VAN E 5

BAT PHNG TRNH CO

CHA CAN
79

Van e 5

Bat phng trnh co cha can.

A. Tom tat ly thuyet
Thng ta gap mot trong cac dang sau :
1-\

B > 0

A < B A < B 2
A 0

2-\

B < 0
A 0
A > B
B 0

2
A > B

3-\ A2 B2

(A + B ) ( A B ) 0
A 0
A B
4-\ A B
A < 0
A B

5-\ Trong trng hp gap nhieu dau can ta at ieu kien cac bieu
thc co x phia di dau can , tm ieu kien chung , t o bien oi
tng ng e a ve cac dang c ban tren .
6-\ Bat phng trnh hu t :
Bat phng trnh hu t la bat phng trnh a c ve dang :

P( x )
0 ( 0 , > 0 , < 0) trong o P(x), Q(x) la cac bieu thc a
Q( x )

c ve dang tch cac tam thc hoac nh thc.

Nguyen tac giai :
Cach 1 :
- a bat phng trnh ve mot trong cac dang neu tren
- Phan tch P(x), Q(x) thanh tch cac tam thc hay nh thc.
- Lap bang xet dau cua bieu thc VT.
- Da vao bang xet dau rut ra tap nghiem
Cach 2 :
at an phu.
80

Ngoai ra chan rang ta se con gap nhieu dang khac

Sau ay la mot v du va mot so bai co hng dan giai

B. VAI V DU C BAN VA CAC BAI TAP CO

HNG DAN GIAI
au tien ta xem vai v du n gian sau :
V du1 :
Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
a)

17 15x 2 x 2
x+3

> 0 (1)

17
x 1.
2
Sau o chu y en mau co ( x + 3) la mot nh thc bac nhat .
17
Trng hp 1:
< x < 3 : bat phng trnh vo nghiem .
2
(v t so > 0 con mau so < 0 VT < 0 )
Trng hp 2 : -3 x 1: (1) 17 15x 2x2 > 0
17

< x < 1 (2)
2
Sau o giao vi ieu kien 3 x 1 ta c 3 < x < 1 .
Vay tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh la :
S = (3 ; 1 )

ieu kien : 17 15x 2x2 0

b)

1 1 4x 2
x

< 3

1 1 4x 2 3x
< 0
x

Trng hp 1 : 1 1 4 x 3x < 0
1 3x < 1 4x 2
(
dk
)
x
>
0

1
x > 3
1 3x < 0
1
1
1 4x 2 0
x

2
2
1 3x 2 0
x 1
2
1 4x > (1 3x )

3
1 4 x 2 > 1 6x + 9 x 2

81

1
1
3 < x 2
1
1
<

1
2
x
3
1
3

0 < x
3
0 < x < 6

13
1
(1).
So vi ieu kien 0 < x
2
2

Trng hp 2 : 1 1 4 x 3x > 0 1 3x > 1 4x 2

x < 0(dk )

1
1
3 < x 2
1

x
3

2
13x 6x < 0

x < 3
1 3x > 0
1
1

1 4x 2 0
x
2
2
1 4x 2 < (1 3x ) 2
6
x < 0vx >
13

1
6
1
x<0 v
<x
2
13
2
1
6
1
<x
So vi ieu kien x < 0 v
(2)
13
2
2
1
1
Hp (1) (2) ta c nghiem cua bpt la : x
2
2
c)

x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 2 > 4 2x
x 2 + 2x + 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 2 6 > 0 (*)

at t = x 2 + 2 x + 2 1 (1)
(*) t2 + t 6 > 0 t < 3 v t > 2 (2)
(1) (2) t > 2
Vay bat phng trnh x 2 + 2x + 2 > 2
x2 + 2x + 2 > 0 x < 1 3 v x > 1 + 3

82

d)

1 x4 x2

x 1 < 0
1 x 4 x 2 0
x 1
x 1 0
1 x 4 x 2 x 2 2 x + 1

Trng hp 1 :
Vi x < 1 va 1 x 4 x 2 0 x 4 x 2 1
x2(x2 1) e
luon co ngha la x2 1 0 x 1 v x 1 (*)
Vi x 1 x4 x2 1 0 (1)
at t = x 2 ( t 0)
1 5
1+ 5
t
(1) t2 t 1 0
2
2
1+ 5
1+ 5
x2
0
So vi ieu kien ta c : 0 t
2
2

1+ 5
2

1+ 5
2

So vi ieu kien co ngha ta c : x (a)

Trng hp 2 :
Vi x 1th 1 x 4 x 2 x2 2x + 1

x 4 x 2 x 2 + 2x

2 x x 2 0
0 x 2

x 4 x 2 0
x 1 v x 1 1 x 2 (b)
5

x 4 x 2 x 4 4x 3 + 4x 2
x
4

Hp (a) (b) , nghiem bat phng trnh la : 1 x 2

e)

x 2 + 4x + 4 < x + 2

Cach 1 :
x 2 + 4x + 4 < x + 2
x + 2 > 0
x > 2

x 2 + 4 x + 4 0
x R
x
0x < 0( voly)
x 2 + 4 x + 4 < ( x + 2) 2
83

Cach 2: Da vao tnh chat cua gia tr tuyet oi.

