c thi hn hon
thnh d n.
Da vo mi quan h v kh nng nh i gia thi gian v
ngun lc vt cht, ngi ta a ra hai m hnh sau:
M hnh y nhanh tin .
M hnh chi ph cc tiu.
6.5.1 M hnh y nhanh tin
M hnh ny nhm phn b ngun lc thc hin d n trong iu

kin thi gian hn ch. Khi chiu di ng gng vt qu thi hn
cho php, bn phi iu chnh rt ngn chiu di ng gng. Vic
iu chnh ny cn c tin hnh sao cho chi ph tng ln l t nht.
Vic rt ngn ng gng thc hin theo nguyn tc:
Tp trung vo cc cng vic gng, huy ng thm ngun lc
rt ngn thi gian thc hin cc cng vic gng.
Khi rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n, nn chn cch c chi
ph thp nht.
Trong qu trnh lp d n, bn xy dng hai phng n bnh
thng v y nhanh. Phng n bnh thng d tnh mc chi ph cho
cc cng vic d n mc bnh thng v thi gian thc hin d n
120

tng i di. Phng n y nhanh c thi gian thc hin d n ngn

hn v do cn chi ph nhiu hn. Trn c s hai phng n ny bn
s a ra cc phng n iu chnh m c chi ph thp hn phng n
y nhanh v thi gian c th rt ngn hn phng n bnh thng.
Cc cng vic d n c th c y nhanh nu b sung thm chi ph
trc tip, tuy nhin, y nhanh tin d n li lm gim nhng
khon chi ph gin tip. Nu chi ph gin tip tit kim c vt hn
so vi chi ph trc tip th y nhanh tin d n l nn lm.
6.5.2 M hnh chi ph cc tiu
M hnh ny nhm phn b ngun lc thc hin d n trong iu

kin hn ch. Khi nhu cu ngun lc i hi thc hin d n vt
qu kh nng huy ng c th, t ra vn phi phn b ngun lc
theo hng gim nh hn, v do vy c th s ko di thi gian thc
hin d n.
Theo m hnh ny, t phng n bnh thng c thi hn hon
thnh di nhng chi ph thp, c th rt ngn thi hn thc hin cc
cng vic gng bng cch b sung chi ph. Do , thi gian thc hin
gim nhng tng chi ph li tng.
Do c s ph thuc (gi thit l tuyn tnh) gia vic gim gi
thnh (chi ph bin ca mi cng vic) vi vic ko di thi gian thc
hin tng cng vic v ng gng. Nn gim chi ph trc tip ca
phng n y nhanh, bn c th tc ng n thi gian d tr ca
cng vic khng gng, v vic chm tr thc hin cc cng vic ny
khng lm nh hng n ton b thi gian hon thnh d n
TM TT
121

Chng ny cp n vic phn b ngun lc thc hin d n.

Ngun lc s dng cho d n thng thng khng u nhau theo thi
gian, c nhng giai on i hi s dng ngun lc vt qu kh nng
cung cp, c nhng giai on d tha ngun lc. C hai iu ny u
dn ti lng ph, do vy t ra vn cn iu ha, cn bng ngun
lc.
C th hon i mt s loi ngun lc cho nhau. Thi gian thc
hin d n cng l mt ngun lc c bit, nhn chung c th rt ngn
thi gian thc hin bng cch tng thm ngun lc, tuy nhin khng
phi mi trng hp u lm c nh vy. Ngun lc thc hin d
n l hn ch, v nhiu khi vt qu kh nng p ng. Trong trng
hp ngun lc i hi khng vt qu kh nng p ng, th cng cn
ti thiu ha ngun lc s dng. Do vy vic phn b ngun lc trong
iu kin thi gian hn ch, hoc trong iu kin ngun lc qu t i
ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng, gip tit kim chi ph d n,
gip qun tr d n hiu qu v t thnh cng.
CU HI N TP
1. Cc ngun lc thc hin d n l g? Cc loi ngun lc v c
im ca chng?
2. Hiu th no l iu ho ngun lc? Ti sao cn phi cn i cc
ngun lc?
3. Khi ngun lc s dng cho d n b hn ch, bn phi lm th no?
HNG DN TR LI
122

1. Cc ngun lc thc hin d n bao gm nhn lc (lao ng ph

thng, nhn vin d n, nh qun tr), vt lc (nguyn vt liu, my
mc, trang thit b) v ti lc (tin vn). Cc ngun lc ny l c gii
hn. Cc ngun lc ny c c im l c th phc hi c (lao
ng) hoc tiu hao dn m khng th phc hi c (vt t); c th
khng b rng buc (thit b thng thng) hoc b rng buc (chuyn
gia cao cp, vt t qu him); c th thay th cho nhau (mt s my
mc thay th cho lao ng ph thng) hoc khng th thay th c;
c kh nng d tr (tin vn) hoc khng c kh nng d tr (cng
th thu, thi gian).
2. iu ho ngun lc l c gng phn b ngun lc mc chnh lch
cng t cng tt gia cc thi k thc hin d n, sao cho ngun lc s
dng trong thc t so vi ngun lc c sn l t khc bit nht, vic
thiu hoc d tha ngun lc cng t cng tt. Vic ny khng phi
lc no cng lm c. Mun iu ho c ngun lc, bn phi iu
chuyn v cn i ngun lc gia mt s cng vic vi nhau. Cn i
ngun lc nhm m bo ph hp vi tnh hnh ngun lc c sn
trong thc t. Hn th na, n cn m bo chi ph thc hin d n l
t nht, hoc b pht sinh t nht.
3. Khi ngun lc s dng cho d n l hn ch, u tin bn c gng
iu chuyn, sp xp v cn i ngun lc gia cc cng vic, sao
cho vi ngun lc t i nht c th thc hin c khi lng cng
vic mt cch c hiu qu nht. Sau , khi khng th iu chuyn
hoc cn i ngun lc hn c na, bn cn la chn gia yu t
thi gian hn ch hay ngun lc hn ch. Nu thi gian thc hin
d n l hn ch, bn phi a ra phng n c thi gian thc hin
thp nht, m chi ph th tng t nht. Cn nu nh ngun lc y
th hin c th l chi ph l hn ch, th bn phi tm ra phng n
123

ti u c chi ph thp nht, m thi gian khng tng qu nhiu. Ni

tm li bn phi nh i gia hai yu t: thi gian v chi ph.
124

CHNG 7
KIM SOT D N
Kim sot ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh qun tr d n.
Vn tip theo sau khi lp k hoch l kim sot d n. Kim sot l
tt yu trong qu trnh qun tr d n, nhm gip cho vic thc hin
theo k hoch vch ra, hoc iu chnh vic thc hin khi c mt s
sai lch trong thc t. Chng ny s nghin cu cc vn v kim
sot d n.
MC TIU
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, bn s nm c 2 vn c bn l:
Qu trnh kim sot d n.
Ni dung kim sot d n.
NI DUNG CHNH
7.1 VN C BN V KIM SOT D N
7.2
7.1.1 Khi nim kim sot d n
Kim sot d n l qu
trnh o lng, nh gi,
iu chnh vic thc hin
nhm m bo cho cc
mc tiu, k hoch ca d
n c hon thnh c
hiu qu.
Kim sot c thc hin khng

phi ch nhm pht hin cc sai st,
ch tc trong hot ng ca d n
c gii php x l kp thi, m cn
nhm tm kim cc c hi c th
thc y d n nhanh chng t ti
mc tiu.
125

7.1.2 H thng kim sot d n
H thng kim sot d n l mt phn ca h thng qun tr d

n. H thng kim sot d n c th hin chi tit nh trong hnh
7.2.
Cc tiu
chun
Kt qu
mong
mun
Khng cn
iu chnh
So snh
Kt
qu
thc t
Thc
hin
iu
chnh
o lng
kt qu
thc t
Xy dng
k hoch
iu chnh
Phn tch
nguyn
nhn sai
lch
Xc
nh
sai
lch
Hnh 7.2. H thng kim sot d n
7.1.3 Qu trnh kim sot d n
Qu trnh kim sot d n l mt qu trnh thng nht. bao gm 3

giai on. Theo hnh 7.3 qu trnh kim sot c th m t nh sau:
Theo di: thu thp v ghi chp cc d liu thc t, so snh qu
trnh thc hin thc t vi cc ch tiu k hoch.
Phn tch: nh gi tnh trng ca cc cng vic v so snh cc
kt qu t c vi k hoch; xc nh cc nguyn nhn v hng
tc ng.
126

iu chnh: ln k hoch v thc hin cc hot ng, cng vic

ph hp vi k hoch, nhm ti thiu ho cc sai lch tiu cc v ti
a ha li ch t cc sai lch tch cc.
Lp k hoch
tng quan
- Cc k hoch
thc hin
- Cc ngun lc
- Cc cng ngh
Cc
hot ng
iu chnh
Qu trnh
thc hin
d n
Theo di, o
lng
- Cc kt qu
- Cc ch tiu
thc t
Cc thay
i, cc
ri ro, cc
vn
pht sinh
Thu thp
thng tin,
bo co v
tnh hnh
thc hin
Phn tch
thc trng
Hnh 7.3: S qu trnh kim sot d n
7.1.4 Ni dung kim sot d n
V cc ni dung c th, kim sot d n bao gm kim sot c

bn v kim sot h tr (hnh 7.4).
127

Cc ni
dung kim
sot chung
Cc
bo co
tin trnh
Kim sot
chung i vi
cc thay i
Kim sot thay

i ni dung
Cc ni
dung kim
sot h tr
Kim
sot
tin
Kim
sot
chi ph
Kim sot
cht lng
Kim
sot
ri ro
Hnh 7.4. Cc ni dung kim sot d n
Kim sot chung nhng thay i: nh v cc thay i trong

ton b d n.
Cc bo co tin trnh: thu thp v x l thng tin bo co
tin trnh thc hin d n, gm cc bo co v cng vic thc hin,
vic thc hin cc ch tiu k hoch, d bo c tnh n cc kt qu
hin c.
Kim sot thay i ni dung: gim st nhng thay i v quy
m, phm vi d n v ni dung cc cng vic d n.
Kim sot tin : kim sot nhng thay i trong thi gian
thc hin cc cng vic, gi cng vic ca d n.
Kim sot chi ph: gim st chi ph cho cc cng vic d n v
cc thay i ngn sch d n.
Kim sot cht lng: theo di cc kt qu c th ca d n
xc nh xem c ph hp vi cc tiu chun t ra hay khng v a
128

ra cc bin php cn thit ngn nga, gim thiu cc vn khng

m bo cht lng.
Kim sot ri ro: phn ng i vi s thay i cp ri ro
trong tin trnh thc hin d n.
7.2
QU TRNH KIM SOT D N
7.2.1 Theo di cc cng vic d n

