Phn I: Tng quan v k thut chuyn mch

M u
1.nh ngha: Telecom switching
CM l thit lp,duy tr, v gii fng lien kt c tnh chn la xung quanh cc g truyn dn
vin thng.
(hv)
Trong h thg CM gm 3 qtrnh: thit lp, duy tr, gii fng.
Kt ni ny c tnh chn la:
- Ti 1 thi im thu bao A v B c nhu cu lin lc, hthng Cm thit lp 1 lin lc vl
gia A v B. Lin kt ny c duy tr trong sut tgian trao i thng tin.
- Khi A v B kt thc qtrnh trao i thng tin th lin kt c gii fng.
2.Cc hthng CM:
Mng vin thng: cung cp dv vin thng(h.nh, ting ni, ch vit)
Cu trc mng VT: Cc thit b u cui, Cc trung tm CM v tng i(Exchange), Cc
h thng truyn dn.
nh ngha: Cc hthg CM l cc hthng cng ngh c s dng trong mng VT CM cc
cuc gi t cc u cui ca n.
CM c 2 loi: CM ni ht (thu bao) Local; CM chuyn tip (trung k) Trunk.
(hv)
* Phn bit theo cu trc:
- Vi CM ni ht c cc g thu bao v cc g trung k:
+g thu bao ni t thu bao n hthg CM.
+g trung k ni gia cc hthg CM.
- CM chuyn tip: Ch c cc g trung k (nu c thu bao th ch l thu bao nghip v, k
fc v khch hang)
- i vi CM ni ht th lu lng cuc gi thp, ng ta xem cc CM ni ht nh cc trung
tm tp trung v phn b ti.
- CM chuyn tip l CM l lng tp trung t cc g trung k.
Ch : Cc hthg CM fc v cc thu bao. Thu bao c tnh fn b ton cu. k th c 1 hthg
CM fc v cho tt c cc thu bao, gii fp y l fi fn ti s c nhiu cc hthg CM
v mi hthg CM th fc v 1 s lng nht nh cc thu bao nm trong vng a l of n.
Cc hthg CM c ni vi nhau.
S tng qut mng CM:
(hv)
LSS Local Switching System: CM ni ht.
TSS Trunk Switching System: CM trung k.
RSS Remote Switching System: CM v tinh.
STP Signalling Transfer Point: im chuyn tip bo hiu.
IN Intelligent Network: Mng thng tin.
T s ta thy:
- C 4 CM ni ht, mi CM kt ni vi thu bao 2 cch trc tip.

- C 4 CM LSS c ni vi nhau qua 1 CM trung gian TSS.

- RSS c gi l CM v tinh hay CM thu bao xa.
Thng tin thit lp hay gii fng cuc gi c truyn qua mng bo hiu, mng qun l
vin thng, tng hiu qu v tin cy ca mng. Mng thc hin 5 chc nng chnh:
- Qun l li Fault Management.
- Tnh cc Accouting Management.
- An ninh Security Management.
- Hot ng Performance Management.
- Cu hnh Confirgurator Management.
Mi thnh fn of mng c cc CSDL quyt nh hng, cu hnh ca thnh fn .Cn
mng qun l VT th qun l s bin thin CSDL of cc i tng.

Mng v dch v vin thng

1.Mng vin thng
nh ngha: L tp hp cc trang thit b k thut cung cp dch v vin thng cho
ngi s dng.
xy dng mng vin thng cn quan tm n:
- S i tng l bao nhiu
- Mt phn b
- Tc pht trin thu bao tng vng
Hai i lng chnh ny bin thin theo thi gian , thoe tnh cht ca x hi .Ngoif ta s
dng d bo khoa hc xc nh 2 i tng ny bng cch xc sut thng k.
* Thnh phn ca mng vin thng:
a.Thit b u cui (Terminal equipment): pha ngi s dng phi c thit b a thng
tin ng s dng vo mng v a thng tin t mng v pha ngi s dng .
b.Cc trung tm : thu nhp , x l thng tin tha mn yu cu ca ngi s dng .
Trung tm thc hin hai chc nng c bn : chuyn mch, x l thng tin
Ty vo chc nng ca mi trung tm m mt tng hai l chnh hoc l h tr.
c.Mng ( h thng) truyn dn:
Dng lkt cc thit b u cui vi cc trung tm. ng ni t cc TE n cc trung
tm c goi l cc dng dy thu bao . kt ni ny c th n gin c cu trc l mt
dy i , hay c cu trc phc tp ( mng truy nhp AN _ Access Network ) cn lien kt
gia cc trung tm vi nhau c gi la ng trc ( hay ng trung k)
d.Phn mm ca mng:
Cho bit cc thit b trong mng c ni vi nhau nh th no hay cho bit TOPO mng .
Phn mm cng nh ngha giao thc mng ,gip cho cc thit b trong mng c th trao
i thng tin vi nhau .
T a c phi c phn mm ca mng mi hot dng c , mng h thng mi hon
chnh .
2. Dch v vin thng.
a.Chun ha cc loi dch v.

(hv)
UNI - User Network Interface ( giao din gia ngoif s dng v mng)
NNI - Network Node Interface( giao din gia cc nt mng)
*Dch v mng thng tin:
-Vn chuyn thng tin cho ngi s dng mng vin thng
-Cung cp phng tin cho ngi s dng, cho ngi vn chuyn thng tin ca h
-c im :
- Khng can thip vo thng tin vn chuyn qua mng. Cht lng dich j v ch ch ti
cht lng truyn t thng tin .
- nh ngha c cc knh vn chuyn
- Kh nng truy cp vo dch v
Dch v xa: Tng t nh dch v mng nhng phc v n tn u cui ( phc v cho
tng loi thng tin ) v du : dch v in thoi , truyn s liu
(hv)
b.nh gi cht lng phc v(QoS):
(hv)
c.S pht trin ca cc loi dch v vin thng:
*c im ca cc loi dch v :
- Cc loi dich v u c th hin bng m thanh, hnh nh ch vit (vn bn)
- Tt c cc loi dch v thng c gi quyt bng thng tin in.
- Mi i tng s dng cn c nhiu loi dch v
- Cc loi dch v thng gii quyt c lp vi nhau.
- Vi mi loi dch v s c tng phng tin ring
Vi cch xy dng mng vin thng truyn thng th hiu qu kinh t thp v gp nhiu
kh khn khi thau i dch v. V vy hng pht trin l xy dng mt mng a dch v
cung cp c nhiu loi dch v cho ngi s dng.
Mng a dch v khng phi l tp hp ca cc mng khc nhau m l mt mng k thut
thng nht c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi dch v , trong mng mi loi dch v cn n
mt m ha (pha u dng thng tin- nh ngha thng tin truyn trn mng cung cp
cho ngi s dng ). V vy mng c th cung cp nhiu loi dch v cho mt ngi s
dng ( bng cch ghp knh thi gian )
Dch v truyn
Phng tin
thng
in thoi
Mng in thoi
in bo
Mng in bo
Truyn s liu
Mng truyn s liu
a dch v Phng tin
Nhiu
Mt
Cc dch ting ni , ch vit v hinh nh c nhiu c trng khc nhau:
- Thng tin c a ch hay khng c a ch

- Thng tin mt chiu hay hai chiu

- Thng tin c nhy cm tr hay khng
d.S pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng:
(hv)
Cng ngh truyn dn bao gm: Gia cng tn hiu; Phng tin truyn dn
*Gia cng tn hiu:
Gia cng tn hiu truyn dn hay tng t hay tn hiu truyn dn s c phng php
ti u.
- Vi tn hiu tng t c bng thng rng v cht lng km nn ch dung trong mt s
lnh vc nht nh .
- Hin nay la chn phng thc truyn dn s v c nhiu u im l kh nng chng
nhiu cao , tuy nhin do trong truyn dn s, s mc tin hiu l hu hn , c mt s t hp
b cm khng c dung vi i vi tn hiu s. nhiu khng b tch ly cui knh th
ta phi dung cc trm lc lc.
Ngoi ra trong tin hieu s cn gp mt hin tng thng thy la jitter . l hin tng c
th lp li mt xung khi pht nhng thi im xut hin xung li khc nhau pha u thu.
(s)
Phng php ghp knh:
(s)
Phng php ghp knh theo tn s: cc knh khc nhau, ng ta s dng sng mang khc
nhau nn cht lng mi knh l khc nhau vi tng loi thng tin . Ngy nay ngi ta s
dng phng php ghp knh theo thi gian l chnh (TDM)
Nn tin hiu: tit kim knh dn ngi f ta c th dung rt nhiu cc phng php nn
khc nhau cho tng loi s liu.
+Vi tn hiu m thanh : Trong qu trnh bin thin th lng khc nhau gia hai mc lin
lin k ly mu l rt thp. Do ngi ta ch li dng iu ny m ha lng khc
nhau ny ri chuyn i.Vi cht luong cng cao , mc lng t ha cng hp , dn n s
bit cn m ha cho s bin ng cng ln , song vn nh hn mc m ha bin .
+Tn hiu video: Trong cc hnh nh xut hin lien tip th mc thay i im sang l
rt nh. Do ngi ta c mt m ring ch ra rng mc thay i sang trc v sau la
bao nhiu. Ngoi ra vi cc im nh lin k thng c mc sang l ging nhau cao.
Vi tn hiu video c tn s 6,5 Mhz: fN= 2.6,5=13 MHz
Vi tiu chun nn MPEG 2 xung cn 8 Mbps cn truyn tn hiu video
*Tm kim phng tin truyn dn tc cao:V tuyn; Hu tuyn
- Hu tuyn :
+ u tin s dng cp ng trn 4 ly c tn s fmax =150KHz . Khng s dng tn s
cao hn v cp ng trn ging nh dy anten bc x lm suy hao tn hiu v lm nh
hng, lm nhiu nhng h thng khc, truyn dn ti a 16 knh thoi.
+ S dng cp i xng : xon li thnh tng i mt , tng nhm mi i 4 dy , c tn s
ti a fmax =200KHz. Khai thc trn mt i dy 60 knh thoi , tuy nhin li c nhc
im xuyn nhim tn s cao , gii php cho vn ny l ng i v v phi ring bit.
+ S dng cp ng trc : t c n fmax=60MHz, vi mt s loi f c bit

c im : Chiu ca in t trng t ngoi vo trong nn tn cao khng gy nhiu cho

h thng khc , nu ta chon c t l ung knh ngoi v ng knh trong thch hp th
c th gim suy hao trn cp ng trc ti mc ti thiu .
Trn cp ng trc c th truyn 10800 knh thoi , tuy nhin li c nhc im l suy
hao ln , 152km phi khuyech i mt ln th mi m bo chat lng . t tin
+ S dng cp quang : l phng tin truyn dn l tng di tn ln ti Ghz , suy hoa
nh 70,80 km mi cn lp trm khuch i, khng b can nhiu t ngoi vo hay t trong
ra, r tin.
Tuy nhin c nhc im l : cng lp t tn km do phi xy dng h thng ngm , sc
bn c hc km.
- V tuyn : c th truyn sng di , cc di , ngn v cc ngn .
+ Sng di cn nng lng ln mi truyn c i xa, cng sut hang trm kw mi truyn
vi km
+ Sng ngn: cng sut nh, vi w l tuyn c i xa hang chc km. Tuy nhin nhc
im Fadinh, nn t s dng trong vin thng .
+ Song cc ngn: di tn rng nhng ch truyn c theo uong thng, gi l thng tin
tm nhn thng.
Nhc im: suy gim ln. 50km li khuyech i mt ln. gi sng ny l v tuyn
chuyn tip, c th thu phat bng cc v tinh, gi l v tinh a tnh .

Cng ngh chuyn mch

1.Chuyn mch
thu thp x l thong tin tho mn yu cu ngi s dng
a, Phng thc chuyn mch knh
/N: Theo y/c of ng s dng thit lp 1 knh dn cc tg trao i tt vi nhau trn kenh
dn .
Qu trnh :
+ Thit lp knh dn
+ Duy tr knh dn
+ Gphng knh dn
c im
+Ng s dng lm ch knh dn trg sut qtr trao i tt ca h.
+ Knh dn thun tin cho vic trao i tt 2 chiu. Thi gian thc v ko c tr.
+ Hiu sut s dng knh l trg khong tgian duy tr knh. V ti 1 thi im knh dn s
dng cho lin lc l 1 chiu hiu sut ti a t 50%.
+ CM knh ch f hp vi cc trg hp khi tgian khi fc v thit lp cuc gi l rt nh so
vi tgian duy tr cuc gi.
Trong thc t we thng trang b s knh trong 1 cm bao gi cng nh hn nhu cu s
dng. Vi tnh ton xc sut cc thu bao cng hng ti 1 thi im l thp.
+ Tuy nhin cng c th xy ra hin tg k /ng c nhu cu ng dngcuc gi b t
chitn tht.

+ Phi c HT iu khin thit lp cuc gihthg ny c gi l hthg bo hiu. v n l 1

c th gn lin vi mng CM knh.
b. Chuyn mch tin
L phng thc truyn tt n ch theo y/c ng dng.
Qu trnh:
+Nhn tin
+Gi tin
c im
+Ng s dng k lm ch knh dn. gy kh khn cho vic trao i tt theo tgian thc.
+C c im xy ra htg tr t/h
+Vic nhn v gi tt do tb hon ton m nhn cn 1 hthg giao thc trao i tt vi cc
tb.
+Cn chun ha cho vic gi v nhn tt. Ty theo cc chun ha m ta c cc gi CM tin
khc.
Nu chun ha tt theo gi, tao c 1 CM tin in hnh l CM gi.
+Hiu sut s dng knh trong CM tin l cao.
+CM tin thch hp vi truyn tt, s liu 1 chiu.
(s)
c. Chuyn mch gi
Bn tin c chia thnh nhiu gi vi chiu di xc nh, mi gi c fn header mang thong
tin ch v th t gi
Mi gi i qua cc node c tin hnh theo phng php store&forward nh CM tin
Ti u thu tin hnh sp xp cc gi tr li
Trong cc gi lun c cc trng ktra bo gi truyn khng b li
c dim
Trao i thong tin theo tg thc nhng nhanh hn CM tin
i tng khng lm ch knh dn
Hiu sut cao
Thc hin truyn s liu
Ktra li tng chng, dm bo gi truyn khng b li nhng li lm gim vn tc truyn gi
Bng thong thp, tc thp
Ph hp vi mng truyn dn tc thp
d. CM a chc nng
*khin trc tip: tt khin trc tip khin s hng ca c cu chp hnh.
*khin gin tip: tt khin k trc tip khin c cu chp hnh m n c a n b nh,
sau mi c a ti c cu chp hnh.
*khin theo ctrnh np sn: SPC (stored Program Control) tt khin c a vo 1 b vxl.
B vxl s tng tc vi b nh a rat t khin c cu chp hnh. y l nguyn l
khin c s dng n nht hin nay.