Ta co : A A luon ung vi moi A va A < A luon sai vi moi A .
Bat phng trnh x + 2 < x + 2 (1) van dung tnh chat tren
Vay (1) luon sai x R do o (1) co S = .
V du 2
a) Tm mien xac nh cua ham so sau : y = 5 x

6
x

Giai
6
c xac nh khi :
x
x 2 5x + 6
6

x 0
5 x 0

( , 0] [ 2, +3)
x

x
2 x 3
x 0
x 0

1/ y = 5 x

Vay, mien xac nh cua y la D = [ 2,3] ( , 0 )

x + 3 2x 8 + 7 x

b) Giai bat phng trnh :

(1)
ieu kien cua nghiem: 4 x 7

Giai

x + 3 2x 8 + 7 x

(2)

(1) x + 3 2x 8 + 7 x + 2 ( 2x 8 )( 7 x )
42

( 2x 8)( 7 x ) 4 (2x 8)(7 x) 2x 2 22x + 60 0

x 2 11x + 30 0 x 5 x 6

(3)

(2) va (3) cho x [ 4,5] [ 6, 7 ]

V du 3
Giai bat phng trnh : 1 x x 2 + 1 > 0
T o suy ra bang xet dau cua : f ( x ) = 1 x x 2 + 1
Giai
Ta co :

1 x 0
x 1
1 x 1 + x2 > 0

2
2
1 x > x + 1
1 x > x + 1

x 1

x [ 1, 0]
1 x 0

84

Vay : 1 x 1 + x 2 > 0 1 x 0
T o suy ra Bang xet dau cua f ( x ) = 1 x 1 + x 2
Theo tren : f ( x ) = 1 x 1 + x 2 > 0 1 x 0 nen
f ( x ) < 0 x < -1 x > 0

V du 4
Giai phng trnh : x 2 x 1 ( x 1) x + x 2 x = 0
Giai
1) x 2 x 1 (x 1) x + x 2 x = 0
x 2 x 1 (x 1) x + x ( x 1) = 0

A = x

at :

(A 0)

B = x 1 (B 0)
A 2 B2 = 1

Ta co :

(1)
2

A 2B AB + AB = 0

(2)

Thay : A 2 = B2 + 1 vao (2), ta co : B2 + 1 2B AB(B 1) = 0

B = 1
(B 1)(B 1 AB) = 0
B 1 AB = 0
B = 1 ta c : x 1 = 1 x = 2
B 1 0
B 1 = AB
( v A 0, B 0)
2
2 2
(B 1) = A B
B 1
2
2
2
2
2
B 2B + 1 = (B + 1)B v : A = B + 1
B 1
4
B + 2B 1 = 0(*)

V B 1 nen (*) vo nghiem neu

Ket luan : Phng trnh a cho co nghiem duy nhat x = 2

85

V du 5
Giai bat phng trnh : (x 3) x 2 4 x 2 9
Giai
Tap xac nh cua phng trnh la : ( ; 2] [ 2; )
Ta co : (x 3) x 2 4 x 2 9

(1)

(x 3) x 2 4 (x + 3) 0 (2)

at f (x) = (x 3) x 2 4 (x + 3) .

Ro rang f xac nh va lien tuc tren ( ; 2] [ 2; + )

x = 3
f (x) = 0
x 2 4 = x + 3

(3)

x 4 = x + 6x + 9
13
x=
6
x 3

(3)

Tom lai, hai nghiem cua f(x) = 0 la x = 3 va x =

13
6

. f (4) = 16 4 7 = 12 7 < 0
. f (3) = 6 5 < 0
. f (2) = 5 > 0
. f (2) = 5 > 0
x
f(x)

13
-2
6
0 +|

Vay :Tap nghiem BPT la x

| + 0

13
hay x 3
6

V du 7
Giai bat phng trnh :

2x 2 6x + 1 x + 2 > 0

Giai
at f(x) = 2x 6x + 1 x + 2
' = 9 2 = 7. Ro rang f xac nh va lien tuc tren
2

86

3 7 3 + 7
; + . Trong tap xac nh, ta co :
;

2 2

f (x) = 0 2x 2 6x + 1 x + 2 = 0
2x 2 6x + 1 = x 2 4x + 4
2x 2 6x + 1 = x 2
x=3
x 2

x
f(x)

- 0
+

3 7
2
||

3+ 7
2
|| -

3 4 +
0 +

3 7
f (0) > 0;f (4) > 0. ap so : x ;
(3; )
2

Sau ay la mot so bai tap co hng dan giai :

Bai 0 (khi ong )
Giai bat phng trnh:
a)

x2 < 4x
4 x > 0

x 2 < 16 8x + x 2
x 2 0
2 x < 4

v x>6
x < 3

x < 4
2
x 9x + 18 > 0
x 2
2 x < 3

b)

x 2 4x > x 3
x 3 < 0
x 2 4x 0

x 2 3 0
2
x 4x > ( x 3)
x 0
9 x0 v x>

x > 2

x < 3
x 0
v
x 3
2 x 9 > 0

x4

x 0
x 3

9

x >
2

9
2

87

c)

x 2 + x 12 8 x

x 8
8 x 0
76

2
2
x + x 12 64 16 x + x x
17
x 2 + x 12 0
x
4 v x3

76
76
x 4 v 3 x
x 4 v 3x
17
17
d)

x 2 7x 8 + 6 x

x 6 0

x 2 7 x 8 x 6 x 2 7 x 8 0
x 2 7 x 8 x 2 12x + 36

x 6
44

x 1 v x 8 8 x
5
44

e) 2+

x 2 3x 10 > x

x 2 3x 10 > x 2

x 2 < 0
x < 2
x 2 3x 10 0
x 2 v x 5


x 2

x
2
0
x
2

x > 14
2
x > 14
2

>

+
x
3
x
10
x
4
x
4

Vay tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh la S = ( ;2]U[14;+ )

f) (x 3)

x 2 4 x2 9 (x 3) ( x 2 4 x 3) 0

x 3(dk )
x + 3 < 0
x 3 0
2
x 4 0
Trng hp 1 : 2
x 4x x + 3
x + 3 0
x 2 4 x 2 + 6x + 9

x 3
x < 3
x 2 v x 2

x 3

13
x

6
88

x 3
13
13 x

x
6

(1)

x 3
x + 3 0
x 3 0
Trng hp 2 : 2
2
x 4 x 2 + 6x + 9
x 4 x+3
2
x 4 0
x 3
13

x
x 3 (2)
x 26vx 2

13
Hp (1) (2) : x
v x3
6
g)

6 x 2 12x + 7 + 2x x2

6 x 2 12x + 7 x2 2x

6( x 2 2x ) + 7 x2 2x (1)

at y = x2 2x y + 1 = (x + 1)2 0 y 1
y 1
(1)
6 y + 7 y(*)