Theo di l qu trnh xem xt,
thu thp thng tin, thng k,
phn tch v lp bo co v
tin trnh thc hin d n trn
thc t so snh vi k hoch.
y l bc u tin trong qu
trnh gim st d n. Trc tin
l thu thp v x l d liu v
tnh hnh cng vic thc t.
Lnh o d n phi lin tc theo di tin trnh thc hin, xc nh

mc hon thnh ca cc cng vic, xut pht t tnh trng hin ti
a ra nh gi cc thng s thc hin cc cng vic tng lai.
C mt s phng php theo di tin d n nh sau:
a. Phng php theo di n gin
Phng php ny cn gi l phng php 0-100 v n ch theo

di thi im hon thnh cc cng vic. i vi phng php ny ch
c 2 mc hon thnh cng vic l 0% v 100%. Ni cch khc,
mt cng vic ch c coi l hon thnh khi t c cc kt qu
cn thit.
Phng php ny thng c s dng cho nhng cng vic c
thi gian thc hin ngn (mt hoc hai thng), gi tr thp v kh nh
129

gi. Vic nh gi cng vic hon thnh hay cha c th d dng

o m bng mt v khng cn n cc cch tnh ton khc.
b. Phng php theo di chi tit
Phng php chi tit nh gi mt cch chnh xc hn qu trnh

thc hin cng vic, v d mc hon thnh cng vic c th t
50% , hay 70%.
Phng php ny phc tp, i hi nh qun tr d n phi nh
gi t l % hon thnh ca cc cng vic ang nm trong qu trnh
thc hin. lm c iu ny, cc t chc c d n cn phi xy
dng cho mnh nhng thc o ni b nh gi cc mc hon
thnh cng vic.
C mt s phng php theo di chi tit sau:
Phng php 50-50: ngay sau khi cng vic c bt u, khng
cn xc nh khi lng, bn gn ngay cho n gi tr 50%. K t thi
im , khng tnh thm kinh ph cho bt c phn vic thc hin
thm no cho ti khi ton b cng vic kt thc khi s tnh ht
50% gi tr cn li.
Phng php mc thi gian: c s dng cho cc cng vic c
thi gian thc hin di. Cng vic c chia thnh cc khong thi
gian nht nh, mi mc thi gian gn vi mt mc hon thnh
cng vic. Nh vy c th c lng mc hon thnh cc mc
20%, 40%, 70%... ch khng ch mc 50% hay 100% nh phng
php trn.
7.2.2 o lng v phn tch kt qu
a. Vn o lng tin thc hin d n

130

o lng tin d n l vic

xem xt v ghi nhn kt qu thc
hin cc cng vic d n theo cc
lch trnh nh sn v cc mt
thi gian, cht lng, chi ph.
o lng tin
d n, bn c th s
dng cc thc o
khc nhau tu thuc
c th ca cng vic
ang thc hin.
Cn phn bit hai loi cng vic sau:

Cc cng vic c th o lng c l cc cng vic c th xc
nh mc hon thnh cc mc khc nhau tng ng vi cc kt
qu vt cht c th, ph hp vi biu thc hin cng vic.
Cc cng vic khng th o lng l cc cng vic khng th
phn chia thnh cc mc hon thnh hoc mc thi gian. V d nh
cc tr gip tinh thn ca cp trn, cc vn ng hnh lang.
b. Lp bo co tin thc hin d n

Lp bo co tin thc
hin d n l vic thu thp
v trnh by bng vn bn
cc d liu thc t v tnh
hnh thc hin d n.
Bo co cn c cp
nht thng xuyn. Bo
co c thc hin bi
nhng nh qun tr cp
di bo co cho cp
qun tr cao hn.
Nh qun tr d n cn a ra cc quy nh v vic lp bo co

tin d n ngay t ban u. Cc quy nh ny bao gm vic xc
nh d liu cn thu thp, chu k cp nht bo co, ngi/b phn
thc hin, i tng nhn bo co, hnh thc bo co. Cc bo co ny
cn p ng yu cu ca nh ti tr, cc bn lin quan cng nh cho
chnh t chc thc hin d n. Thng tin cn thit cho bo co tin
thay i tu theo bn cht ca d n, hnh thc v mc chi tit ca
bo co tu theo cp qun l nhn bo co. Ngha l cc bo co gi
131

gim c d n phi chi tit hn so vi cc bo co gi ln cp trn v

cho nh ti tr. kim sot tt d n, gim c cn c nhng thng
tin chi tit c th xc nh ngay c vn v tm cch gii
quyt.
c. Phn tch kt qu
Phn tch kt qu l qu trnh so
snh cc kt qu thu c vi k
hoch nhm pht hin cc sai
lch, phn tch xu hng cc sai
lch, c cc phn ng kp thi
nhm ngn nga v gim thiu
tc hi ca chng.
Ni dung: phn tch

v tin thi gian,
chi ph, cht lng v
cc thay i trong
thit k lm cn c
a ra cc iu chnh
trong qu trnh gim
st d n.
7.2.3 iu chnh trong qu trnh thc hin d n
Sau khi xc nh c cc sai bit, nh qun tr d n cn phi

a ra cc gii php iu chnh tng ng, kp thi. Kp thi ngha l
cc hnh ng iu chnh ny cng sm cng tt. c bit, cc hot
ng nhm thit lp li s kim sot d n cn c ln k hoch k
cng. C th c 5 phng n hnh ng nhm iu chnh d n khi c
sai bit so vi k hoch. Cc phng n l:
a. Tm mt c hi gii quyt khc
Trc tin cn phi xem xt cc kh nng lin quan n vic

nng cao hiu qu cng vic nh cng ngh mi hoc cc quyt nh
mang tnh t chc. V d, thay i trnh t thc hin mt s cng vic
nht nh no .
132

b. Xem xt li chi ph
Phng php tip cn ny ng ngha vi vic tng khi lng

cng vic v iu phi thm cc ngun lc cho n. Quyt nh dng
ny c th gy thm cng thng cho cc ngun lc hin hnh hoc
phi thu ht thm ngun lc khc nh nhn lc, my mc, nguyn vt
liu... Quyt nh ny thng c a ra khi cn phi gim s chm
tr v mt thi gian ca d n.
d. Xem xt li thi hn
Phng php tip cn ny ng ngha vi vic thi hn hon

thnh cng vic s b y li. Lnh o d n c th a ra quyt nh
dng ny trong trng hp c nhng hn ch kht khe v chi ph.
e. Xem xt li quy m/ni dung cc cng vic d n
Quyt nh dng ny c ngha l quy m d n c th thay i

theo hng thu nh v ch mt phn trong cc kt qu hoch nh
s c hon thnh. Cn phi ni thm rng vn ny khng lin
quan n cht lng ca cc cng vic d n.
133

f. Dng d n
y l quyt nh nng n v kh khn nht nhng n c th c a ra nu cc chi ph cho d n theo d bo vt qu cc thu nhp
mong i. Quyt nh dng d n ngoi cc kha cnh kinh t thun
tu cn cn phi vt qua cc ro cn tm l lin quan ti quyn li
ca cc thnh vin khc nhau ca d n.
7.3
NI DUNG KIM SOT D N
7.3.1 Kim sot tin thi gian
kim sot tin thi gian, bn cn cp nht cc thng tin

thc t lp nhng biu th hin tin d n. Qua , bn c
th nh gi c tnh hnh thc hin cng vic, gm thi im khi
cng, thi im hon thnh, thi gian thc hin, thi gian cn li
t tnh ton li thi gian thc hin cc cng vic. Thi gian tnh
ton li ny c th ngn hn hoc di hn so vi thi gian theo k
hoch ban u. iu ny lm xo trn k hoch, c th dn n s
thay i ngy thng ca cc cng vic cha bt u. Cui cng, n c
th dn n mt ngy hon thnh d n khc so vi k hoch ban u.
Ngay sau bo co th nht vi nhng s liu thc t, nh qun tr
d n c 2 biu tin thc hin cng vic. Biu th nht l
biu xut pht ban u. Biu th 2 l biu hin hnh c tnh
n nh hng ca cc d liu thc t cui cng mi c cp nht
(hnh 7.5).
i vi mi cng vic, ng nt m pha trn th hin hin
trng thc t cc cng vic, ng nt mnh pha di l th hin k
hoch d kin ban u. Cc cng vic hon thnh v nt lin; cc
134

cng vic cha hoc ang thc hin v nt t. Hai s trong ngoc l
sai lch (tun) ca thi im khi cng v thi im hon thnh. S
mang du m ngha l chm, du dng l nhanh hn so vi k hoch
ban u. Theo biu trn, tin lp ghp nh d kin chm so vi
k hoch ban u 1 tun.
T C Ni dung
T V
Thi gian
1
1 A Lm mng nh
2 B Vn chuyn cn
(0/-1)
(-1/-1)
trc
3 C Lp dng cn trc
(-1/0)
4 D Vn chuyn cu
(0/1)
kin
5 E Lp ghp khung
(-1/-1)
nh
Hnh 7.5. So snh biu xut pht v biu hin hnh ca tin
lp ghp nh
Kim sot tin l dng thc n gin nht ca kim sot d

n. Cc d liu v s tin trin thc t c thu thp nh k (hng
tun, hng thng...) hoc lin tc (ngay khi mt hot ng hon thnh
hoc mt mc thi gian t c) v c s dng lm u vo cho
h thng kim sot. Bng vic so snh k hoch ban u vi k hoch
cp nht hin thi, nh qun tr s pht hin ra cc sai bit. y l c
s xut cc hnh ng khc phc, v d nh b tr li ngun lc
nhm y nhanh tin cc cng vic b chm.
135

