POSTMETROPOLIS Critical Studies of Cities and Regions Edward W. Soja B BLACKWELL ceceopr EasW Soe ‘reir ual W Ste idea fe wae eae ine Coe De Pa he e200 Alpe ree Er re iin ac pr atte a ‘ment span ay ee encod en a ‘Ses tern meee roms psec en ron na ‘rp ate in te ed Sto nec tak al tt ce a a soit thre lente ee oe be ‘Ger Cds ding es ontoicag apts cco te st rar Canoe Pao Daa NCI re or ie nate fe ei Li Loy f Cane Calon abe Dt So Bde amp efi ap / Ema W 5 sb gra eer ne SiN rss app) SWNT 57601 ak pe (ened tunt 2 hban eae 3 Utama publ. 4 femme neat) Te “tio 1 aio (Biber pce on Kone ‘Plt oe Mr Ds LoDo, Comal ‘Tustin nce pe Contents Ustof iastratione Pretace ‘Aceoonledgments Part | Remapping the Geohistoy of Cityspace Introduction ‘Guilin the Gotistory of Cyspace Dein the Coneepaal Peaster The stil spe of wrtism Theale of cece Sykes Hh sof than agglomeration Therein of mace 1 Patng cities Fist Reserving the Orgs of Ustim, “he contention rence hurting and ulering agriculture — lees sates A prone eran puting te ret teaming fom Jere Venting trem Gaal Hyak Tims Mol an hart Nic {nang from Nao Ohsion eas more fro etal ie 2 The Second Uthan Revolution ‘The New Urination Spey Knowledge and Power in Sumerian UUrand the New Urtanam Fst Forward to the Third Urban Revolution 2 The Thid Urban Revolution: Modeity and Uta indus Captain (Gipsy and the Sureson of Modernition“he Rise ofthe Modern Industrial Metropolis Mace in Manchester Remade in Chicago [Rhos the Break: the Urban Cris ofthe 19608 Manel Castle and the Urban Question David Harveys Soi ftir am the Coy ‘Summarizing the Geohistryof Capita Ciyspace 5 An Itoducton tothe Conuration of Greater Los Angles tee Anges frm Space A View fom My Window ‘espe Alternat Bete Vion ad Fogeting [D190 the NASP of as Angee 1900-192 fe Regresis-Progrs Er 120-1840 rng fom wa oer 1540-107, B Ono expos ekg ck oft Los gels 1985 1570 aden the New Uration Part Six Discourses on the Postmetropelis Invodcton Borer Dialogues Previewing the Fonttropolitan Dsuen Conceptualting the New Urbain Praceee rounding the Pscoues 65 The Postods Industal Metropolis: Restructuring the Geopiital Ecnomy of Urbanism [epresentauve Tat Palways ine Unban Werks of Paton he grep ato of ral wae ri frog: rset as of bor Mattar mater unt pout sey Cro nda de esse on ‘The empowerment of exiny Geting ea nd cn he surge inet Tito he eon wor he fear of sachin “Tetodat indir cropphis Deore as of rile Cnc he ri ofp ey a rr us, ro 00 mt ir iss 0 138 7 Cormopolit: The Globliztion of Ciypace Repreentatve Tete Retompesing the Discourse on Globalization “The aly of prc andthe yratution of lity Regal worl lation ‘Na goers of per ‘ling clare te kl gop cans ‘emma ofl ig pa of le Mayopots Unbound: Coneptalzing Global’ Ciyspace “Teorey hype Ct urate: he sof goal ces Ui do te Iormatonal City ad he ok ena rae © Exopolis: The Restructuring of Urban Form Representative Texte MayopolsTansormed ‘Mates end mrp gues (ater Cis, pavtsuburi ute of th Mapas Era ge Cit the optic neni of otra seoaphice ity it ond psttroption ates ‘Sinltng he Ne Urbis Exopoti a yee Repreenting the Bvopolis in Las Angeles Stating the Net Bote Sr Cy es Tae wl tnd Offthendge cies 9 Fractal city: Metropoarities and the Restructred Soil one Represnanve Texte Marutactring equa is the Postmetroplis ‘Namal equate extreme a thes inate ee of nr cus Deering netpolrinsempricel sclgie el ar rene arts Ming bj patty pits Remapping the rsctal Cy of Los Angeles Sonoita Serpe ‘Monette eran seen ciyspce ‘Matin sngrapis maprngaety 189 ii 92 7 ms 23 ae as BI I BREE a mn = =a contents ee agg Co err iomacns Eee crea arte anda penta recta neha SC oie Pe le tw mc GRC en as ip in Rinne . 17 Simei: Restructuring the Urban Imaginary Representative Tes Retinaining Cityspace: Travel in Hypereaity Tern Boudin he precio of sue Cate Oana pstmt petit {Gerspce and thelr genet ef yperetty Me Chvain ye ad their el wd of Gets Sims, Simcities, ond hyper genet eis SinAmatine eeoncding ere Part Il Lived Space: Rethinking 1992 in Los Angeles Introduction 12 14 1992: Overture toa Conlsion Revisnings Bodies, its, Tet: The Case of Citizen Rodney King (Gy Barbara Hoopes) nin Sater the onder place The Tal le. Tho 13 UA 1982 The Spaces of Representation Bvea-Geopraphyememberng ‘se antipod:fwer ees Our City own enclosures he eon common iterts ‘The lnvble Rot Remeiered Bunton: tthe 196s ‘Pla Unk ond the Gosaparacdos Sek and other comers Argeitc ending a Me ss as ES BS a2 Ey Me % = contents 14 Posts: Cita tlections on the Postmetopols ‘New Beings 1 Postetropais in Cr, The dentarn of roxtordam Teo aioe ttn? Sel cps Pomona Repel te unk Dirostracta! def relation Singyeromen in crs [New Begining T Strugaes for Spal fst and ‘Regional Bemoerecy Biography Subject Index & Ssssgges a gs2 Illustrations Air ia of he mound at ancien rica _ Source: Kathleen Kenjon, Digging Up fri, London: Exes Bent, 1957 10) od port of peste on hua hall fom oi Source: Kathlen Kenjon, Arg Pe Holy nd London: Brest, ‘ena, 1960: plate 1 after page Neolithic porta heat! of Plater ons husnan sl am eich) nly town wolf a Jere Sour Kathlen Kenyon, Digging Up Sori, 1957 128, erly town al andeying ron) Plow offre (Source Kathlon Kenyon, Arey inthe Holy tah, pan eho towing rn ge nant Paria i of Catal Hay by Grace Haste (Sour James Melt Catal yt, London Tomes ae Hudson, 1967" 62. ‘Shomaticreconstraction of a seton of Lael VI th Rosse a ‘Shrines ong in tear ate ech he Reconstruction a ain of yscape pining a Ctl Hyak (Sourae a) James Malla, ital Hi, 1987 Plat 0, atom) lela Ceo Tansy and Kikptck, Ar rough he Aes, 2 fn Nev York ascot Brae Jovanovich, 19046 gure 2, [Eneape wih voleie eruption (deta fa copy ofa wall tn er Love! Vil, Catal lyk S150 ne) elton of puck, a ration ‘Mesopcam"(Soure. Charles Kesh Mais Te Energon of Com, London and New Yrk Routledge 990 272, gine 7s til) yap of Ur (A North Hart B: West Harbour: tens ‘Deut aea) Source AE] More ory of Ura Form ‘ior the dst Reto, Nee Yor: ohn Wy ad Sona a 2 1974: 7, adapted rom Sr Leona Wolly Ur of the Chale, 23 u 52 ot 62 8 London: Herre Pros 1982) ‘The Ziggunt at Ur Gource de la Cris, Taney and Kihei ‘rt Thug the Age 1911, igre 21, rigger ores facade with restored ai), Ur, ex 210 Be Flrmer Fears) Present ay Est cet Arba in orth Sour ‘R-E J Mors istry of Urn Farm: ore asia Reition New Yr: fa Wey and Sons 5749, guze 1; Acoli Integrated patil mal of the mt ~ Ching Sct! Source Bran |, Bey and John D, Rasa, Contemporary Urton ols, New Yorks Maclay art London: Cole Maclay, 1977 15, Bguee 7.13 integrated spa moda ofthe metrpol) vlan of rb form it the USA (Source Sop, Postmen Geng, Nero 1988178) lo Angler from space (Source orginal tet image reduced and marketed by Spacesots Icy II Santa Monica bite, Suite 30; CA, C& 29, 215178808, 1587; prnt fom Image by Antonis Rica Scene Photo Urry) Manipal incorporations the Las Angels region, 1850-preent (Source figures ith vero of munkspal nconportons overtime) usr gray of as Angier (Soa Sct an Sop, The Cty, Berkey and Le Anges Unive of California Pros 196.1, ngwre 1) ‘Telmopotesof he San Fermanio Valley Gource Sct an Soja fy, The Cty, 9682, Aigure 9.10 ‘Air sewof Downton Los Anges Source: Les Angeles Tomes Photo Ken tan, Febrsaty 21,1958) Davi Hockney, Pts High, 1-18 Ayr 1986, 2nd ‘version, Photographic collage, 7 107 inches: © David rsa Source Tho} Pal tty Museum, Las Angeles) @ m ne 135 1 2Preface Ase eter the new millennium, the fel of urtan studies has never been so robust so expansive inthe numberof subjet ares and scholarly disciplines Involved withthe stay of ess permentd by new Me and approche, ‘> attuned to the tna polite ad economic evens of out and =o Aeoreially and mathodsogily unset ms indeed be bath the st ‘often an the sve of mento he sting stor Whe there fo ‘rach that new an challenging to rep ther eh ls agreement Tham ever ble ant Row Ges fo maki seme; prceally and these ofthe new rtan works being este, Ever sine th emphatic ban crises the 19M, early all the work's ‘map (and mina) mevopoltan regions have been experiencing dramatic ‘hag sme ese often ha wha exited thirty yes ago ale “uecghlzabe tay These changes have bao describ by urn schlas, folowing brads developments inthe wel] economy, asthe product of 2 fri ope stg: As coy bei apes ta a Elsi prices han ben purcriy wisenpread and inna over the pst, ‘res decades But here agreement ens Arne ate, there are some WhO ‘him tat the un ntsormation Rave teen 0 profund ae fo make ‘nual uss al taitinal rameserks of urban wal ad interpret ton Thy contend that whally new construct need tbe develops to nder- Std the rally transformed uray sone At the other exer, many [Stole scholars prim over and over agai, the preeminence ‘fcontinticn with he pst oat plas x change pasa leche ote ‘iw the way we doa ston 0 fumameraly leds doesnot heed to be radially changed. mere updated. To ald Yo the contusion, bath thew views ae probly rect in ove ways than ees extreme ling, toxin iMialmost suey too som to conclude with any confidence that what hap ened obs th ate tenth century Was tho ose fa vevolutionary ‘hange oe Rt another minor twist on 3 fda of tan ie Yet, by the very fleet this took, have akan a postin clr othe former pons than ‘othe ater In my ve, theres bas a sgt Waren sf ot tas Fermation king place i what ws friar desea he modern ee ‘ly aswell a the ways we undertand, experience and tay cite “isting shat chan he mos fom Ao remains moe cman an Preface ai ‘eatinuous, have chosen the eon pstmetopas” a 9 working i for rh mg thera lied te ew rn, had thie be {Bkcn ap by arcs and desgnrs for eher and narrower parposct As ‘ma, is bok sand forest an ate oexpoe wha new and {een the sontemporary sty and nthe sry el decibe as n {lumen o ce and regre ‘One way’ of ending this tok, then a8 an intradctory text in cote porny cra ste app to css and eo ver dale ts Treciant ps itis roms a perspective tht derives rm the pee ond i infsed wit more sxznlydevclope way of anerstanding the ubanza: Hen proces an nepetingurbane a way of Mone conventional ‘waye of smdping cite and our acumulte Erowdge aout is and {tan fae not relied atthe coninaer wil 9b Righiged or “Simian! st ength Therearether ss tht cots Browaht te icmp nto ave a wie warty of ew ppc ing is fn elon ao ech ike he Boks ae prt wth sts inate nt complete bak ut sgn dearer ests frac anddiinry tion, We I ould ptr ao to hinge he Fic of hin took ely aeumd the mst conrovenand mina ofthese ppt ers ptmern 1 adopt Pst Sia wha ede o beanie sada poston pyrene So tran ties, fousngon whats new ar diferent aay ae han wht iEthe some The oe tm can the be a interchange wth xm Inept a nerpretn an expesion of What merc stm ene Tyee nto this nerpretive text on ct and regions ate oer ps pred eth of ned Ndi and aati ae fen gathered {der the brand fe of eultural studies potter fe int. potolonil ritigcs,pxtmarnt alas. the sxe ne roa informs bt merce oce way ono pce fons of {Eee pyro epoca te nora sacral a Maps pase Iogesthatshayed the development of Radial Geography andthe bbe {kn of uta, reglonal and ntratona poliealesotony that ae ned {ogee ol gpa com. Inde, one of my. cette her Ist fourage a mote peaucive synergy been ciel curl studies ad opel econo two se of allt inguy nd ety ta wee Eexligy coming tet tte 1950 ony fo ek par again nseeringly ‘remabie ctnptiitice I any recreate ate ot ng “ae and pala sconony mee oy together comp me ‘Spomal nf fomndemin T mppe they ep over the nna where me fortekrism mont exc {hope there lb enough et fo one {Stig even the mast cya ofthe growing gion of ontrpostmoderniss “ing sochan cls approach ows costs no dub an thse commited to narrower and oe focsed ways of sly cin al urn {Meee as thre coma to pues frna 0 poster inerpreta: fen foo any este of sein kang My seta x bode,a Preace however by fo guiding emphases which give gente focusand hope cary fo the tet The nt share th all ciel sols 8 comme to pre “lcing know not ony fori one sake ut me sofort practi fue in changing the ori forthe tte Thi invention progres find emanchpatry projet ha ten been ase excsiely to meri thought and pace, and Geefore cnchred incompatible With 2 post modern perspective. et sith sinptic logan simple eater postin betveen maderism and pustmoseny and Sd bang fd reveling to dra selectively pom both. Moderate theory ard ‘Bates of interpretation continu to inform my explorations of the post: ‘tropa spill understanding what emai the some todays tise inthe past Astor understanding the practical and theories griesncs {lehat ate and ferent in the contenporary weit ind povnesderen ows eter, a wil ty To demonstrate in every chapter: "Waa aes ths Hook diferent fom most oes forms of xt schol sup stat am also commuted to an exp spat oy You Wh, 2 raph perspective on the production of practical know andthe Promution of pital procie tat seks to reduce the opprions att nuts ascii with ls ran gender, and other sures of diferent ‘Sn power In ths sens, focus my ea saison and ena oh ‘ih ahivable gous mw tales and repo domnenry, ferme whi Fave rarely appeared in sch exphictxtapitneleehere the erature Without nogheting oer cea socal and/or histones approaches 1 ee Diy and figuratively “put space iat foeprounding the power ad sigh ff an assevely spt or geographical imagination The language vous tutte text seen whan itentonal spatiiztion tht ae to being, {one ntepretive auras the fundamental an alten, Bul fe uelly thie or Background patty of oman ie ‘Aaimlarigrounding ofthe eal oat inaginatiom has shaped ny setecton of partes vefrenes fm the at erate on fie and epors to emphasize here T glean the irate for soars of specially spatial insight whether the sip isthe earbest appearance of cites othe met root responses tthe pstmetrpoln wanton aft tthe, ae many hola writing some of grea sight, hat do no in ny we evince ig ‘fc! etal spat eoneousnes or donot help tn advancing the t= Festive prop puting esa taking an practice Fr many rene, [iss may em tobe an eceive nari f sop but mine ast he ‘Oppante My objetivo expand the scope of cea Ninking about ites sha ons crore diplines by opening ew ways toners he Specthalyarbonspasaity temporally poeta, theortaly sone {howd and experi Ives "inc bring te wo a second way of wading this bok, Fostncrpais began ‘as pat ofaarge manuscript submited o Blackwell ver ax yenfs gp th the ie Tce Journey o Ln nels! Over Rea ginal les. ‘Then Senior Eto oh Doves in hs warmly demanding way sugested tht ‘poponed book te splint wih the shal pb ne the ives Prete ~ ‘ean ra was then Fart, thre ong chapters on, “Explering the Pos Instmplis” to ome stn the lowing seen what he tog ld {much smaller volume [agreed rater tcomforabh; tthe split and went Stout eying to mabe rd stand on coe, without what ta emt npuscal punch, the more pracial appa of what I thozelaly Seine as a tcepoce perspective and epstemogy Tispoce was pub Inked to 1 gd soon br lockel optimally annum te men rent appearance of Fstop as ts conspnon volar But Peters tec om eof tone, expanding ine a mach more smbtoun ant con Pebensive prope! Tecng what hapa to the tne cig chapter pro ‘ides a brie synopsis of what i consid inthe present wee, ‘The ist ofthe tne orginal chapters, in tes form snow chapter 5.1 concdes Part | Roping the Geoixory of city with a deta lok at the hstorkal development ofthe represattive conurbation of Ls Anges, Arswing rom a verdan ofthe same mater pull as capter 14a set Sd Sop feds), The Cty (995, The preceding four chaps Part ar ld seth new mater writen over theft three ears The contain a bro Fast tracing of what] purposely al the rscery of ian tenon from 11,00 pears ago the present I begin intrsucing sever be con epts sch the sil pc of whan and as be of Hs ot tne ‘dvslopmeatal fortes, eat I deste aston, the sale of ton gglomeration Als emphasized here and ebewheze in he teat the her ny inl ature of etrzation ad rtm. Thee Sonepts gue the “icuston ofthe gehisory of cyjuce ~ another purpose uly epi {erm though thse sche ansonmation er Usten Revaltons “The fst af these Urban Revolutions took place inthe upland regions of Southwent Aa mere thon em mln aa Fare foe nti Sarton sso! invention of fla agriculture The wcrc ‘ignally nthe alee lla ofthe ene Crescent rg 50 yore Sie pure politcal revolution which i to the formation of the y= ft y-baed empe, Kings, organized cl classy ad pata ‘cial power After another Semin, utanian cnr 9 ae phase Wh the beeing ofthe Indira Revlon in esern Easope, ering the flxndthone of opeealy urben inca cpitainn Th etencs ied Inthe fit tee chapere Chapier carries orvant the devclopment of he fdr pti cy ane the nella ld of urn mae thog9 ‘Sri of alternative moderiztons,calmisating inthe ban cis the {Bate and the new approaches te goopoltilssonomy that sree ro make ence ofthis important turing poi. The cncuding chapter on Las Angels ‘hus serves o vasa the questo of whether what We ae withasing ay, ster they yours of tense urban retructuring may bee slat fourth Ustan Revation a question that ke man thers 1 eve open totes Thor tear former the middle chapter ofthe original mansscrpt | toe thst captors tat now conte Patt Se Bsus on he oe revo Heze expand upon the ferent bt tera hooks hutwt retace that have consolidated over the pst fw decades fo make snus ofthe nw Urine pass acing te Wor i the hte twentieth cary. The ‘cholnly representations alternatively describe the postmetroptis a (D3 font spetoioed Poston Industrial Metropole (2) gait region or Csmopolis ) a pstsburtan Exopalls oF megacty a Fractal {iyo nest inequalhes and sol porate, (ta Carcral Arch folgo of fortes ce ae a aleion of hyperal Shc Were {nly lies incest pave ut as Were computer game The abn of Part io argue that the postmetropalisis est understood by combining all Sit of thse interpretive dour without Peleg any ane over the sth, hie berpng open the posal Sevopng tonal erp: toe framework of sl sgn nthe future Feature prominently in thse chaos the work of scholar ase no wring about os Angst: indeed’ here a dstnetive Los Angels "schoo!" of eral whan at ‘elon tui, some have clam then theses discourses repre 1S ‘major overlapping subepartments “Feo ied Raper hasbeen expanded into the thie ound in Pat ase Spaces Rang 102 1 Lav ng Here concentrate tention on 4 ‘Sng event the Juste Rit hat took plaster theft tial of he pice ‘fees involved in the eating of snes King sing this paricole ment tovrgger more general interpretations of what has een happening in the ‘pstmesropais sine 1982 Ina somerehat experimental win ftw sree Fot plac all reader, Tompose chapters T2 aad 13 ely aroun quot ont from the ich Irate tat has emerged Yo mabe specially spatial sere of what happened i 9, relegating ny commentary to the footnotes Fatuning most promisertly here moter taken ith her cautious at “tie Chet exe The Cac ef Cen Ree anand toma silly wry crn tet of te 12 overt the peiormatve te Flight Use Angie 1582 eiten and enact hy the documentary theater artist ‘anna Devente Smith. I conclidePostneopols not with an extaustse “Summing up of shat he gone tefore Bat with an open-ended and xt speculate dicusion italy in my own words [night add of two ae ‘itt the poneetropoitan trata aking plas inthe Ne the ee feaceafe thet you of urbe rsracturing of het Ldeszibe as ast of etrsciringeenersted crea the Sep tlt fii a itive fragt iso te greats otal ovr the er wrbeceaton proces anu ster the prctmetopobs toward peter spat justice and renal democracy ‘While Fosmcrplis and Thine can be ved as separate and stint book, they rena osely tteconnese. Fosmetpol continues Yo be 4 let sel to ear compan volume, appving stron theoretical Arguments and “tebletiea” approach to studing what has bees happenin tort over the past tity years from sultan spt soi sd strc epee I toah there san altematice attempt 8 “put pace frat notin the sense of a perapective that excludes Riso and ca ‘heortcal maces of understanding but mth in ane thot transcend hei lengretabisned preging i etl thu and practi by rosseting st equivalent power to the etal spt imagination an argument that 1st {veloped n Portman Gara’ The Reser of Sen Cito Sa ‘Theory 198, ary forward the theoretical argument of Ts all he hues thot flora ten refer back partial pasages and chapters {brine that connects But Ihave tet make posible for rena tho ae ot fail withthe sar bok to understand ie moat erat Sens 'and arguments expec inthe Inaction to Tart alioagh ‘ould cnsnly lp, fie not nocesary fo rd Tedoace ft, Rore ‘entring int Pontes Tn addition to teing an introduction to contemporary cataletuds of cles and egians ant an applied Sequel o This there a thd took filled into Pastmpoac I «took on Los Angele nd to sone degre a Sle expen of he rnarkatle expansion of shelary wring fosaed o {hs exemplary urban sen that hasbeen arcumsiating over he pot ity fr Insnuch the mame venythat [oregon 9 et spa perspective, [puts Angee ist tat explore te poctnevopelsand exempty the efit tu of es aa reponse prima, but not exstvely tog Los ‘Anges and the erature thats gown afound whtcan heeled gen ‘ralaabl prtlrts” There to much about Loe Anges and ned ery ey) hatsunigueansd incomparable But even these exept fs canbe und to conte oa oe uncral and lobe unde Comer bn ie andthe pt fe lei rnp thus tat Las Angeles asa symptomatic lve space, a representative vwindove rough whch oe ean bce nal hl uniques Be “ality he neve urtonaaton process that have fen Teshapng ees and rk fe everywhere in the word over the post tity peas The eet of thse etrcturing processes ay be nore ines Geveoped and perhaps so easier to sein the complee interconnections Los Angels hatin ent ther pce but this dow sot meant the ane windows of hlerpetatin ‘et be opened for other ees Stated diferent, wha has ben Rapper {nin Li Angeles ta lao be son taking place sn Peon, Seunorpa Belo Heist, and Kanan, wth varying noni to bone nd ern ‘nat th sameway. The new urbaneation processes arecehent verywhee ifn knows what o lok for tut they fake ona ch Avert of forme and expressions as they Deon laine an stat pertculr geopaphcal Tike every social pros, the postmetrpolitan transtion has develop unevenly over space ard tna fer ad hich some placa an othe This proces of peckisoriealytneven development isan integrates thee {int Eisai tn stds ofthe human coon What sugges hess that wherever one’ nil stenton i octet, there wl be something lenm abot postmndern urban, Every reference to Los Angele conse Inthe Book thus server a ube purpowe Tes atone both an Mustain ofPat Preface the specie contextual efecto the postmetopaifan anston in one wba region and an trtaton comport snl alleher Hes spaces loherever they may be located Telone an respite for tring to combine tre books in one and for whatever probles this tnay cause thereader oo ab whaly sport for themany gt quotations [have taken ro the werksofeters a adtance ‘ny on arguments pan ay Lave misused thee rlerena, 1 aploe [Facin ndvance On a more pov note, would ket thank all hohe fave contribute in some way t he eno his bok, being eth the presenta former sents of the Urtun Panning Department 3° UCLA: Favara Hooper, Mark Carvet, Larry Bart, Marco Cenzatt clude Woods, ‘Alfonso Hemnandex-Marqer, Oliver Kramech, Mustafa Ibs, a 0 many fathers who have taught and ho fave aut "Thos also Jl Landeryou at Blake fr aking the archalogst Hinder to read gad comment oo the final annacipt Hodder’ appotve tn cetivary und conectivecomunens helped grey te tening owe ey ‘verti rentment ofthe events ae plies | ene seh he fist Urtan Revolution tat conten, against the gain of res archeological texts, fxcrred more ha 10000 years og But Trust ad tht whatever mistakes fe exggerations sl exit are enely my oer fn. an ely related Wa 1 ‘would ike fo extend my appreciation to the Gti Foundation, which some Yeas ago supported a calitoraiveresarch projet wih fant ADW-Laghad Un The Ar of Ciybuiking™ Although ie pret wat never compete 1S prom, my esa on urna led me to sce the remake ‘St maral of Catal Hak pint’ more than 800 years ago Th a he frimary spark that lod meta the canspt of synskem, to 9 reining Fhdtater onthe orgie tes tos fread of Jae Jacobs ad Le “Monford an to much of the nee mater tat appears art L ‘One ofthe map diferencesfeween Tit ont Pats has dd withthe vsunl ant eeniveconttins of my frend Antonis Rice Fisnnlal onsderations prevented me fey zing a grt kil to cote ‘gna visual ater forts book aed sori for eaties ou ftson volume The more Wadia ustratve eter for Pastehopals is ets more convetional schaoledgment Acknowledgments “The author and pubeher would like to thank the fllowing for persion reproduce copyright materia