1 y < 0
1 y < 0

7
1 y < 0
6 y + 7 0
y

y 0
(*)
6

y 0
1 y 7

2
y 2 0
6
y
7
y
+

y 6 y 7 0
x 2
x 2
2

1 y < 0 1 x2 2x 0 2
0 y 7
x
0 x 2 x 7
x 2

2x + 1 0
2x < 0
2x 0
2x 7 0

x R
0 < x < 2
0 < x < 2
x 0vx 2

1 8 x 0 v 2 x 1 + 8

1
+
8

1 8 x 1+ 8

89

Bai 1
Giai bat phng trnh :

1+ x + 1 x 2

x2
4

(1)

Giai

1 + x 0

ieu kien : 1 x 0 -1 x 1

2
2 x 0
4

x2

Khi o (1) 1 + x + 1 x + 2 1 x 2
4

x4
x4
2 + 2 1 x2 4 +
- x2 1 x2 - 2 1 x 2 +1+
0
16
16
2
x4
0 1 x 2 1 +
(2)
16
2

(2) ung vi moi x [-1 ; 1] .

Nghiem cua bat phnt trnh la moi x [-1 ; 1] .
Bai 2
Giai bat phng trnh :

1 1 4x 2
< 3 (1)
x
Giai

1
1
1 4 x 2 0 x
2
ieu kien :
2
x 0
x 0
4x
1 (1 4 x 2 )
<3
<3
(3)
x (1 + 1 4 x 2 )
1 + 1 4x 2
4x < 3(1+ 1 4 x 2 ) 3 1 4 x 2 > 4x 3 (2)
90

1 3
<
4x 3 < 0 3 1 4 x 2
2 4
1 1
(2) ung vi moi x thuoc ; \ {0}
2 2
1 1
Vay nghiem cua (1) la ; \ {0}
2 2
Ta a co : x

Bai 3

x 4 + x 2 + 1 + x ( x 2 x + 1)

( x 2 + 1) 3
x

(e thi chuyen Toan Tin HQG Ha noi1988)

Giai
ieu kien bai toan co ngha : x > 0 .
Chia hai ve cho
thanh :

x+

x ( x 2 + 1) va sau khi bien oi bat phng trnh tr

1

1
x+

1
x

+ 1

1
x+

1
x

x+

1
x

1
= t 2 , Bat phng trnh tng ng vi :
x
1
1
1 t t , do hai ve dng vi moi t 2 nen bnh
t
t
1
1
1
phng hai ve ta c 1 - t2 + t - -2t. 1
t
t
t
1
1
1
t+1-2 1 0 ( 1 - 1)2 ung vi moi t 2 ,
t
t
t
Ta at : x +

Vay : bat phng trnh ung vi moi x > 0.

91

Bai 4
Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh : x m + 2m
Giai

x + 2m (1)

x m 0
x m

(2)
x + 2m 0 x 2m

ieu kien :

Ta xet ba trng hp :
a) m = 0 : (1) x x ung vi moi x 0
b) m > 0 : (2) x m
Khi o (1) x m + 4m2 + 4m 1 m x + 2m

4m x m 3m - 4m2 4 x m 3- 4m (do m > 0)

0<m
x 4m 0

2

(
3 4m )
2
x m
x m + (3 4m )
16

16
3
Giao vi ieu kien x m vi 0 < m
th (1) co nghiem :
4
2
3 4m
m x m +

4
Bai 5
Giai bat phng trnh :
(12 x)

12 x
x2
82
+ (x 2)
<
x2
12 x
3
Giai

12 x
> 0 2 < x < 12
x2
Bat phng trnh :
1
1
82
+
<

2
2
(x 2) (12 x ) 3(12 x )( x 2) (12 x )(x 2)

ieu kien :

(x 2)2 + (12 x)2 <

92

82
3

(12 x )(x 2)

 (x 2)2 + (12 x)2 + 2(x 2)(12 x) <

82
(12 x )(x 2) + 2( x 2)(12 x )
3
82
(x 2 + 12 x)2 <
(12 x )(x 2) + 2( x 2)(12 x )
3
82
102 <
(12 x )( x 2) + 2(12 x )( x 2)
3
at t = (12 x )( x 2) , t > 0
t > 0
t > 0

t>3
Bat phng trnh 2 82
50
2
10 < 3 t + 2t
t < 3 t > 3
(12 x )( x 2) > 3 (12 x)(x 2) > 9 3 < x < 11
Ket luan : 3 < x < 11
Bai 6
Giai bat phng trnh :

x 2 4 x + +3 -

2 x 2 3x + 1 x 1
(ai hoc Kien truc Ha noi )
Giai

x 2 4 x + +3 -

2 x 2 3x + 1 x 1

(*)

ieu kien :

x = 1
x 2 4x + 3 0

x 3
2
2x 3x + 1 0

1
x

2
Vi x =1 , bat phng trnh nghiem ung
Vi x 3 , ta co :
93

(*)

( x 1)( x 3) -

( x 1)(2 x 1) x 1

x 3 -

2x 1

x 1

Ta thay :

x 3 -

2x 1 <

x 1

( vi x 3)

Vay bat phng trnh khong thoa x 3

Vi x
(*)

1
.
2

3 x -

3 x + 1 x

1 2x - 1 x

1 2x

3 x + 1 x + 2 (3 x )(1 x ) 1 2x
3 + 2 (3 x )(1 x ) 0
Ket luan : x = 1 hay x

(luon thoa x

1
)
2

1
2

Bai 7
Giai bat phng trnh :

( x + 5)(3x + 4) > 4(x 1)

(ai hoc kinh te Quoc Dan)
Giai

Ta co :

( x + 5)(3x + 4) > 4(x 1)

( x + 5)(3x + 4) 0
(1)

x 1 < 0

x 1 0

(2)
( x + 5)(3x + 4) > 16( x 1) 2
94

 x 5
x 5

4
Giai (1) : (1) x
x < 1
3

3
x < 1
13x 2 51x 4 < 0

Giai (2) : (2)

x 1
Hp lai ta co : x -5 hay

1
<x<4
1x<4
13
x 1

4
x<4
3

Bai 8
Giai bat phng trnh :

1+ x 1 x x

(1)

(ai hoc Ngoai thng 2001)

Giai
ieu kien : -1 x 1
(1)

(1 + x ) (1 x )

x x
1 0 (2)
1+ x + 1 x
1+ x + 1 x

Neu x = 0 th (2) nghiem ung .