CM theo thi gian

1. S ghp knh:

Chuyn mch thi gian l loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i ni dung gia hai khe thi
gian trn cng mt tuyn PCM.
(s)
CODEC: bin i t analog digital
MUX v DEMUX fi ng b vi nhau.
- Tn hiu m thanh c m ha qua b CODEC vi ts ly mu 8khz. T/h u ra 8 bit c
di 125us tg ng vi tc 64Kbps. t/h sau b ghp knh n s c ghp tun t ti cc
t/im t1,t2,tn
- Chu k chim knh trn lung ra HW gi l 1 khe thgian Ts. Trong trng hp ghp N
knh th di Ts = 125us/N.
2.Ngl hng ca CM knh theo tgian T:
- Ngl: CM tgian T, n fi trao i v tr tgian ca t/h.. Vic trao i c th/hin = cch s
dng cc b nh. V ngl th.hin trao i tgian ny bao gm 2 bc:
+nh v tr, tgian ca cc t/h.
+i ch v tr tgian.
- Ngtc trao i khi tgian:
+ trao i khe tgian c thc hin = cch lu tm cc t/hiu c truyn trn lung cao vo b
nh ca CM v sau th c cc t/h c lu tr ra vi th t khc so vi khi ghi vo.
(hv)
VD: kt ni a vi b
b vi a
c vi n
n vi c
(hv)
* trong khong tgian TS1(t1): t/h A i n c ghi vo a ch th 1( nh th 1) ca b nh
ca CM tgian T.Cng trong khong tgian ny t/h B c lu tr nh th 2 s c c ra
(t/h B c ghi vo nh th 2 trong khung trc )
(hv)
* trong khong tgian TS2: t/h B i n.Ghi B vo nh th 2, ng thi c t/h A nh
c a ch 1 ra.
(hv)
* trong khong tgian TS3: t/h C i n, ghi C vo nh c a ch th 3 ng thi c t/h
N nh c a ch th n ra.
(hv)
Qu trnh ghi v c tip tc c t.hin an xen nhau cho n khi khe tgian cui cng ca 1
khung. Qtrnh cng c lp li cho tt c cc khung khc of cuc ni.
Ch : m bo hng ca CM T th vic ghi vo v c ra t b nh CM n khng c
thc hin 1 cch ng thi. Khong tgian ca 1 khe tgian s c chia ra lm 1 lt, 1 na
dnh ghi v 1 na dnh c. N tg ng vi chu k ghi, c tg ng.
(hv)
3.Mch tng ng ca CM T:
Mt CM tgian ghp n knh c m t nh 1 CM k gian vi kch thc n x n v giao im
gia mch vo v mch ra s c c tg ng vi cc y/c kt ni.

(s)
4. khin CM:
*khin tun t: l loi khin CM trong cc a ch ca b nh CM c phn nhim 1
cch tun t khi ghi vo hoc khi c ra. Trong khin tun t, 1 b m khe tgian s c s
dng thu nhn a ch ca nh. B nh ny s tng them 1 v vo gtr sau mi ln
thay i khe tgian.
(hv)
*khin ngu nhin: l phng thc khin trong cc a ch ca CM tgian k tg ng vi
th t ca cc khe tgian t TS1TSn nhng chgn c fn nhim t trc theo y/cu kt ni.
Trong khin ngu nhin thi fc 1 b nh khin c sdng nhn a ch cc nh.
(hv)
*Phng thc khin trong thc t: l kt hp ca khin tun t v khin ngu nhin;
-Ghi tun t c ngu nhin (SWRR)
-Ghi ngu nhin c tun t(RWSR)
5.Tham s ca CM T:
*Cu to: bao gm 2 b nh
-B nh m lu thoi BM: lu tr t/h thoi.
- B nh khin: CM
(hv)
Dung lng b nh:
CBM = n.B
B: s bit mang bi 1 knh( s bit trong 1 khe tgian). Nu PCM l 8 bit
n: s khe tgian hoc s knh u vo.
CCM = n.log2(n).
*Thi gian ghi v c:
TWR = TRD = 125/(2n) (us)
6.Ghp c bit //:
* trong thc t cc lung t/h thp khng c u ni trc tip vi CM tgian m c ghp li
thnh cc lung cao vi bc ghp ln hn sau mi a vo CM tgian.
*tgian c v ghi:
TWR = TRD = 125/(2n) (us)
-thc t RAM: t xp x vi chc ns => nmax = 1000~2000 ti a = 512 thu bao.
*Phng php lm tng hiu qu ca CM T sdng pp ghp bit //.
-L sp xp c t/h s ha 8 bit thnh // a vo CM tgian v truyn trn 8 g dy ring
bit.
-Cc t/h ac bin i t ntip sang // qua 1 b bin i SP. KHi cc t/h c sp xp thnh //
th 8 bit cho 1 knh c coi nh l 1 khe tgian v 8 g vt l t b bi c coi nh 1 lung
tc cao. iu ny to ra khong trng 7 bit v khong trng c dng ghp t/h t
lung cao khc.
*Ngl hng ca CM T vi ghp cc bit //:
-trao i khe tgian theo kiu // c thc hin = dng cc lung cao u vo v u ra. Mi
luong cao tg ng 8 g vt l v sdng 8 CM tgian ph.

-trong mi 1 b CM tgian f th ch c 1 bit trong 8 bit // ca mi knh th c ghi ng thi.

(s)

Chuyn mch khng gian S

1.Ngl hng:
CM kgian s cho fp i ch c khi tgian c cng ch s ca cc tuyn PCM khc nhau.
(hv)
i ch TSi-HW1 <--> TSi-HW2
2.Cu trc ca CM S:
- CM S bgm 1 ma trn vi c h thng PCM nhp v xut. truyn bt k khe tgian no
trong lung PCM ca ng nhp n khe tgian tng ng c cng ch s TS ca lung PCM
ca ng ra. Ta thch hp ca kgian s fi c kch hot trong khong tgian ca khe
tgian ny.
(hv)
truyn t/h ko c tr.
Mi 1 ct trong ma trn c 1 b nh khinkhin ng m kt ni.
tip im cu to gin bng pt AND.
- trong CM S dng cc b nh khin khin kt ni.
-Cc ta trong cng 1 ct c khin bi 1 b nh khin hay b nh kt ni.B nh kt
ni lu tr W nh = s khe tgian c trong 1 khung. Mt a ch di dng nh fn duy
nht c gn vo mi to trong 1 ct. i vi ct th nhta ch c ng trong khong
tgian TS1 c lu tr trong nh s 1 ca b nh kt ni CM1. a ch c ng trong
khong tgian TS2 c lu tr trong nh th 2 ca b nh kt ni CM1 v tg t a ch
ng trong khong tgian TSw c lu tr trong nh th w ca CM1.
-Dung lg ca b nh CM:
y/c kch thc nh ca b nh CM fi cha 1 a ch nh fn cho mi ta trong n ta
v 1 ta gi cho tt c cc tip im trng thi m ( k kt ni).
CCM = w.log2(n+1).
w: s khe tgian khung u vo.
n: s knh u vo.
*Ch :
-CM kgian s S to ra 1 knh dn vl gia u vo v u ra v k c tr.
-CM S k can thip v mt tgian m ch can thip v mt kgian.
-trong CM S c htg vng(nghn) ni tm (blocking) xy ra khi c tranh chp bi 2 hay n
cuc gi xhin cc u vo khc nhau, nhng cng mun chim 1 khe tgian 1 tuyn
PCM u ra.

Khi CM dung lng ln

1.Nguyn tc:
-kt hp gia 2 loi CM T v S.
-i ch bt k khe tgian no ca tuyn u vo vi 1 khe tgian khc ca tuyn u ra.

(hv)
-Tng dung lng trng CM vi CM T s knh ti a l 1024 thit lp c 512 cuc gi.
CM T n ch to ra 450 kt ni.
2.Kiu kt hp:
*T hoc TS: tng i c nh (vi nghn s)
-T:dng nguyn CM T lm trng CM.
-TS: dng 1 fn CM T v 1 fn CM S.
*TST-STS: tng i c trung bnh (hang chc nghn s)
*TSST-SSTSS: tng i c ln(trm nghn s).
3.Kt hp TST v STS:
*TST:
-trng CM T t fa ngoi.
(hv)
*STS:
(hv)
*NX chung:
-s g c la chn trong CM s cp TST s nhiu hn trong CM STS(24 v 2)
-TST c xc sut nghn u vo t hn STS.
-TST thng c la chn.
(hv)
4.CM knh thng thng:
-ng dng c tng CM xem xt c th xy dng c khi CM n hg c kch thc bt k.
Ty nhin trong thc t cn fi thit lp 1 knh song hng qua trng CM.
-Ngtc thit lp g dn th 2 so vi g dn th 1:
+g dn thu 2 c thit lp 1 cch c lp vi g dn th 1.
+g dn th 2 c thit lp kt hp vi g dn th 1.
(hv)

Thit b CM knh
1.Khi nim:
-tb CM knh l 1 tb fc tp fi x l v thng s // trong tgian thc.N fi hng ltc
trong tgian di vi t l li thp.
2.S khi chc nng:
(hv)
3.Phn h CM:
-Knh dn: c s dng cp cho i tg trao i thogn tin vi nhau.
Cc knh dn tg ng l cc lung t/h PCM 64kbps. Tng i c s knh dn nht nh ty
thuc dung lng ca cc ft T v S cu to nn trg CM.
Thng thng cc knh dn l c lp .Tuy nhin trong trogn CM hnay cc knh dn c
t chc sao cho c th nhm 1 s knh dn nht nh thnh 1 knh c tc co hn.VD
mc ch cho t/h bng rng i qua trng CM.
-Phn loi:

+ Knh dn c nh(knh dn thng trc) c thit lp bi phn mm v dng kt ni

cc b fn trong tng i vi nhau.
+ Knh dn bn c nh: c sdng to ra cc tin bo.VD bo ri, bo bn, bo li, bo
nhm sKnh ny sdng khi cn thit c dng trong hthg bo hiu.
+ Knh dn tm thi: dng trao i tt khi knh dn ny dng xong n s c gii fng.
-Trng CM l b fn qtrng trong tng i cho nn n c cu trc d fng thch hp. Phi
d fng l d fng nng (1+1)
trng CM gm 2 b fn lun hng ng thi, b fn chnh lun cp nht x l thng tin,
b fn d fng cp nht k x l tt. Nv d fng l k mt thng tin trong tng i.
4. Phn h ng dng:
-Nv phn h ng dng gip cc i tg s dng trng CM trao i tt vi nhau qua c
knh nh nhau. B fn ny cn c gi l b fn fi ghp hay b fn m.
-Cu trc chi lm cc khi sau:
+Khi A:gii quyt vn fi ghp v fa ng sdng.
+Khi B: khi trung gian
+Khi C:gii q v fi ghp v fa trng CM
+Khi D: gii q v fi ghp v fa trng khin.
*Khi A: ng sdng c th chia thnh nhm:
-Fi ghp thu bao (thu bao tg t v thu bao s)
-Trung k (tg t v s)
-THu bao khc.
*Khi B: lm nv ghp hoc tch knh c tp trung ti hay l k:
h=M/N (hv)
- h = 1: B ch t/hin ghp tch knh bthg
- h > 1: B c tp trung ti
*Khi C: khin fi ghp trng CM. Ty thuc khong cch fn ra lm 1 TH:
+b tp trung thu bao ti ch(thu bao u trc tip vi T)
+ b tp trung thu bao xa(thu bao u qua b tp trung hoc T v tinh)
- vic truyn dn gia khi C v trng CM l gin, sdng m nh fn v k cn m g dy
( vi thu bao ti ch)
- vic t chc truyn dn gign nh truuyn dn s thng thng. Sdng m g dy, ng
b ha, bo hiu (thu bao xa)
*Khi D: n l 1 b fn trong trung tm khin T, ty theo tng trng hp m khi D c
fn quyn nhiu hay t. Nhim v ca D l x l g dy thu bao, x l s b bo hiu, x
l qu ti. Trong TH trm tp trung thu bao xa c dung lg ln th D c th trao nv cho
trm tp trung thu bao tri thnh 1 T gii quyt lin lc ni b khi g lin lc v T
chnh b s cch lm viec trong TH nh vy gi l ch t tr.
5.Phn h khin:
-Cu trc khin:
+n x l: cu trc c 1 b vxl
+a x l: cu trc c n b vxl
n x l c cto gin cn 1 b vxl. ctrc fn mm fc tp, fi sdng rt n cc lnh
ngttc x l chm. Ch thch hp vi cc loi T c dung lg nh.

a x l sdng n b vxl fi ghp hng vi nhau, fi c b fn khin hng ny. Cc b

vxl c chuyn mn hatc x l tng cao. c p dng trong T c dung lg ln.
-Phn loi:
+a x l fn theo ti: ging nh n x l. Khi lg thng tin trao i gia cc vxl l thp
nht. Cc vxl hng c lp d khin hn. Phn mm ftp ko chuyn mn ha c. Mi b
xl fi qun l ton b fn mm T nn ch p dng cho T c trung bnh.
+ a x l fn theo cnng: da vo cc cnng fn nhim: cmn ha caotng cht lg
T, khin ftp hn. Phn mm c ctrc h thng, mi b xl ch fi qun l fn mm ca
mnh. Khi lg thng tin cn trao i gia cc b xl l ln, T c ln.
+ a x l fn theo module: cng gn ging fn theo chc nng: khin ftp hn. T c
ln.