ery, ria J Land Kasdan D, “ntgratd spatial model ofthe stop nino her ay ond and New Yt Bhabha, Hom! K, “Talght #1,” fom Anna Deveare Smith Teg ~ Las ‘Angeles 1282 lcpyrigt © 134 by Anna Devere Smith used by pertison ‘or Doutatays diviion of Randers Howse, ne Davi Mike, extras trom City of Quarts Eseting te Fate nL Angele {Canon and New York Vero, 150 Gates, Dary, “t's Awfol Hard to Break Away" fran Anna Devs Sith Tigh ~ 106 Anges 1982 (Copyright © 1994 by Anna Deveare Smithy sed by permision of Doubleday division of Random Hous, le) Hock, Davi, Pearson Highow 1-18 Api 186, photographic calage (© Dyed Hk (The Pal Cet Mane, Loe Angele) Kenyon, Kathleen, “Ai view he mound atancin Jericho” "Head porat ‘ot pateron a human sl fem ferich,” and “Plan offeror Arce logy onthe Hal and (London: Ernst Bena, 196, Jscho Excavation Far) Kin, Richard, “Don't Shoot" from Anna DevenreSsnith Dit Las Angeles IH0E feopyight © 1980 by Anna Deveare Smite ued by permission of Buble of Rrakon Hose) ae Lagones, Maria “Pury, Impurity and Separation.” Sigs 19 inter 1984) (copynight © Univestyof Chicago Pres Chiago, 190, Mais, Chal Keith, “Relais of Production, Submision and Sti Caton in Mesopotamia” fom The Emergence of Cet Land and New ent Hote, 193)= Acknowledgments Mela, Jaman, “Pistia View of Catal Hyak” by Grace Hosa, fm (ail i Londo Thornes a Madson, 9S, Morris. E J, “City Map of UF and “Presentday Ee,” from His of Urn For: Bethe Isa Reeron New oo: fon Wiley and Sos, 70, ‘Ohana MoatatouS, “Ameris Poem, oF Seconds ad 6 Blow” fom aK. Madhu ed hy 4 Hapa: Imliins fhe 92 Los Angels ‘ible (Cheapo: Third Word Pres 1999), ‘Scot len and Sop, vant Wes, “Teenoples fthe Sen Fernando \atky from The Ci (erkley ard Las Angole University of Cafomia Pres 1980) ‘Sant Allen J and Sop Eaward W, ed, “dustin! Geography of Los ‘Agee rom The Ci (Berkley an Las Angeles Univers of Calor Prom, 198). So, Edward W, “Bsouton of Urban Form in the US" from Pasimarn Gena: (London: Vrs, 1985), Waters, Maine, “The Unhsac”from Anna Devear Smith Teil — Las “nol 192 Copyright © 1984 by Ansa Deveze Seutly used by permission a Bouteday, a vein of Random House In). Part | Remapping the Geohistory of CityspaceIntroduction Ir hecme in many prota pects, ty Tec Man Te Cy Hy 60 ‘aut amnsvingi ht every cy has de soem acy era eee Prono in' ele yo te New cas not ty pone se Sesion Ti pr iy stare lo om es Fone ‘Str oGeen Pac yp eh Inu aban Semen Meopeam bck {2 Gua aye nl teva th urn acoso at aye "tea Te Eamon Cat US 178 “Toten he ty herd way of walang the nla of th wa an ‘As with Levis Mumford The Cy History Postma opens witha dy ‘hat as symbolialy a orld ~ the very fie sack "yw ima [istry ad cles th» orld that tno many wat, haw ec ery ‘och ikea ty wher eran was f extn tn every commer of he lake! ‘What happenin tetwcen this opening and contre present ea seates Journey toh mone than 1M yen of eat I el seri a tego fon of ese Pare Teun and weer the Baad sire of he Boo Naty racing back tots gneratve sources the ancestry of what ane fata ‘lento the defining “spark of ty econome fe" a what wl ell, ‘pte, the sticnlus of urban agglomeration My iether tsi to Wack Jon the ance rot of bans for their nn sake oro engage in another of those offen desperate and tage ‘Surchefr origins suet ad comforting contntes tec the pat hi aes lo i ty“ Remapping the Geobistry of Ciyspace ap present. am instead fo intate hough this excursion back in spaceand {nea more iniuive rethinking ofthe way schelarshave witen about cs td the vole ofthe uta condi i the historical development of Matsa Soviets In hisses what follows ot st aout how ees develop aad ‘Gangs but alo an eli spatalina acatvect the broad Bld ef inqu thot concerned wit cil Sa of einen ru os al omponeis o ‘ir ed and our exten: We look to he pat the, th deisaly con ‘Smporayeyes and withthe primary yoalo enhancing or practi andthe ‘fetal understanding ofthe mest cet episode nthe socal precution of “lyspce testi ongng warsiaon om te meer etropols to theca ‘Sve porinetopolia Thiscurentyunflding paste Pans one tray oranothe willbe the focus ofall subscjuent chapters Outlining the Geohistry of Ciyepace “The sequence of chapters in Part compresses the seohisory of terace round hres epshal momenta. The fs sn! perhaps most controversial ievuse # chlenges mary longestblsked aeumpons stout the erly sonal developent of hua societies, pases bck the beginnings Of ‘triton and seb a way of He and ence of what we hae “tionally called “Giaton oa lest tn mena ago Th fat Uren ‘esl is moat ey evident two epraceative al penta se, Serco nthe Tdan Vth and tal Haye other Aoi tah ‘cet arhesogal evidence multiplying the numberof sch founder” {Sey at hut Sourhwet A Bt rch a tal yh gan se Pre Sencar aban mtements of nts steer ane traers Tog he impact of syncs he developmental pts that derives fran densely ‘ted fais an he simul of urban agglomerate) thee fst es, | ‘wil argu inated the development fl scale gree ae erga “rina htundry, inverting what has conventionally teen scm a Rr ‘Sl soqoene in which the socalled Agricul Revlon pst the ‘Secipmen ofthe fit ra es ‘Chaps |e provost tied "Putting Cities Fir” an exempta. pty sting way the dstnctivesnerpretee emphasis that threads {nth every chapter ofthis book and help to ink Postmtopte Cri! Sof Clee Reis to is cmpanion value, Tide fue ong and ter Reson Panes 198) Ths interpre eh fib on the ncressnghyfastaching “spa tur that ha been deel [ping ars many afferent dcp inthe 19 ad the aesly raed ‘Stnpoaryrstgenc of intro ncites pd turism as both objets of Stuy ane modes of tnderstandingantenpining what nthe lat of the thee {Totton above so cncompsanal evr athe nia fhe or A ur existence” Simpy sated eveground never chapter = put stn shinterrtive senate ptentl explanatory pero cia spat pr Spectiveon lies and regions My net in doing otto prope deer Inteducton 5 ‘Rite sptl explanation for everthing being discoid but 10 open up Serna wept that have Ron lates uexplre Hes of ong ‘Satish! tendency in the soley iterate to downplay te insportance fetal spatial ngury and aati. Propcing the posity ofan urban ‘ign for sricture and rooting the development of ces i what can Be ‘Serta asthe tl sty of arson, tnd in pte howe ined pendence tare from dense Proximity in Urban agglomerations, but Retest step ine more compretersve end ital patlcaton of stn ard ‘oploal sti hat | pan in Potmodem Groep (1080), coninaed 12 velop in Tile and not Bsn out Posteri Chapter ovale around sem Urb Reo that bit pon thet but shfed its prinay geographies rom the highland regions of Sout ‘west Asta oth alli plas ofthe Tig and Euphvats rss beginning ‘ot 7h yen 390 Thess what the anehcoloieal ets usally pon {he fit and only Urban Revolution and ascites daely with two inter ‘rina events the invention of writing (and hence of “ecorde!” history) ard the development ofa disinive fr of tan governmentaty called the ‘Spt, in he late Crock elabraion fhe fs: Repent Ugh the epitomiing Stern iy of Un thi sec Urtan Revelation expe {the omple of cal prection ath ele of socal onganization seer Inthe st beyond simple sraron sae to new terol dine! forms ol scoal and spat contol and regulation based on Kingsway owe, ‘Bureaucracy as, propenlaery, pares, and empl “Afra long period ut development and dieson that ast wel into the second illum ab, a thnd Urban Revolution explodes aed pls) feththe development of heist capitalist ty eptomion nt pre {rm in Manche and Chicge Forth is fie try. social produc: tion hecomes primary concentrate inside the core of tien etn of nt jst avail ansformtion nthe sige and internal erpnizaton of Space sta more general procs of occa stanza. etn chap 3a hese Story enters the pitre,frused on the formation of @ dstintve fl of pragnutie ad reflective scolashp that has come tobe known speticly ‘tan studies. The thd Urtun Revolution i disused wa the discourse ‘on molemy and te ise of te mosdera industrial copoly sa moves hough the fist onto of moder akon stds (1850-1950 vn the chook that arco tombe postal a wel as theoctal ene of won se wa of et the rch social and spain Iabratnes repented By Ranchcter and Chicago 2. Lapointe it ti ee so ‘Apelor he pt ese coe hen npr ese Pt het 9 Sia petrr on nae ot ye he‘ ernpping the Geoksy of Ciyepace In caper 4, new developments in our understantng of the industrial pita netroots inthe aftermath of the wr ees othe 15 ae et ial asses, focusing not on representative and eptomizing cies but father on two representative and epomuziny texts, Manuel Castells The Utor Question (10714 French 197} and Da Harvey's Sel ati od he Gy (1975), each neti of signal ne detons Being taken nthe fii oferta! arton sais eopecialiy wth esp to an emerging “aol” tradi geopottin! economy This chapter cores with summaries ‘rare ofthe cin rete cf capita urban developmen toh out ‘map peri of etrctring he nest jf whi seth rm ound 1970 {o'the present and tales us to the formation of the eottemporary poe ‘metropolis Toexemplify the geohisory ofthe postmtroplisand toast ‘Be dovelopinent of atl another rund of ev approades toca urban ‘Sad, a aed Dak atthe “Conuration of Lox Angeles” presented in hapter 3 conus Prt I lesen ep the ution of ether orn he [poietopois gritos the Beginning of yet ster Urban Revi Defining the Conceptual Framework’ Every chapter in Pstntopalls eft the ent reinvigorate and ars thsi infest and caps onal septs of what cn be described a8 thesqutinyo an He Perkape ore han ever efor, we ae Bec, Shc uae of eusles stk spt begs conta sage inthe calstive city of producing sacs and plas, teens Sn felons environments and hase Ths proces of pring spatial ornare a cen ad manta of te sl, he Huan sit as dintey pail ety [frolee in complex veaon wth cur suroundings. On ee ne hand tur actions aad thoughts shape the spices around us, Dut at the ene ine the larger sollte er cally produced spaces and plac kin frre as chp cur scion an Tht in eas that ee ave nl ‘opm fosndersana Using fama rm socal theo, aman spe {ay the proof oth Rema agency and environs Or contest Sroctring "oreo, our performance” a spat being takes pac at many ier. nt sale fom the tor what the poet Adrienne Rich once called "the frgtepy cost in” toa whole ses of mee distant geographies anne from reams and budings, hemes and neightorios, o ee ad regen ‘aes and nations ant imately the whole earth = the hitman Beep fat out Akhoogh there some “distance deny” out ram te aly ‘olepeetteaeetensara tanga ee ee Erector el Inrodetion 2 ‘the degre 10 which we individually uence and are intenced by thee Invgerspces, every one of thm must be rcogniont ae prc of cleee umn action and intention, and Unetore ance fot ned or ‘hanged Ths infussal Godly constraced) sles human spi fom {he heal tothe gle, not jst with acy and intent, but als wh buutin tions and potential confit, ith opines al feom a el senlosite and oppression, wth the perpetual pescace of proton tunwven developmen anal hence with pis, bldg nd what, boron from Michel Fousul conte called the ntesctons of Space, knee and Ths enhanc definition of human spotty muy seem abvius to many of a bat unt velstvely see i hes remained sgabcntlyundertadad ‘yt scholar Thai abundant eat ote sod urban ef ‘ample nd some key moment hen the sco preton of urban spo ‘alrbecame the enter of steno for rigor scolasp But for he met Tart even the feof urban sade he beennderspatinin’ tint recent ‘bith the spat of urn fe predominanly see asthe mee adn oe Sule a hte and sack processes that arent theses iin Say spt that, ih sty tl having ile oo causal ar ‘Sipltnalry power. Mach the ame can be i fo ll terse of pti Sra rom cur undentanding of the bay an nid pveoloy 0 {he formation of sommnity and carl Hntie,tothe anal of the ‘atone and te politics othe dynamics the world soonom ‘During the late 1908 however, this station Began to change, iting what sme have diced asa tansdscpiny pt ee or peas the rst re the past no centuries, cial schol in ptcuae have Regn to interpret the satu of human hfe in much the same way they Bae tential serpent and set) he try ant sce a Ihaman fife Wiheat seducing the sgniiance of ies intent hitreahity nl social, or dimming the etre dnc fagnation that ae ‘veloped sound thie octal amd thereal understanding 9 reinegee fates etl perapetive saat with an exp pata magna Rae ‘oyun