Xet x 0 , ta co ( 1 + x + 1 x )2 = 2 + 2 1 x 2 < 2 + 2 = 4

1+ x + 1 x < 2

2
1+ x + 1 x

-1>0

Do o (2) x > 0
Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh la : 0 x 1.

95

Bai 9
Giai bat phng trnh :

7 x 13 3x 9 5x 27
(ai hoc Dan lap phng ong 2001)
Giai

7 x 13 3x 9 5x 27

7 x 13 3x 9 + 5x 27

27

x
5

7 x 13 3x 9 + 5x 27 + 2 (3x 9)(5x 27)

27

x
5

2 (3x 9)(5x 27) 23 x

27
x 23

5
59x 2 458x + 443 0

229 + 26304
x 23
59

96

27
5 x 23

229 + 26304
x
59

229 26304
x
59

Bai 10
Chng minh rang vi moi t [ 1;1] ta co :

1+ t + 1 t 1+ 1 t2 2 t2
(ai hoc quoc Gia TP HCM -2001)
Giai
Vi {t} 1 , ta co :

1+ t + 1 t 1+ 1 t2

1 +t + 2 1 t 2 +1 t 1 + 1 t2 + 2
t2 0
Xet :

1+

1 t2

1 t2

( luon ung vi moi t )

1 t 2 2 t2
1 t2

1 t2 1

1 t2

( 1 t 1) 0
2

(luon ung )

Vay vi moi t [ 1;1] , ta co :

1+ t + 1 t 1+ 1 t2 2 t2

Bai 11
Giai bat phng trnh : 2x2 +

x 2 5x 6 > 10x + 15
(ai hoc Y- Ha Noi- 2001 )
Giai

2x +

x 5x 6 > 10x + 15
2

2(x2 5x 6) +

x 2 5x 6 +3 > 0

x 2 5x 6 ; vi x -1 hoac x 6 th y 0
y > 1
Ta co bat phng trnh : 2y2 + y 3 > 0
y < 3 (loai)
2

at y =

Vay

x 2 5x 6 > 1 x2 5x 7 > 0
97


5 + 53
x >
2

5 53
x <
2

Bai 12
Giai bat phng trnh :

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4 x + 3 2 x 2 5 x + 4
(ai hoc Y Dc TP HCM - 2001)
Giai

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4 x + 3 2 x 2 5x + 4 (*)
x 4
ieu kien :
x 1
(*) ( x 2)( x 1) + ( x 3)( x 1) 2 ( x 4)( x 1) (**)
Trng hp 1 : x 4
(**) x 2 + x 3 2 x 4 = x 4 + x 4
(Bat phng trnh luon ung vi moi x 4 ;v x 2 > x 4; x 3 > x
4)
Trng hp 2 : x < 1
(**) (2 x )(1 x ) + (3 x )(1 x ) 2 (4 x )(1 x )

2 x + 3 x 2 4 x
V x < 1 : 2 x < 4 x ; 3 x < 4 x
Trng hp 3 : x = 1 : (**) ung
ap so : x = 1 hay x 4

98

(vo nghiem)

Bai 13
Giai bat phng trnh :

(1 +

x2
1+ x

> x4
(ai hoc S pham Vinh - 2001)

Giai

(1 +

1+ x

> x 4 (*)

Khi x = 0 : (*) 0 > -4 (ung)

Vay x = 0 la nghiem cua bpt (*)

Khi x 0 :

x2 1 1+ x
(*)
> x 4 1 - 2
x2
x 1
1+ x < 3

1 + x < 9

x 0
x 0

1+ x + 1 + x > x 4

1 x < 8

x 0

Vay : (*) co nghiem la : -1 x < 8

Bai 14
1) Giai va bien luan theo a bat phng trnh:
2) Cho bat phng trnh : mx x 3 m + 1

2x a x.

1
2

a) Giai bat phng trnh vi m = .

b) Vi gia tr nao cua m th bat phng trnh co nghiem ?
Giai.
1) ieu kien : x a / 2.
2x a x. 2 2x a 2x a + a 1 a ( 2x a 1)2

1 a < 0 a > 1: (1) vo nghiem

1 a = 0 a = 1: (1) co nghiem x = 1

1 a > 0 a < 1: (1) 0 ( 2x a 1) 2 ( 1 a )2

1 a 2x a 1 1 a
1 1 a 2x a 1 + 1 a

(1)

(2)

99

 ) 0 < a < 1 1 1 a a / 2 nen (2) 1 1 a x 1 + 1 a

) a 0 : (2) a/2 x 1 + 1-a.

2) ieu kien cua nghiem : x 3

at t = x 3 0 x = t 2 + 3 3 va bat phng trnh a cho tr thanh
f (t) = mt 2 t + 2m 1 0, t 0

(1)

b) ) m 0 : V t 0 nen (1) c thoa man.

) m > 0 : f (t) co biet so = 1 4m(2m 1) = 8m 2 + 4m + 1.

e (1) co nghiem t 0, trc het can co :

0 0 < m (1 + 3) / 4
1
1+
va t 2 =
> 0. T o suy ra bat
2m
2m
phng trnh a cho co nghiem t1 t 2 (neu t1 0 ) hoac la :

Khi o f(t) co nghiem t1 =

0 t t 2 (neu t1 < 0) hoac t = t 2 (neu t1 = t 2 ).

1+ 3
4
b) Vi m = 1/ 2 : t1 = 0, t 2 = 2 0 t = x 3 2

ap so : m

0 x 3 4 3 x 7 (do ap dung phan 2).