Kt cui ng dy analog
n v kt cui g dy thu bao SLTU Subcriber Line Termination Unit fi c thk
chun ha v fi thc hin c 7 chc nng: B O R S C H T.
B Battery Feed: cp ngun
O Overvoltage Protection: bo v qu p
R Ringing: rung chung
S Suppervision: gim st
C Coding: m ha
H Hybrid transformer: chuyn i 2 day sang 4 dy
T Testing: kim th.
* s kt ni cc chc nng:
(hv)
1. Chc nng B:
ng nghe trong thoi chun y/c 1 dng mnh c cp t ngun trung tm ti T ni b.
dng in ny c cng t 20 100mA. Trung bnh dng c cp bi 1 b pin c in p
48V c dng trung bnh 40mA.
Nng lg c cp n 2 thu bao 2 u A,B thg c ccp qua cu truyn dn. Cu truyn dn
bao gm:
+ngun ccp n cc thu bao qua cc cun cm khng, s t cm ca n ngn chn truyn
cc tn s m qua ngun trung tm. Trong T s mi SLTU t/hin 1 na chc nng ca cu
truyn dn.
(hv)
+trong b cp ngun cn c b n dng cc thu bao xa v gn u c cp 1 dng in
tg g nhau v duy tr cn bng ti trn mi mch ca T. dng in chy xuyn qua my
thoi f thuc in p of ngun v tr mch vng.
Zmch vng = dtr dy thu bao + tr ng vo thoi.
tr dy thu bao 1250 1800
tr ng vo thoi 100 200

Mun chnh Zmch vng th ch cn chnh tr dy thu bao or tr ng vo thoi. Song do

ch chnh c trong fm vi nh nn ng ta chnh = cc loi dy khc nhau sao cho cng
l u.
+ Chng ta da vo dng trn thu bao c th xnh nhu cu thu bao. Nu thu bao c nhu
cu th mch vng c khp kn cn khng th mch h. Tuy nhin chgn ta cn lu s c
knh my hay chp chn g dy th fi c 1 b fn ft hin v ngt dng khi c s c, thi
ffi khi fc khi ht s c.
2. O Overvoltage Protection:
Bt k T no cng y/c s bo v trnh in p cao v dng in cao nguy him n T
v i ng vn hnh.
C 2 nguy c:
- St
- nh hng s fn b in nng
Khi c st, 1 th khong 5000V c th xhin u vo T. Bin fp l tp hp nhng dy
dn of T vo 1 fin hay gi u ti khung fn fi chnh MDF chng qu p.
Cc b chng st dng ng fng in hay ht n c kt ni vi mi g dy of mch v
ngn mch g dy xung t khi c in p qu 750V.
/p nguy him c th gy ra do s tip xc in lc v cp thoi. Bi s cm ng of in
lc k cn bng fa t cnh dy cp thoi.
Ngoi ra cc thit b u cui c ngun in ring, cng c th t in p nguy him bn
g dy. Khi b li, pp bo v l dng cu ch trong mi dy dn, Cu ch c th bo v qu
dng tc thi hay dp tt dng sau 1 khong tgian.
Ch : bo v qu p vi nhng in p nh( vn gy nguy him cho mch) PP dng
mch bin p hn bin (cch li).
(hv)
3. R Ringing:
1 ngun in th 2 dng theo ch ngn hn lp li rung chung cho my th rung
chun thg thng ngun 75V dng 200mA v tn s 16 25Hz.
Dng in chung c ft ra t b ft ngun dng trong T, c tnh gin on ca dng
in chung l nhp chung thng l 2 dy m v 4 dy ng.
Khi 1 my th c rung chung, g dy thu bao c kt ni vi bus dng chung vi b ft
nhp
(hv)
S tr li thu bao c fat hin bi mch vng thu bao khi thu bao nhc my. Da trn
cm nhn ca mnh, b ft hin chung sai tch g thu bao ra b ft nhp chung, thi
thng bo cho hthg T.
Hin nay t/h rung chung ch l t/h bo cho th, cn my t rung theo nhc c t ca thu
bao lu trong my.
4. S Suppervision:
Thc hin gim st vic t my, nhc my ca thu bao, gim st cho fp xnh 7 trng
thi c bn of g dy thu bao:
Hng of thu bao
kin vng
Tnh hung ql
Thu bao gi

1.Nhc ng nghe (off hook) Vng c khng

Thu bao gi
2.Quay s
Xung ni tip
Thu bao quay s
3.Gc ng nghe (on hook)
Khng duy tr vng
Kthc cuc gi
Thu bao b gi
1.Cha nhc ng nghe
K c vng
Thu bao rnh
2.Nhc ng nghe
To xugn duy tr vng Tr li
3.ng nghe c nhc trc Khi c chung, c vng Bn
4.Gc ng nghe
K duy tr vng
Kthc tr li
T/h nhc my HSO:
nhc my HSO = 0
t my HSO = 1
Gim st c dng cho thu bao, we fi dng 1 b nh m qut qua ton b N thu bao
xem thu bao c nhc my, t my hay k. gim st ht s bin thin of thu bao, th
tgian qut fi nh hn tc bin thin ti a ca thu bao. s bin thin trng thi nhanh
nht of thu bao trng thi xung quay s. S ln chp nh of thu bao biu th qua a ch
quay s.
(s)
Khi khng nhc my th I(t) = 0. Khi nhc my i(t) tng t bin n mt gi tr danh nh
VD: 40 mA. Sau mt khong thi gian no m i(t) = const thi ta bo knh my. Nu
thu bao quay s th i(t) bin thin; ta quy c mt chu k T = 100ms, mt xung trong mt
s chim c 2/3 chu k tng ng 66ms, khong cch gia 2 s phi ln hn 2/3 chu k.
nhn bit mi bin thin ca thu bao th chu k qut T q phi nh hn 1/3 ch k qut
tng ng. (33ms) chu k qut c chun ha v c chn l 10ms.
5. C-Coding (thc t m ha v gii m c tch hp vo mt IC )
Code thc hin 3 qu trnh: ly mu, lng t ha v m ha.
c thc hin bi mch IC CODE
(hv)
Ch : mi mt code c mt cng thi gian khc nhau. Khi tp hp cc u ra ca code
vo th ta c mt khung y 125s thc hin ghp knh
Mi mt IC c gn vi mt thu bao v n ch hot ng khi thu bao lin lc. V vy
cn s dng mt chn iu chnh l PD ( PD = 1 hot ng, PD = 0 khng hot
ng ). Gii php l ni PD vi chn tn hiu nhc, t my (HSO) ( o cc).
6. H-Hybrit Transformer
Chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy ( ghp sai ng )
(hv)
suy gim: a12, a34
a14, a31 nh
Tuy nhin cc tr khnh ny khng thc t nn mt phn quay tr li ( gi l ting vng ).
V in tr cn bng ca cu cn bng khng ging nhau.
m bo suy gim chng ta da vo tnh cht ca cu cn bng. iu kin cn bng
l : Zcb = Z1.

Z1 l in tr ca dy thu bao khng c nh ( thay i theo thu bao). Z 1 l tham s phn

b.
Zcb l tham s tp trung nn trong thc t rt kh m bo Z cb = Z1 iu ny gy ra hin
tng phn x tn hiu ti cc im chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy, hin tng ny gi l
ting vng.
C 2 loi : ting vng cho ngi ni v ting vng cho ngi nghe.
Ting vng cho ngi ni:
(hv)
Ting vng cho ngi nghe: sau khi nghe v sau li nghe li pha ngi nghe.
(hv)
Hin tng ting vng ny ch yu xy ra khi hai thu bao A v B cch xa nhau v khi
khong cch xa th m ni phn x li ln th nht ( = 2 khong cch) mi cch xa nhau v
mt thi gian. ( khi khong cch ln hn 50ms trong cm nhn thnh gic u cui thng
tin).
trit ting vng ngi ta c th c cc phng php gim thiu ting vang:
* Phng php 1 : dng cc thit b trit ting vng. Chia lm 3 loi :
1. Dng phng php t cn bng in tr trong
2. Dng phng php b tn hiu
3. Dng phng php ct ng quay tr v
+ Phng php t cn bng in tr trong: dng b ghp Z cb t iu chnh cho mi
ng dy cho ph hp sao cho Zcb = Z1
+ Phng php b tn hiu: dng b song song vi b ghp sai ng. B b l b nhn tn
hiu sau quay ngc pha ri trn vi tn hiu u v vi bin nh hn.
(hv)
+ Phng php ct tn hiu quay v : trn ng v th tn hiu b ct nh b xc nh
ng tn hiu ( sao cho ng dy ny hot ng th ng dy kia khng hot ng ).
Phng php ny tt hn 2 phng php trn v hu nh hon ton khng c tn hiu quay
tr li song n c th lm mt mt phn thng tin trao i.
* Phng php 2 : Li dng tht thot trn tuyn truyn n gim ting vng.
Theo tiu chun ITU th trn tuyn truyn dn phi suy hao 7dB ( mi b sai ng ngi
ta to ra mt suy hao p dB ).
(hv)
S tht thot ca mch c th lm suy gim ting vng n mc chp nhn c.
Trong mng quc gia analog th tht thot truyn dn vn c ngn chn ting vng
cho cc cuc gi trong nc.
Trong mng s kim sot v lm gim ting vng cm to ra mt tht thot truyn dn
ln. i vi cc d n truyn dn quc gia, thc hin mt tht thot qua mng t nht 6
dB.
Tht thot ch xy ra trn tr v tn s cc cao, p ng tn s cao.
7. T-Testing.
Ch : mt yu cu c bn cho tt c cc tng i l kh nng kim th cho mi ng dy
thu bao. Thit b kim th phi c kh nng truy nhp vo bt k ng dy thu bao no.
Kim th thng c thc hin bi mt rle truy nhp.

Kim th c thc hin theo nhng nguyng tc sau.

- Mi ng dy thu bao c th truy nhp v ng kim loi phi ko n thit b kim
th trong thi gian kim th.
- Cc kim th c th thc hin thng xuyn hay theo yu cu
- Truy cp vo SLTU v thit b kim th c th qua 1 bus hay mt khi kim th ring
nh.
Ch :B O R S C H T chia lm 3 nhm.
Nhm 1 : kim th cc chung v bo v qu p
Nhm 2 : qun l cp ngun v ghp sai ng
Nhm 3 : m ha v gii m cuc gi
Mt s thu bao ghp li thnh mt card thu bao. Cc thu bao ny thng cha 8 16
thu bao. Nhiu card thu bao hp thnh khi thu bao. Nhng khi thu bao thng cha
64,96,128 thu bao. Nhiu khi thu bao hp li thnh mt modul ng dy thu bao
1024 thu bao.

Kt ni ng trung k s
n v kt ni ng dy s DLTU (Digital Line Termination Unit)
Thc hin cc chc nng phi hp tn hiu s v ng pha trong s hot ng ca khi
chuyn mch vi mi trng truyn dn bn ngoi.
S cn thit ca DLTU bao gm.
- kt ni trung k ngoi vi tng i
- kt ni trung k ni b gia cc phn h trong tng i.
thc hin nhim v trn DLTU phi thc hin 8 chc nng: G A Z P A C H O.
1.G Generation of Frame : to khung truyn dn
2.A Alignment of Frame : hiu chnh khung
3.Z Zero String Supperession : trit chui xung 0
4.P Polar Conversion : bin i cc tnh cc tn hiu
5.A Alarm Processing : cnh bo
6.C Clock Recovery : khi phc tn hiu ng h.
7.H Hunt During reframe : tm t m a khung
8.O Office Signalling : bo hiu lin i
(hv)
DDF : Digital Distribution Frame khung phn b s
1. Chuyn m ng dy sang nh phn.
Trn cc h thng truyn dn thng s dng cc m ng dy. VD h thng cab th dng
h m lng cc HDB3 hay 4B3T, cn cab quang thng dng m 4B5B.
Cc DLTU thng cung cp cc giao thc chun m tiu biu l theo CCITT G703
HDB3 vi nhng lung tc 2 Mbps
Tt c cc m ng dy u chuyn sang m nh phn n gin ca khi chuyn mch.
S chuyn i ny phi thc hin trn c 2 hng truyn.
2. Chc nng ng b khung.

Mi mt h thng ng dy s kt ni ti tng i cc khung bt u ti nhng thi im

khc nhau.
cho khi chuyn mch s hot ng c, tt c cc khung phi ng b, c thc
hin bng cch lm tr tn hiu s t mi ng dy ca h thng mt cch va tt c
cc khung trng nhau ti thi im bt u trong tng i.
Thi gian tr c thc hin nh b m ng b khung.
(hv)
Lung PCM c ghi vo b m vi tc knh n ( c xc nh bi n v tch
thng tin nh thi ). Ti thi im u khung ca knh n. Ni dung ca b m sau
c c ra vi tc ca ng h tng i, bt u ti thi im khung u tin ca tng
i. S ng b ti khung l khng cn thit trong hng truyn b s nh thi v ng
b cho tt c cc ng dy c thc hin trc tip bi tng i.
3. Bo v khi chuyn mch.
Bo v khi chuyn mch da vo s nhn bn ca n ( hnh thc nhn bn n gin l
gp i ton b khi chuyn mch ).
Cc khi DLTU thc hin cc chc nng cho c 2 mt phng song song ca khi chuyn
mch.
+ Trong n v truyn :
- To ra cc m kim tra (CRC)
- To ra cc lung bit ging ht nhau
+ Trong n v truyn: ???
- Gim st cc m kim tra trn ng n t cc khi chuyn mch
- Chn v chuyn gia cc ng dy n
- Khi xng cc bo ng ch nh s thay i t mt mt phng chuyn mch ny
sang mt phng chuyn mch kia.
4. Kt cu truyn dn.
DLTU thng dng giao tip G703, giao tip ny nh ngha mt s c tnh v in ca
tn hiu ng dy cng nh cu trc khung. Cc kt ni thu pht Rx v Tx cng thc hin
mt s chc nng nh cp ngun, truy nhp v kim th.
Kt ni thu Rx cn c chc nng pht hin mt ng b khung v thc hin th tc phc
hi
Ngoi ra Rx cn c th gim st t l li trn tuyn truyn dn s bng cch pht hin s
gin on ca cc t ng b khung.
Thng thng cnh bo xy ra khi t l li bit l 10-5, 10-4 hay 10-3 (BER).

Kt ni g dy thu bao s( D/SLTU)

Cc thu bao analog chim t l cao t 90 - 95%, phn cn li l thu bao s. Thu bao s
c kt ni vi tng i thng qua D/SLTU. y xem xt mt kt ni thu bao in
hnh cho thu bao s l ISDN vi tc 2D + B.
Knh B 64Kbps
Knh D 16Kbps
tc BIR = 144 Kbps = 2D + B = (64x2) + 16
S khi D/SLTU.

(hv)
Ch : dy ni t NTU ti tng i vn l mt i dy nhng c tc bt ln hn
( 144Kbps) ca tn hiu in thoi s ( 64Kbps)
H thng iu khin bo hiu thu bao c nhim v tch lung 64Kbps v thng bo s
khc nhau gia SLTU v D/SLTU l:
-Mt s chc nng trong 7 chc nng B O R S C H T s c cung cp bi khi NTU
-Ghp sai ng v CODEC c t trong TA. Dng rung chung khng c cp n
in thoi, thay vo l thng ip c gi ti TA. Sau TA cung cp dng rung
chung.
-NTU cung cp mt giao tip d liu chun cho u cui. VD giao tip X21 khng c bin
p sai ng cho thit b u cui v chng lin kt vi NTU theo cc dy chuyn v nhn
ring bit.