7.3.2 Kim sot chi ph
a. Kim sot chi ph tch lu
Kim sot chi ph mc n gin nht l so snh chi ph thc t

ca cc hot ng d n vi ngn sch k hoch. Khi pht hin cc chi
ph vt qu, bn cn phn tch xu hng v nu chi ph vt qu
c kh nng vt ra ngoi tm kim sot th s bt u cc bin php
khc phc.
Vn t ra y l: nh th no l kh nng vt ra ngoi tm
kim sot. xc nh iu ny, bn cn t ra cc gii hn kim sot
i vi cc thng s quan trng. Do c im ca d n l mang tnh
duy nht, bn nn p dng cc gii hn kim sot da trn trc gic v
phn tch ri ro ch khng phi l da trn cc d liu v kinh nghim
thng k trong qu kh nh trong kim sot cc qu trnh khc.
Hnh 7.6 v ng chi ph thc t, ngn sch tch lu v cc gii
hn trn di bng 10% so vi ngn sch. Nh ta thy, gii hn trn
l cn thit ngn nga cc khon vt ngn sch. Nhng gii hn
di cng l cn thit v n c th bo hiu mt s chm tin trong
vic thc hin d n.
136

180
160
Chi ph (triu ng)
140
120
Chi ph tch ly
100
Ngn sch tch ly
80
Gii hn kim sot di
60
Gii hn kim sot trn
40
20
0
1
tun
Thi gian (tun)
Hnh 7.6. ng chi ph thc t, ngn sch tch lu

v cc gii hn kim sot
b. Kim sot chi ph theo thi k

45
Chi ph (triu ng)
40
35
30
Chi ph
25
Gii hn trn
20
Gii hn di
15
10
5
0
1
Hnh Thi
7.7.gian
Chi(tun)
ph theo tun
Hnh 7.7 l ngn sch hng tun c v cho hot ng d n

trn. Cc bo co tng t c th c lp v phn tch cho mt s
hot ng hoc cho ton b d n.
7.3.3 Kim sot cht lng v cc thay i thit k
Kim sot cht lng c nhim v pht hin bt c sai bit no so

vi cc ch tiu k thut v cc tiu chun t ra trong trong vng i
137

d n, t a ra cch gii quyt thch hp. y bn cn quan tm

ti hai kha cnh, l cht lng v cc thay i thit k.
Kim sot cht lng ng b l cha kho quyt nh thnh cng
ca d n, l trng tm ca bt k b phn no trong t chc thc hin
d n. Kim sot cht lng c thc hin trong mi lin h cht ch
vi kim sot thit k.
Kim sot thit k l vic nhn din v kim sot cc c tnh v
chc nng thit k ca h thng (sn phm ca d n) v lp ti liu hng dn. l vic cung cp cc thng tin chnh xc v i tng
, ang v s c xy dng, ch to. Kim sot thit k h tr cho
nh qun tr d n trong vic nh gi v kim sot nhng thay i v
cng ngh, k thut c xut, m bo s ton vn ca bn thit
k v cc cng tc lp ti liu k thut, h tr sn xut, hot ng v
bo dng cho h thng/sn phm ca d n.
7.3.4 Tch hp kim sot thi gian, chi ph, cht lng v cc thay
i
Mt h thng kim sot c hiu qu phi tch hp c 3 kha cnh

ca kim sot l v thi gian, chi ph, cht lng v cc thay i trong
sut vng i ca d n.
Giao din ca kim sot thi gian v chi ph l khi nim khi lng hon thnh, chi ph k hoch s c so snh vi chi ph thc t,
t xc nh chnh lch chi ph.
Giao din gia kim sot thi gian/chi ph v cht lng m bo
rng ch c cc cng vic m bo cht lng mi c cng nhn
l khi lng hon thnh. y l cn c tnh chi ph thanh ton.
Giao din gia kim sot cht lng v kim sot cc thay i
m bo rng hot ng kim sot cht lng c da trn bn v
138

thit k mi nht. Bn v thit k mi nht bao gm thit k c s v

cc thay i c ph duyt.
Tch hp tt c cc kha cnh trn cho nh qun tr d n mt bc
tranh ton cnh v h thng/sn phm d n c ch r cc yu cu thay
i k thut c nh gi da trn nhng nh hng ca chng n
chi ph, tin thi gian v kt qu thc hin cui cng. Cc h thng
kim sot v thi gian, chi ph, cht lng v cu hnh ny li hot
ng trong sut vng i ca d n trong khun kh ma trn trch
nhim v c cu phn chia cng vic. Ti y, cc sai bit c pht
hin trong mi quan h tng hp mt cch kp thi. Da vo ma trn
trch nhim v c cu phn chia cng vic, c th truy ra nguyn nhn
gy sai st t b phn no. T , nh qun tr c th a ra cc bin
php thch hp, ng lc v c tnh n mi kha cnh ca vn ny
sinh.
TM TT
Lp k hoch tt, d tr ngn sch hp l, c b my nhn s
iu khin v qun tr d n tt cha , mt d n khng th t
c thnh cng nu qu trnh kim sot khng c ch trng. Kim
sot nhm m bo qu trnh thc hin trong thc t t gn c
nh k hoch d kin. Trong qu trnh kim sot, nh qun tr d n
phi thng xuyn theo di pht hin ra nhng sai lch, t c
phng n iu chnh v x l kp thi. c th xy dng c mt
h thng kim sot tt cho d n, cn phi tun theo cc nguyn tc c
th, trong thng tin phn hi l c bit quan trng. Kim sot d
n bao gm c kim sot chung v cc kim sot h tr trn cc lnh
vc nh kim sot thi gian, kim sot chi ph, kim sot cht lng,
139

kim sot thay i. Cc qu trnh kim sot ny cn kt hp v b tr

cho nhau.
Trn c s theo di gim st thng xuyn d n, vi cc thng
tin phn hi cp nht c, cn tin hnh lp bo co tin trnh d n.
Thng qua bo co tin trnh, cc nh qun tr cp cao c th nh gi
ng n thc trng d n. Vic phn tch cc kt qu t c c
thc hin theo cc tiu ch thi gian, chi ph, cht lng. T nh
qun tr c th a ra 5 phng hng quyt nh.
CU HI N TP
1. Kim sot l g? Mc tiu ca kim sot l g? Kim sot hng ti
ci g?
2. Qu trnh kim sot c tin hnh nh th no? Kim sot bao
gm cc ni dung g?
140

HNG DN TR LI
1. Kim sot d n l qu trnh o lng, nh gi, kim tra, iu
chnh trong qu trnh thc hin d n m bo t c cc mc
tiu t ra.
Mc tiu ca kim sot, l gip cc nh qun tr xem xt hiu qu
v thm nh tnh ng sai ca cc hot ng lp k hoch, chng
trnh, t chc v iu hnh.
Kim sot d n l hot ng tch cc ca nh qun tr m
bo rng d n c hon thnh ng thi hn, trong phm vi ngn
sch cho v p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng v quy cch
k thut. Kim sot m bo cho cc k hoch d n c thc hin
vi hiu qu cao.
Kim sot m bo thc thi quyn lc ca nh qun tr, bi thng
qua kim sot, cc nh qun tr c th kim sot c nhng yu t s
nh hng n s thnh cng ca d n.
Kim sot gip d n theo st v i ph vi s thay i, gip
cc nh qun tr nm c bc tranh ton cnh v mi trng v c
nhng phn ng thch hp trc cc vn v c hi thng qua vic
pht hin kp thi nhng thay i ang v s nh hng n d n.
Kim sot to tin cho qu trnh hon thin v i mi.
2. Qu trnh kim sot gm vic theo di d n; o lng v phn tch
kt qu; iu chnh trong qu trnh kim sot.
Theo di c th c tin hnh bng cch n gin nht theo
phng php 0-100 hoc mc chi tit hn nh phng php 5050 hay theo mc thi gian.
o lng tin thc hin d n, cn lp bo co v tin d
n, lm c s cho vic phn tch v mt thi gian, chi ph, v cht
lng cng nh s thay i trong thit k.
141

Khi phn tch thy tnh hnh thc t sai lch so vi k hoch, ta
cn tin hnh mt s iu chnh. Mc iu chnh nhiu hay t ty
vo sai bit l ln hay nh so vi d kin. mc sai lch t, bn
c th tm mt c hi gii quyt khc. Nu mc sai lch l ln hn,
bn c th xem xt gia tng thm chi ph, gia tng thm thi gian
cho cc cng vic cn li ca d n. Nu mc sai bit l ln hn na,
bn c th thay i quy m v mt s yu cu ca d n cho ph hp.
Khi sai lch l cc k ln v khng c bin php iu chnh, bn cn
quyt nh dng d n.
Kim sot bao gm nhiu ni dung, trong cc ni dung chnh
l: kim sot s thay i, kim sot thi gian chi ph cht lng,
v kim sot ri ro. Mt khc, bn cn bit cch tch hp cc ni dung
ny li xc lp mt h thng kim sot ton din.
142