Bai 15
Vi moi gia tr a > 0 , giai bat phng trnh a + x + a x > a (1)
(e thi cac trng ai hoc mien Bac nam 1970)
Giai

a + x 0
x a

-a x a (*)
a x 0
x a

ieu kien :
(1)

a+x + ax

> a2

2a + 2 a 2 x 2 > a2 2 a 2 x 2 > a(a 2)

a(a 2) < 0 a(a 2)

2
2
2
2
2
2
a x 0 4 a x > a (a 2)

a 2
0 < a < 2
(2)
2
3
a x a 4 x < a (4 a )

100

Xet he (2) ta co :
Neu a 4 4x2 < a3(4 a) < 0 : he vo nghiem

a3
(4 a ) x < a a(4 a )
4
2
a
Ket hp ieu kien (*) ta chon c x <
a(4 a )
2

Neu 2 a < 4 x2 <

Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh (1) la :

x a vi 0 < a < 2

x <

a
a(4 a ) vi 2 a < 4
2

Vo nghiem khi a 4

Chu y : De dang kiem chng rang

a
a(4 a ) a vi 2 a < 4 .
2

Bai 16
Vi gia tr nao cua y ton tai t nhat mot gia tr cua x la nghiem cua bat
phng trnh
2 log 1 y 2 3 + 2 log 1 y 2 x 2 > 0 (1)
2

Giai
at log 1 y = m , ieu kien y 0
2

Bat phng trnh a cho thanh

2m 3 + 2mx x2 > 0 x2 2mx + 3 2m < 0 (2)
Bai toan tr thanh i tm m e bat phng trnh (2) co nghiem
Trc het ta nh m e bat phng trnh (2) vo nghiem , tc la nh m
e x2 2mx + 3 2m x
ieu nay xay ra khi va ch khi :
0 m2 + 2m 3 0 -3 m 1
do o cac tr cua m e bat phng trnh (2) co nghiem la :
m < -3 m > 1
Vi m < -3 , ta co : log 1 y 2 < 3 y2 > 8 y > 2 2
2

101

Vi m > 1 ta co : log 1 y 2 > 1 0 < y2 <

2

1
2
0 < y <
2
2

Bai 16
nh y e :

y
y
y
> 0
21 + log 2
+ 2 x1 + log 2
x 2 2 log 2
1
1
1
+
+
y
+
y
y

nghiem ung vi moi x

Giai
at : 1 + log 2
ieu kien

y
=m
y +1

y
> 0 y < -1 y > 0
y +1

Bat phng trnh a cho thanh (3 m)x2 + 2mx 2m > 0 (2)

Bat phng trnh (2) nghiem ung vi moi x neu va ch neu :

m 2 + 6 m < 0
' < 0
m < 0 m > 6

m<0

3 m > 0
m < 3
m < 3

y
<0
y +1
y
y
1
log 2
< -1
<
-1 < y < 1
y +1
y +1 2

T o m < 0 1 + log 2

Ket hp vi ieu kien ban au ta co 0 < y < 1

Vay vi 0 < y < 1 th bat phng trnh a cho nghiem ung vi moi x
Bai 17
Giai phng trnh :

2 5 x + 24 5 x 1 5 x + 7 (*)

(e thi ai hoc Tong hp Quoc gia Matxcva 1977)

Giai
x
x
ieu kien 5 7 0 5 7 x log57
(*)

102

(
2(5

)
+ 24)

2 5 x + 24 5 x 1 5 x + 7
x

5x 7 + 5x + 7

)(

2 5 x + 24 5 x 7 + 5 x + 7 + 2 5 x 7 5 x + 7

2 5 2 x 49 48 5 x 49 24 5 2 x 49 576
52x 625 5x 25 = 52 x 2
Giao vi ieu kien ban au ta c nghiem cua bat phng trnh la
log57 x 2
Bai 18
Giai bat phng trnh

log 2

(x

4 x + 3 > log 1
2

x 4x + x + 1 + 1
2

+1

Giai
ieu kien e bai toan co ngha la :

x 2 4x 0
-1 x 0 x 4

x + 1 0
2
Ta co VP = log 1
+1
2

4
+
+
1
+
1
x
x
x
2
2
1
= log 1
+ log 1
2
x 2 4x + x + 1 + 1
2
2
1
= log 1
x 2 4x + x + 1 + 1
2

( x 4 x + x + 1 + 1)
T o bat phng trnh tr thanh :
log ( x 4 x + 3) > log ( x 4 x + x + 1 + 1)
= log 2

x 2 4x + 3 > x 2 4x + x + 1 + 1

x +1 < 2 x + 1 < 4 x < 3

Giao vi ieu kien ban au ta c nghiem cua bat phng trnh la
1 x 0

103

Bai 19
Giai phng trnh :

(x

4 x + 3 + 1 log 5

x 1
+
5 x

( 8x 2 x

6 +1 0

(e thi Khoa Hoa ai hoc Tong hp Quoc gia Matxcva 1983)

Giai

x 2 4x + 3 0

ieu kien e he co nghiem la : x > 0

8 x 2 x 2 6 0

x 2 4x + 3 0
x > 0

x > 0
2
x=1x=3
x 4x + 3 = 0
x 2 4x + 3 0

Vi x = 1 ta co ve trai cua bat phng trnh la :

(x

4 x + 3 + 1 log 5

x 1
+
5 x

( 8x 2 x

6 + 1 = log 5

1
+1 = 0
5

Vay x = 1 la nghiemcua bat phng trnh a cho

Vi x = 3 , ta co ve trai cua bat phng trnh la
x 1
x 2 4 x + 3 + 1 log5 +
8x 2 x2 6 + 1
5 x
3 1
1
= log5 + = log5 3 1 +
5 3
3

= log 5 3

2
3
= log 5
>0
2
3
5
3

(e y rang

3
>1 )
2
5
3

Vay x = 3 khong phai la nghiem cua bat phng trnh

Ket luan : bat phng trnh a cho co nghiem x = 1
Ban oc hay th tm 1 so bat phng trnh ma ch co 1 nghiem .chuc
cac ban thanh cong nhe !