Thu bao a dch v ISDN

1. im tham chiu
(hv)
Ti im tham chiu tn hiu phi t c mt chun nht nh. Thu bao ISDN khng
thng qua mt i dy ni n tng i m qua mt khi thit b. Khi thit b ny bao
gm nhiu thit b. Vic chun ha chi tit cho tng thit b gp nhiu kh khn. Nn
khng quy c chun cho tng thit b m phi chia lm nhiu nhm chc nng. Gia cc
nhm chc nng c cc im tham chiu ( im chun ). Ngi ta tin hnh chun ha
nhm chc nng ti thi im tham chiu
Mi nhm chc nng c th c mt hay nhiu thit b, khng quy nh s thit b trong mi
nhm chc nng (NCN) m ch quy nh u vo, u ra mi nhm.
2. Cc tiu chun ( knh chun) trong ISDN.
Knh B :
-Tc 64Kbps
- Dng m ha ting ni ( theo chun PCM ) hay cc loi m ha
- Truyn d liu
- Dng ghp knh cho tn hiu thoi hoc tn hiu d liu
Knh D : tc 16 Kbps hay 64 Kbps. Dng cho cc tn hiu bo hiu ngi s dng
phc v cho cc kt ni truyn s liu hay chuyn mch knh. Ngoi ra knh D cng c th
truyn cc tn hiu o lng v cc tn hiu ng gi tn hiu thp.
Knh H0 : tc 384Kbps (= 64B). Dng cho tn hiu VIDEO chun hoc truyn AUDIO
high quality ( cht lng cao)
Ngoi ra cn mt s kng khc.
-H11 : tc 1536 Kbps (~24Kbps) dng cho chun ghp T
-H12 : tc 1920 Kbps (~30Kbps) dng cho chun ghp E
Chun T : Nht M 24 knh T1
Chun E : Chu u 30 knh E1
dng mang tn hiu bng rng bt k hoc mang nhiu knh H0
Da trn t hp cc knh B v D c th to ra cc tc truy nhp khc nhau.

-Truy nhp tc c bn BRI ( Basic Rate interface ) = 2B + D = 144Kbps to ra truy

nhp song cng cho 2 knh truyn thoi s. Knh D to ra truy nhp knh truyn bo hiu.
Truy nhp ny cho php ISDN lin lc ng thi vi 2 thit b s khc.
-Truy nhp tc s cp PRI ( Primary Rate interface ) = 30B + D = 1984Kbps dng
truyn tn hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau.
3. Truy nhp tc c bn BRI (2B + D)
(hv)
TR: b phi hp tr khnh cho cc thit b
ET : kt ni tng i
LT : kt ni ng dy
NT1 : kt ni mng loi 1
TE1 : thit b u cui loi 1 ( c chc nng ISDN)
TE2 : thit b u cui loi 2 ( k c chc nng ISDN)
U,S/T : im tham chiu
R,U : im quy chun
Khi thit k mng ISDN cn ch chun ra ca TE v EXC ( giao din ra t TE, giao din
cung cp t tng i ) t quy nh c cn tng i NT1 hay khng? Tng i cung cp
dch v cho ngi s dng bao gm 2 khi LT v ET ( tng t ABCD trong thit b
Analog v mt chc nng ). TA: b thch ng u cui gip cho TE2 c th kt ni vo
mng ISDN. ( TE2 + TA) c chc nng nh TE1.
Do quy chun theo nhm chc nng, trong mng lin kt c cc tham chiu.
-Chc nng ca NT1 v LT l nh nhau, c nhim v phi hp cc ng dy thit b thc
hin chc nng 1 lp theo m hnh 7 lp OSI. Ch khc l NT1 t ngoi cn LT t trong
EXC.
-R c th khc nhau gia cc nh sn xut v TA c ch to i km TE2. ch cn quan
tm ti SIT.
T chc kt ni : theo quy chun c 8 cm cm vo cc thu bao chng ta c th
ni 8 thu bao vo mt cp thu bao.
im ni im :
(hv)
Kt ni im ni a im :
(hv)
( Dng bus th ng m rng) khong cch c th tng ln ti 500m
Truyn dn trn giao din SIT.
Cp thu bao l cp 4 dy v t chc truyn dn l 2 tuyn NT TE v TE NT ( NT
TE ). T chc truyn dn song cng trn 2 knh B v mt knh D. Cc bt knh B v knh
D ghp li thnh khung truyn dn, khung truyn dn t TE NT khc khung truyn dn
t NT TE nhng u gi chung l khung i430 l khung c 48 bit di 250ms tng
ng tc 192Kbps.
Ch : thc ra tc 2B + D ch l 144Kbps nhng trong khung truyn dn s dng thm
1 s bit nghip v dng ng b hoc kch hot khung nn tc tng ln 192 Kbps.

Ch : 8 knh mi c mt knh D, do vic t chc truyn dn phi gii quyt vic tranh
chp knh D khi nhiu TE cng mun truy nhp knh D. gii quyt ngi ta a ra khi
nim bit E iu khin vic tranh chp knh D.
Khi TE gi bt D cho NT th NT phi gi li mt bt E cho TE. Khi TE no nhn c bit E
mi gi thng tin. Quy nh mt TE phi nhn c mt lng bit TE no mi c
gi thng tin i s dng b m bit E. VD : t TE b m bit E = 5 vi c ch m li,
khi no b m =0 TE mi c gi thng tin.
Truyn dn trn giao din U s dng 2 dy.
Giao din U ni gia NT vi NT. Vic t chc truyn dn trn ng dy ni 2 dy, t
chc truyn dn theo 1 trong 2 cch :
-Ghp knh, nn thi gian
-Dng b trit ting vng
Ghp knh nn thi gian : lun phin bin thin chiu pht, chiu thu trn i dy cc
dng bit khng va chm vo nhau.
Ch : ta c th chia khe thi gian thnh 2 phn : mt phn dnh cho pht, mt chiu dnh
cho thu, thc t cn mt khong thi gian chuyn t pht sang thu v ngc li do
phi chia lm 3 phn, 1/3 cho pht, 1/3 cho thu, 1/3 cho phng v. tng bit trong khung
truyn dn l 32 bit, dng cho pht 10 bit, thu 10 bit v 12 bit cho phng v.
Ch : do vic ghp knh nn theo thi gian nn tc bit tng ln 256bps ( 4 ln ) nn
khong cch NT v ET gim xung.
Dng b trit ting vng bin p sai ng 2 u NT1 v NT lm bin i tn hiu.
(hv)
Tc trn ng dy thu bao khng b tng nn khong cch NT v tng i vn c
m bo. di ng dy thu bao trong bin p sai ng c th tng gp i so vi ghp
knh nn. Tuy nhin trn ng dy thu bao ngi ta s dng m 2B1Q nn bin p phi
hot ng ph hp vi m ch to kh khn
2B1Q 4 ngng vi 2 bit u vo:
10 +3
11 +1
01 -1
00 -3
4. Truy nhp tc c s cp PRL
(hv)
PRI = 30B+D=B=64Kb/s or =D=64Kb/s
S dng NT2 truyn trn giao din U l 4 dy
NT1 ch thc hin chc nng ca lp 1 cn NT 2 thc hin chc nng ca cc lp 1,2,3 thc
hin c truyn dn v chuyn mch c s dng nh b chuyn mch a phng.
S/T vi tc truy nhp c bn PRT cn truyn dn trn giao din U s dng cu trc
30B+D tng t nh truyn dn tn hiu PCM ghp knh 30/32. Tuy nhin vic s dng
nhng khe thi gian cho vic bo hiu l khc nhau.Trong lung PCM s cp khng quy
nh mi rng buc gia cc khe thi gian TS, cc TS c s dng c lp. Cn trong
PRI c s rng buc gia cc khe thi gian. Chng ta c th nhm nhng khe thi gian li
to thnh tc cao hn

Thu bao s ADSL

1.Tng quan v cng ngh ADSL:
Bt i xng: Tc nhn tin v gi tin khc nhau. iu ny ph hp vi vic s dng
Internet: Thng ly tin nhiu hn gi tin.
Ch :
- ADSL l cng ngh DSL bt i xng c pht trin t u nm 90 kh9o xut hin nhu
cu truy nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn, hay video theo yu cu.
- ADSL cung cp tc truyn dn khng i xng ln ti:
+15Mbps lung xung (Tng i- Thu bao)
+15Mbps lung ln (TB-T)
Tc ny ty thuc vo cch m ha v thng thng l:
*Tng i Thu bao: 8Mbps
*Thu bao Tng i: 640Mbps
- ADSL cho php khch hng s dng 1 ng dy cho c 2 dch v thoi v truyn s
liu.
+Dch v thoi dng tn s: 0,3-3,4Khz
+Dch v truyn s dng tn s : 4,4Khz-1Mhz
- Trong ADSL c 1 b phn tch(Splitter) c t 2 u ca 1 mch vng tch tn
hiu thoi v s liu theo mi hng.
2. S khi ca mng ADSL:
(hv)
a.Phn mng v pha nh cung cp:
- H thng qung b s(Digital Broadcast) l h thng s liu hot ng ch n cng
(Thng l truyn hnh qung b).
- Mng bng rng l h thng chuyn mch vi tc ln hn 1,5-219Mbps(T 1/E1 chun).
- Mng bng hp l h thng chuyn mch vi tc nh hn 1,5-2Mbps(T 1/E1 chun).
- Mng qun l cho php nh cung cp gim st hot ng ca mng
- Mng truy nhp AN( Access Node) l thit b chuyn i hay tp trung ti ca mng
ADSL. Chc nng ca AN c th bao gm c vic dn knh v phn knh tit kim
ng truy nhp vo cc mng dch v.
Khi AN c gi l DS-LAM (DSL Access Mutilplexer)
- ATU-C: B thu pht ADSL pha nh cung cp dch v, thc cht l 1 modem lm nhim
v iu ch tn hiu cho ph hp vi knh truyn. ATU-C c th kt hp c vo nt truy
cp mng.
ATU-C (ADSL Transmission Unit at the Central Office End )
- PSTN: Mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng.
- Splitter l b lc phn tch pha nh cung cp c nhim v tch tn hiu thoi thng
thng ra khi tn s cao, ngn khng cho tn hiu ADSL truyn ti thit b thoi cng nh
t thit b thoi truyn ti ATU-C.
- Loop l mch vng, ng dy thu bao cp ng 2 dy.

b.Phn mng v pha nh thu bao:

-ATU-R l b phn thu pht ADSL t pha nh thu bao(Modem). ATU-R (ADSL
Trasmission Unit at the Remote End)
- Mng phn b s liu pha thu bao lalf h thng kt ni ATU-R ti cc modul dch v,
cu hnh. Kt ni c th P2P hoc PMP, c th l mt ng dy ni hay mt mng tch
cc.
- TE: Thit b u cui.
- HUB: l jack cm chun J45
(hv)
c.K thut iu ch trong ADSL:
Theo quy nh( Chun) T1.413.1995 ca ANTS( Vin tiu chun quc gia M). K thut
m ha ng truyn s dng mt trong cc phng php m ha iu ch sau:
-QAM: iu ch bin cu phng
-CAP: iu ch bin pha khng s dng sng mang
-DMT: iu ch a tn ri rc.
*QAM: Quadrantude Amplitude Modulation:
QAM s dng cc cp sng mang iu ha cng tn s, vung pha vi nhau truyn
thng ca 1 knh s liu. Cc nhm bit ca tn hiu u vo sau khi qua b bin i QAM
s thnh k hiu(Symbol) c bin v pha c trng. Lc biu th s quan h tng
ng ca nhm bit u vo vi cc cp ca sng mang thnh phn th c gi l
2nQAMConsteltation.
V d: lc 16QAM Consteltation
(hv)
S khi iu ch QAM
(hv)
Tn hiu u ra: V(t)= XiCost+ YiSint
Xi.Yi: Bin (C du v ln) ca nhm bit th nht.
*DMT: Discrete Multitone-iu ch a tn ri rc
Nguyn tc: Dng bit tc cao c chia thnh mt s lung bit c tc thp hn. Mi
dng bit tc thp c iu ch ln mt sng mang c c tn s ring ly t bng tn
c phn phi.
Phng php iu ch y dng QAM hoc CAP. Tng hp sng mang thnh tn hiu
duy nht ri truyn i. Nh vy v bn cht DMP l s pht trin mang tnh k tha ca
QAM hay CAP.
(hv)
Ch : Ton b di thng t 0-1,1MHz c chia thnh 256 knh ph, rng mt knh
ph bng 4,3125KHz
(s)
Phng n 2: S dng c im nhn th khng pht m pht th khng nhn.
i vi 2 phng php knh 16 dng cho tn hiu thoi. Khi s dng phng php
truyn song cng c b trit ting vng EC c 250 knh ph cho ng xung v 32
knh cho ng ln. Nu chng ta s dng ghp knh theo tn s FDM th ch c 32 knh
cho ng ln v 218 knh cho ng xung.

(hv)
Ch : m bo thu c cc knh cng 1 lc th tn s sng mang ca cc knh ph
phi chn 1 cch khng ng nht nhng li ph thuc hm vo nhau. tn hiu gia cc
knh ph khng nhiu ln nhau th h s sng mang ca chng phi i mt trc giao.
tha mn yu cu trn cc tn s cp sng mang sin v cosin ca mi knh ph c ly
bng nguyn ln tn s chn trc.

Phn II: Bo hiu c bn

Tng quan v bo hiu
1/ Tng quan:
n: Trong thng tin in thoi, bo hiu c ngha l chuyn v hng dn thng tin t 1
im ti 1 im khc thch hp thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi.
Tn hiu bo hiu c th chia lm 2 loi:
- T/h mch vng thu bao, t/h t thu bao n tng i.
- Bo hiu gia nhng tng i, t/h bo hiu gia nhng HT chuyn mch.
(s) bo hiu mch vng sub & chuyn tip.
Chuyn tip CAS & CCS
CAS: bo hiu knh lin kt (tt)
CCS: bo hiu knh chung (s ho)
2/ Cc ch bo hiu:
a/ C DC:
L cc m bo hiu s dc to nn da vo s kho st dng 1 chiu trn mch:
- S tn ti c hay ko ca dng in trn mch vng thu bao
- Chiu ca dng in trn mch vng.
VD: gi xung quay s t thoi tng i.
b/ C AC:
T/h bo hiu dc to ra t t hp dao ng xoay chiu (thng l t hp ca 2 d n sc).
Ngoi ra cn c 2 loi bo hiu trong c ny: c bo hiu trong bng v ngoi bng
(bng tn thoi).
(s)
Nu bo hiu nm ngoi khong c bn 0.3-3.4MHz th ta c bo hiu ngoi bng. Ngc li
l trong bng.
c im: Bo hiu trong bng s c khong tn s SD ln hn bo hiu ngoi bng. Tuy
nhin bo hiu trong bng s gy kh khn trong vic truyn t/h thoi. vi bo hiu ngoi
bng th ch cn dng 1 b LTT tch ring 2 t/h (thng ch dng bo hiu trong khong
0-0.3MHz, cn khong 3.4-4KHz phi dng LTD). Ngoi ra bo hiu trong bng c b lc
phc tp hn.
VD: Outband (b m)
Inband (T cng cng)
c/ C digital:
(s)