tons the study of hstory an sacety with new moss of TMkiNg fn inerpetation At the tur othe twenty-first entry, dee va teeta ‘waren ofthe simullaty apd intone comply ofthe soca i tera ond apt dimersios of ur ie, ht nseparay allen Pro ‘Emutttntedependenc lis wih ths retin porapocve tat we bogs ‘car remapping ofthe pohisry of espace The spatial specty of erbarism ‘The very use ofthe terms “geoistory” and “cevspoce” immediatly eles the prfcenalforegrounding of cial ste) peepective. Geoisry, for Gap, emphatic the toprteiaed ieparakily of groprophy ae Shay, tat sebeary and sn prthatcnerworenct Bao efor. Remapping the Cechtry of ciyspace resent purpose the eo that come in, for too often History, wad Stout esol goalies quaners he cal nig ofthe oprah Sa or spt imation, merely ating eoprphe fata fw as lhe place Another neta! foreground elats to the terweaving Of ptiaty an soit o whet T once calle the so-spatal Gate Sites be easy to asp the Ken that everything apt i ‘eo cron problematic hac is nach mae ali comprehen {Berevene ito that whan ecb! sso is lwaysat he se time Inns spn Tine contingent. sd comple consti pe {sity of soi ifn of history mt be peated and epic seed, Jes bergen or submerged That the sotto and he spt ‘imensons cn and alone ss aay opts vious bit ak eders Aways to keep the other eo in ind whenever one of hese termes sed ‘wiht quafation = fr keeping the thee coculy inked ogee 8 ‘il pr th apt tr l e patton kn aos ‘cit has boon the epatal mens that mont fe lout or Unde cxiphaned he spat and the geographical wil be “put Fst” In mary itheterms and concepts tad ns boc staring hee eith the geo Stcpspace Ctyspce refers t9 the coy ae 4 hstsrlsodaljsal phe fener bu ta i ntince uty Nghe! for nepetve and ‘xplnatory spose Alo coming the oer this eno fy ‘Splov an dng nore concrete fo meaning i what abe destibed ihe it seliy oats eoncpe ta wl be ed epee in Sntenyuent epee Unt spatial apc refer to he pata cong stg st fre a uma ty cya raphcal spre often stl arn rom he scl prac of Eine ditincive mati and symbolic contest or haba oe Numan 1 thas has bt onal or morphological a well prcesualor uae "urban orm spatial specifiy can be describ in terms ofthe early foe qualities of ull erro expres in physical sacar Co. ings monument, set rec) a ao in the mappable patterns lind use, eonemic wealth cultural det css diferent, and the Srl rage of taidun and callie atten, tho ad Fraties of urban inhabitants Ae rt proves fakes om oe yam ‘Fits dat derive rom oe the oat of cypace andthe soa Sonsrcton of uteri. = constant even, ntnoely planed elicly charged cation rl pitino social ic in Rs on {secre Avot form and proces heap pei of ania sy Sys wih wha on be led te serealy ecb see gy stawapace The specie geography of yspace has freely been relegated oa unprdemateBckground i the nella patos of etal Risto Ryan tery Sod and/or socal scnce. Socal proce, sch a ‘Ernsrtion yatta and sor he formation of tan communi, re seen a ahaping es bt ery acy are these sca and sora procs Introduction 2 Sapo aemeee aes TH eas ar gegen soe eels Deel a pe ae Semen ee ae ess sot pant ecaepeety ommend Sic raes eran ra eeci shuent ited mermgenaewniey ae Siohonntfa tnty can toate {hee over tattthonaia! suctees have the cw specie opps Siemens cme ee Sra ear tr eee iid oreo series ve sae Soe eee ae ee carne folic ston tat he prope int the more soa an historical speci SHES MSI Saagrn Remapping the Gechtory of Cyspce roses of la iain matt and ontxltion ot rte eigncry ape in speci and el eo pint aril was move an cage es nd ni pS Eiltlgy pasos das aed ese Vege aga ta cages ote wl os ur exes Fa hi bens rete nse Sttaniseray hadnt gmt rom tebe a ee chapter ‘Pere he se tthe een set ones Sian fg he etn an oe Taki ed tape unproblematic ives fom the opie in a Dr nln a Giscrh the oveqll comdilicn ead coudionieg of wrten see ts general Se ta rn ew om tbr hy vega he ‘pl pai ane arco jer cetyl To enone "pyRtadon dw ten fae eats spa spec, Sols fom the snmaing peptone pe ee ‘ved rat ot lid" 4d prs hh cre eed ‘ostcompehesely arte Gi rico ns pace Tea Sie neatly pl way Doky ocean nn th ‘Risoan ioc wilt prpigen or heoher ha en Suche tie nestor ce vos Rog alow atl eave bc eel pur nd omg oe {Siulun’ intact dpa han inte a olen omen insur ndotanding oem snd eps perrie Fae Tene pa ee eaten ean soe Etta oclyshce all he pts at wl alow The trilectice of etyspace Building father on Lfebore and my extensions of his workin Tinkyae {196} the pruton of ctyapue ins combine’ rxprenin av cnt tang formssproes on be so nat as Dr ferent but intr: Inted way Prom hat deste a8 Fintpace perspective Leer list Isobe of analysed space etspace can be studied ag ast of a= ‘enalaed “spat practic ha work ogee to produce and reprdace he ‘once frns antl specie patternings of urtunism asa way of hfe. Here ‘Syspuce i phslelly and Empl porated as form and procs Ssonsuable avd mappable configurations and proces of urban Bfe Tia 2th pital nie te al dt te nem ane me ge pbcomeereemteeeentniaesiais tewedueton " Fay merit pps en yar deat pore ‘ong at Sn ee tn pty Fowl tine? rnp comes ae of» metal o sna i oop image ese cg st ne ‘Soca aamecel yer he ato or eh a keto Soar aetninap tng Gorter omens fat ‘coc eel at wa cry bbon ar an lw too oss Src theetpt a er we onc hay mick ht err rar Serine tnd hace hh aterm cnpls angina sana epee Sf San cn nlc enue tro se Sr Reaerelmy ene yar We Reape ec usta tea oo ee pina Sees pe ican ke mow abi nd coke ik Mg ak ous ambitions ofthe woods understanding ype ave sett etre ape has ema ara ceed Seta staeseska Serene themed curse appces fan tay coe when coed Sc of npn ny an ste aging Exon oe Shoat etna ek Boncmd Sc Toenail cose trea nye sec sys Tat sr tha Cag are aE ont age chon, ‘se clng iain pe of ear bes coed cnc ey a alng cd ase ero ots et fs tte nyo ‘stints sensesnsal pees her sl po, ‘Sirtra aden auf a tee be ane ok Pediat otal afar hs ener mili ape EPpy peri tse cme pe scl ean Cale cpa of coy mat fie ont hte Babs ileal panne ca pal ee Soeur of oblain Teel mp Ps was that here ay i ing that he el prt an gua a aps Fo Shae thee pope ese see nope op aby al eon te gep tpl op ne ‘Saravask pri ut peyote ve ‘ey iy jes cna tna eo Het fea sacar tld cea epee a TRL age pce cat hertng hae ann a nat nc conidia soe ral cami Fre gt dec a uiscaed eel hoe of token ot roti a he ese er compe a2 Remapping the Geohitary of Cayce a a Introduction 3 ‘go's imposible. Theres to much tha es teneath the surface unkown In ancient Greece synekisn refer speially to the union of several Su perhaps unknowable, fora complete try toe tld The best We can do ‘Ssahetely explore nthe most ish nays wecan ad, thei con Plt of Hthrough ts sini stl scl and hstrcldmenstons, {recreate pti, scaly sn hori the sano, studying tyme prem potently endless varity of exemptions an interpretations Face sith och complete explone find expr ae much as we cary chang those specie ewmples and Instances which mut coe ellet cur parla obpeves a progets for staining useful practi knowledge Knowledge that we can tse not st © ‘nerd the word but to changes ire beter Although thee a degen tovhich Part highlights Frapace perspective Pa Ita Secondapece pr spective, and Pa IT Thrdspace perspective every chaps infrme by Bi thes modes of ineesypting the iy andy the chaenges arsing fom the moronnectnes of peeved, once att ve spaces. Synotise the stimulus of urban agglomeration To guide our remapping ofthe geahitory of tyspuce, another term needs to te Introduced to cptur ina earer way ove ofthe et mportant aman ‘Syramic thstarbes fom the very mature of rn if, fo a Be Tana called cess For this T have chase to apt an ancient Conk word at scars fom tne tine inte areca sri IMeratre on citer and urtanan inte English form, "syncs o- nounced sin-e-sim") For several reasons have chosen to pel a4 ro ounce the word as synteny whenever syria appeat nthe Thgature wl ean the egal spaling, ‘Syekiem is diel derived rom sons, erally the contion ars tng rom dling together none house, or an and used by Artote In NS IMS to dete the formation ofthe Athenian pls oe Siy-stte: Many ther terms have ben spn of em the root tem as anise see ‘ot onganiving and managing 9 shared space or common habs scons “ergimlly “home econamis” or "household management” expanded 9 {encompass much hvgr terior fom the Jal tothe pba ely he ‘Sudy of Row various ving orgaiame "well together” in sare spaces or fevtonments, cmon (he “inated World” and/or It cre eons of ‘cpation and most esnly cst (a tere developed bythe Grech ach teeta pans thorst Constantine Dow: foe othe compeshen- ‘Se std ofall uma setements tr he hose the global cle). All how Guerin of shave retain he hard ed of he Crock rot ‘hey ae also imbrcied tn the extended tanning of sytiote, Syne, {hos connote, im pata the scenic and ecological inerdepesences Sh tho crs = ls esaionaydestrten = synegisme tt are Frosh pret ting ancl combono Pope =F, salen urban stent under a "epi cts implying form of ‘Suneue!povermentsy (ate have elo cpl the Sy ‘Sat a well a the naan won ston, sn intercomectl stork setemente of waving soe intersting ein defined ant fining moat foundries he term rein being der fem the Ltn rege trl) Ts fremthebegining syncs conte 3 eponal ones apace form fn proceso pul governance, cconome development, socal oe, ad ula Klenty that inelved not jst one ut satement or ode But ‘ny ticle together ina mul lyered meshwork of lal sete {Gr ctycentera rooms Ip this se synekn carisith fasmae SSciospaial dyrantc to ret inpicd nthe equally ancent Geek word mero, tral "mothe" the capital or dominating center ofa "colo ‘ios cotton afte towns and villages long wth tes ee densely ‘etd inerand, that defines the terol ant offen pela homeo, futher vegional variation of eas, In meern Greek, spec reas ts wnouton of a furcularspaal dynamic in Ue wrlnzation ol ormation process, ten rein to he aretion a neve stent spac (elles ers, neighborhoods, suber) around a dominant nl conte srt sore” [As with our definitions of ctyspace both synokism and matroplis an te ann aati donerpon of spat form, Basa a he spat pect anton for ative and affective procssr of sca formation, Invoration, Alvelopmeat,grovth, ard change. Wuoutrepeting the impertance of Unk form it's the later ore process and mpl aspect at a ‘ant ty patcule attention bene Asan active ad motte fe in geo {ley epee tsvalves te formation of muceted acd earch aie ‘elon metre ofsitlements pate of generating aon, roe at Seep well ae indvidua development from whi defined re {onal domain In thi seme, treble what seomie geographers ave ‘le! aglomantins ommy the sconomie aantage and st nes den ‘antages that cerivetom the dense usernga people aid estes of pro Alucion,consumpn,admuniseatin, culture, and vated ates nada onentatlons at fren the fea pola a rena spste of seen, ‘Tata neeork of “cntlplaco” and thal dependent hited Syrekite agglomeration isa behavioral and tamsctional wel 8 tia and economic concept that stv, maka sno asl and stor EaISr the spl opcity of artic nt the oly seh ore rising rom he specif geography ones tit crac nexpaning hy Siyspace a the tlize culture and pelted economy aires pay |spowerul and enfurng role n man historical and soil developmen ‘ota vole that fas been neque” ycopzad and rarely eared ex: ply The sivas of urban egglomaration becomes epecalyfelvant[gshstone wy doseme regions he wok develop faster anthers? Tas hi cams ttn has ou tte ce peeniatemcecrecroia teriibcsdiccinaeh mieten Bobi sevaietewemas poetic pred fice aah amit ne e ign once eee eens Sour ome aren beater uate st ates eases inant caesar iewelgeeamar deere reac Tad picn aa eae sn Se pee eps ot er _ Poser ds ie mers Soin nici e Cesar the mother of come desipmant not cause pop ae mater ‘ci inten otecndtongc deny neesacoconen raced ES RATERS Sr Ret spe a tere cols Plc at soe pope, wk se der Neeser Probi ‘cyanh Seeker Sena umes Inosecten 5 ‘More rceniy the economic geographer and planner Michaol Srorper has ‘igrouyresertd the portance of this csive simul of usta ‘eplomeration Here area few of his obsevata taken fm Tie Work of ‘hey Local Reationsina Gla! Econom” chapter ia Te Rona Ror [Tent etpment ne Geta Econ 99 rhe rte ofthe conten ray ys a aoa oy ional “econo” “Snventonal an hy are iret oo ne cy to ancter ono ac ‘it her taper ae lenge