104

Bai 20
Giai bat phng trnh : cosx y2 -

y x2 1 0

Giai
ay la mot trong nhng dang dan en s oi lap :
Phng trnh a cho tng ng vi : cosx y2

y x 2 1 (1)

ieu kien y x2 1 0 y x2 + 1 (2)

Neu y < 0 (2) khong nghiem ung
Vay x 0 , luc o (2) y2 (x2 + 1)2 (3)
Bat phng trnh (1) co nghiem khi va ch khi :
cosx y2 0 y2 cosx (4)
T (3) va (4) ta co : cosx y2 (x2 + 1)2 (5) cosx (x2 + 1)2
Ma cosx 1 va (x2 + 1)2 1
Suy ra (6) co nghiem khi va ch khi

(6)

cos x = 1
cos x = 1

x=0
2
2
x + 1 = 1
x = 0

Khi o (5) tr thanh :

1 y2 1 y2 = 1 y = 1 y = -1 (loai v y 0)
Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh a cho la x = 0 ; y = 1
Bai 21
Giai bat phng trnh

2 x 1 + 3 x 2 > 4 x 3 + 5 x 4 (1)
Giai

2 x 1 0
3 x 2 0
4

ieu kien :
x
5
4 x 3 0
5 x 4 0
Bat phng trnh (1) tng ng vi :

2 x 1 4 x 3 > 5 x 4 3 x 2 (2)
Ta co :

2 x 1 4 x 3 0 2 x 1 4 x 3 2x 1 4x 3
x1
105

va 5 x 4 3 x 2 0 5 x 4 3 x 2
5x 4 3x 2 x 1
Vay :
Neu x = 1 : (2) 0 > 0 : vo ly

2 x 1 4 x 3 > 0
(2) c nghiem ung
5 x 4 3x 2 < 0

Neu x < 1
vi x < 1.

Ket hp vi ieu kien ban au ta co nghiem so la :

4
x<1
5

2 x 1 4 x 3 < 0
(2) khong nghiem ung
5 x 4 3x 2 > 0

Neu x > 1
vi x > 1.

Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh a cho la :

4
x<1
5

Chu y :
Neu giai bang cach thong thng se mat thi gian hn nhieu .
Bai 22
Giai bat phng trnh : 2 x 1 x + 2 > x 2
(e ai Hoc Mo a Chat )
Giai
x

ieu kien :
x1
x + 2 0
Luc o : 2 x 1 x + 2 > x 2 (1)
4( x 1) ( x + 2)
> x 2
(1)
2 x 1 x 2

( x 2) 3 2( x 1 x + 2 > 0
V x 1 nen

x 1 x + 2

Vay (1) x 2 < 0 x < 2

106

3 3 2( x 1 x + 2 ) < 0

Bai 22:
Tm m e bat phng trnh :

(1 + 2x )(3 x ) > m + (2x 2 5x + 3)

1
thoa man x ;3
2

(e ai Hoc Giao Thong Van Tai )

Giai
ieu kien can :

1
(1 + 2x )(3 x ) > m + (2x 2 5x + 3) (*) x ;3
2
Cho x = 3 : 0 > m + 6 m < 6 .
1
ieu kien u : Vi m < 6 ta chng minh (*) ung x ;3
2
at t = (1 + 2 x )(3 x ) 0 th (*) tr thanh :

t > m + 6 t2 t 2 + t > m + 6
ieu nay hien nhien ung v :
1
t2 + t 0 x ;3 ; m + 6 < 0
2
Vay m can tm la : m < 6 .
Bai 23
Giai bat phng trnh :

x 2 + 6x 5 > 8 2x
(e ai Hoc Quoc Gia HaNoi )
Giai

x 2 + 6x 5 > 8 2x

( x 1)( x 5) > 2(4 x ) (1)

ieu kien : 1 x 5
Neu 4 < 4 5 (1) nghiem ung .
Neu 1 x 4 : (1) x 2 + 6x 5 > 64 32 x + 4x 2
23
4x 2 32 x + 64 < 0 3 < x <
5
Ta ch co 3 < x 4
Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh la 3 < x 5

107

Bai 24
Giai bat phng trnh : 5 x + 5 < 2 x + 1 + 4
2x
2 x
(e ai Hoc Luat TPHCM)
Giai
ieu kien : x > 0
1
at t = x +
,t 2
2 x
Ta co : t2 = x + 1 + 1 2x + 1 = 2( t 2 1)
2x
4x
Bat phng trnh a cho :
5t < 2( t 2 1) + 4 2t 2 5t + 2 > 0
1
t < (loai)
2
x + 1 > 2 x + 1 +1> 4
4x
t > 2
2 x

0 < x < 3 2 2
2
2
4x 12x +1 > 0 ( v x > 0)
> 3+ 2 2
x
2

Bai 25
Cho Bat phng trnh : ( x 2 + 1) 2 + m x x 2 + 2 + 4
1-\Giai Bat phng trnh tren khi m = 3.
2-\ Xac nh tham so m e Bat phng trnh a cho c thoa vi moi
x tren oan [ 0;1 ]
( ai Hoc Luat TPHCM)
Giai
1-\ ( x 2 +1) 2 +3 x x 2 + 2 + 4
2
2
2

x4 + 2 x2 x x2 + 2 x ( x + 2) x + 2
x 0
4
2
2

x + 2 x 1 0 0 x < 2 1 0 x
x 0
x 0

2-\ Ta co : ( x 2 + 1) 2 + m x x 2 + 2 + 4
108

2 1

m x 4 2x 2 + x x 2 + 2 + 3
m x 2 ( x 2 + 2) + x x 2 + 2 + 3
at t = x x 2 + 2 khi 0 x 1 , ta co : 0 t

Bat phng trnh theo t : m t + t + 3 ; t [0; 3 ]

2

at f(t) = t 2 + t + 3 ; t [0; 3 ]
f(t) = 2t + 1 .f(t) = 0 t =

1
2

Bang bien thien cho ta :

ieu kien cua m : m 3 .
Bai 27
Giai bat phung trnh :

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4x + 3 2 x 2 5x + 4
( ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP HC M )
Giai

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4 x + 3 2 x 2 5x + 4 (1)

( x 1)( x 2) + ( x 1)( x 3) ( x 1)( x 4)

(2)

bat phung trnh co ngha khi x 1 hoac x 4.