CHNG 8
9 QUN TR RI RO
10 V HP NG D N
Do ri ro lun tim n trong cc d n, nn qun tr ri ro c coi
l mt ni dung quan trng trong qu trnh qun tr d n. Mt khc,
trong qu trnh qun tr d n, mi quan h ca cc bn lin quan n
d n u c iu tit qua hp ng. Chng ny s gii thiu cc
ni dung quan trng ny.
MC TIU
Sau khi hc xong chng ny bn cn nm c cc vn :
Cc vn v qun tr ri ro d n: cc loi ri ro tim n, ni
dung v qu trnh qun tr ri ro d n.
Cc vn v hp ng d n: k kt v thc hin hp ng d
n, thay i, hy b hoc chm dt hp ng, cc phng thc gii
quyt tranh chp hp ng d n.
143

NI DUNG CHNH
8.1 RI RO V QUN TR RI RO D N
8.1.1 Khi nim ri ro

Ri ro l nhng s kin bt ng hoc iu khng
chc chn xy ra ngoi d kin, c th mang li
nhng c hi, hoc gy ra nhng thit hi.
Ri ro c c trng bi hai yu t:
Ri ro = Xc sut xut hin Mc tc ng
Theo quan im hin i, ri ro c th mang li cc tc ng tch

cc cng nh c th gy nh hng tiu cc n mc tiu t ra. Do
c im ring ca d n cng nh thi lng c hn, trong phn ny
chng ta ch xt cc ri ro gy tc ng xu n mc tiu t ra.
Nh vy, ri ro ln hoc nghim trng l ri ro c kh nng xut
hin cao v mc tc ng ln, bn cn hng n lc vo cc ri ro
ny. Cn cc ri ro nh vi kh nng xut hin thp v mc tc
ng yu th bn c th gim nh s ch c. V d cc ri ro qu
nghim trng (kh nng xut hin l ln v mc tc ng nhiu) th
bn phi tm cch n trnh, dng hoc khng thc hin d n hoc
cng vic no cng l mt cch n trnh. Vi cc ri ro nh hn
bn c th chn cch chuyn giao, chia x nh rng buc cc bn lin
quan cng chu ri ro vi mnh. Vi cc ri ro yu (xc sut xut hin
v mc tc ng thp) bn c th chp nhn ri ro , nu thy
mc nh hng l c th chp nhn c.
144

8.1.2 Phn loi ri ro
Ri ro gy tc ng n d n c th c phn loi theo nhiu

tiu thc khc nhau. Hnh 8.1 cho thy cc tiu thc phn loi khc
nhau .
a. Phn loi ri ro theo mi trng tc ng
i vi mi d n, c rt nhiu ngun gy tc ng lm xut hin

ri ro, l cc ngun bn trong v bn ngoi d n.
Phn
theo
mi
trng
tc
ng
Phn
theo
i
tng
Mi
trng
bn
trong
Mi
trng
bn
ngoi
Mi trng hot ng d n
Nhn thc ca con ngi
Mi trng thin nhin
Mi trng vn ho
Mi trng x hi
Mi trng chnh tr
Mi trng lut php
Mi trng kinh t
Mi trng cng ngh thng tin
Ri ro v ti sn
Ri ro v nhn lc
Ri ro v trch nhim php l
Phn theo
ngnh, lnh
vc hot
ng
Phn theo
bn cht
Ri ro trong ngnh cng nghip

Ri ro trong ngnh nng nghip
Ri ro trong kinh doanh
Ri ro trong ngnh xy dng
Ri ro thun tu
Ri ro suy tnh
Phn theo kh
nng lng ha
Ri ro c th tnh ton c
Ri ro khng th tnh ton c
Phn theo kh
nng bo him
Ri ro c th bo him
Ri ro khng th bo him
Phn theo tnh

cht h thng
Ri ro c h thng
Ri ro khng c h thng
145

Hnh 8.1: Cc ngun gy ri ro
Ri ro do mi trng bn trong d n gy ra, gm:

Ri ro do mi trng hot ng ca d n: v d nh b my t
chc, vn ho t chc, tuyn dng, i th cnh tranh, kh nng qun
l, cng ngh
Ri ro do nhn thc con ngi: khi nhn thc v phn tch
khng ng, s a ra kt lun sai. Nu nhn thc v thc t hon
ton khc nhau th ri ro s rt ln.
Ri ro do mi trng bn ngoi d n gy ra, bao gm:
Mi trng thin nhin: ng t, ni la, bo, l lt lm cho
d n c th b thit hi nng n.
Mi trng vn ho, x hi: do thiu hiu bit v phong tc, tp
qun, tn ngng, hnh vi con ngi ca ngi dn a phng ni
c d n, t dn n cch ng x khng ph hp, gy ra nhng
thit hi mt mt.
Mi trng chnh tr, lut php: khi chnh tr, lut php thay
i c th gy nhiu nh hng n d n.
Mi trng kinh t: pht trin, suy thoi kinh t, lm pht
u nh hng trc tip n cc d n.
Mi trng cng ngh, thng tin: tin b trong khoa hc, cng
ngh, thng tin c th mang li nhng c hi cng nh s e do i
vi cc hot ng ca d n.
146

b. Phn loi theo i tng ri ro
Ri ro v ti sn: cc ri ro xy ra lm ti sn b h hng, hao

mn v hnh v hu hnh.
Ri ro v nhn lc: cc ri ro gy nh hng n nhn lc d n.
V d nhu cu th trng v nhn lc cao hay thp s nh hng n
vic s dng v iu phi nhn lc d n.
Ri ro v trch nhim php l: cc nguyn nhn gy ri ro c th
do cc sai st trong phn nh trch nhim, kim tra gim st, iu
kin hp ng ca d n khng ph hp...
c. Phn loi theo lnh vc hot ng
Theo tiu thc ny ri ro c phn loi theo cc lnh vc hot

ng nh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, i sng. C th ri ro bao
gm: ri ro trong cng nghip, nng nghip, kinh doanh thng mi,
ri ro trong hot ng ngoi thng, kinh doanh ngn hng, du lch,
ri ro u t, ri ro trong ngnh xy dng, ri ro trong giao thng vn
ti
e. Phn loi theo bn cht ri ro
Ri ro thun tu: l loi ri ro m khi xy ra th s gy thit hi

v kinh t nh ho hon, mt cp, tai nn lao ng y l loi ri ro
cn trnh.
Ri ro suy tnh: cn c gi l ri ro u c, l loi ri ro m
khi n xy ra c th dn n kt qu l c hoc mt, do nh hng
ca nhng nguyn nhn rt kh d on. Mi d n u b buc phi
chp nhn mt s ri ro u c.
147

f. Phn loi theo kh nng lng ho
Ri ro c th tnh ton c: l loi ri ro m tn s xut hin v

mc tc ng ca n c th tin on c mt mc tin cy
nht nh.
Ri ro khng th tnh ton c: tn s xut hin v mc tc
ng qu bt thng v rt kh d on c.
g. Phn loi theo kh nng bo him
Ri ro c th bo him: l nhng ri ro nu xy ra s dn n cc
thit hi, v ngi ta gim nh thit hi bng cch mua bo him
trc. V d nh bo him chy n, bo him ti sn
Ri ro khng th bo him: bao gm ri ro c bc v u c,
khng bit r kt cc nn khng th bo him c. V d cc phng
n u t vo th trng chng khon hoc bt ng sn.
h. Ri ro h thng v ri ro khng h thng
Ri ro h thng: mt yu t no nh khng hong th trng,

suy thoi kinh t khu vc xut hin gy nh hng n mi d n
trong x hi.
Ri ro khng h thng: cc ri ro ch xy ra i vi mi d n c
th, nh s xut hin ca i th cnh tranh, hoc qun l khng c
hiu qu.
Ngoi cc cch phn loi thng thng k trn, bn cn c th
phn theo cc tiu thc gn lin vi c th ca d n. Chng hn, bn
phn loi ri ro theo gc ca cc bn lin quan n d n, tc l
phn theo ri ro do ch u t, ngi thc hin d n, t vn... phi
148

chu. Hoc phn theo cc giai on d n, tc l phn loi ri ro trong

giai on chun b, giai on thc hin v giai on kt thc d n.
Cng c th phn theo i tng tc ng ca d n, l ri ro lin
quan n chi ph d n, ri ro lin quan n thi gian v cht lng d
n.
8.1.3 Qun tr ri ro d n
Qun tr ri ro l vic xc
nh, phn tch, ra cc
bin php kim sot v
khng ch cc s kin, tnh
hung bt ng nh hng
n cc mc tiu t ra.
Qun tr ri ro nhm gip t

cc mc tiu d n. Mc tiu
xuyn sut trong cc giai on
d n chnh l hiu qu d n,
gm hiu qu ti chnh v kinh
t x hi.
Nh vy bn c th thy qun tr ri ro s h tr cho qun tr d

n rt nhiu. Vn ny hin cha c quan tm trong thc t, chnh
v vy qu trnh qun tr d n hin nay cha t hiu qu cao.
8.1.3 Qu trnh qun tr ri ro d n

8.1.4
Qu trnh qun tr ri ro d n c trnh by trong hnh 8.2 vi

cc ni dung c th nh sau:
Lp
k hoch
qun tr ri ro
Xc nh
ri ro
Phn tch
nh tnh
ri ro
Kim sot,
iu chnh
ri ro
Lp k
hoch i
ph ri ro
Phn tch
nh lng
ri ro
149