hare yee: Storpe links these socly and spotally construc conventions ard inter ‘dcpendencis to what he ella ono nferoy the ably fo “shape the nur of semomic eration through refi oman ation” ene what Ides a "sorpetiive kerning” He then add lms etd nga an dtinive dimension thi revi noth ration a ‘bumpin inning a ls nv hepa nis ey ‘Se depen the mr Sse between pst end ogni at Sed i nd tee cy sen at ve (tes ots tho geomet of hsb work voe ato whe ‘ter ced ind ema wn ee Gh hattor pariapcsm inthe conee ae Although Storper doesnot so ths generative rey a xls un, ie nonetbelet sxophaases the vil vole of spall proviny and Uh stn Vv done uaa agglomeration. UP inten cmp ad uci relies een rain fan he pars oct sean, rons ad ‘toon nadie panos nhc psy ener ae ek Geena sete tan ais face Sorkin conto enmity 9% 28) mae Spetcany, Storper, even moreso than Jacobs, couches is analysts of ‘than economic ey ins rponal perpen, hat he dsr 3 “ginal worl of preston Iti tft satoate futher onthe “reshma” of syne apace16 Remapping the Geehstey of Ciyspace The regonaity of ctyspace [A aedy need the concept of syekisn smc cegional in cope. Spplic ot ust ta sgl peak denny ity center But more emphatealy wreiSierpulveentnc tena syste of eating al teens a ty egion The reginatycaarges the sale of tyspce ght om the sar ant Feist the cd toe eve the ent thr a gional agglomerations _Reepngin mind the eponality of atyspace tay fr weed ee the Siva formally founda ac Asi fem ts surrounding nom" oF “surtan or "rua hittin ad course cny in thinner area sf cnsenonaly tte te dice gunn of barnes he ‘pero of uri a yy fife Ciyope however, invlves ah grand woe comple configuration, 9 spose gosraphy tha bys very ‘finison, ead to Be dynamic and enponave in sternal domo. wil ‘eave coma afte ofr tha nats, shat or wilderness nes ‘Horo nono ut nny conven nyt ten rw {2a puto regen apc sa thereby deeply affected by urban a ‘Raffle nd by thespian fot nee to dein tether na shared see "A rponl network of ettemenscyspoce is earhially structure, sn tines of tones en am se rey ean Ingrathers ume so bt sequel tlosed st a continuous urbaa tse ‘Thre prota ho never ext any reponal space In which al ee Trot worn eual ae This how tes the fundamental premise of ha eps hve ela re ple ton a tent dec te ‘tact omer of hrc seem sys in terms of ee ‘elon sd the dtiuton of serie uncon Furthermore, tho ‘recor tend tbe pyramidal, ith many ore smaller than angers ‘iinet theve aco Known cty-reion in which the largest es Serb ead thas a aed esha Siyapce to revolve round a igge dominant urkan core, the "apa of Stole of tne metropolitan regen where akin n al postive ad ‘rgnine moniestatons canbe peu tbe mest ntencel, Bet ot ech "ely concentatt Renan ‘Other deceptive generalizations can be made about the material form of aepate Fe example ven in salt steer there key fo Be Shaatcesay fancoon a population dente, peaking or nea din ‘hie corer art declining outward more rls Mp, depending on the Bicottheopelomeration he lotion of other nodal centers ad other ators ‘chm thet of population expunson. The rslant tne structure of Egapacedlenttiosgefen asset, Incontemporary ura exnomic analy SeeTRth and vals and cher mesures of action and comparative lo ‘ona advantage Haved on aces dena of ati, and potential or Sinulang father urtan development Not surprising when you kink Sut it the dense ml cnt a ead to geet Paros types o On Intaducton 2 ‘tric an aval nation around them. shaping a least some pater of ‘rfor Land se and reoted Behavior and atts Concenne soto at rings sf spoilize activity i not ears wble ty the bak ereonmen® ‘span pe acta spaces bt many len there oid on Irak har ecugh Aloka to be there pettering and ws, mex¥ing con cntricty an the tent density dation, at "prefered as sully Ia tana arenes that tpl cos inthe ty cee, another election the centeptl power of today I protmty bron advantage, then the fe speciy Of urbaiam generals fled eal aed imagined compe: ‘Ein tov edvantigeous aces lat aks cipepae ar romsantiomly ora formly organized TRepirsing one ofthe maxims of mathematical goopraphy,ctyapae an boson internally asa spatial system ela lo as every ested ‘within lager pail sytem ofr ctyspacts Agglomeration at nek Is ths operate at several erent levee a alo extend th eft na Tet the ferent reco fam the center ots mediate hited Ga. inept fect), om eck center oer centers of tel sia ine AGerartan linkages, and betwoan the macy difcsentinel stents in ‘herepnal ctr la erat cle that mon ten bt aia ers fram the larger centers to the small. Furthermore, agglomeration Is ot ‘ucunety proses of stacion, a movement inward fos enter Tako ‘works the other way” se ors of decentralization and sitfsin. Thee te ‘ess every renal cjepace a complex and dynamic ration between ‘he fore of agglomeration and eentrallntion (centpetal for) and i ‘eglomeraion and detention tuirfual fore) again operating at ‘Real dierent al, dering ent es ws ple pe hanging over tne ‘Secking, nding nd peshaps slo explaining the origin ofthe rpc. loge pairings of capac has pete genertons of peograp bia “rtanisteoser te past centiy Although some ofthe findings hese sade ‘ill refered tn ur remapping of he peohiory of tapas a nr. ‘Sting continuities rom the est fo the reset cites, they wl ot pay 2 ‘nap len the tempt to make practi an heel Sena of Ue Spt ‘ecifayof urbanism and the emergence ofthe postnetropas This ot ‘eens hey se rlevan or unsterestng, but ater beste the tte tent ditt attention fm am expe cxplrnon of the dyamios of Srnkisn andthe lager projet of demonstrating ow he spt of oa ies as a motive tem gentry ‘Sypekism ie uc mee than a pattern variable that can te dey mex se by popiton sits, atop, income curion other “oucome” densities and acebties seston ate oko cy peceve, for they he beneath thse surface appearances and en ut of eo ‘Sou awarenesy shaping and helping fo expan the formation of Se well ge many of fe empirically dined morpbologual "nope ia sb pa To es Frag oe rutin flea ti pon, sysekiamn cn be sce aa il por the DNA urban, 28 Rernapping the Grohiteryof iyspace ‘of prenuptial code forthe generation growth and development of ty srearaonl og enor ger lca Tee ee ae a ee Sie tale mercannattae oanentaneh ecccitke dletraiteanntnetenee be Seen mee emer nas ncaa sibearearie ey emigre ta natch Si ree en aa a cra nae ovod Ee elect Som eater ces Sen Sy wia Caan rea oie ie tae cn Sd te ca a ep Ea oer n een te Ce reper toe eeesaeelee Sergent stan ort a este Se a eee act ei eo ce cme a ware Son Chapter 1 Putting Cities First The development of sot conse niin ban Me ugh te ean ee Leb Le dr lier Pina” 8) ‘Un ey hoe thinking cone he cya an ety aan nani and 2 fui pennant onary, entry scent ape cette ‘SE hil: One would tae een ample mas eet tng prey ‘Su spl seer storys ac! ilo cota heretic how Eerie ot wns meta gone SS nur. Only noe as Rang ap he acto oy " ‘ote a cy et Loe: Wag on Ch 54100 ‘Tay the ote of ey Re-excavaling the Origins of Urbanism ‘Thescach for origin, ke al forms of historia ingury s ften shaped by 2 predetermination of esl 9 hind of revere teelogy that leads the Surcer to find rots a tari pons that eset hisor er prsoal vis ‘tthe prsent Weare coforabl ooking Hack othe post for We Blese tat Undrtandig history helps grapple beter with the poe aeting he freer! day. But even the mot objets hatoan fends fo be kas amare of Tieagrototschan wndemankng of the pat x poverlly shaped by pe ‘aig contemporary mses of thought, wheter they are personal pleat tobe entrenched dscpinary paradigms, or currenty fashionable methos ff ngury. Tats why history fs intrinsally destined to be reweten over nd Ger ag T hogy reweiing ofthe gechisory of es, the urbanization process sed alanis a way of Le lly aware ha to ave pail projet that shoes ey sch for angina ad destinations What ll the: fore Hk ind tended, to dill gical frm the stable teas of deserting and explaining the orgie of what hasten al the Urban Revolution My approach i grounded in and guided bythe Peet hat20 Remapping the Geohtry of Ciyspace there has beena tendency ineven the most geographicall-conscious weiings tthe origins of cas om Cordon Cis ogia an sil pradimatic ‘Spinto ofthe Urb Reveton to Lew Nuon laa ery ‘nto the “cytaliation of the cy i ty some he ot Somer ‘ry writings af ees archelogits and amtopagnte to downplay he lmportance the dame protesssecinted ih he spt ca wand the soil cnstraction of specific aman engeaphiee WEst plan do inthis chaptet and ined inal the chaps at wl fallow st ake a ‘erent look at the Meat tht dase with ce stating withthe debates fn urkun igi, with the intention of dosntrting he potential itp shee te ent ate ore et achive cite! spatial peapective The obptive b not eiy fo show thal {Ronking patly shes’ Altern, but lef iasrte how pating ct ‘al stil dunking Sst fregroundng the spt with ep othe soca Sh the istorildimenstons of our econ senltin sigan new sgh that challenge mich that has ren taken for gant in hss, geogapty ant ‘eal thought ote genetlly. The conventional sequence: hunting and gathering - agriculture — ‘lags ~ cies ~ states ‘The prewiing contemporary dacoura onthe origins cis ad the esting Urban Revolttn, upgrade by sme recent disowers and eta ener. pretaon, usally moves thcuigh an eclutonary sequence hat bagi wh fallssle human soseties organized ab reavely ewatanan bande of Iumersana gatherers For most ofthe ost hte lon years of hurankin, ‘we lived In groups that probably average around 25-3) people and were Inara y song gone vole Although many now queson ust how ar ‘owl spell ths gender division labor actualy was men ede ee farry huni They worked @ atsain ata Gofnd huntng ad fring tortor, fb, and di seme ne electing of lod Nomen tar the primary fon atheros heed o maintain gathering ten torey nd fede to the Geman of every en he temporary home eompours eeing at east 40000 years ago, hurers and gatherers in catered att of te word tecame inci saertary Compounds became spe filly and enor sbstatally costed, usually consisting of clusters of ‘Stila huts orgonied in 2 Kraal-ikeselment. This was 8 significant Svance onthe protected vestveling or rck shelter bene allowed fae snuck greier motaty nthe sich for fond The ctlemest was ‘ily ditmeunlaie or could be abandoned aod rebuilt when necery “though few st any permanent setlments were castrated By theme emrocmatic hunts snd gatherers, een! evidence suggest tha it ‘Scurhwest Asi 3t feast the compounds had frome gute complex and ating Cis fit Pa Samal ee i papa sbi ata ae ner at a Seton atten keen bckare cy Stone Age! Mon bands remained resively ested, but there increasing Tie sent ent yp iter oe aeeae at etter a eer Srsetrsee prone ae ee Sint Stadt meena Sareea enero ecm ee aft Sete tee tc Mannan, eotacse atc fie tac Share feather numa a Eels arte tpi tac ees Sunt cere nents mea once cl al oe nee ere rarest pete sea taten a anemones es ies ta re Neca ce et ett See yeah en rise ececnane Sones incertae oa Se Ai meee i chy iar. meres or eae EE ehcp lnc 1 Syme Me “Th Md Pit oh Nog, ein Cen ‘Miva mute fe eu Come Roe Se Rah Staoa Be 2 ‘SS me dnt een erro" ee heme ‘ise tots ig yar the par” Sn a dnp co rel espe fn ne mee Coe 2S oa nm ahr yma ty ie itech tr wn het ns art of el et et2 Remapping the Gaohstry of Ciyipace _ intentional eltvaton, beyond themereside pb itmayhavebeen for hunters lind pattem Over the pst few yeas new atoll research has cm fin the primary loa of eal plan at atumal damestiation tt a roughly saps! ron irom ira to western Anata ad south tvegh the Levanine Corridor tothe Ni) and ancora remarable concent tow of thse developments nthe matic short ered etre 10000 ard 0 wears ago Where the vo Ras the T exon sothecental Anatol, [DNA hating has revealed thee map “Founder crops” the eres! brown ca trated pace of chickens ter eth and most important korn het In surrounding extensions the T during roughly he same ero ate ound thetint domestics shop, gs, gata tle ava whole rao plant {ope incon grape ele, artsy, ee ar wel as end when Taf ‘Slump lente boa bans a “Sedenttenta as conta fr agaren sci and vilges grew tub stant sine throuphoxt Sothovst As i the cai Neots stor abot TO. Thi mew seem form ant woi-osnomscoganiation ang ftom the development of full-scale agriculture contd of dence clusters of, ectangular mud