Xet 2 trng hp :
* x 4 : (2) x 1 x 2 + x 1 x 3 2 x 1 x 4

x 2 + x 32 x 4
bat phng trnh hien nhien ung v x 2 > x 3 > x 4 0
* x 1 : (2) x 1 x 2 + x 1 x 3 2 x 1 x 4
Ro rang x = 1 la nghiem .
Xet x < 1 . Luc o :
2 x + 3 x 2 4 x
(2)
5 2 x + 2 2 x 3 x 4 (4 x)
2 2 x 3 x 11 2x
97
(loai).
24
2 2 x 3 x ay nghiem cua (1) la : x =1 hoac x 4 .

4(2 x )(3 x) (11 2x)2 (v x < 1 ) x

109

Bai 28
Giai va bien luan theo tham so m bat phngtrnh sau:

x 2 4 m (x 2) (1)
(e ai Hoc Quoc Gia Ha Noi )
Giai
ieu kien : x2 4 0 x 2
x 2
* Neu m = 0 : bat phngtrnh co nghiem : x 2
x 2
* Neu m > 0 , ta co :
x 2
x 2
(1) x 2 4 m 2 ( x 2) 2 x + 2 m 2 ( x 2)
x 2
x 2

x 2
( m 2 1) x 2(m 2 + 1)
x 2

x 2
* Neu 0 < m 1 th (1)
x 2

x 2
2(m 2 + 1)
* Neu 0 > m 1 th (1)
2 x
m2 1

x 2
* Neu m < 0 th (1) x 2
x 2 4 m 2 ( x 2) 2

x 2
x 2

x
2

x 2
x + 2 m 2 ( x 2)
( m 2 1) x 2(m 2 + 1)

x 2
2( m 2 + 1)
* Neu 1 < m < 0 th (1)
x

m2 1

* Neu m 1 th (1) x 2.

110

Bai 29
Tm nghiem cua bat phng trnh :

x + 1 x 2 < x 1 x 2 trong [ 0 , 1 ]
(e ai Hoc Kien Truc Ha Noi )
Giai
x + 1 x2 1 x2 x 1 x2
x [ 0 , 1 ] , vay bat phng
trnh a cho vo nghiem trong [ 0 , 1 ].
Bai 30
Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh :
x m x 2m > x 3m ( m : tham so )
Xet

Giai
x m x 2m > x 3m

x m > x 2m + x 3m (*)
* Neu m 0 bat phng trnh vo nghiem.
* Neu m > 0 . ieu kien x 3m . khi o :
(*) x m > x 2m + x 3m + 2 ( x 2m)( x 3m)
4m x > 2 ( x 2m)( x 3m)
Khi 3m x < 4m , bnh phng 2 ve bat phng trnh nay , ta c :
16m 2 + x 2 8mx > 4( x 2 5mx + 6m 2 )

(6 + 2 3 ) m
(6 2 3 ) m
<x<
2
3
(6 + 2 3 ) m
Giao vi ieu kien : 3m x < 4 , ta c : 3m x <
2
Ket luan :
+ Neu m 0 : bat phng trnh vo nghiem.
+ Neu m > 0 : bat phng trnh co nghiem.
(6 + 2 3 ) m
.
3m x <
2
3x 2 12mx + 8m 2 < 0

111

Bai 31
Giai bat phng trnh (x 3) x 2 4 x 2 9
(ai hoc dan lap Ngoai ng Tin hoc , nam 1997)
Giai

(x 3)

x 2 4 x 2 9 ( x 3) x 2 4 ( x 3)( x + 3)

Vi x = 3 ta co ang thc
Vi x 3 ta phan lam 2 trng hp
x>3:
Luc o ta co :

x2 4 x + 3

x2 4 x2 + 6x + 9 x
V x > 3 nen tat nhien x

13
6

13
. Do o nghiem cua bat phng trnh
6

la x > 3
x< 3
Ta co :x < 3 x 3 < 0 nen bat phng trnh tng ng vi

x2 4 x + 3
13
Suy ra : x
6
13
13
Vi x
th x > 3 va nghiem cua bat phng trnh la x
6
6
x 3
ap so :Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh a cho la :
x 13
6

Bai 32
Cho bat phng trnh x - 2 x 1 m + 1
a) Giai bat phng trnh vi m = 0
b) Vi gia tr nao cua m th bat phng trnh vo nghiem
Giai
a) Ta phai co ieu kien x 1
Bpt x 1 2 x 1 x2 2x + 1 4x 4
112

 x2 6x + 5 0 1 x 5
b) Xet x - 2 x 1 m + 1
at t = x 1 0 x 1 = t2
t2 2t m (t 1)2 m + 1
1 - m +1 t 1 + m +1
Ket hp vi ieu kien t 0 ta thay m -1 bat phng trnh luon co
nghiem
max 1 1 m + 1,0 t 1 + m + 1

1 + max2 1 m + 1,0 x 1 + (1 +

m + 1 )2

Bai 33
Giai bat phng trnh : x + 3 x 1 > 2 x 1
(ai hoc dan lap Hong Bang , nam 1998 1999)
Giai

x + 3 x 1 > 2x 1

x 1 0

2 x 1 0

x 1 + 2 x 1 + 2 ( x 1)(2 x 1) < x + 3
x 1

x
2

2 2 x 2 3 x + 1 2 x + 5

x 1

2 x + 5 0
4 2 x 2 3x + 1 < 4 x 2 20 x + 25

x 1
5

1 x

5
3

2

1x
x
2
2
7 x < 3

2
2
4 x + 8 x 21 < 0
2

113

Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh a cho la 1 x

3
2

Bai 34
Giai bat phng trnh

3x 2 + 6 x + 4 < 2 2 x x 2
(ai hoc Giao thong van tai , nam 1998)
Giai

at t =

3 x 2 + 6 x + 4 , ta co :

3 x 2 + 6 x + 4 < 2 2 x x 2 (1)

t < 2 2 x x 2
(2)
2
t2 4
t = 3 x 2 + 6 x + 4
x2 + 2x =
3
t 0

t2 4

The (3) vao (1) ta co : t < 2 -

3

(3)

t2 + 3t 10 = 0 -5 < t < 2 (4)