Cc t/h bo hiu s dc m ho bng cc bit, cc bit c th nm cng trong khung truyn dn

vi tn hiu thoi hoc ko. Vi cc bit mang t/h thoi (khe thi gian bao gm c t/h thoi
ln t/h bo hiu) th gi l bo hiu trong khe. Nu cc bit chim 1 khe thi gian ring bit
c nh th gi l bo hiu ngoi khe.
3/ Bo hiu mch vng thu bao:
a/ Th tc kt ni:
(s) A---(x)---B
Nhc my
Mi quay s
Quay s
t/h hi chung
(m thoi)
kthc
kthc
Thu bao nhc my a t/h n tng i cho bit thu bao mun thit lp cuc gi. Tng
i gi cho thu bao t/h mi quay s, sau thu bao c th quay vi s mong mun. Sau
khi quay s xong, thu bao thu dc t/h cuc gi (t/h hi chung, bo bn hay 1 s t/h khc).
Thu bao t my gi t/h kt thc cuc gi n tng i.
Cch gi s thu bao n tng i: C 2 cch.
c1: Gi xung quay s (pulse): s gi dc th hin bng 1 xung 1.
1: gi 1 xung
2: gi 2 xung

0: gi 10 xung
(s)
c2: Dng m a tn DTMF (dual tone Freq): gi s thoi bng t hp 2 d n sc bo
hiu trong bng.
f= f1 + f2
f1 f2 l 2 hm thuc khong 0.3-3.4 KHz
(s)
4/ Bo hiu gia cc tng i:
T/h bo hiu dc chia lm 2 phn:
- Bo hiu b ng k: dc SD trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi chuyn giao a ch
v thng tin
- T/h ng dy: dc SD trong ton b cuc gi gim st trng thi ng dy.
(s) T --- T
chim
con s ca B
B tr li
(m thoi)
Xo ngc
Xo thun

5/ Truyn thng tin bo hiu trong mng:

Cc cch truyn:
- Truyn theo tng chng (link by link)
- Truyn theo xuyn sut (end to end)
(s)
R: thanh ghi
S: b pht
Xt cuc gi qua mng chuyn mch: thc hin cuc gi, thu bao bn gc c thanh
ghi lu tr thng tin a ch, sau tng i phn tch l ni ht hay chuyn tip. Nu l
ni ht th chuyn mch s thit lp ngay cuc gi. Nu l chuyn tip th cn s dng thm
b pht S.
C 2 cch gi thng tin:
- Gi ht thng tin sang h thng chuyn mch tip theo, v qu trnh nh vy din ra
cho n ch. Kiu truyn ny gi l truyn tng chng.
- Thanh ghi h thng chuyn mch gc ch gi thng tin xc nh ch ca
cuc gi. Sau khi xc nh dc ch s gi ht thng tin t tng i u n tng i
cui. Truyn nh vy gi l truyn xuyn sut.
6/ Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS (tt):
Cc t/h bo hiu s i cng ng t/h thoi trn cng ng truyn dn. c trng ca loi
bo hiu ny l i vi mi knh thoi c 1 ng t/h bo hiu xc nh r rng.
ng thoi, ngha l cc tn hiu bo hiu dc chuyn giao knh thoi. (VD bo hiu
trong bng).
knh lin kt, ngha l cc t/h bo hiu dc chuyn giao knh bo hiu tch bit (VD:
vi cch sp xp a khung PCM th t/h bo hiu dc chuyn giao khe th 16)
(s)
7/ Bo hiu knh chung CCS (s):
Cc loi t/h bo hiu s dc tch ra khi t/h thoi, dc thay bi cc bn tin, v c truyn i
trn 1 ng truyn dn chung, dc t chc thnh 1 mng gi l mng bo hiu.
Cc t/h bo hiu cho nhiu mch c th dc x l bi 1 s cc knh s liu bo hiu tc
cao. Bo hiu dc thc hin c 2 ng vi 1 knh bo hiu cho mi hng. Cc t ng
di SPC cng vi cc knh bo hiu s dc to thnh mng bo hiu ring bit.
(s)
VD: Bo hiu s 6 CCITT: ch yu dng cho lu lng analog - quc t 1968.
Bo hiu s 7 (SS7) t/h dc s ho hon ton 64Kbps mng quc gia v quc t
(SS7 signal system N7)
Mng bo hiu s 7 dc thit k iu hnh thit lp v gim st cc cuc gi thoi v s
dng cho c cc cuc gi ca dch v phi thoi.
ng dng: Dng cho mng PSTN (chuyn mch thoi cng cng), ISDN (s a dch v),
IN (net thng minh), PLMN (thng tin di ng mt t).
u im ca mng bo hiu s 7:
- Tc : thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh (thng <15)
- Dung lng cao: 1 knh bo hiu c th x l cho vo nghn cuc gi.

Tnh kinh t: Cn dng t thit b hn so vi CAS.

tin cy tng cao.
linh hot: c th cha nhiu loi tn hiu, SD cho nhiu mc ch.

Cc khi nim c bn ca h thng SS7

1/ im bo hiu SP:
SP l cc nt chuyn mch hoc x l trong mng bo hiu c th thc hin cc chc nng
ca h thng bo hiu s 7.
- SP ni thng tin bo hiu dc to ra: im ngun.
- SP ni thng tin bo hiu thu nhn: im ch.
- SP ni thng tin bo hiu dc thu v sau chuyn n cc SP khc: im chuyn
giao tin bo STP.
STP khng x l thng tin bo hiu.
M ca SP: Tt c cc SP trong SS7 u dc nhn dng bi 1 m duy nht, c di 14 bit
(lun dc ghi bng c s 10 d trao i vi ngi).
2/ Knh bo hiu SL:
HT bo hiu knh chung (CCS) SD cc knh bo hiu SL truyn ti thng tin bo hiu
gia 2 im bo hiu. 1 s cc knh bo hiu song song u ni trc tip 2 im bo hiu
vi nhau to thnh chung knh bo hiu.
3/ Cc khi chc nng ca SS7:
c to thnh 2 phn:
- UP: phn ca ngi s dng.
- MTP: phn chuyn giao tin bo.
(s)UP --- MTP --- UP
UP: ph thuc vo tng loi v pha ng SD:
- TUP
- DUP
- ISUP
- MTUP
MTP: c nhim v truyn ti thng tin bo hiu t 1 phn ca ngi SD ny n ngi SD
khc theo 1 cch tin cy, c ngha l:
- Chuyn giao tin bo 1 cch ng n.
- Sa li lin tip.
- Ko b tn tht v lp li.
4/ Bn tin bo hiu:
SS7, thng tin bo hiu dc truyn ti cc khi tn hiu, trong cc t hp bit c
ngha khc nhau. Thc cht SS7 l 1 dng thng s liu chuyn mch gi. y c 3 loi
t/h ca SS7: MSU, LSSU, FISU.
- MSU: l khi tn hiu tin bo - cha cc thng tin bo hiu.

LSSU: l khi bo hiu trng thi knh dng, khi ng lin kt v iu khin
lung.
- FISU: l khi tn hiu lm y, dc SD lm y cc t/h. c truyn bt c khi
no thy ko thch hp truyn cc n v khc. c SD truyn gia 2 SP khi
SP ko c ni dung bo hiu kim tra tnh sn sng ca ng truyn.
Khun dng ca cc bn tin:
(s)
MSU: F|CB|SIF|SIO|\|LI|EC|F
LSSU: F|CB|SF|\|LI|EC|F
FISU: F|CB|\|NI|EC|F
F: c hiu (01111110)
C bo hiu bn tin ny l c kt thc bn tin kia. trnh t hp thng tin ging c hiu,
ngi ta c thut ton chn 1 bit 0 sau 5 bit 1 lin tip trong t hp thng tin.
CB: Check byte: kim tra li (cha m CRC)
SIF: trng thng tin bo hiu (cha thng tin bt u v kt thc cuc gi).
SIO: Octet thng tin dch v (ch ra phn ngi SD).
LI: phn t ch th di.
LI = 0: khi FISU
LI = 1-2: khi LSSU
LI > 2: khi MSU
FIB: bit ch th hng thun
FSN: s trnh t hng thun
BIB: bit ch th hng nghch
BSN: s trnh t hng nghch
5/ Mng bo hiu:
CCS cung cp 1 kh nng pht trin ca mng bo hiu ring.
u im ca mng bo hiu:
- Tn dng dc ton b nng lc bo hiu ca h thng.
- Tit kim chi ph xy dng mng.
- To linh hot trong cc mng bo hiu.
Cc phng thc kt hp knh bo hiu CCS vi knh thoi (kiu bo hiu khc
nhau)
- Kiu bo hiu kt hp: t/h bo hiu dc truyn trn lin kt ni trc tip 2 tng i
vi nhau.
- Kiu bo hiu ko kt hp: cc cng vic bo hiu gia A v B dc nh tuyn thng
qua 1 vi lin kt bo hiu. Tu vo iu kin mng vo thi im . Trong khi
mch ti dc nh tuyn trc tip t A B.
- Ta kt hp: y l trng hp gii hn ca ch ko kt hp. Cc thng ip bo
hiu gia A v B i theo 1 ng nh tuyn xc nh thng qua 1 vi lin kt
bo hiu trung gian. Trong khi mch ti vn dc nh tuyn trc tip t A B.
Khi ti gia 2 tng i ln: dng CCS kt hp
Dng d phng: nh tuyn li bo hiu CCS trn knh bo hiu ta kt hp.
Nguyn tc XD mng bo hiu:

Cp STP: nng cao tin cy, cc STP thng lm vic vi nhau thnh tng cp.
Thng th lu lng bo hiu dc chia gia 2 STP trn cng 1 ti chung. Trong trng hp
c s c 1 STP th STP khc phi c kh nng x l tt c cc lu lng bo hiu cc
STP c s c.
i vi 1 s quc gia th cu trc phn lp vi 2 mc STP thng dc chn lm gii php
lp k hoch mng bo hiu.
(s)
6/ So snh SS7 vi m hnh OSI:
(s) SS7:
lv1: Knh s liu bo hiu
lv2: Knh bo hiu
lv3: Mng bo hiu
lv4: SCCP TC (gm c ISP & TCAP)
SCCP: phn iu khin kt ni
TC: kh nng giao dch
ISP: phn dch v trung gian
TCAP: phn ng dng kh nng giao dch
H thng bo hiu SS7 c 4 lp th 3 lp thp nht to thnh phn chuyn giao tin bo
MTP, lp th 4 l UP, cha cc phn t ca ngi s dng, trong m hnh OSI m t s
trao i nh hng u ni s liu (tng ng lp 4 7).

SS7 trong mng PSTN

1/ Thnh phn:
C 2 thnh phn:
MTP: chuyn giao tin bo hiu gia cc tng i in thoi.
TUP: ngi s dng in thoi c nhim v to ra tn hiu bo hiu tng i gi thu v
dch v tng i b gi.
2/ Phn chuyn giao tin bo:
C cu trc thnh 3 lp.
a/ Knh s liu bo hiu (mc 1)
Mc 1 tng ng vi lp 1 trong m hnh OSI. N cung cp cc chc nng vt l, l
phng tin truyn cc dng bit thng tin t im ny n im khc thng qua kt cui
vt l. y ko c yu cu no v cu trc thng tin ngoi cung cp thit b truyn dn.
b/ Cc chc nng knh bo hiu (mc 2)
Cung cp chc nng ca knh bo hiu:
- Kim sot li
- Khi ng lin kt
- Gim st t l li
- iu khin lung
- Phn nh ranh gii
Kim sot li da vo cc m kim tra CRC & ktra li ti u thu, nu pht hin li, bn
pht s phi pht li thng ip.

Khi ng lin kt bng cch dng thng ip iu khin cc trng thi xnh.
Gim st: gim st t l li bng thut ton go r m s li & s m s gim 1 lng
nht nh tu thuc vo s thng ip tt. Khi s m t dc 1 s lng nht nh th lin
kt xem nh ko iu kin phc v, n s b loi b & thng bo cho mc 3.
iu khin lung ngn chn tnh trng qu ti u thu, thc hin bng cch gi li bo
nhn & thng bo pht bit lin kt ang b nghn.
Phn nh ranh gii bng c hiu. Mc 2 m bo ko 1 t hp bit no ging c, dc thc
hin bng cch ktra dng bit, nu c 5 bit 1 lin tip th chn thm 1 bit 0 vo.
c/ Mng bo hiu (mc 3)
Cung cp trn mng bo hiu, c th cung cp chc nng nh tuyn cho bn tin bo hiu
gia cc SP v cung cp chc nng cn thit qun l mng bo hiu.
Nguyn tc nh tuyn: d vo m ca im bo hiu PC (Point code)
Mi 1 bn tin bo hiu cha 2 m:
- M OPC: m ca im ngun
- M DPC: m ca im ch.
di PC: 14 bit.
Khi SP nhn 1 bn tin th n so snh DPC v PC ca chnh n. Nu 2 bn tin ging nhau
th im SP l im ch v n chuyn bn tin ny ln phn ca ngi SD. Nu 2 bn tin
khc nhau th n chuyn bn tin bo hiu sang 1 SP khc da vo bng nh tuyn ca n.
Qun l mng bo hiu: Tt c nhng th tc phi c nh: phc hi lin kt, nh tuyn
cho ti to nn 1 tp hp cc chc nng qun l mng bo hiu.
3/ Ngi SD in thoi (TUP)
Phn ca ngi s dng s nh ngha cc t/h iu khin gi dc dng gia cc SP.
nh dng TUP:
(s) MSU: ||SIF||
trong SIF: |cc t/h a ch| s cc t/h a ch| cc khi ch th tbo| D| A cat| H1 |H0 |
Nhn|
Phn loi phn cuc gi (A cat)
000010 nhn vin khai thc.
001010 thu bao thng.
Khi ch th tin bo (ch ra ni ht hay quc t), xxxxx1000111 s quc t u ni v
tinh.
S cc tn hiu a ch: s cc con s trong trng a ch.
Cc tm hiu a ch biu th con s: VD: 0011 s 3. H0 m tip u nhm bn tin. H1
m tip u bn tin.
VD: FAM (tin bo a ch thun) H0 = 0001.
IAM (tin bo a ch ban u) H1 = 0001.
MSU dc quy chun t (Q721 Q725) ca CCITT.
Tun t gi TUP gia cc tng i:
(s) TA (x)-----(X)-----(x) TTS
quay s IAM IAM

ACM ACM
(ring tone)
tr li tr li
(tnh cc)
y/c xo y/c xo
xc nhn xo xc nhn xo
4/ SCCP: phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu
Chc nng: cung cp cc dch v to iu in vn chuyn linh hot cc thng ip bo
hiu. Tng cng kh nng nh tuyn ca thng ip & phng tin to mi lin h gia
cc thng ip nh thit lp 1 kt ni bo hiu.
Phng php nh tuyn SCCP:
- Da vo ch s ca HT con nh ch cho 1 thng ip.
- M bo hiu PC (ging MPC)
- Dch tiu ton cc GTT
Phng php ny tha nhn 1 s nh tuyn da vo m PC hay l ko.
Phng pho cho pho cc ch s gc sang m bo hiu.
Ch s gc thng thng l s ca thu bao, cng c th l cc lc nh s cho d liu
cho mng telex, thng tin di ng hay dch v tr tin trc.
Cu trc ca SCCP:
Cc chc nng ca SCCP dc thc hin theo kiu module trong cc qu trnh ng dng
AP s l module iu khin phn t dch v p dng thch hp (pt p dng thch hp gi
l ASE) khi ng v iu khin thng tin tn hiu.
AP (application process):
(s) AP (iu khin , trao i thng tin) TC
Trong TC c AE & ISP
Trong AE c TCAP & ASE1ASEN
TC: kh nng giao dch
AE: pt ng dng
ASE: pt ng dng dch v thch hp
TACP: phn mm ng dng c kh nng giao dch.
ISP: phn dch v trung gian
TC:
TC gm AE v ISP. Trong AE c TCAP v ASE.
TC cung cp c s thit lp thng tin gia 2 im trong mng bo hiu m ko lin quan
n kt ni chuyn mch ca knh.
TCAP: bao gm cc nguyn tc tng qut dc p dng bt k loi bo hiu no.
ASE: pt ng dng dch v thch hp l module iu khin cho 1 ng dng no . N
thc hin 1 chc nng dc ch th nh bi AP, 1 ASE cn to ra 1 thc th thch hp to
thnh t macro dc chn t th vin chung.
TCAP cn h tr cho phn ng dng di ng cho h thng GSM.