ad daub houses fas opposed to the beehive huts of the ‘ute gtheer compound) anda soa eder that was ncensingly based 08 ‘rider Kinship ore Wes in the for of nuceated and extended fais, omens a ina ion Ene Siac eee fanaa seen ng ao pr a STREAMING TR aan Tee ibaa eReader sent rane Bo Neen WO Tse Sete aca nema pity isis nce permenpet Re aeSort Scaneibrigines exon aging SRS OR SS rei cimeatamamathaeie ‘Taig enya Ge noms oo as fut Cis nt 2 ‘Sane and lineages, These “al” societies developed more complex religious feu asocations, production techies and neve Socal arvangements ised not onl on gender but incasigl on age, experince descent at ‘lay al Alicegh ecpecty foe of mal cechange and syebohie nrtrng, contin! tobe port, the primary exchange lane inaip cetes increasingly foe on meters futon vig ne torn new politcal for, aeranvey alist the "ehtdom or the “wage fate" These new agian sxe mtipying ons ginal le, nat only Incresed regional population dents and ented a substantial Saal Splus of food ut alo enterked on imurtant technolo innovations, Including the eat Gevelopenent of tigation. But ety aate tration Ibrgeseale gation works, 2 dintintely urban divinon of Ibo and te “eco hry hat ces fem hewn rd =the Somsterment oF “another “big Bang” war acceany to create the mere suttanave Urban Revolution andthe iat" ‘The "protoubanizaton”procest begun in such ste as Jericho, Aba "urea Aue ast Akl yaks tha 10000 years ogo estan srt when econ tl nt having stalin into re is ‘latent Dyers te and natin the highlancs buon he lv ples ‘tthe Tags ant Ruphrates snd porter nthe ares owen st Sumer Shore there sere reste few agrclura teense fore that tims Although ome conte fo oss on singular explanationsof this great shin ‘he geographical loom of octal innovation in Southwest As, te org of ‘iiss ustaly view easing rom a nteprtelpochage of esa le fences the adnlsttive demands of largescaleegntion and Bod contol Technolgy the new economic opprtuniis ang rem longstance ade ft comers the dose) rete ceaton of 3 more rekuble ad susaied ‘God surpls: the ineesangistiteral development of kangehip and ‘Sra been tc expend felis nd cues fie an their apt to maintnn an peo lorgerene commie ‘han ever fore the grosing nw for defense agin he ezares of mae andthe neasonof outside and the demographic presutes brought abt trhothincening numbers aod enzonmenta degradation To tsi, sme ‘might ad the npc of yeh a atin the see fa amalgamation of ‘xbtng villages and towns into one large and consodated urban ent. Bat whatever thecauses, theres asthe itl simltancousceston a 0 ‘ew form of uma socal spt the city a the state, coer ‘Supledbya dish inthe site or combined ina nw way in thlangesing “Ths teins the reonded histor of cites, materi an symbolically ini ay the invention of wang and the associated formation ofthe ste ‘Theonset of reotde sory alse antes end in ore contemporary Interpretations ofthe past an ication tvrarde giving primary attention © the development of tie monarch tate ands peal ennonather an tothe aff and the speccts of yapace, Prom is east orgie in2 napping the Gechstry af Ciyspace Mesopotamian ites sucha Eri, Uruk and Ur the ise aeen a tpivng and mating ino tat remarale sequence tat wnderpns he te tonal ecorde history of cuization, hui in Westra Mstriogtaphy Iydevelopmensis “cls” Athersand Rome wherethect-stateast ot hp are alleged by Westra scholars to hae ancl Ue mat aad ‘ta desnctively Europe form Pall ard rcs nterserting) Ste storks re ad alin Bay, tel Valley (arapp art Moon ‘ro China and Southeast Aa, pnd Meco ad Menomena, ‘Xs ant conta Peru n the Africn Shel and Ethiopia and smoke tevoming dear, ever inthe coker reaches of New Amen ard nother nrc As these Histor unfol at ast fom the viewpoint othe Wet the cmpowernent of aly-nes, the spa speaiaty and syrekin of urban Ie fen to be portrayed ft som at al a detinng in over espertae, ‘luo lagaly tothe production of chsteed anchttul counts te ‘rately desig built environments cresting the sate and tested ‘Sito nthe orm of empires, mac itr he "imagine camer” fof thoation state, subsumes the ty asa mie force in story. Symi of thiseutsumption, the definon of cient shits rom nhabant ofthe oy tolnhabrant ofthe no fongera-preied sate ‘A provecave inversion: putting cities fst The namative discourse outline above recap saci in the ike of nccailent tow writen by Chores Keth Matacle The Emerge of Cr ite Yow Hating wad Catherine Avenue, Cie a the Wate fe Ne {Ee Nils crits the trations of Coron Cie ane ter cs] Prehistonans intending a material interpretation of Nsory (tees ply Inspire by Mod with an expictlyantvopolgial ane geographical per {putiveenervate by contenporary developments neil sce scence invcomparson with most ene cent txt ei infeed set 9 chp ‘pha Iogiaton and a pari erst in what wilt descr as espa economy In addition to emphasizing. a9 any scholars do the pvc enronment anit jauental explanatory power hstry Masels {oes anal of he oii of tes in outherent Aa nd the emergence ‘sfceation drain that wal endogenous component ofthe cap) Specie, he denamic and propulsive force yen Pid nel eee pera es can So cess vem eer fea ee Sethe eth menetiomes eect pe Se ig eeaaseasen ‘Gexguphal Inalcton eEtagy, Lace: Mth (934) Patio Cis Fest 2s Mails place yekiam atthe heat of is analy ofthe origins of cies, covlaion and urtaniom He doses, hawever by conentaing hs come ‘Seaton ofits impact almontexcluiely at ane moment instr. thea Emmtion of he cystate and hace of cen at hw ce tbe fo tally defined ‘ol elon of pron matte oes the ae ose ll (shore nercedence nang rem oe rua) te eee eee ‘Sano whch steep ot goerament In ur gone {Sela ae the sae thrash admiring ‘rumen bung reesei the profess a ge, {reir mae thesia thc ert Syste PR 1) Using a phrase that resonates wll with Hens Lfebvre's description ofthe frrceend space of Spatial Practice (wha Feast Fits), Mas notes {farurbanism as synths oerses By “mcr lit of maucton app Pate toa dense interdependent population” 19! 2 emphasis aed) {nd goes ure to suggest thatthe astute may bes blr way’ of line Ing ad naming at eatin the particular oem thes t Mesoptam, hey hot from what Marx dosed asthe Aste nade of production Nae Sstinguithes 9 Msopotamin citpsate mee of preuction, which i “decried ar bing intra by an idclogy of order hegemony Sn depen ‘ncn fom the hicldom, wit te “tdcony of rnkod mat lineage 30 ‘sal from al ther examples ofthe Asiatic ear he calle the "ege "ne" mode of pructon which are united around an hsolgy 0 iene) ‘lsontpelinenges” In thew dtnctons, the tle ofthe ay vers the Wile i well a he vel roles an power of men and women) Features Prominendy Following Mary, Masel argues than the site ce vgs: Fite mode ties are “eacepuonal” and “qt unproductive” royal "ishnds fase of post vlan” Only im th ciate of Sumer docs fl ‘da urken society and inceingly stil cee aon of Troking bok to orhat might be behind the highly specie nucleation: mutstonerysalienton dmamic tht gave. tie tthe cists in ‘Mesopotamia be conventional ates the oginsofthectyinagiclur id ‘pc nthe formation a agaclaral vile, eligestates ad prs pontonaly rural development In oer Words, Mais (and lust every ther choir wertngon tke orgie of ie unguetionngy pets agree {etand presume conscript in week smal las slaps pons ‘rer ger nl some thes of srk fs arpa a re es ont ‘Systaten“erytline” in very parc Ioan Tony aut on stain a eto igh poption deny oer a wie {lech nana eve rods gh open ner Under atFd Aemapping the Geohit Cee en Scere cee athe iets R04 fay aut rcatonhip helen, which, depending on eure Soa eae ‘Mihai st poet dee Phonan itl rie Core Setacaar steamy act cea a sa aa ot each eae ern ‘hts ual am a rs thao uty Cs fom te wy ste ser Go ot {Sicha it Ree pepo Se denne ‘Suny Thy tet ery pc of himan ta Rang res fetus a ra Te ate ne eae ie le tua arse ee eles ‘SFr heey anf copia Salas wie e mena oes ‘hontai sca aap set penis thats ae gree an ake we cent akc Sf seal cy tees se Siasnorterse ore eee eat fe omni meet Sete rr Staknnfonalalths ne ineaet ar tiie mame reat es rs fea donee oe hee Sree ieee aoe mae oto sre ee ee eee ten meat ee sere ap depen ot eilns espe suc tet finedecTan tele hug andra sang ees tence ane ta gt eter a SE ae icmp rae oc mA sealant ne esc eesecata emetic at cohen ice ees a roe ache cee tes eens roots Epa tase ‘rimennettatiseiees tmsjecing paemeseent ‘Rointereee onda eeteeaadoace ee ect ocetaparan ay nahn mighinococarcy teat ten ain Say cag fe gin ehstorallows cnn ores ape Se eee att of Cyepace Puting Ces Fast 2 the development of ariculture itl, inverting the usual chain of causliy, lat also forthe appearance of agricultural vile, url pasate at ess and ater rg, las oration apd estate in pening up hs Patntalsevisoing 1 an-ataggenting that he eoaventional snpoence a ‘rong and nesta besrappod Batter that we recognize that enoher “ure of originating cwens may hate sce, in Sotvet Asi tet {Ending ton Ser dfeent interpretation of te tonal importance of the ‘Spt speciity of trtanin To suse farther this povsetve seni ‘ator on the evento sequence etusturt oo sting places ferch> nthe elt calley-of the Jordan River and Gaal Hoyt i southenteal Learning from Jericho ‘Once man st in esp th rt flows ‘xsvations at echo aed in a spring ed ass wel law sa evel on low plas ove the Jone River i Palestine presen soe igi ca lenge tothe comeentionl dom onthe origins of ies. The origina se Hement~ possi the fe In Nstory apa of clf-gnerted grow and Aleveinpment = dates Bok at hast to 8891, that oe an 1,00 years ‘gone paid some achecopiss cal the Epipaeelidle Dusig the ears. fhses of thi importa In relatiey Litekaown transuonlpered ‘etven the asters a the st farmers fiche waste rst center fi the inovative Natuian elle tha stetched along the Madtersnean sod in te repo now know athe Lavat The Natuhans practice wat sro thes a highly advanced frm of hunting, gathering an aking ha Tore around ncesingly permanent ethos sow wily contre the fntknownexampleoda scestary human society They camel Anessa anoent Jericho fe giving spring, round 90 8. and began constrain ‘chat would becomes sence ant innovative urtan agglomeration tht may ave reached a poplton ofa kas 3000 at pad its here, tis turk etlement of hunter and foragers, hat archeologists woul nd ore ‘tthe earn evidence for that evoltonay event i human Nistor, the vention of weld agree se the systematic and intentional ulin ‘ domesticte fod trope ‘ma ry mer ea aon gy a sda ‘Severus on the Reng Seen he Nar Bart fe of he Rye A Dalieeacinal nse 1 harshest ee i dain cae Motul Sotreahs bras ns yay ol oa cet ay2» Remapping the Geohistary of Ciyspace Wi ony one major terion, the mound orl of Jericho cat 2 few mule orf he preset dy) wa continously epi for lve {Edo0 eure: During then fur lena, a numberof thet tan centers ‘ent fed attention on theater evidence ofculteand spat organiza Son or what Tell Brtspre grogenphien But Hodder was lao despy oncemed ith the “meaning oF ings ith the intepmetion of “seme ‘vides that wae nots oiousy ranted in water empirical forts Sn with he relations between materia alr and symbole expresso the tealand the imagined Ina ses of books and edie collections he opened ‘shat war callad “procera” archeology (a ste of pov scence ad ‘ata ntheopsogy) to nee theoreti perspectives served fem cial ‘hoy, scram eo Marsom, hermenis consracit pio ee fofscence, and, mre recent, pestcucturaism the new ethnography, fm ‘ian postcolonial ctu, and cua postmoderism. Hesdr describes thir scletic interpretive approneh simp ae "postprocesnalarcheolgy” ae {oot in what heals cover ag fstas an interpretation of the = ‘eninena technological and behaioral contest of cn but aso adc ‘cnarmatce linking he contextual menningsofmateriatcaltralteats withthe ‘meaning of words na fext orn wnten language Through these contextual ‘ings tbe bets sued by arcclogists are soe a oth eatery ae ‘Suuely cwetroce, dames eaiand tapos olor ‘he ptase have weed to esrb the cit study of ees spaces. Getic tnoesy Tr le tl cratic ant: ut 2 sero Si ml rl rr ID, Sl Seo net Sahar Cae OTe sof oa eo eon eg aca ne msi ban ry aed be ae oP i odin No ann Rr ou 9 tet Pew an Hh ‘Seo eg ry Oven Uns arg MA Bs Rest Tg pio nn Aga ot Une a yh ce et THM ite ea tn Sc Ce low ae irda =“ Remapping the Gechiston of Chyspace While being recognized aa Jeong theoretican and philosopher of arche ‘logy anda pecan Neolticeuurlsymabaim af theses of ap llr fo Europe, Heer has unl cently never lea map sell tig. av much a symbolic mark ofa renawed arccolgiets end asthe ‘obstruction ofa apr builing propel i forthe ariel Putin heart ‘hie reflections on postpocesial arco tothe test of the trowel ‘ger homeves, Hodder has become the le archeologist for 8 maar new scvation taking plc no al psu sites, Catal yak The Catal Rest Project wae conteeeond sites by Hose uliding im pet fon 8 ant gives in 14! 