Do t 0 nen :0 t < 2
t2 < 4 3x2 + 6x + 4 < 4 -2 < x < 0
ap so (1) -2 < x < 0
Bai 35
Giai bat phng trnh :

9x 2 4
5x 2 1

3x + 2

(ai hoc s pham Quy Nhn , nam 1998)

Giai
Bpt

9x 2 4

3x + 2

(3x + 2)(3x 2) 3x + 2

5x 2 1
5x 2 1
2
x < : (3x + 2)(3x 2) > 0
3
(
3x + 2 )(3x 2 )
Do o
3 x + 2 vo nghiem
5x 2 1
114

2
: (3x + 2)(3x 2) 0
3
5
(3x + 2)(3x 2) 3x + 2 hien nhien thoa man
Do o
5x 2 1
2
x>
: (3x + 2)(3x 2) > 0
3
(3x + 2)(3x 2) 3x + 2 3x 2 5 x 2 1
Do o :
5x 2 1
2
5
(3x 2)2 5x2 1 4x2 12x + 5 0
x
3
2
2
1 1 5
Vay tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh la : ;

;
5 5 2
3

< x

C.BAI TAP T GIAI

Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
Bai 1
a.

2x + 1 < 5

b. 3x 2 > 1

2x 1
3
3x 2
Bai 2.
a. 2 x + 10 < 3x 5

c.

x+3
2
4x

d.

c.

b.

( x 3)( x + 1) > 3(x + 1)

( x + 4)(2 x 1) < 2 (x + 4)

115

Bai 3.
a.

( x + 2)( x 5) < 8 x

c.

17 15x 2x 2
>0
x+3

b. x 2 x 12 < x
d.

9 x 20 < x

e. x 2 4 x > x 3
Bai 4

f. 3x 2 22 x > 2x 7

a)

x 2 5x + 6 x + 4

b)

2x 2 3x 5 < x 1

c)

x 2 + x 12 < 8 x

d)

3 x2 < 4 x

e ) x 2 7x 8 < x 6
Bai 5
a) s x 3

b)

x +1 < x 3

c)

x 2 2x > 1 x

d)

x 2 3x 10 > x 2

e)

2x 2 + 7x + 5 > x + 1

e)

x +1 x 2 1

f)

x+3 x4 2

g)

x 1 + x + 2 1

h)

3x + 1 + x 4 4 x + 5 < 0

k) 2 x + 1 x 1 2 x 3
Bai 6
Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
a) 4(x + 1)2 < (2x + 1)(1 - 3 + 2 x )2
b) (x 3) x 2 + 4 x2 9
x + 2 x +1 x
c)
d)
e)

2x 2 6x + 1 x + 2 > 0
x
x
2
>3
x +1
x +1

f)

5x 2 + 10 x + 1 7 x 2 2x

g)

1+ x + 1 x 2

x2
4

ap so :
3
a) - x < 1 hoac 1 < x < 3
2
116

5
hoac x 3
6
3 7
d) x
hoac x 3
2
f) x -3 hoac x 1
h) 17 4 x + x 5 13x + 1
Bai 7
Giai bat phng trnh :
1
1 x 1
a)
x x >
2
x
x
b) x -

c)

c) x >

4
< x < -1
3
g) 1 x 1

e) -

b)

x 2 + 2 x 15 + x 2 8x + 15 >

d) x 4 <

(1 +

x2
1+ x

2 3 3
3

2x
< 1 + 2x 1
2x + 9
4 x 2 18x + 18

e) 5 x +

5
2 x

< 2x +

1
+4
2x

Hng dan :

5 +1
45
b) 0 < x <
2
8
c) x < 0 hoac x > 5
d) 1 x 8
1
1
1
2
t =x+
= 2t 2 2
e) at t = x +
+ 1 2x +
4a
2x
2 x
t > 2
2
Bat phng trnh se la : 2t 5t + 2 > 0 1
t >
2
3
3
ap so : x > + 2 hoac 0 < x < 2
2
2
Bai 8
a) x + 6 > x 1 + 2 x 5
b) x 2 x + 3 2 x 0
a) x > 1, x

c)
e)
g)

2 7 + x 2 7 x > 4 28 d) x 2 + x 2 + 11 < 31
2 1
>
x 2

4 3

x2 4

2x 1
x+2
7

x+2
2x 1 12

f)

x4
x +2

<x8

h) ( x + 5)( x 2) + 3 x ( x + 3) > 0
117

Bai 9

x 2 3x + 5 + x 2 3x + 7

a)

b) 2x 2 ( x 3)(2x 7) < 13x + 9

c)

2x + 6x 2 + 1 < x + 1

d) (1 + x 2 ) x 2 + 1 > x 2 1

e)

x +5 +2>3 x 3

e)

f)

x2 +4 6x 2

g)

1+ x < 2 3 1 x
4 4x 3 + x 6 > x 3 2

h) x 4 2 x 2 + 1 > 1 x
Bai 10
a)

3x 2 + 5x + 7 3x 2 + 5x + 2 > 1
4
2x < 2
2x

b)

c) ( x 3) x 2 4 x 2 9

12 x
12 x
> 0
24
x2
x2
1
1
e)
+
>
2 + 4 x2 2 4 x2 x
d)

6x

x2
2

f)
g)

x 2 16
x 3

+ x 3 >

5
x 3

x + 3x + 4 + x + 1 > 3

h) x 2 + 3x + 2 x x + 1 < 1
Bai 11
Tm m e phng trnh : (1 + 2 x ).(3 x )

, 3
2

thoa man , x

118

> m + (2x2-5x +3)

(ai hoc giao thong van tai nam 98)

Bai 12
Giai va bien luan phng trnh :
x x 1 > a (1) vi a : tham so dng
Hng dan :
x 1

x 1
a2 +1

>
(1)

2
2x (a 2 + 1) < 2 x x 1

4( x 1) x < [2 x (a 2 + 1)] 2

ap so :
a = 1 : bat phng trnh vo nghiem

a 2 + 1

0 < a < 1 : bat phng trnh co nghiem : 1 x

2a

a > 1 : bat phng trnh vo nghiem

119