Hnh 8.2: Qu trnh qun tr ri ro d n
Bc 1: Lp k hoch qun tr ri ro d n
K hoch qun tr ri ro l mt bc c bit quan trng bi n

quyt nh s thnh cng ca 5 bc cn li trong qu trnh qun tr
ri ro. K hoch qun tr ri ro a ra nguyn tc nh gi ri ro, cch
thc v phng php trin khai cc hot ng qun tr ri ro trong
sut d n. K hoch qun tr ri ro l quan trng bi n ra cc
ngng chp nhn ri ro ca cc bn lin quan, kinh ph v thi gian
cho vic qun tr ri ro, nh hng cc hnh ng qun tr ri ro.
Bc 2: Xc nh ri ro d n
Vic xc nh ri ro nhm nhn nh ri ro, tm hiu v ch ra cc

nguy c tim n no c kh nng tc ng n d n. Bc ny nhm
a ra c mt danh mc cc loi ri ro c kh nng xy ra i vi
d n. Bng danh mc ri ro ny l cn c rt quan trng nh qun
tr c th xut cc bin php i ph vi ri ro mt cch n gin
v hu hiu trong cc bc sau.
Bc 3: Phn tch nh tnh ri ro
T danh mc ri ro (bc 2), bn cn tin hnh phn tch nh

tnh cc ri ro ny nh gi kh nng xut hin ri ro cng nh
mc tc ng ca ri ro n mc tiu d n. Vic nh gi ny
mang tnh cht m t, cn c vo kinh nghim, kh nng ca cc
150

chuyn gia v cc nh qun tr. V vy, y l phng php nhanh

chng v t tn km.
Phn tch nh tnh l c s cho phn tch nh lng (bc 4),
cng nh l cn c lp k hoch i ph vi ri ro (bc 5).
Bc 4: Phn tch nh lng ri ro
Qu trnh phn tch nh lng ri ro nhm tnh ton xc sut

xut hin ri ro v mc tc ng ca n ti mc tiu d n bng
cc con s c th. Ch l phn tch nh tnh cng a ra cc con s
i vi xc sut v mc tc ng ca ri ro, nhng cc con s ny
c gn gi tr theo quan im ca chuyn gia; trong khi cc con s
ca phn tch nh lng th c tnh ton c th da vo s liu
thng k v cc k thut nh k thut m phng Monte Carlo, phng
php nhy, xc sut, cy quyt nh (gii thiu trong chng 2
phn la chn d n trong iu kin ri ro).
Phn tch nh lng ri ro thng i km theo sau phn tch
nh tnh, nhng khng phi lun p dng c phn tch nh lng
cho mi trng hp. Phn tch nh lng s l cn c khoa hc v
chnh xc hn, h tr bn a ra cc quyt nh i ph v kim sot
ri ro (bc 5 v 6).
Bc 5: Lp k hoch i ph vi ri ro
K hoch i ph ri ro l mt tp hp cc bin php phn

ng khi ri ro xy ra. y l qu trnh la chn v xut cc hot
ng nhm tn dng c hi v gim bt him ho ca ri ro i vi d
n, bao gm vic xc nh v phn b trch nhim i vi mi ri ro
cho cc bn lin quan v nhng thnh vin tham gia d n.
151

Nh qun tr c th gip vic thc hin d n t hiu qu cao

hn bng cch hng n lc vo cc ri ro ln (c kh nng xut hin
v mc tc ng cao). Nh vy, k hoch i ph ri ro phi ph
hp vi mc nghim trng ca ri ro, cng nh chi ph v thi gian
thc hin d n. K hoch i ph ri ro c s dng phn ng
vi cc ri ro pht sinh trong sut i d n. Xy dng mt k hoch
i ph vi ri ro t trc khi n xut hin s c tc dng lm gim
chi ph hnh ng khi ri ro thc s xy ra.
Cn c vo danh mc ri ro (bc 2) v mc nghim trng
ca ri ro (bc 3 v 4), k hoch i ph vi ri ro s xut chin
lc n trnh, chuyn giao, gim thiu, chp nhn v chia x mt s
loi ri ro nht nh.
152

Bc 6: Kim sot v iu chnh ri ro
y l qu trnh duy tr vic kim sot cc ri ro xc nh (

bc 2), phn tch li cc ri ro xy ra, iu tit cc hnh ng
trong k hoch d phng. Trong trng hp ri ro thc t xy ra
khng nm trong danh mc ri ro c xc nh t trc, hoc
khc bit so vi cc phn tch ban u, th bn cn nh gi li cc ri
ro trn c s bo m tun th chnh sch v qu trnh qun tr ri
ro thch hp. Bn cn la chn cc gii php, a ra cc hnh ng
kp thi, thc hin k hoch i ph vi ri ro, hoc iu chnh k
hoch d n.
Tt c cc bc trong qu trnh qun tr ri ro u c thc
hin xuyn sut vng i d n. Ch rng y l qu trnh lp v
khp kn, ngha l bn lin tc phi cp nht danh mc ri ro, lin tc
phi phn tch, ra k hoch i ph v kim sot ri ro.
8.2 HP NG V QUN TR HP NG D N
8.2.1 Khi nim hp ng d n
Hp ng d n l bn tha thun
v quyn li v ngha v gia cc
bn tham gia d n. N ch r mi
quan h gia cc bn v l cn c
thc hin d n.
Hp ng l hnh
vi php lut, hai
bn tham gia c v
tr bnh ng trong
hp ng
Hp ng l cn c ngi y thc v ngi c y thc thc

hin d n, cn c trao i v tha thun hp tc. Hp ng c c
im l phm vi lin quan rng, bi d n lin quan n nhiu bn
khc nhau. Cc mc ch hoc tiu chun ghi trong hp ng phi bo
153

m tnh a dng. Hp ng c nhiu iu khon, c hnh thc v quy

tc k kt.
8.2.2 K kt v thc hin hp ng d n
a. K kt hp ng d n
Vic k kt hp ng d n i hi phi c thc hin trnh t.

Thng thng bao gm bn giai on l gi th mi, ngh k kt
hp ng, tr li ngh k kt v nhn li mi. Trong ngh k
kt hp ng v nhn li mi l hai giai on c bn v quan trng
nht. N l hai bc cn thit khng th b qua trong vic k kt hp
ng d n.
b. m phn hp ng d n
m phn hp ng d n bnh thng c th chia thnh cc giai

on m phn ban u, giai on m phn thc t, v giai on k
kt.
c. Bo m ca hp ng d n
Cc hnh thc bo m ch yu gm: ngi cam oan, khon

pht vi phm hp ng, tin t cc, quyn gi v quyn th chp.
e. Ph duyt hp ng d n
154

Bao gm ph duyt ca Nh nc hoc cc ban ngnh ch qun

c lin quan vi hp ng d n; v ph duyt ca cc bn tham gia
hp ng d n.
f. Thc hin hp ng d n
Vic thc hin hp ng c tin hnh theo hai hnh thc l

thc hin thc t v thc hin thch ng hp ng. Thc hin thc t
l yu cu cc bn tham gia thc hin theo mc tiu m hp ng
ra. Thc hin thch ng ngha l cc bn tham gia thc hin hp
ng theo ng tnh cht, s lng, thi gian cn c vo tiu chun
c php lut quy nh v iu khon trong hp ng.
Trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, nu vi phm hp ng th
phi chu trch nhim bi thng. Vi phm hp ng s c xem xt
khi c cc iu kin nh: khng thc hin hp ng, c s sai tri
trong qu trnh thc hin, v c tn tht do khng thc hin hp ng
gy ra.
8.2.3 Thay i, hy b, chm dt hp ng d n
a. Thay i v hy b hp ng d n
Trong thc t, hp ng d n c th phi thay i hoc sa

cha. Khi i hi phi c s tha thun nht tr ca hai bn. Lc
ny ni dung, mc ch tiu chun trong hp ng, thm ch c d n
cng c s thay i theo. Kt qu ca vic thay i, sa cha hp
ng l lm pht sinh cc mi quan h v quyn li v ngha v mi.
Hy b hp ng l chm dt hiu lc ca hp ng hin ti.
hy b hp ng cng phi i hi s nht tr ca c hai bn tham gia.
155

iu kin thay i v hy b hp ng l:
Hai bn tham gia t nguyn bn bc nht tr, v khng c lm
nh hng n li ch quc gia, li ch x hi.
Do iu kin v tnh hung bt kh khng.
Do mt bn tham gia vi phm hp ng, gy nh hng
nghim trng n quyn li ca bn kia hoc nh hng n d n.
Xut hin iu kin hy b hp ng nh quy nh trong hp
ng d n.
b. Chm dt hp ng d n
Sau khi cc bn tham gia thc hin cc ngha v theo hp

ng, th c th chm dt hp ng. Ch l hp ng k kt
khng c ty chm dt. Nhn chung, vic chm dt hp ng c
th do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Chm dt hp ng do qu trnh thc hin: lc ny cc ngha
v c hon thnh.
Chm dt hp ng do c s thay i hoc hy b cc quy nh
hnh chnh: trong trng hp hp ng cn c theo k hoch ca Nh
nc hoc cc th tc hnh chnh th khi cc k hoch hoc th tc
ny thay i, c th chm dt hp ng.
Chm dt hp ng do cc nguyn nhn bt kh khng.
Chm dt hp ng do hai bn tham gia trong d n sp nhp
lm mt.
Chm dt hp ng do cc bn tham gia bn bc, tha thun v
nht tr.
Chm dt hp ng do c quan trng ti hoc ta n ra phn
quyt quyt nh.
156