40 the Catal Huy Research Tht for 25-year progr to conserve, desplay and aun more fon this -yearaid a He [Esdsa bal team of more han 10 epost fom Gret Brn the Unie Sttoy Canada, Sowh Aten, Spain, Grace, Geran, aad Pakistan, long ‘with dozens of Torksh scholar and stars The team working 20" oa 2 the main site but aso in eter areas, suchas Pinarb about 25k tothe ‘Sit there tees evidence of ted encampmentnby a eranent ake hat ‘may predate the occupation of Catalhoyak by several aousand Yes The ‘iin projs tae advantageo mimi technolgy to keeps work open {othe World arto multiple forms cf ierpreation reflecting one ofthe PA {Sples of potprocel aeceoloe. Hedder'sdgaing ign n 1995 wth excavations into threo the tee layers of atlment found in theese wing ofthe anette Each a these Ibyer catsinn more than 0 fone suggesting tha the poplin for ‘ost of tho y's exten may ive contd of lens OJ permanent ‘ident bringingt nach cows nse tothe fst Sumerian teste Early {nding conf mast of Mella’ pctre of urbane, with es hey excep Hons Mele asumed the existence of pri group concentrate i special area a organizing religious turctionson a tywide bas, whe Mew ‘Kenvation show ho eens of such an elite group Each hovsehld hae frgarized spoces devon to beth ritual and domentie wies suggesting @ Iighlv decentralized, simpler and more ezaltarian form of vgs practice Ivan even more controversial beak with Meat, Hodder ane Ris etn owinplay the importance ofthe Mather Goddess cll, anging that he eon odes figurines Mellart discusses wore not vencrate, for none have yet fon found in burial o oer vlgiousl signin contexts In oth cases, Mela who isalive and Licking: his been vigor defending hs Views ‘guns is former tent and others on the fa ‘The projet has attracted widespread altenton from feminist scholes as swells the "Goes community” ho arrive on organo! ture clebrate ‘oir onmsnterpeation ofthe ie oder har bem epi op 0 Both 2, nda hiring ad Dal, New Eg 989 Yr Cy gig feb ten ie ous Nee gine Fant tree scien Putting ies iat ia ‘he more rigorous feminist and softer cult interest in Gaal, promoting ‘hat heh ale “feist archoologjes"In aang th Pas 9ST), he rece ‘rized not only the need fo addres te ibulance I the sepresettion of ‘ween inthe archeological profession and the use of sexs languoge in azche- ‘loge publications, but ala other more subleandocentc stands” being recognzod by feminist in the fc ‘oihatr he een resample tngand tae ae aon sen mle pt {lt whe hen and wei ar fama Poe penn ar wee {Er ar inked omen ws nom whe! made eae ld women Ta ‘Selihinge st eines makes pest eal esr semi sd ‘eptintes Sco gener intra m hown i he eran male A TEE Nie ie elvan rage are doa Fie an Spent te fade Foe ‘er sours and on. we wal toahow Gow gender anes exp ‘Enon sd ven moan, Ro they ae cdo die peso and Sos they raed sue ae st tee elton yer ee taTpermencae orcotxtn sppean may te mec (1a 7) ‘Thusfor relatively ite that is new an suprising hasbeen founda Catal: gtk and nothing sgnicant has been adsl specialty to the date on puting cts ist What most signin, hoscever ie ot he peeimiary Findings but rather that ths tes Beng excivatd and interpreta y ache- ‘logit and other scholars who are unusually wellaored mea thers Sey vane ofthe mevance af he ast fo contempurary sues of deme ‘cy etiznship, gender race, and clas assertively spatial her outlook ‘nl onethods; and equipped witha “postnoder attitude” which oder has ‘Sscrbe as an openness 19 dfeence, ster, mltivcaty, ard exper ‘mentation aimed athe emponserment of marginal ple an cla con ‘ituensies”" Ts maybe smother ety on the neni Uist of fats for (tat Hava /Catlhoyak 2 Matc mae plone oly ganar ,Ote SeCa Sts a ce tess ey een pee tat es pp parts Ranta nS hg ri pe ee SER penton snd onary gers ec eval Sd mr ‘feria sspatemanl ieee He “Chang Ge ng» wm we eeSapee See Gm ermine ntl etn beChapter 2 The Second Urban Revolution ‘The it tse ty tate peared th the simultane concentration of ‘undigested fo announce, a {Robund! ely te cipe) sored pope andthe tilly forse al ‘ale cetag cds od an ecco al evince [Ein oot rand inthe aden anopi jee poe Toba li mun oar te made an adherent steven lec Mey and “tet inthe teens ls plies, poy ply ple and cnr, ‘Eten cr to ne ow iy mes ah sr, palo at sin eh acc ad on Fig rfp mi ‘anemic power artes es cm Tn (996 208,234 [Me ain theme of hog ty lemae wtues i practctapp= {io rain ino syste ea ane war apr Aig fence hnving sun som a econ tree an taser ae ‘Sioa ta moe puso «power sero fan eprom tug which Ter cer “cng! End “parte” mt ese obser or completly ae Nisa, Othe Geigy Moray 93, ot. 187 8 “Teciy came into beng tn prev ie text othe good ie [ "6 fripton on he eternal wal of Los Anges Cty Hal! eter SID and 2508, the technologies frigate grin were ig nifandy expance, the wel was tented, more formally institutional 4 sowing nie dmg ain ee esate ec hions cele tose eel peat ‘hpi ads rey meee Nett as echt atc aot oquls Ov dguatl eyes hee Toate loan ‘The Second Urban Revolton “eligins, markets, and tates took shape, and with the dail urban inven ton ofeuncfor ving inthe "ese cts” of Suet, peat the once cf the Ties and Euphrates, there dawnad what subsequent sholtship ‘woul consecrate as eeurded histor.” Deeply involved st all hese devel ‘pments, condensing them in specific sockrspatial contexts, wae af ‘ching tarsformation i the ongazation of cyspace and unis as ‘mayo fe The standard ets ventional reer ots ransoration at ‘hens and only Urban Revolution, the singular eytalention of the ot" {ha distinctive form of Manan habitat. Whe Wt nay indeed have produce {he iin sty ach oneremphas othe ven tering a ke enterion of ty Formation as escaped the equal eo Thonary developments that osired in the highland cola surrounding he Fert Crecet several milano evi. e tus becomes are appropri fu revealing to represent what hipped in Sumer beginning aroun 700 ‘ears ago a the onct ofa second Urban Reveluton, ‘The New Urbanization “The second Urban Revolution, shen seen a8. singular event tational explana a bol the cause and the consequence of the ft of agua ppratauon ancl dense uma stement into the fre rier alle, st [n'Mesopetamia beginning in the sth miller Sand then i EBYp Persia the Indian subeontinent, China and eseheve in Euresa and Ata, tue ter inthe New Werld Ths se of what soe ave described a “tic Gvlzations’ was intimately ssocatt wth the development independent city-states and the attendant creation of an Interconnected ‘etivork of urban setlmens thal functioned as meropoian nol pins fora farmeaching afin of trae, technology cle, knowledge, an {zovernmental mary power The rhc of the ay-=tte yor sedi not Tepe St compote baum what was happening tvoughout Nghia South ‘wet Asi tating at cans TN yeas ago. Small bt atv metropolitan Sybase safer ant ecenive urban trading systems ad emerged vous fut Gar Pahuped highland tgs soon afer he early exper of agra tre and ther continuing spnekism probs help iio t sanen Innovative changes tall pers of Me, cluding the invention of Ng td Ha edfctive ten balding and adniteing the urban geopalieal ‘What then, distinguishes the second from the fst Urban Revolution? An why ts orn so cae) associated withthe region of Sumer a the mouth ‘the Tigre Luphrate, rather than, say, the Nile Dela or elsewhere nthe lowland Fete Crescent? The answer fo heist question wil acme dearer ‘shen We lak tthe st ropeeentatve Sumerian tsps in mae deta [As forthe secon, the most sommonly accepted explanation fr spetally Sumenan ongin links ctysate development to the special needs for ager. scale gation works to culate the rte alluviu the aid vel,2 Remapping the Gachistan of Cysoace ‘where there ei evidence of ty formation or even significant permanent Setlement uni after 0 he Without sch enol sd hess ngs sion necay fort staal, urbaration i heard Twas ‘rar fatto achieve Sima, the demands of ngescae tigate a uur ee such that cite th les than 10.00 nian prot the ‘rani sizeof the fit ound of ety developmen, ere inate as tere th apr and etely egalitarian lnetgean ple ap fn thescale, cope, an autortran power of both the ly snd the sate was ‘ated 2 “yoalze” =the temo olen edo doxtbe what happened inSimera the second Urban Revolution eis this ap in sale sope and Falta autor that makes the invention of writing apps to bea wal pre ‘Suite frit allowed for greater serves and Sotol oer aber pow, improved organization of agrcltral production an the storage and dr. tition ofthe sacl pra and the Enlarged local urbe cure that was neces for everthing to work together toconstri t at a yate bat tne capable of signe pital and econom exparsion. “There sno reason to challenge the bond cules ofthis general explana tio Bt there emai the question of wy ft Sumera ere we ea on "te fo ear rom rch a Catal ye, bth with raga othe partir {portance of trade in cy formation and in apprecaing the tnnovatve power of advanced foms of hunting gathering, and taking soeties Evers lation a the Red ofthe Person Calf ths becomes a impor tanta ts postion along the ower reaches the Tare Euphrtes Dy the ine {he int fl-blown Mesopotunan cysts were etal Sumerian er ‘ants had desclope an caters trading network thot strech rug he ean Cuff the dan Ocean and bere with psticnay coe cotats ‘Stablshe with the early Inds Valley vations The erst map Gy Siotes(Ubaid ri, Ur, ad rah) were lost set to the Gl an Yo he marshande ta ele ot wel sated Yo cera ager, ere ih {sh and die a wl a oer sl resoescaabe of sani sal pernanet stems Tet stag: beatin snp an ting enters nay have ben eset ote Feng role i aurching the econ Ut Revolution ‘though have not eo anything nthe erature conim this may very wel be that the fmt permanent sctements in Sumer, ike those ‘much een the Natufian Lavantwereentanhe by people who hued fished, gathered wid food and eter esoures, an alo engaged arpa trae Ons tho eater Nation setements, the Sumerians know Stout sicltureand simple methods of ization frm the Necthic urban centers ‘Fhe highland ar, and had begun to grow some crop, with the date fal providing puriclay uel sours of fod and bulingmateriab {hat ere hte Iiteratre stat these southern Sumerian stements tere prot the man sites for he invention of cuneiform writing which, much more o han Egyptian hieroglyphic and ary Chinese wring, deve pol Ingely ne practi accountng dover fr snag ovenrehip, St ion and exchange of various gods produce! sn aed rom lal nd “The Second ran Revolution 3 stat places Malay writen witha tyson day tables, cineform became the mow widely ted writing pte of the many ceed in Southet Asa prodecinga sigan body oIiterary ant mathematical texts whe sso feng use asthe sis for ther wating systems that Would develop in the Recognizing sme ofthe continuities between the fist and second Urban Revolutions thas haps so Understand tte the partial eohistoreal {Eondlon hat gave fouther Sumeria.s bend sat nthe formation of iy ‘Sates tha wore larger in more potenti contaling the saul eo ‘ent ancl moe cape of expnding He polical ae coomcreach than {tyother tht preceded then Ths grounded the urbanization prose more ypemanctl i pace, lowing noon or lng agglomerations ofr So staining tha eter cto continu ad soil reproton Before moving onto explore these developments however, a perplex set ‘of questions remains concerning Egypt av the Nile Valle. Although these Semany remot amu tat oats ofthe Sumer foe a ee Sho taken shape in Eaypt there tt very Ile evidence ef Tage ces ‘rch before 1200 nc UD yrs alter the east developments of pre AiynasicEaype Although thre evidence of sees smal walls? ces texting caion along the Nile, nothing tke the mos of cntalond and fexganave city-states that fille! Mesopotamia ewer covered the “uni Sitgdom of