Phn III: Mng s lin kt dch v bng rng B-ISDN

1/ Gii thiu:
S ra i ca B-ISDN:
Nhc im ca mng VT:
- L cc mng tn ti ring r, vi mi dch v thng tin li c 1 mng ring phc
v n.
- Khng linh hot, km hiu qu trong vn hnh, bo dng, s dng ti nguyn.
Nguyn nhn ra i B-ISDN:
- Cc yu cu v dch v bng rng tng cao.
- Cc kthut x l t/h chuyn mch, truyn dn, x l t/h tc cao
- S pht trin ca cc ng dng phn mm.
- S cn thit t hp cc dv ph thuc ln nhau chuyn mch knh & chuyn mch
gi vo 1 mng duy nht.
- Tho mn tnh mm do cho cc yu cu ca ngi SD cng nh qun tr mng.
/n theo ITU_T:
B-ISDN cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch v cung cp dch v theo yu cu.
Cuc ni trong ISDN phc v cho c dch v chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi theo
kiu a phng tin, n phng tin, theo hng lin kt hay ko lin kt v theo cu hnh
n hng hay a hng.
Tm l B-ISDN l 1 mng thng minh c kh nng cung cp cc dch v ci tin: cung cp
cc cng c bo dng v vn hnh iu khin, qun l mng 1 cch c hiu qu.
2/ Phng thc truyn ti ko ng b ATM:
K/n: ATM l phng thc truyn ti m khi thng tin xut hin u vo ca h thng
dc truyn i 1 cch ko ng b, khi xut hin, thng tin s dc np vo b m sau dc ct
nh thnh cc t bo v truyn ti qua mng.
Thut ng ko ng b gii thch cho 1 kiu truyn trong cc gi trong 1 cuc ni c
th lp li 1 cch bt thng, nhng lc chng dc to ra theo yu cu c th m ko theo chu
k.
VD: So snh STM & ATM:
Trong STM (truyn ti ng b), cc phn t s liu tng ng vi 1 knh cho dc nhn
bit bi v tr ca n trong khung truyn.
Trong ATM cc gi thuc v 1 cuc ni li tng ng vi knh o c th v c th xut
hin bt k v tr no trn khung truyn.
3/ ATM:
c im ca ATM:
ATM s dng cc gi kch thc nh c nh, gi l cc t bo ATM. Cc t bo nh vi
tc truyn dn ln s lm cho tr truyn dn v bin ng tr (jitter) gim nh vi
cc ch thi gian thc. Ngoi ra tr nh lm cho vic hp knh tc cao d dng
hn.
Cc t bo s dc truyn ti trong khong thi gian nht nh. Ko c khong trng gia cc
t bo v trong khong thi gian ri th nhng t bo ko dc gn s dc truyn i. Th t t
bo bn thu dc m bo nh bn pht.

ATM m bo lin kt truyn t bo vi thng tin dc to ra ko lm lng ph dung lng

ng truyn dn.
ATM cung cp kh nng ghp knh thng k
(s)
Ch : Kh nng ghp knh i lin bn cht ca t bo, to iu kin d dng t hp
cc tn hiu khc nhau trn cng 1ng truyn. Trong TH c nhiu ngun VBR truyn
trn cng 1 ng truyn th kh nng tng hiu qu ghp knh thng k l rt ln.
iu khin li:
Trong chuyn mch gi da trn giao thc HDLC, thc hin iu khin li y trn
tng chng lin kt mt.
Khi truyn dn dc ci thin, vic dkhin li dc n gin ho trn cc chng (b bt 1 s th
tc) v khin li y ch thc hin gia u cui v u cui.
(s)
B-ISDN: chc nng iu khin li ko thc hin cc nt chuyn mch na. M trong tng
trng hp cn thit n dc cung cp thit b u cui, do vy cc chc nng cng dc gim
ti thiu nt chuyn mch ATM. iu ny gip tc truyn tng ti 600Mbit/s.
(s)
Nhc im: Hn ch ca phng thc truyn dn ATM:
S bin thin tr t bo CDV to ra bi cc gi tr tr khc nhau xut hin trong mng
to nhng im chuyn mch v thit b ghp knh. iu ny dn n khong cch gia
nhng t bo thay i. N nh hng ti cht lng dch v nhy cm i vi tr.
Thi gian tr t hp t bo: thng tin t ngun tn hiu s phi np ti cc b m cho n
khi t bo np 48 byte mi dc truyn i. Thi gian dc np gi l thi gian tr t hp t
bo. Thi gian np li ph thuc tc thng tin n.
VD: thng tin thoi 64kb/s thi gian np 6ms.

K thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM

1/ M hnh giao thc chun:
M hnh giao thc chun dc XD theo m hnh 7 lp ca OSI, bao gm 3 mng chnh.
Mng khch hng: Dng cho truyn ti thng tin khch hng.
Mng iu khin: Dng iu khin cuc gi v kt ni, dc cu trc thnh 3 lp.
Mng qun l: Dng gim st mng bao gm c qun l mng v qun l lp.
(S)
y l m hnh n gin m t giao thc tng ng mng OSI chun.
Lp vt l: truyn ti thng tin di dng bit v t bo.
Lp ATM: x l cc t bo, ghp knh v phn knh, dng chuyn mch nh tuyn.
Lp AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer): thc hin cc chc nng ph thuc dch v, lin kt
AAL vi lp bc cao, lp bc cao thc hin chc nng ko c lp di.
2/ Lp ATM v cu trc t bo:
a/ Cc thnh phn ATM:
ATM s dng cc knh kt ni o trong vic truyn ti thng tin v cc kt ni dc chia lm
2 mc:

Mc knh o VCL: l mc c kh nng truyn n hng cc t bo ATM tng

ng vi 1 gi tr nhn dng chung nht VCI.
- Mc ng o VPL: l mc c chc nng truyn n hng thuc v nhiu knh o
khc nhau nhng li c 1 gi tr nhn dng ng o chung VPI.
Trong 1 ng truyn dn c th c 1 vi ng o VP, trong VP c th c 1 vi knh o
VC Mi VP v VC trong ng truyn dn u c gi tr VPI v VCI ring.
(S)
Lin kt knh o v ng o (VC link VP link). Lin kt knh o l truyn n hng
cc t bo ATM gia im m ti gi tr VCI dc gn vo t bo v ti im m cc gi
tr b thay i hoc b xo. Cn lin kt ng o l lin kt gia 2 im m gi tr VPI
c gn b thay i hoc xo.
Cuc ni knh o v ng o: Cuc ni knh o VCC l tp hp 1 s lin kt knh o,
l 1 ng ni logic gia 2 im dng truyn cc t bo ATM thng qua VCC. Th t
truyn cc t bo ATM s dc bo ton, cn cuc ni ng o VPC l s mc ni 1 s lin
kt ng o VC. Mi VC dc nhn dng duy nht thng qua t hp 2 gi tr VPI v VCI.
(s)
a ch ni n phn cp nhn dng 2 phn ca knh ng o truy xut a ch cho
nhanh. Tt c cc im truy xut t ngun n ch ko cn bit. Ban u VPI l trng v
n cc im chuyn mch th a ch tip theo mi dc in vo. xc nh tuyn th c
h thng ring. Qua mi trm th VPI, VCI s dc xo v thm vo a ch nh tuyn mi.
b/ Cc chc nng ca lp ATM:
Phn knh v hp knh cc t bo.
Ti u pht cc t bo thuc v cc knh o VC v ng o VP khc nhau s dc hp
knh thnh cc dng t bo duy nht. Ti u thu, dng t bo ATM dc phn thnh cc
ng o v knh o c lp ti thit b thu.
Thng dch gi tr VPI v VCI.
(s)
To v tch u vo t bo: phn pht, sau khi nhn trng thng tin t lp AAL th lp
ATM s to ra mo u ca t bo (tr gi tr ca trng HEC s dc chn vo lp vt l).
Ti phn thu th lp ATM tch mo u ca t vo ra khi t vo v gi thng tin cho lp
AAL.
(s)
iu khin lung chung GFC ch c giao din khch hng v mng (UNI), n gip
khch hng tham gia vo vic iu khin lu lng theo hng t khch hng v pha
mng.
GFC dng gim bt tnh trng qu ti ca mng.
c/ Cu trc ca t bo:
Chiu di ca t bo l 53 byte (48 byte trng thng tin, 5 byte l phn mo u).
Kch thc t bo l nh gim thi gian tr gia cc b m. Chiu di ca t bo c
nh lm tng hiu qu chuyn mch.
ATM c c im c hng lin kt (ko cn a ch ngun ch, s th t gi). Cht lng
truyn dn tt nn c ch chng li t im ti im cng dc b qua.

Chc nng tiu ca t bo ch cn nhn dng cuc ni o. Phn mo u ca t bo

dng nh tuyn t vo v dc cp nht vi cc gi tr nhn dng mi cc nt chuyn
mch.
Truyn trn giao din NNT:
(s)
Phn mo u ca t bo:
(s)
Trng GFC bao gm 4 bit: 2 bit dng iu khin v 2 bit lm tham s. Trng ny ng
iu khin lung cho cc cuc ni UNI, ng d gim qu ti trong thi gian ngn c th
xy ra.
Dng GFC l nhc im ca ATM bi n to ra s khc nhau ca t bo, n lm cc giao
thc trong ATM ko ng nht, v vy phi ch n vic lp t thit b c ph hp vi
giao din hay ko.
Trng hp inh tuyn VPI v VCI: i vi c giao din UNI, c 24 bit gm 8 bit VPI
v 16 bit VCI. Vi NNI c 28 bit: 12 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI.
Ch : nu chuyn mch ch da trn gi tr VPI th dc gi l kt ni ng o, nu chuyn
mch gia trn c VCI v VPI dc gi l kt ni knh o.
Trng PT: Trng ti thng tin, gm 3 bit dng truyn ti thng tin.
Nu bit u trong PT=0 th y l t bo ca ngi s dng, khi bit 2 s bo hiu tc
nghn trong mng, bit 3 bo hiu cho lp AAL.
Nu bit u trong PT=1 th y l t bo mang thng tin qun tr mng.
(s)
Trng u tin tn tht t bo CLP: dng 1 bit iu khin tc nghn.
CLP=0 th ng mc u tin cao.
CLP=1 th ng mc u tin thp.
Nu b tc nghn th t bo ny b loi b.
Trng HEC: l trng iu khin li tiu .
C 8 bit dc x l lp vt l v n cha m vng CRC dng sa cc li 1 li bit v pht
hin li b nhiu li bit.
3/ Lp AAL (Lp tng thch ATM)
Nhim v ca lp AAL: to ra s tng thch gia cc dch v dc cung cp bi ATM vi
cc lp cao hn. Thng qua lp AAL, cc n v s liu giao thc PDU cc lp cao hn
dc chia nh v a vo trng d liu ca t bo ATM. Lp ATM dc chia lm 2 lp con:
lp SAR v CS.
SAR: lp con thit lp v tho t bo.
Lp chc nng SAR chia PDU ca cc lp cao hn thnh cc phn tng ng vi 48 byte
ca trng d liu trong ATM ti u pht.
Ti u thi SAR ly thng tin trong trng d liu khi phc li PDU hon chnh. Cn
chc nng ca lp con hi t CS ph thuc vo dch v (x l tr, ng b, x l t bo
nhm mt a ch)
(s)
Do mi loi dch v c 1 CS khc nhau nn c th ng dng to ra mng a dch v.

Gim thiu giao thc trong AAL th ITUT chia AAL lm 4 nhm khc nhau ph thuc c
im dch v ca chng, s phn nhm ph thuc 3 yu t: mi quan h v mt thi gian,
tc bit v dng truyn (kiu lkt)
(s)
4/ Lp vt l:
Dc chia lm 2 lp :
a/ Lp con ng truyn vt l PM:
Thc hin cc chc nng sau:
- Truyn ti bit v ng b bit
- Thc hin m ng dy
- Thc hin chc nng bin i in quang (nu l cp quang)
b/ Lp con hi t truyn dn TC:
- To v kim tra m HEC
- Nhn bit gii hn ca t bo
- Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung truyn dn
- Pht v khi phc cc khung truyn dn.
5/ Cc loi t bo trong ATM:
C 2 loi:
a/ Cc t bo ti lp vt l:
- T bo rng th dc lp vt l xen vo hoc tch ra lung t bo ranh gii gia
lp ATM v lp vtj l c tc ph hp vi tc ng truyn.
- T bo hp l l t bo ko c li hoc c 1 li n dc sa.
- T bo ko hp l l t bo c nhiu li m ko sa dc.
b/ Cc t bo lp ATM:
- T bo dc gn: l t bo mang thng tin dch v s dng dch v lp ATM
- T bo ko dc gn l t bo ko dc SD, ko mang thng tin dch v.