8.2.4 Gii quyt tranh chp trong hp ng d n
Cc bin php ch yu gii quyt tranh chp trong hp ng

d n bao gm cc cch gii quyt nh tha thun bn bc, ha gii,
trng ti, v bng khiu ni.
a. Gii quyt nh tha thun bn bc
y l cch gii quyt hp tc v tt nht i vi mi vn pht

sinh trong qu trnh thc hin d n. Cch lm ny gii quyt c
vn m khng cn a ra c quan trng ti hay t php no, tit
kim c thi gian, cng sc, tin ca, ngoi ra khng kh v quan
h gia cc bn lin quan t c s hp tc vui v.
b. Gii quyt bng ha gii
Khi hai bn tham gia hp ng c mu thun, c th nh bn th

ba h tr gip ha gii. Ha gii s c tin hnh trc khi a
tranh chp ln trng ti x l v khiu ni. Nu qu trnh ha gii t
c s dn xp gia hai bn th khng cn c s gip ca trng
ti na. Cch gii quyt ha gii c tin hnh khi s bn bc gia
hai bn khng t c gii php chung.
c. Gii quyt bng trng ti
y cn c gi l phn quyt cng bng. Gii quyt bng

trng ti c thc hin khi hai bn tham gia hp ng t nguyn a
tranh chp cho mt bn th ba l trng ti thm tra v xt x.
157

Trng ti s a ra phn quyt v quyt nh da trn cc trnh t nht

nh.
d. Gii quyt bng khiu ni
Khiu ni l ch ton b hot ng c c quan t php v

cc bn tham gia tin hnh theo mt trnh t quy nh gii quyt
tranh chp hp ng. Khi khng th gii quyt bng cc cch ni trn,
th c th tin hnh khiu ni. Khiu ni tranh chp hp ng d n
thuc phm tr tranh chp hp ng kinh t.
TM TT
Qun tr ri ro l mt vic lm cn thit, bi n s gip d n hn
ch v gim thiu c nhng tc ng bt thng xy ra gy nh
hng n mc tiu chung ca d n.
Trong chng ny, bn tm hiu khi nim v ri ro vi hai c
trng ca n l xc sut xut hin v mc tc ng. Vic phn loi
ri ro cng l mt vic lm c ngha, bi vi mi loi ri ro khc
nhau th vn qun tr ri ro cng hon ton khc nhau. qun
tr ri ro, bn c th p dng quy trnh gm 6 bc. u tin, bn cn
lp k hoch qun tr ri ro nh hng chung v cc cng vic v
phm vi cn thc hin qun tr ri ro. Sau bn tin hnh xc
nh ri ro, tc l lp danh mc cc ri ro c kh nng xy ra cho d
n. T , bn s phn tch nh tnh, v nu c th th nh lng xc
sut xut hin v mc tc ng ca ri ro. Cc ri ro ln, nghim
trng cn s ch c bit trong khi bn lp k hoch i ph vi ri
158

ro. Vic kim sot v iu chnh ri ro l thc thi k hoch i ph

ri ro trong thc t. Ch y l quy trnh lp v khp kn.
Qun tr hp ng l c bit quan trng trong cng tc qun tr
d n. Bi nh qun tr s thng qua hp ng qun l v iu tit
mi quan h cng nh mu thun gia quyn li v trch nhim ca
cc bn tham gia d n. Do vy, bn trong vai tr nh qun tr d n
cn phi nm c trnh t cc bc k kt v thc hin hp ng
d n, cc vn v iu kin thay i, hy b hoc chm dt hp
ng d n, cng nh cc phng thc gii quyt tranh chp hp ng
d n. Bn s c gng thc hin t phng thc n gin, hiu qu
v t gy tn km nht l tha thun bn bc, hoc ha gii, ri mi ti
cc phng thc phc tp v tn km hn nh trng ti v khiu ni.
CU HI N TP
1. Vic phn loi ri ro c tc dng g i vi vic qun tr ri ro?
2. Nh qun tr d n thng qua hp ng qun tr d n nh th
no?
HNG DN TR LI
1. C th phn loi ri ro theo nhiu tiu thc khc nhau. Cc loi ri
ro khc nhau v bn cht, c im, mc nghim trng th vic
qun tr chng s khc nhau. Chng hn trnh hoc hn ch cc ri
ro do mi trng bn ngoi d n gy ra, bn cn tm hiu k cng v
iu kin c th ti ni u t d n. Hoc v d khc, bn khng th
lm g c khi cc ri ro c h thng xy ra, ch c mt cch l nu
thy ri ro ny qu ln th bn s khng la chn d n ngay t u.
159

Nguyn tc chung vi cc ri ro l trong trng hp phn tch thy ri

ro qu ln, bn c th trnh thc hin d n; nu thy y l ri ro
nh, bn c th chp nhn n, hoc tm cch chia x ri ro vi cc bn
lin quan.
2. Hp ng d n l cn c php l ch r mi quan h v quyn li
v trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan n d n. Trong qu trnh thc
hin d n, bn trong vai tr nh qun tr d n ch c th iu
khin v qun l trc tip i vi lc lng lao ng v nhn vin
thuc quyn qun l ca mnh. Cn cc bn lin quan vi cc mi
quan h phc tp v mu thun nhau, th bn ch c th qun l thng
qua hp ng. Cc bn lin quan n d n, c th l cc nh thu
ph, cc nh cung ng vt t hng ha cho d n, nh t vn bn thu
gim st cng trnh S thnh cng hay tht bi ca cc phn vic
trong d n do cc bn lin quan m trch s ng gp vo s thnh
cng hoc tht bi chung ca ton b d n. Do vy, kim sot cht
ch hp ng l cch duy nht bn kim sot hot ng cng nh
tnh hiu qu, s thnh cng ca tng phn vic ring bit ca tng
bn lin quan. lm c iu ny, bn cn k kt v thc hin hp
ng theo quy nh. Cc vn thc t pht sinh lm cho bn thy cn
thit phi thay i cc iu khon trong hp ng, hoc hy b hp
ng, hoc chm dt hp ng vi cc bn tham gia; th ty vo tng
trng hp c th m bn phi xem xt iu kin v th thc tin
hnh, sao cho li ch ca bn cng nh ca d n l tt nht. Ch c
kim sot cht ch hp ng bn mi c th qun tr gin tip cc bn
lin quan n d n, m bo rng cc mu thun v kh khn pht
sinh c th c iu tit v gim thiu.
160

CHNG 9
11 KT THC D N
Kt thc d n l mt vic lm quan trng v cn thit trong qu
trnh qun tr d n. Chng ny bn s nghin cu l do cn phi kt
thc d n cng nh xem y l mt vic lm nghim tc trong qu
trnh qun tr.
MC TIU
Nghin cu chng ny bn s nm c cc vn sau:
L do v cc hnh thc kt thc d n.
Cc du hiu nhn bit ra quyt nh kt thc d n.
T chc vic kt thc d n v lp bo co tng kt.
NI DUNG CHNH
Tt c cc d n u phi kt thc. Giai on kt thc d n c
th din ra rt nhanh chng, nhng thng th n l mt qu trnh di
v c lc trong thc t khng th kt thc c d n. Giai on kt
thc d n hu nh khng c nh hng nhiu n s thnh cng hay
tht bi v mt k thut, nhng n lin quan nhiu n thi v s
nh gi ca khch hng, cng nh nh hng n cc lnh o v i
ng nhn vin d n. N cng cho php a ra kinh nghim v bi
hc v thnh cng, hoc tht bi.
161

9.1 CC HNH THC KT THC D N
Mt d n c th kt thc khi gii quyt c cc cng vic,

yu cu c bn ca d n, hoc khi d n ngng hoc gim cc
hot ng, hoc khi d n b hon v thi hn, khi cc ngun lc
c chuyn qua d n khc.
C rt nhiu du hiu v tn hiu ch ra rng d n ang thc s
gp trc trc. Lc , s hp l khi xem xt cch thc d n c th kt
thc. C ba cch chnh kt thc mt d n: kt thc hon ton, b
sung st nhp v b ri.
9.1.1 Kt thc hon ton
D n ngng hot ng. N c th kt thc v n thnh cng

v t c mc tiu. Sn phm mi c pht trin v chuyn
giao cho khch hng; vic xy dng hon thnh v c bn mua
chp nhn; hoc phn mm c ci t v ang hot ng.
D n cng c th b ngng do khng thnh cng hay b loi b:
loi thuc mi khng vt qua c xt nghim v hiu qu mang li;
sn c nhng la chn thay th tt hn hn; hoc s phi tn qu
nhiu tin v thi gian t c hiu sut mong mun. Nhng thay
i ca mi trng ngoi cnh cng c th git cht d n.
Mt trng hp c bit v kt thc hon ton d n l chm dt
tc thi. C nhiu kiu chm dt tc thi. C th phn loi t chm
dt v l do chnh tr ti chm dt d n mt cch v tnh. D c d
tnh trc hay khng, hai c im quan trng ca chm dt d n tc
thi l tnh t ngt ca vic d n chm dt v thiu nhng du hiu
r rt cho thy s chm dt sp xy ra.
162

Khi quyt nh chm dt hon ton d n, s kin ng ch

nht l tt c cc hot ng chnh ca d n s ngng. Tuy nhin
nhiu hot ng v mt t chc vn tip tc c thc hin. Bn phi
thu xp iu chuyn cc thnh vin ca d n v ch nh ph trch
cc hot ng khc nu h vn thuc t chc m. Ti sn, thit b v
nguyn vt liu thuc d n phi c s dng ht theo quy nh
trong hp ng d n hoc nhng th tc c quy nh ca t
chc m. Cui cng, phi chun b bo co tng kt ca d n. Vn
ny s c ni chi tit hn trong phn sau.
9.1.2 Kt thc d n bng cch b sung st nhp
Hu ht cc d n u mang tnh ni b, tc l n do mt
nhm d n trong t chc m thc hin. V d nh khi mt cng ty
khi st nhp v tch ra khi mt cng ty m, th cc d n c ca cng
ty con s c chuyn thnh d n nhnh ca cng ty m, hoc cc d
n ca cng ty m c th c chuyn giao nh mt d n c lp ca
cng ty con.
Khi thnh cng ca d n dn n vic kt thc d n bng cch
b sung, qu trnh chuyn i thc s khc bit vi kiu kt thc hon
ton. Trong c hai trng hp d n u khng tn ti na. Nhn s,
ti sn v thit b ca d n c chuyn t d n ang kt thc sang
b phn mi thnh lp. Khi chuyn i t d n sang mt b phn,
mt d n khc, bn s phi i mt vi nhng sc p v tr ngi t
hot ng chuyn i. Khi st nhp bn cn ch n kinh nghim,
kh nng ca t chc chnh (hoc khch hng) v cng ngh, nhn
s...
163

9.1.3 Kt thc d n bng cch b ri
C mt bin php kt thc d n khc m ni ng ra th

khng phi l kt thc d n. l b ri dn dn bng cch gim
ngn sch. Ct hay gim ngn sch khng phi l him thy, khi cc
giai on hot ng i xung th phi gii quyt vn ct gim ngn
sch. i khi ngi ta dng vic ct gim ngn sch che y vic
kt thc d n.
C th c nhiu l do v sao gii lnh o cp cao khng mun
kt thc mt d n khng thnh cng hoc li thi. Chng hn, mt
s trng hp, ngi ta khng mun tha nhn rng mt ai sai
lm khi la chn thc hin v qun tr mt d n tht bi nh vy, kt
thc ci d n khng t c cc mc tiu chnh l li tha nhn
tht bi. Trong trng hp nh th, ngi ta d n b b ri mt
cch t t. Ngn sch ca d n c th b ct rt nhiu, gy cn tr n
vic tip tc thc hin d n v bt buc phi sp xp li nhn s ca
nhiu ngi trong nhm d n. Thc cht d n ng, nhng n
vn tn ti nh mt thc th php l vi lng nhn vin t i duy
tr s tn ti.
9.2 KHI NO CN KT THC D N
Quyt nh kt thc sm d n, d bng cch no, cng rt kh

khn. Cc d n c khuynh hng t pht trin vng i ca chng
thi gian tn ti dng nh c lp cho d d n c thnh cng hay
khng. Ni chung, c t thng tin sn c nhn ra khi no cn kt
thc d n. Cc nhn t thnh cng l rt a dng, trong khi cc yu t
164

cho thy d n tht bi th khng r rng. Nhn chung bn phi quyt

nh kt thc d n khi c cc vn sau:
D n t thnh cng rc r: d n t c cc mc tiu
t ra, cc k hoch c hon thnh tt p, hiu qu ca d n t
c nh mong mun, d n c n nhn bi khch hng v nhng
ngi s dng lc ny bn cn kt thc d n ng thi im m n
yu cu.
D n khng ph hp vi mc tiu tng th: khi d n
khng cn ph hp vi mc tiu t ra ban u, hoc khi n khng
cn thit thc, hu ch na, hoc khi khng th t c mc tiu d
n, th vic kt thc l tt yu trnh lng ph v gy thm mt hiu
qu vn u t.
D n gp nhng ri ro v kinh t v k thut: nhng vn
v kinh t nh ngun huy ng vn hoc ngun ti tr vn cho d
n b ct t. Hoc d n gp cc vn v k thut, cng ngh, mi
trng qu ln, nm ngoi kh nng d kin ban u ca nh qun tr,
v hin ti trong tnh trng khng th gii quyt c. Lc ny bn
cn mnh dn quyt nh chm dt d n.
Bn ch l c mt s nguyn nhn lm cho d n tht bi nh
sau:
Ngun lc thc hin d n khng c p ng mc ti
thiu: d n b thiu vn trm trng, ngun huy ng vn b nh
hng nghim trng l nhng v d in hnh. Nu khng quyt
nh chm dt d n, d n s b ko di trin min v nm trong tnh
trng b b lng.
T chc d n l khng cn thit: khi m t chc hin thi
khng cn thch hp vi cc mc tiu, nhim v c th t ra, ti mt
165

thi im hoc trong mt mi trng c th no , kt thc d n l

iu nn lm. Hoc khi nng lc ca nhm d n khng cn thch hp
vi d n na, t chc m v nh qun tr phi hiu nhng iu
kin cn kt thc mt d n.
Thiu h tr t pha cc nh qun tr cp cao: cc d n
ang pht trin cn nhng ngun lc m n khng c d tnh t ban
u. Lc ny s c mu thun v tranh ci v vn kim sot ngun
lc gia cc b phn chc nng. Khng c s ng h trc tip ca mt
ngi c th lc trong hng ng lnh o cp cao th d n gn nh
chc chn thua trong cuc u tranh ginh ny.
Ch nh nhm nh qun tr d n: nh qun tr d n c
vai tr quan trng c bit i vi thnh cng ca d n. Sai lm
thng gp l b nhim mt k s c k nng chuyn mn gii nhng
li km v qun l v o to lm gim c d n.
Lp k hoch km: y l nguyn nhn rt ph bin gy ra
s tht bi ca d n. p lc vi vng tp hp cc yu t thc hin
d n khin vic lp k hoch thc hin c th b xao lng, hoc mang
tnh hnh thc. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, qu trnh qun tr
kh t c cc mc tiu t ra, v hiu qu vn u t khng c
m bo. Khi kh khn v sai st ngy cng trm trng thm, d n t
t i chm li so vi k hoch v ngy cng gy pht sinh chi ph.
9.3 T CHC KT THC D N
Qu trnh kt thc d n c hai phn tch bit. Th nht l quyt

nh liu c kt thc d n hay khng. Th hai, quyt nh kt thc d
n s c thc hin nh th no.
166

9.3.1 Qu trnh ra quyt nh
Cc m hnh h tr quyt nh quyt nh chm dt d n

c phn thnh hai loi. Loi th nht l nhng m hnh trong
quyt nh s c cn c vo cc mc c th khc nhau th hin s
thnh cng hoc tht bi ca d n. Nh vy, bn s so snh mt lot
cc ch tiu m d n t c vi cc mc chun ny quyt nh
c nn kt thc d n hay khng. Loi th hai l nhng m hnh trong
quyt nh s c cn c vo vic d n c t c cc mc tiu
c th t ra cho n t ban u hay khng. D n khng t c mc
tiu, qu xa vi vi mc tiu t ra, hoc t c mc tiu, u
cn c kt thc.
9.3.2 Qu trnh thc hin
Khi quyt nh chm dt d n, cn thc hin qu trnh kt

thc d n. Qu trnh kt thc thc t c th c ln k hoch hoc
thc hin mt cch tun t, hoc n gin l vic lm t pht. Ln k
hoch nghim tc s mang li c kt qu tt hn nhiu. Do vy
phn ny gip bn ln k hoch, cp kinh ph, v sp xp thi gian
kt thc d n, nh i vi bt c giai on no khc trong chu trnh
sng ca d n.
Trong mt vi t chc, qu trnh kt thc d n c thc hin
di s gim st trc tip ca nh qun tr d n, nhng iu ny nhn
chung kh thc hin c. Bi i vi nhiu nh qun tr d n, qu
trnh kt thc d n l tn hiu chm dt thi k h l ngi lnh o
d n. Nu nh qun tr c mt d n khc qun l th vn ny
c th khng trm trng lm; nhng nu khng c d n no v nu
167

nh qun tr d n phi i mt vi vic phi quay v nhp u u

trong mt b phn chc nng, c th qu trnh kt thc s b ko di
ra.
Nh qun tr cng c mt la chn khc, hon ton l i qu trnh
kt thc d n. nh gi c thc hin v nhn c c nhng
li khen ln ch. Thay v gii quyt vic chm dt d n, gim c c
th cho ban qun l x l tt c. Cc thnh vin trong nhm d n
cng c th c cm gic hay phn ng nh vy v c th i tm cng
vic hoc ch lm mi trc khi d n thc s chm dt, bng cch
y ko di nhng cng vic cui cng v thi hn.
Cc nhim v chnh ca nh qun tr ph trch kt thc d n bao
gm cc nhim v sau:
Phi kim sot v m bo rng cc cng vic ca d n
c hon tt ton b, k c cc cng vic do nh thu ph thc hin.
Thng bo cho khch hng v vic d n s kt thc cng nh
cc kt qu t c v khi lng cng tc hon thnh. Khch hng
s l ngi chp thun khi lng cng vic c thc hin ca d
n.
Cn hon tt h s, bao gm h s thanh quyt ton, bn nh
gi qu trnh thc hin cng vic v t c cc kt qu c th, bo
co tng kt cui cng ca d n, v cc ti liu, s sch ca d n.
Gii quyt cc vn ca d n v mt lut php. Lu gi h
s, cc chng t nu cn thit.
Thanh quyt ton, kim ton.
B tr li nhn s, nguyn vt liu, thit b v bt c ngun lc
no ti ni cn thit.
Xc nh r nhng yu cu h tr sn phm (v d nh v ph
tng, dch v), xut vic thc hin cc h tr ny v ch nh ngi
chu trch nhim.
168

9.4 BO CO TNG KT
H thng qun l d n tt l mt
h thng phi ghi li c c s d
liu v n. Bo co tng kt d n
ghi li ton b c s d liu ca d
n. N khng phi ch n thun l
mt bn nh gi qu trnh, m hn
th, n l nht k v
Bo co tng kt l nht k
ghi li d liu v qu trnh
thc hin d n. Mc ch
cn bn ca n nhm ci
thin nhng d n trong
tng lai.
lch s pht trin v vng i ca d n. N cho bit nhng ngi

lm vic cho d n nhng v tr c th, v nhng vic c thc
hin, cch thc vic c qun l nh th no. Nh bn c th
hc c t cc kinh nghim thnh cng v tht bi ca d n.
Nhng b phn ca bo co tng kt c nu di y. lp
bo co tng kt, cn ly thng tin t cc ngun t liu nh k hoch
tng th ca d n, cc bo co kim ton d n v bo co nh gi.
Ngi ta quan tm n ni dung ca bo co tng kt hn l cu trc
ca n. Mt s bo co c trnh by theo trnh t thi gian, trong
khi mt s bo co li tp trung m t nhng vn v k thut, ti
chnh, hnh chnh ca d n.
9.4.1 Qu trnh thc hin d n
Yu t then cht trong bo co tng kt l s so snh gia kt qu

m d n t c vi cc mc tiu t ra trong k hoch ban u.
S so snh ny c th c phm vi kh rng, bao gm nhng phn tch
c th v sai lch gia k hoch v thc t, cng nh nhng nh gi
su sc v tnh hung thnh cng hoc tht bi ca d n.
169