Nguyn l chuyn mch v bo hiu trong ATM

1/ Nguyn l chuyn mch:
a/ Vic chuyn mch gia trn c s cc gi tr VCI/VPI
Thit b chuyn mch dc thc hin ch da trn gi tr VPI dc gi l chuyn mch
VP, nt ni xuyn hoc b tp trung.
Thit b chuyn mch thay i c 2 gi tr VPI v VCI dc gi l chuyn mch
VC, hoc chuyn mch ATM.
S gii thch nguyn l chuyn mch VP.
Chuyn mch VP l ni bt u v kt thc cc lin kt ng o, do n cn phi
chuyn cc gi tr VPI u vo thnh cc gi tr VPI tng ng u ra sao cho cc lin
kt ng o ny thuc v cng 1 cuc ni o cho trc. Cc gi tr VCI dc gi nguyn.
(s)
Nguyn l chuyn mch VC:

Chuyn mch VC l im cui ca lin kt ng o v knh o. V trong chuyn mch

VC cn bao gm c chuyn mch VP Chuyn mch VC c th thc hin cc chc nng
nh 1 chuyn mch VP.
(s)
b/ c tnh chuyn mch ATM:
- Chuyn mch gi do tnh cht tng t bo trong ATM dc truyn ti trong mng 1
cch ring bit.
- Chuyn mch c kt ni do cc kt ni gi 2 u cui phi dc thit lp trc khi truyn
ti t bo.
2/Cc loi chuyn mch:
S phn loi ca cc chuyn mch ATM:
- Mng chuyn mch n tng:
+ Ma trn chuyn mch m rng
+ Mng chuyn mch hnh phu
+ Mng chuyn mch trn
- Mng chuyn mch phu tng:
+ Mng chuyn mch 1 ng.
+Mng chuyn mch nhiu ng.
+ Chuyn mch n tng: Cc u vo v cc u ra dc ni vi nhau bi 1 tng n cc
phn t chuyn mch.
Ma trn chuyn mch m rng:
(s)
u im: Tr qua mng nh do mi thit b ch dc a vo m 1 ln qua mng.
Nhc im: Khi s u vo tng, s phn t chuyn mch cng phi tng ln, iu
ny gii hn kch thc ca ma trn chuyn mch m rng.
+ Mng chuyn mch hnh phu: pha ma trn ch nht N u vo, #b u ra. (Chuyn
mch ko vng, ko tc nghn) p dng vi mng chuyn mch c kch thc nh
32&16, hoc 128&128
+ Mng chuyn mch trn: C ch phn hi dc p dng (thit b c th dc i qua li 1 vi
ln trong mng trn trc khi ti dc u ra cho trc)
+Nhiu tng: dc XD t vi tng ca phn t chuyn mch dc ni vi nhau theo vi tng cho
trc, tu theo s ng m thit b c th i t u vo n u ra. Trong mng c th chia
lm 2 nhm.
+Mng 1 ng: ch c 1 ng duy nht ni 1 u vo vi 1 u ra cho trc. Cc mng ny
cn dc gi l chuyn mch Bangan nh ng n gin. Tuy nhin c nhc im l
tc nghn khi thit b yu cu ng thi u ni.
+Mng nhiu ng: c th c nhiu lin kt dc ni u vo ti 1 u ra cho trc. V vy
mng c u im l lm gim, thm ch loi b tc nghn trong mng.
3/ Nguyn l bo hiu:
a/ Tng quan:
B-ISDN s dng bo hiu ngoi bng ging nh N-ISDN.

Knh o VC l phng tin logic tch cc knh bo hiu ra khi knh ca ng s

dng.
b/ Bo hiu trn knh o SVC:
Cc thng ip bo hiu trong ATM dc truyn qua mng trn knh o bo hiu SVC c cc
loi:
- Knh bo hiu trao i: MSVC. Trn mi giao din UNI c 1 knh MSVC. MSVC
l knh c nh v dc truyn theo 2 hng. L knh qun l giao din thit lp,
kim tra v gii phng cc knh SVC t im ti nhiu im v cc SVC truyn
thng c la chn.
- Knh bo hiu t im ti im (point to point SVC): c dng thit lp, iu
khin v gii phng cc cuc ni knh o VCC ca ngi SD. N l knh bo hiu 2
hng.
- Knh bo hiu truyn thng (BSVC): c 2 loi, l knh n hng t mng ti
ngi SD.
+ SVC truyn thng chung (general BSVC): gi thng ip cho cc im cui.
+ SVC truyn thng c la chonk (selection BSVC): gi thng ip cho 1 s im cui
dc nh trc (bo hiu dc gi ti tt c cc im u cui cng 1 loi dch v)
c/ Cc kiu bo hiu trong ATM:
- Bo hiu ko kt hp: thc th bo hiu iu khin tt c cc knh o VC trong tt c
cc kt ni ng o VPC ti giao din ca n. Knh o bo hiu c gi tr VPCI=0
v VCI=5.
(s)
- Bo hiu ch kt hp: thc th bo hiu ch iu khin cc knh o VC trong 1 kt
ni ng o VCP bng cch s dng 1 VC trong VPC trao i bn tin bo
hiu. Bo hiu kt hp ch dc SD khi ngi SD v mng c 1 tho thun song
phng. Knh bo hiu trong trng hp ny c ch s VPI ca VPC v VCI=5.
(s)
d/ Bo hiu ti giao din UNI:
Trong bo hiu ti UNI, ch s nhn dng kt ni ng o VPCI dc SD thay cho VPI v
VPI c th thay i khi i qua cc tb u cui cho VP.
M hnh bo hiu ti UNI trong B-ISDN dc a ra bi cc khuyn ngh Q.2931 v Q.2971
(S)
MS: bo hiu trao i.
S. AAL: Lp tng thch ATM dnh cho bo hiu.
Q.2931 & Q.2971: cc giao thc lp mng giao din UNI.
e/ nh dng bn tin bo hiu:
Ti UNI, vc bo hiu dc tin hnh thng qua trao io bn tin bo hiu gia 2 thc th
bo hiu ngang nhau.
(s)
Phn bit cc giao thc: cc thng ip trn SVC l thng ip bo hiu hay thng ip
thuc v cc giao thc khc nhau.
Tham chiu cuc gi:

Dc s dng xnh cuc gi ti giao din cc b tng ng vi thng tin ang

truyn.
- Gi tr tham chim cuc gi dc gn bi pha gc cuc gi, l duy nht v tn ti
trong sut thi gian cuc gi .
- Khi cuc gi dc gii phng, gi tr ny dc gii phng. Hon ton c kh nng 2 cuc
gi c cng gi tr tham chiu cuc gi trn cng 1 SVC khi 2 cuc gi xut pht t
2 pha. Xut pht gn c F=0, bn tin tc t pha nhn gn cho c gi tr 1.
Trng kiu thng ip (bn tin): xc nh chc nng bn tin ang dc gi. Cc thng ip
ring cho quc gia, bn tin thit lp cuc gi, gii phng cuc gi, xo cuc gi
Trng di bn tin: di = 2 byte khai bo di ca ni dung thng ip.
Thnh phn thng tin c di thay i: Mi bn tin c cc thnh phn thng tin ring,
mang ni dung c trng cho bn tin. S c mt ca thnh phn thng tin ny c th l tu
chn hay bt buc, ph thuc vo ni dung ca bn tin.

Phn IV: Mng th h k tip NGN v chuyn mch phn mm

Tng quan NGN
1/ n NGN:
NGN l mng c c s h tng thng tin duy nht v da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi.
Trin khai dch v 1 cch a dng nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v d liu,
gia c nh v di ng.
Tn gi ca NGN: + Mng a dch v
+ Mng hi t
+ Mng phn lp
NGN ko l loi mng mi m l s pht trin c s k tha v s dng cc h tng sn c
a ra cc dch v ti u cho ngi SD, a ra kin ti u s dng h tng.
2/ c im:
- Cu trc phn lp theo chc nng v phn tn cc tim nng trn mng, s dng
rng ri cc giao din m API lm cho cc dch v ko ph thuc nhiu vo nh cung
cp thit b.
- D dng pht trin mng, cho php chuyn giao dch v v cng ngh khi c yu
cu ny sinh.
- C s tch bit gia kt ni v iu khin cuc gi hay dch v.
- Lp iu khin dch v c lp vi lp cng ngh s dng trong mng.
3/ Cu trc mng NGN:
Lp NGN:
- Lp truy nhp
- Lp truyn ti
- Lp iu khin
- Lp ng dng & dv
- Lp qun l
(s)

Cu trc mng NGN

1/ Lp truy nhp:
Chc nng: cung cp kt ni gia thit b u cui v mng ng trc (ph thuc
lp truyn ti) qua cng giao tip thch hp.
+ Cng MG (media gateway)
+ Tb u cui (thu bao ca mng NGN) in thoi POTS (thoi thng thng), IP,
ISDN, di ng, tng i PBX, VoIP hoc VoDSL.
Thnh phn:
Cc thit b truy nhp cung cp cc cng kt ni thu bao qua h thng mng ngoi vi (cp
ng, cp quang hay v tuyn)
Cng truy nhp: VoIP, FR, ATM, DSL.
Chuyn i cc phng tin truy nhp khc nhau vo mng ng trc, trao i cc thng
tin v tuyn: GSM, CDMA, WLL.
Hu tuyn: Cp ng x DSL
Cp quang SDH WDM
PON
2/ Lp truyn ti:
Thnh phn:
- Cc nt chuyn mch, cc b nh tuyn v cc thit b truyn dn.
- N hot ng di s iu khin ca chuyn mch mm v chuyn mch cng
trong lp nh tuyn tn hiu dc chuyn mch v nh tuyn.
Lp li (core):
- Truyn dn: SHD, WDM
- Chuyn mch: ATM/IP, MPLS
Cc chuyn mch dc trang b cng ngh ATM/IP v mng chuyn mch gm 2 lp:
+ c/m lp li: dng x l cc cuc gi lin vng v quc t.
+ c/m lp bin: mc ch gim chuyn mch ni ht v thay th bng tng i
chuyn mch a dch v.
MPLS: l s kt hp ca ATM v IP s dng c ch hon i nhn nh trong ATM tng
tc truyn gi tin m ko cn thay i giao thc nh tuyn ca IP.
Chuyn mch quang: da trn nguyn tc chuyn mch quang phn chia theo thi gian,
kgian, hay bc sng.
Truyn dn: cc lp vt l ang dc trin khai s dng truyn daaxn quang vi k
thut ghp knh bc sng quang.
- Lp 1: lp vt l
- Lp 2 v 3: chuyn mch gi, km theo c cht kim sot QoS tip tc s dng
truyn dn SDH, hon thin v nng cp cc h thng truyn dn.
- Xu hng tin ti XD 1 mng truyn ti OTN, mang dc tt c lu lng ATM/IP
trong mng.
3/ Lp iu khin:
Thnh phn:

Thnh phn chnh ca lp iu khin l chuyn mch mm. Chuyn mch mm c

chc nng: kt ni vi cc thnh phn khc kt ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch
IP.
- B iu khin cng truyn thong MGC
- Tc nhn cuc gi
Chc nng:
- iu khin kt ni cuc gi thng qua vic iu khin cc thit b chuyn mch v
iu khin cc thit b truy nhp.
- Lp iu khin dc t chc vo 1 cp cho ton mng
- Chc nng iu khin dc phn b theo vng lu lng.
- Lp diu khin lin kt u cui vi lp ng dng v dv cho nn n cng thc hin
chc nng qun l chm sc khch hng, tnh cc.
- Ngoi ra lp khin cn c chc nng nh 1 HT cng gateway nhm qun l kt
ni, qun l mg, khai bo vo qun l dch v.
4/ ng dng v dch v:
- Chc nng cung cp dch v n ngi SD 1 cch thng nht v ng b
- Dc t chc tnh 1 cp trong ton mng.
- Lp ng dng v dch v lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua giao din m API.
- Cung cp dch v c bng thng khc nhau v kiu dch v khc nhau, 1 s dch v
truy nhp trc tip ti lp ng dng, 1 s khc iu khin t lp iu khin nh dch
v thoi truyn thng.
5/ Lp qun l:
L lp xuyn sut cc lp pha trn, thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: qun l mng, qun l
dch v v qun l kinh doanh.

Chuyn mch mm trong NGN

1/ S ra i ca soft switch:
- NGN tch chc nng x l cuc gi ra khi thit b chuyn mch vt l v kt ni 2
thnh phn ny vi nhau thng qua 1 giao thc chun.
+ Phn chuyn mch vt l gi l MG (media gateway)
+ Phn x l cuc gi l gi l chuyn mch mm, MGC, Call agent.
- Nguyn nhn cho thy vic phn tch:
+ Cho php c 1 gii phng phn mm chung cho x l trn nhiu mng khc nhau, bao
gm c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
+ L ng lc cho cc HT iu hnh v cc mi trng my tnh chun, tit kim trong
vic pht trin cc phn mm x l cuc gi.
+ To c hi cho cc cng ty nh tham gia vo th trng. Gim bt s c quyn.
2/ So snh gia chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch mm:
Cu trc chuyn mch:
- Trong chuyn mch mm, m hnh hot ng theo cc module ring bit. Phn mm
iu khin x l cuc gi ko ph thuc phn cng chuyn mch vt l cng nh mi
trng truyn thng tin.

Trong chuyn mch knh, tng i l 1 khi thng nht, thc hin tt c cc cng
vic: s ho tn hiu, thc hin chuyn mch v ghp knh.
(s)
c tnh chuyn mch:
- Chuyn mch mm c th thc hin tt c cc chc nng ca tng i in t, hn
na c th tch hp c chc nng ca tng i ni ht hoc chuyn tip, hoc chc
nng ca tng i doanh nghip.
- Chuyn mch mm cho php lin kt IP & PSTN truyn thng iu khin v chuyn
mch lu lng hn hp gia thoi, d liu v video.
- Phng thc chuyn mch: Trong chuyn mch mm thc hin da trn phn mm.
Thit b chuyn mch mm thc hin chuyn mch gia cc knh o, trong mi
knh o tng ng vi 1 knh mng. Cc knh mng thoi th ko i qua chuyn
mch mm m ch i qua cc cng kt ni MG ri vo mng gi. Khi chuyn mch
mm thc hin chuyn mch gia 2 knh o th n s bo cho cc MG qua giao thc
MGCP ch ra nh tuyn cho cc knh mng.
Vi chuyn mch knh th knh thoi dc nh tuyn v chuyn mch tng i.
(s)
- Bo hiu:
+ Trong chuyn mch mm: Thoi v bo hiu l 2 knh ring bit, truyn ti qua 2
knh kt ni khc nhau, vi tn hiu bo hiu dc truyn qua signalling gateway. T/h
thoi truyn qua MG.
+ Trong chuyn mch knh: Thoi v bo hiu cng l 2 knh khc nhau nhng cng
truyn n 1 im x l trn ng dy hay trn cng 1 kt ni vt l.
- S lin kt phn cng:
+ C/m knh: khi thng nht, phn mm iu khin lin kt cht ch.
+ C/m mm: tch bit. Phn mm tch ring khi phn cng c th d dng thay i
phn mm.
- Dch v:
+ C/m knh: ch yu l thoi, fax.
+ C/m mm: ngoi thoi, fax cn c audio
- Gi thnh:
+ C/m knh: gi thnh trin khai l t.
+ C/m mm: gi thnh gim, ch tp trung cho chi ph phn mm.
- Kh nng a dv:
+ C/m mm: D dng a ra cc dch v mi, c tnh m.
+ C/m knh: ko c tnh m. c quyn.
3/ Cc giao thc trong mng NGN:
- H_323
- SIP (khi to phin)
- MGCP
- Megaco /H248
(s)

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS

1.MPLS truyn dl theo cc ng LSP(label Switched Path)
Cc ung LSP cha dy cc nhn ti tt c cc nt dc theo tuyn t ngun n ch.Cc
nhn c phn phi.
- Nhn c phn phi:Cc giao thc phn phi nhn LDP or cc giao thc RSVP c
ng gi li v mang cc nhn trong thi gian i t S n D.
(s)
-u im :
+ K thut lu lng TE-CoS & QoS c kh nng thit lp ng truyn lu lng,thit
lp cho cc lp dch v v xc nh dch v,,
+ Cung cp IP da vo mng ring o VPN c th ra ng hm IP trn MPLS.Do
khng cn m ha d liu u cui.
+ Loi b cu hnh a lp:thng thng sd m hnh chng ln.
ATM sd lp 2
IP sd lp 3
Vi vic sd MPLS cn iu chnh cc khi chc nng ca mt phng iu khinATM
vo lp 3.Do s lm ng ha mng v qun l mng.
+ Tuyn hin: Cc ng chuyn mch nhn c nh tuyn sn,cc ng nh tuyn
ny hiu qu hn so vi ty chn tuyn ngun trong IP.
+ H tr a lien kt v a giao thc.
Frame mode : do truyn dn frame relay
Cell mode : ATM
-Nhc im:
+ H tr a giao thc > phc tp trong kt ni
+ Kh thc hin h tr QoS xuyn sut
+ Vic hp nht cc knh o vn cn ang c xem xt
+ Vic chn cc tb > vic chim nhiu ti nguyn trong b m.
2,3,4.Cc thnh phn MPLS
* Nhn MPLS :
C di ngn v c nh c gn vo gi tin c th.Dng ca nhn ph thuc phng
tin truyn m gi tin c gn nhn.Nhn c th l trng VCI & VPN & cng c th l
trng nhn.
i vi cc phng tin gc trong c cu trc nhn 1 trm m 32 bit s c chn them
sd cho nhn.
(s)
+ Trng nhn 20 bit th hin gi tr ca nhn,dung gn cho cc gi tin ,trao i
cho cc b nh tuyn.
+ Trng EXP cn c tn gi lp dch v CoS,c th tc ng n tt c hng i.
+ Ngn sp S c 1 bit h tr s phn cp nhn trong ngn xp nhn thng mi khi i
qua 1 b nh tuyn th gi tr TTL gim i 1.Khi TTL quay tr v 0 th gi tin s b loi
b.
* Ngn xp nhn :

+ Ngn xp nhn xut hin sau tiu ca lp IP ng trc mi tiu ca lp mng,

+ Gi d liu ca lp mng i theo cng vo chng nhn m c bit S c thit lp.
+ Trong 1 frame lien kt d liu ,th ngn xp nhn xut hin trong tiu IP v tiu lin
kt d liu,
+ i vi truyn dn ATM,cc tb ATM gi tr nhn trong ngn xp nhn cao nht c t
vo trng VCI & VPN,ph thuc tiu .Gi tr nhn u tin khng duy tr ti phn u
ca ngn xp nhn m c chn vo trong tiu thng bo v tiu IP.
* ng chuyn mch nhn LSP :
L ng nm trong cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR.LSR li vo v cc
LSR li ra.
(s)
- Phng thc thit lp LSP:
+ nh tuyn theo tng chng : Mi LSR la chn ring 1 FEC xc nh.
+ nh tuyn hin : LSR li vo ch nh cc nt m LSP i s i qua.
- Thuc tnh LSP : C td khi tnh ton or thit lp,
+ Bng thng ; yu cu bng thng c th dnh c ti thiu l 1 ng ph thuc
LSP.
+ Ph thuc tnh ng : N xc nh LSP c xc nh th cng or c tnh ton
ng t cc thut ton nh tuyn rng buc,u tin thit lp.
+ Ph thuc tnh u tin chim d : l phn ti nguyn LSP ang chim gi.
+ Ph thuc tnh n hi: n x nh tuyn li LSP khi ng hin ta b sa hay
khng.
+ Ph thuc tnh thch nghi : xem xt chuyn LSP sang 1 ng khc ti u hn hay
khng khi ng ny sn sang,
*B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR : LSR thc hin chc nng chuyn tip gi tin
trong phm vi mng MPLS bng th tc phn phi nhn.
- LSR-bin(LER) : label Edge Router ,nm bn trong mng MPLS.
+ chc nng : Gn hay loi b cc nhn cho c gi tin > or i ki MPLS.
+ Cc LER c th l cc LER li vo : Ingress LER
ra : egress LER
- LSR li :
- Chc nng : chuyn tip cc gi c nhn
ATM-LSR da cc execel mode
+ ATM-LSR li :
Chc nng :s dng giao thc ca MPLS thit lp knh o ATM v chuyn
t bo ATM n ATM-LSR tip theo.
+ ATM-LSR bin :
Chc nng : Nhn gi tin c nhn hoc o c nhn v n chia ra thnh cc t bo
ATM v gi cc t bo ATM-LSR k tip.
u ra : nhn cc t bo ATM ti to cc gi v chuyn tip gi c nhn or
khng c nhn.
3.Lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC

L s phn loi ca cc gi c chung thuc tnh nh : cng a ch ch,cng yu cu v

dch v nh lung muticast,QoS
FEC c gn cho gi ti LSR li vo(LER).LER phn loi gi n v lin kt chng
ti cc FEC.Mi 1 FEC kt hp vi 1 nhn thch hp v 1 ng chuyn gi.
Chng nhn > Khi 1 gi tin c gn nhiu nhn>ch ra s phn cp ca mng.
4.Bng thng tin nhn LIB (Label Information Base)
+ Mi 1 FEC yu cu 1 nhn ring bit.LER li vo s lit k cc FEC vi cc nhn
tng ng vo 1 bng gi l c s thng tin nhn LIB.
+ LIB bao gm thng tin v nhn u vo ,nhn u ra giao din u ra c bc nhy tip
theo.
IP ch
Cng FEC
Nhn
Nhn
Cng
Bc
Hot
vo
ra
ra
nhy
ng
tip
theo
192.41.21.21 80
1
__
55
2
213.32 Gn
0
.8.27
157.52.63.3 80
16
22
60
15
20.38. Hon
73.19
i
171.41.21.21 80
3
71
25
20
191.1. Hon
0
2.160
i
124.23.87.3 80
12
95
__
22
185.53 Tch
.43.9
5.Hot ng ca MPLS
* MPLS l cng ngh kt ni nh hng.ng vi mi lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC
l cc c tnh lu lng xc nh yu cu,dch v cho lung .
Cc b nh tuyn LSR khng kim tra v x l cc tiu IP m ch chuyn tip cc gi
da vo gi tr nhn.
*LER li vo :
Nhim v : Phn loi gi ph thuc FEC bit hoc khng.Nu m gi tng ng 1 gi
FEC bit th LER s gn nhn cho gi v chuyn n LSR k tip.LSR xc nh y l 1
FEC mi>n s kt hp vi LSR khc v s dng giao thc phn phi nhn thit lp
LSP tng ng vi FEC mi .
(s)
* LSR li :
Nhim v : Khi 1 LSR nhn c 1 gi c gn nhn th n s xa nhn li vo v
gn 1 nhn li ra v s chuyn tip gi ti LSR k tip.
* RER li ra :
Nhim v : Tch nhn ,c tiu IP xc nh a ch IP ch v chuyn tip gi t ch
tip theo.

Bo hiu H232
1.Khi qut v H232:

- H232 l nhm tchun kthut cho truyn dn video, audio v d liu thng qua gthc
mng internet IP do ITU a ra.
- H232 gm c chc nng bhiu v khin cuc gi giao vn v iu khin truyn thng,
khin rng bng tn cho hi ngh t im ti im hoc a im.
(hv)
2.Cu trc H232:
- Thnh fn chnh:
+ u cui (terminal H232)
+ Gateway: chuyn i gthc 1 u cui khng fi H232 c th lin lc vi 1 u cui
H232.
+ Gatekeeper
+ MCU (multipoint control Unit): v khin a im thit lp cc hi ngh.
(s)
*Terminal H232:
- L 1 in thoi hay l 1 my tnh chy ng dng H232. c dng cho truyn thg 1 chiu
thi gian thc. Dng cho c t/h audio, video v d liu.
- Bao gm:
+ M ha v gii m Audio.
+ M ha v gii m video.
+ B m: khi nhn t/h audio, video vo b m sp xp li khi truyn t/h ra c cng 1
tc .
+ Hthg iu khin: thit lp cc cuc gi s dng cc knh khin # fa # ca cuc gi.
thit lp cuc gi dng H2250
RAS: trao i thng tin gia Terminal H232 vi Gateway Keeper.
H245.
*Gateway:
- Chc nng: thng dch gia mng IP v mng thoi: c vai tr cu ni v ch tham gia
vo 1 cuc gi khi c s chuyn tip t mng H232 sang mng phi H232.
- Chuyn i gia cc dng khung truyn dn.VD: t H225 sang H221.
- Chuyn i gia cc dng m ha # ca lung t/h.
- T/hin vic thit lp v gii fng cuc gi c 2 fa.
*Gatekeeper:
- L fn t k nht thit fi c trong H232. N thc hin chc nng khin dv cuc gi
gia cc im u cui H232.
- Chc nng chnh phn ra 2 loi:
+ Chc nng bt buc:
Dch a ch
khin truy nhp.
khin rng bng tn.
khin vng.
+ Chc nng k bt buc:
khin b/hiu cuc gi.
Hn ch truy nhp.

Gim st rng bng tn.

Gim st cuc gi.
*MCU: t/b khin a im, cung cp kh nng nhiu th/b u cui v gateway cng
tham gia vo 1 cuc gi hi ngh.
- MC (bt buc fi c): Multipoint controller.
- MP: Multipoint process.
- Nhim v MC l iu tit kh nng trao i d liu theo tiu chun H245. N xnh cc
dng d liu m thanh hay hnh nh no cn c gi ti cc u cui.
- MP thc hin kt hp chuyn i v x l cc bit d liu.
3.Th tc b/hiu cuc gi:
1 cuc gi c tin hnh theo 5 giai on:
- gan 1: thit lp cuc gi 1 kt ni TCP c thit lp truyn thng ip Q.931 ca
knh b/hiu cuc gi.
- gon 2: gi l khi u truyn thng. Mt lin kt TCP na s c m dnh cho knh
khin truyn thng H245.
- gon 3: thit lp knh t/h media th tc m cc knh logic cho t/h media ca knh
H.245 c t/hin.
- gon 4: cc dv cuc gi. Ng s dng s trao i tt vi nhau ng thi cac dv # nh l
gim st cht lung khin thng lng v knh dv h tr cgn c tin hnh.
- gon 5: kt thc cuc gi. VD: thit lp cuc gi gia 2 u cui c chung 1
Gatekeeper.

Giao thc khin phin SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

1.Gii thiu SIP:
*IETF a ra.
*SIP l gthc thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc fin tt a fng tin. Cc fin multimedia
gm thoi, truyn thng hi ngh v cc ng dng khc lin quan n audio, video, data.
+ SIP c dng nh 1 gthc b/hiu cho dv thoi trong mi trng mng IP. C 1 s c
im ca gthc nh gthc truyn th SMTP v gthc truyn siu vn bn HTTP do IETF
xy dng.
*Hot ng ca SIP:
Hot ng theo m hnh client/server. Cc client gi yu cu n server v server x l cc
yu cu v gi tr li cho client. Nhng yu cu v tr li to thnh cc fin giao dch, v
cc yu cu c th gi qua cc kt ni TCP hoc UDP.
2.Cc thnh phn ca SIP:
Mt gthc SIP gm 2 thnh fn: 1 thc th ng dng v cc server mng.
*Thc th ng dng(User Agent)
Thc th ng dng chnh l cc t/b u cui. N c th l 1 thoi SIP hoc 1 my tnh chy
phn mm SIP.
Cc thc th li gm thnh fn sau:
+ UAC( User Agent Client): dng khi to cc yu cu.
+ UAS( User Agent Server): dng nhn cc yu cu v tr li li cc yu cu)

*Server mng (Network Server):

C 1 s server mang khc:
- Proxy server: l 1 phn mm trung gian hot ng nh c server v client t/hin cc
y/c thay mt cc u cui khc. Cc proxy server s x l cc y/c nu c th. Nu k n s
t/hin cng vic chuyn i hoc dch sang cc khun dng thch hp v chuyn cho cc
server khc.
- Server v tr( location server): nh v thu bao, cung cp tt v nhng v tr ca fa b
gi cho proxy server v cc server chuyn tip.
- Server chuyn tip (Redirect server): c n/v nhn cc y/c ca SIP v chuyn i cc i
ch SIP sang 1 s a ch khc v i li cho u cui. C th cc server chuyn tip nhn
cc y/c n xnh a ch ca server chng tip theo v gi cho client cho client gi thng
y/c n server ch.
Ch : Server chuyn tip khng hot ng nh 1 u cui( k gi i bt k 1 y/c no, k
nhn v hy cui gi)
- Server ng k( Registration server) c nv nhn cc y/c ng k. N m nhim 1 s
chc nng an ninh nh xnhn ng s dng. Thng thng n hot ng cng vi proxy hoc
server chuyn tip cung cp dv nh v thu bao.
(hv)
3. Hot ng ca SIP:
*a ch SIP:
- Cc SIP c nhn dng qua a ch ti nguyn ton cu (URL)
- Cu trc a ch ny l: User@host.
+ Phn user: tn ng sdng hay s thoi.
+ Phn host: c th l a ch mng hay l tn min.
VD: SIP: dt2_k48@hut.edu.vn
SIP: 8570226@193.2.0.6
*Thit lp cuc gi: c 2 kiu:
- Kiu proxy server: Ch hot ng kiu proxy server:
(s)
- Kiu Redirect server:
(s)

Giao thc MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)

Megaco/H.248
SGCP (Simple Gateway Control Protocol) ra i do:
Gii quyt vn t_ng thch bo hiu gia mng PSTN v cc mng da trn cng ngh
IP (IPbased)
Hiu qu thp, chi ph cao. VD: chuyn i bn tin bo hiu SS7 s gy mt thng tin
MGCP l phin bn mi ca SGCP:
L giao thc iu khin cc gateway thoi thng qua MGC (Media Gateway Controller)
hoc CA (Call Agent)
- Tch bit cc chc nng bo hiu v thit lp ng truyn

H.323 v MGCP
H.323 Gateway phn tch yu cu gi v nh tuyn.
MGC m nhim chc nng nh tuyn cho ngi dng.
Tng thch ti a. Giao thc iu khin cng c lp, thch ng vi nhiu giao din: trung
k PSTN, ATM, thoi IP, Server...
n gin v mm do. Dc SD trong NGN nh giao thc k tip MGCP.
S dng m hnh Master/Slave. MGC iu khin kt ni, iu khin cu hnh thit b qua
Megaco/H.248
Tnh m cao. c pht trin bi IETF v ITU