9.4.2 Cc vn k thut, cng ngh
y l vn trng yu ca d n, thu ht nhiu s ch . Bo

co tng kt cn nu c cc vn chnh v khoa hc cng ngh v
k thut m d n phi i ph, cc bin php gii quyt c th, cc
thnh cng hoc tht bi thc t, t lm bi hc cho cc d n
mang tnh cht tng t v k thut trong tng lai.
9.4.3 Hot ng hnh chnh
Mng hnh chnh thng b b qun v lm pht sinh nhiu

rc ri. B phn hnh chnh ca d n khng th gii quyt c
nhng vn k thut, nhng n c th h tr hoc cn tr qu trnh
thc hin cc cng vic ca d n. Cc th tc hnh chnh cn phi
c xem xt, kim tra v ghi nhn li, tm hiu l do mang li
hiu qu hoc khng hiu qu cho d n.
9.4.4 M hnh t chc ca d n
Mi mt dng t chc ca d n c mt lot nhng li th v bt

li c th. Trong bo co tng kt phi phn tch c nhng g m
m hnh t chc ng gp hoc ngn cn s pht trin ca d
n. Nu sa i cu trc d n c chp nhn sang mt hnh thc
t chc hon ton khc m c li cho qu trnh qun tr d n th vic
thay i l nn lm.
170

9.4.5 D n v nhm nhn vin
i khi, nhng ngi c nng lc li khng lm vic tt trong vai

tr l thnh vin ca nhm khi i hi phi c s trao i thng tin v
hp tc. Vn ny nu c pht hin d n s gip ch nhiu cho
lnh o t chc. Tin mt ny trong bo co tng kt s c chuyn
n lnh o cao cp ca t chc m, trong ngh khng phn
cng nhng c nhn nh vy trong cc d n tng lai. Tng t,
ngi ta c th gii thiu, tin c nhng c nhn hoc nhm hot ng
c hiu qu cho cc d n tng lai hoc ti phn cng h vo nhng
hot ng thng xuyn ca t chc.
9.4.6 K nng qun tr d n
S thnh cng ca d n ph thuc vo cc k nng d bo, lp

k hoch, lp ngn sch, ln chng trnh, phn b ngun lc, qun tr
ri ro, kim sot thc hin d n. Do vy cn xem xt cn thn cc k
nng ny.
TM TT
Tt c cc d n d thnh cng hay tht bi cng u cn phi
c kt thc. Trong chng ny, chng ta nghin cu cc hnh thc
kt thc d n, cng nh cc iu kin c th kt thc d n. Nh
ch ra trn, mt vi d n khng hon ton kt thc, nhng cc
hot ng v ngn sch li suy gim i rt nhiu. Chng ta xem xt
vi m hnh h tr quyt nh c th gip mt t chc trong vic
171

quyt nh chm dt d n. iu ny lin quan ti vic nh gi v

tho lun cc yu t thnh cng v tht bi ca cc d n. Mt s th
tc gim nh nh hng ca vic kt thc d n, v cc th tc khc
lm gim nhng rc ri v hnh chnh c th xy ra sau khi d n
kt thc cng c xem xt trong chng ny. Cc nguyn nhn chnh
ca vic kt thc d n c xem xt v cui cng phi lu rng
chun b bo co d n l mt phn khng th thiu ca qu trnh kt
thc
d n.
CU HI N TP
1. Lit k v miu t ngn gn nhng cch no chm dt d n? Vn
g s ny sinh nu nh qun tr d n khng tip tc theo di d
n na khi d n sp kt thc?
2. Nhn t g c coi l quan trng nht khi quyt nh chm dt d
n?
3. Nhim v chnh ca nh qun tr ph trch kt thc d n l g?
172

HNG DN TR LI
1. C th chm dt d n theo kiu kt thc hon ton; kt thc bng
cch b sung, st nhp; v kt thc bng cch b ri. Khi d n chun
b kt thc, d vi bt c hnh thc no, cho d d n l thnh cng
hay tht bi, nh qun tr u cn phi quan tm theo di d n. Nu
khng, d n s b ri vo tnh trng qu trnh kt thc c ko di ra
mi, hoc khng th kt thc c. Bn ch ti vng i ca d n
m t chng 1, giai on u d n khi ng rt chm, giai
on thc hin khi gung my d n bt u hot ng, d n s
trin khai pht trin nhanh v mnh, n giai on cui d n b ko
di ra mi, cho d d n ang c thc hin ht sc thnh cng.
Do vy s quan tm ca nh qun tr n d n t nht cng gip cho
qu trnh kt thc d n khng b ko di. i vi d n khng thnh
cng th vic quan tm kt thc d n li cng quan trng. Nhng
tc ng nh gy tm l bt an, lo lng cho ton b i ng, sp xp
li c cu t chc khng ph hp, ti sn thit b khng c qun l
d b h hng xung cp l cc nguy c rt d xy ra trong trng
hp ny. Trong trng hp d n c st nhp vi mt d n khc
ln hn th vic quan tm n qu trnh bn giao chuyn i ny cng
rt quan trng v n nh hng trc tip n cc hot ng ca d n
c st nhp. Tt nhin c nhiu trng hp ngi ta khng th
tuyn b kt thc d n nhng y khng phi l trng hp ph bin.
2. Trong trng hp d n b thiu h tr t pha cc nh qun tr cao
cp, hoc ngi ta ch nh nhm nh qun tr d n, hoc vic lp
k hoch qu d, qu trnh kim sot khng t c cc yu cu ti
thiu t ra, c nhiu tc ng ri ro t bn ngoi nh thiu vn trm
trng, hoc khng p ng c v mt k thut, cng ngh, mi
173

trng... Lc ny d n b tht bi, bn cn dt khot a ra quyt

nh chm dt d n. Trong trng hp d n thnh cng, nh trn
phn tch bn cng cn kt thc d n ng lc thch hp, nu
khng s gy lng ph v km hiu qu. Lc ny, t chc d n l
khng cn cn thit na, bn cn xem xt iu chuyn v sp xp li
b my t chc cho cc d n khc hoc cc cng vic khc. Ni tm
li, khi d n khng cn c hiu qu, hoc khi n i hi phi chm
dt, do cc nguyn nhn v kinh t, k thut, hoc kh nng qun tr,
th bn cn kt thc d n.
3. Cc nhim v chnh ca nh qun tr ph trch kt thc d n gm:
(1) kim tra xem tt c cc cng vic ca d n c kt thc cha;
(2) thng bo v vic kt thc cho cc bn lin quan; (3) hon tt h
s thanh quyt ton, lp bo co tng kt cui cng, kt thc cc s
sch lin quan; (4) thc hin thanh quyt ton; (5) b tr li nhn s,
nguyn vt liu, thit b v bt c ngun lc no ti ni cn thit; (6)
lu gi h s d n; (7) xem xt cc vn v lut php, v cui cng
(8) l xc nh r ngi chu trch nhim tip theo (nu c).
174

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. T chc v iu hnh d n. Vin Nghin cu v o to v Qun
tr. NXB Ti chnh, 2006.
2. Qun tr d n, Gary R. Heerkens, bin dch: TS. Nguyn Cao
Thng, NXB Thng k, 2004.
3. Gio trnh Qun tr D n u t. TS. T Quang Phng - Trng
i hc Kinh t Quc dn, b mn Kinh t u t. NXB Gio dc,
2004.
4. Gio trnh Qun tr D n v Doanh nghip c Vn u t nc
ngoi - FDI. Ch bin: TS. Nguyn Th Hng - Trng i hc
Kinh t Quc dn, b mn Kinh doanh Quc t. Nh Xut bn
Thng k, 2002.
5. ng dng MS Project 2003 trong qun l d n xy dng. Lu
Trng Vn, L Hoi Long. NXB Lao ng X hi, 2006.
6. Hng dn s dng Microsoft Project 2002 trong lp v qun tr
d n. Ng Minh c. NXB Xy dng, 2002.
7. Phn tch kinh t cc hot ng u t, cng c phn tch v ng
dng thc t. Pedrp Belli, Jock R. Anderson, Howard N. Barnum,
John A.Dixon, Jee Peng Tan. Ngi dch: V Cng. NXB vn
ho thng tin, 2002.
8. Qun tr D n u t. TS. ng Minh Trang. NXB Gio dc,
1997.
9. A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK
Guide),
Project
Management
Institute,
Newtown
Square
Pennsylvania USA, 2004.

10.Project Management: A Managerial Approach, Jack R. Meredith,
Samuel J. Mantel, Jr., 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003
175
i ng
ngha
l
nhiu
ngi lm
nhng iu

11.Project Management: Body of Knowledge, Miles Dixon, 4th

edition, Association for Project Management (APM). 2000.
12.Project Management: Strategic and Implementation, David I.
Cleland, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
13.Successful Project Management: A Step-by-Step Approach with
Practical Examples, Milton D. Rosenau, Jr., 3rd edition, John
Wiley & Son, Inc., 1998.
14.Project
Management:
Engineering,
Technology,
and
Implementation, Avraham Shtub, Jonathan F. Bard, Shlomo

Globerson. International edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.
15.Global Project Management Handbook, David I. Cleland, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
176

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