Faypt" leading many pment archeloist the st od {hat the ity wa aly noncexitent=* et hee can beso ut tat Ey twas acy-catered,urben vation frm the start. How san ths sag tnonaly beexplaned? st ofall, the most prominent and permanent cy in ancient Egypt was the necopol the ay ofthe dead where tbs and empl pra nd ‘phinaes monopolize the atenton an abr ofthe city Burs. Cities of thedead werd occupy the wet Bak ofthe Ni, where he sun set, Whe the ey of the living walt to the est the ste hein nT living Sy was onder mach more temporary and wend feet Be stuniona alter a generation oro, a exch suena pharaoh moved his Sera ay to another ste dierent fom that of is predegesor Ths there ‘wor fw fan ofthe mal ayer ty mands oll of Southoest As Provide tangible evidence of crn cotinaty. The eyo every Me af sonal admonition tad, commerce, nd pil care was aly 2 Serine ign nen dine iy hay inn $y Sm wien tn ny i erp naa tar nd tbe ake ag cone Ht et Stee een etre ett ry ie owta Remapping the Gechstry of Ctyepace ‘walled forthe desert provide protection gai outside invasion and inter alco was reltvely fied doe tan overarching alta nity Firshemore, the enormous ivestnnt in nea labor lvolve In bull ing and mating ay als would be lot wen the cy as atendoned Sle he inhaled city also had no great monument, forall thas se permanent tga vere dpa! to i sopoan cgh Hocing was simpy batt and oy eto crumble tock tt the so fom ‘which came ving fer remains in comparison with the sturdier sone Rowse of Southwest Asan cies. The some vas re forthe even moe fe Foray hotsng forthe sizable population that need to be cine By the Frowing necoplis Ils no suprv that the city appeared tobe absent {Eype forall that eran ae the mensmental fragments of ype see ingly catered random in the open deer. "yptln urtanzation thus seema to be exceptional But even granting is sci quale, ca le be gue tal kth ext es fo ore {ereal rtanzaion proces hat ay be mach moe wherpesd than chee ‘Shgista ana histoire have imagine, From the ose of taza moe {han 10,00 yeas ag the formation of tyapone may have taken two ier rt pti, ce mont detec agglomerate, designed wth permanence and ontiniy it mind ard ines ith memes forms tat Pep 10 cee tale the urban polly, economy, and calle he other more dispersed, ‘ggrnestod rode tipi nen and open ough perit ect ‘Stern new ares rather than conse rebaling wt te are ster? {Seu Mumford nied hs arc The Cy try G6 and td to soda twit tottaran the enon o fertesed 9) veraue more ermocatc forms the Open Cy me he alle ore eon and village ike Whether or not these to path ary wth thom sina outa se ‘Ses connotaton ts Smportent to eon hot the fa even tore stably the second Urban Revolution invelved an arbaation process thatapanned a any wide range af agglomeration and sperma New World ‘tigations (Mays, As Inc and several ethers outie Mesopotamia ay ive teen closer to the Egyptian than the Sumerian model, a tin thee try sages of development Excavation of th emaina may suaget tat ‘het vere no cites ty stats of iicance ut nich ter bat hes ‘now some reson to tev that they to may have bee furarentaly “thane tures ght fom te sa "This ass some new quertons abet synekian For examples he ino- vate tims of dense proxy Inbeently greater in nore conceited rather than disper agglomesstone® Given that we el knw sole boat ‘Sipp pny ponte prs op eam ‘The Secand Urban Revlon ss ow synekiam works itmay not be posable to answer tis question with any {idence Te should be noted, however, that even the eeme ce of ds persed urbanism in Eaypt was sonetheles urban and that the geal achieve front of Fayptsan clieton sree pir fm pepe ving ss, fom the stinulur of urban agglomeration, and not fom is scattered rua tgs At the same tne, size sey mutired A Sumer, fo # gael 3 ‘utalyconsioutiavesinent aod Cratient to permanect, iPad cs ‘ology eternal space Wh many sick commuted, permanent sts, tots enoperation and competion may have sumlated greater investors, sspeclly with gard echnologies and conventions of terol sonal Sd adminiration me be erembesd afer tot en the Sumer {iy ot the almastconcrey developed Fayptian model that woul nite ‘Mea apr artun evolution that would alle nesta doveloprent in csi fn Anis fora leet the nest 80-5100 years What happens in Ser leggered a new phase is the geohistory of es that woul signa eee nev ona tcl gor scal, the modes of production an the metho of ca ‘egulabon tat hierto had organized Numan sites AR it would attach few soit nett, expanded economic preduction and specially Fults! dewstopmentewen more diet tothe mara symbolic sd Go ‘nena poms ofa radially expanded and restructured HysPoce Space, Knowledge, and Power in Sumera, ‘The most distinctive nee arama proses (a pete that will be wee repetedly in this book) sociated wth the sand. Unban” Revolt evolved prianly around a farseaching tocostvtion of power feat fea and outde dhe oy, and hence of what can be called sol gave ‘erty. The ole simpler lle divisions of neagebasedsaetios ‘were oth brendened aed deepened asthe socal a splat OF Pro ‘lution and governance expondd in ale and Scope to produce ager Su flses nore extersive mete fae an moe onparsve political eure {han were possible tefore. The fundamental prodton complex of age {fe and animal hustandy, tucked by substantial develupment of ade, frais rt, and services hay do eth he olestion and dirisution of {ood and other necesita, developed nthe erst round of urban develop- tment The staal auplun oblanable Iran thes uted production “mplex wot sgt crown’ inthe new citys, Bat the prestst {novations ofthe second Urban Revolton evolved not so much sound Seek prentuction a seta rpraftion, the craton of tstitutonl se- ‘ses hat ols maintain in pave politi economical conn Tinbicated in these changes was the apfurent rice of @ more dente purl social ordr reshaping the ede sexual dion a labor and rt ‘ing what oul! tocome fog sting cultural sbontinaton of women ‘roca ll ibe unban soit We koe vey ite abo hee56 Remapping the Gechstoy of Cyspace ofurtan patriarchy an the significant sacl stugges that must hae acon panied butt stands as one ofthe mest profound diferenen betwee the [Eat and second Urton Revolutions Wht vedo know i that hy 000 Be ‘the powor to contol and shape everyday fen and aura the city and the ‘stint apa practes of phroncis an dtbuldingDeame mich ome ighly connate eirlized, and male-dominatd™ Busia on rene tat were becoming wll rabisnd inthe ies of the fist Urban Revolutn, the nev cites af Sumer consliated pti power ‘n'a genalogy defined ruling cs thot combined and Connect tap sphere of lgtimavesutheny. On the ene hand were the car vlad now ensconced as esogniand ener of the tail comma ‘xtor ofthe urn economy swell ashe new sbelas of pte an and property owners On the oer hand tas the ien-noba ofthe api ‘Expunding “publi” orststesector. The two came together unr the late Slhoniy sta royal plce and feel smn ened ard the ‘Satie monarchy, wh the vine King cen athe crestor of the c-state and ‘Sits comatogial personification Fora scl ather han spats) mapping ‘ofthe aructires of power inthe Mesopotamian cyst, See fgure 1,8 dlngran of heen of proaction tbeednaton aed Geetieton on Masta 1990: 272) ‘Ut politi he Sumerian city-state became much more competitive and complex than had ever Ben bore cen sng the new neations ft power and authority Over he centute, vine ie came to he incre {tg Gulegacopeclly asthe cite ciesy ofthe coma private and fite/ public seco pated Tor greater autonomy and stoi privilege Naked argues thot what stunning Suri Wat ow pros of selvng the "solo af alvin descent patineages” that had tne all the fst advance! human soit and ras of production up fo ht ine nd ‘would persist rately unchanged in Egypt nda, China, and Mesoamerica ‘What was ao teinnng wa there oa stinctve and senautonomous “i ably net the sate and private bac, apres that pro sly ano reach mort advanced age in Mesopotamia but ter eet ‘essen through the eyes of Wester scholarship, ithe Athenian ol ting thei cetary ne But tua ot beaver by ths European tat estat pce a Fe Ht ng ‘gil te oer ren a as ‘Site ato funtamted new cyan hcp ey ran ed ‘Serene, epecay en el ent moe peel Ee re SER SIRES ine Re a yy ‘nepor tay opt ne nas suo pay ao gue ‘The Seéond urban Revolution 7 Figure 21 Aelans of production siorintion. ad syacaan i Mesoptanie [Seuce’ Chars tath hee Te Ewrgete 8 Cation Lonsn al Ne Ye Sout 1980 472, ue 97, same te) for theeis mach morte leaned fromthe development in Sera espe Lily with ear othe connctions of pace, knowtedge and power in the sista Reinforcing the processes of y-state formation wasthe opening up of ty spe to four new specalizad populations. (I) eneprenatal mechan once an ogaiznd miliary armed fore doubling as an urban pic, {ite isesSealed eve arene, and) an powershot “merase” Mach more than they ever were inthe ences, merchants involved kcal gna and “frig” Bere yet a wel SS dvi servants prvte kndowners and spective developers within the Uttan spe economy Sumerian merchant ot ony ince Togedinance tralingespedtion, enhancing the weal of te palace srs hy feredsa Remapping the Geohstory of Ciyspnce loans to farmers and fishermen, helped the state authorities to collect axes fn idbue fnveate in the urtan but environment, and organ a proto marke cousomy based in lrge pa on he exchange vale of ver® Th reso Ttly “private” ctor was not parcullyinduertal bore abut 30 8, but alter tis daets power al fesdon inthe urban space eootomy Br lng ih ts neresnng tno fom place contol ‘Drag upon those ho were inthe pst ether defenders of hunting an fathering tenfois or even more key, aged male “warrior cor rites, new and more specialize multary cares emerged with the capo Tit of defending the ene t-relon agaist ouside invades, expanding {he tertoral contol ofthe tate into cyrbased empire, sn, prose of at least ual importance, maintaining interal peace ae order’ As arta “police” (nother term dens from the Greek jl), the mary Flo sm prt to usure an enone he auherence all tigers sd ober the Unsting nee soil nd! spatial onder emerging nthe exporting eon) ‘Styspace Nitary fonts oa thetrwateul service population us Beare Siegal prt ofthe but environment a everyday le othe ty Abd os trth the merchant cybilders an patriarchy the neve mata cae woud {stalish tetra power tos nthe city-states aftr sbout 30D Ne nya growing roles checking the aol power ofthe royal clas snd oping tn ny dein fey “Arms withmore subele mesnscfeurvllance, regulation, and contol as sn expanding Urbar-bsed public turenucecy Of governnent offi sed their assistants, changes with meting the expended demande of phones ‘maining aad manaping the tertoril community and cultural Kentty of the etna These fst “cel servants were pearly the land-owri Say (wth dove fe to erent sarc tad wero) ey Stach tothe temple nor place. Overtime, a more speciond ant Increasingly autonomous governing Bureaucracy would emerge and find IS {Geman do argument gia eat acters who aa at ee ws stg weg scr it mcr vn or we ia ase cen kelp at asp pf ae vt ens coments garrison Sealine ch apie pe enc ‘Secon orm mrtg sane re ance pny See mee ern npr st ree Be ‘Co champ ha i ea a The Seéond Urban Revolution 9 ‘ort in the aati spocty of the yt, Farther itfertitng the inter "nal reson and stittianal geography 2 well as expaing the extt- ‘al tetra! scope and fbconey ef clips power ad cly-oateed ‘inemmentaliy ‘Overtime, 2 new underclass would also emerge. compris domestic slaves, covvee laborers, afd gangs of "contingent Workets Used not oy #9 {litte agricultural production and help nthe households, but ls to meet ‘the owing demarascr ofybulkng which now expanded wellbeyend what ‘must have been nocesay to bulld the famous walls of Joc. Male and Female save, cel tate as pvate property, bese on smporant fart ofthe urban economy. They wore Waded as a commodity in commercial ‘xchange given aay in murvage doles use asa guarantee fr loan, Sd profre ett the temple Thor io even evden of debt slavery, ‘Mfctng those unable to repay thir outstanding Toans, Vry Ite known Shout the processes a enslavement bt the number of saves esting the ‘Sty seat have Hoe suite ange ith some houscholds having mare ham “These developments wotked to redefine dhe diferenes between cy aad ‘county, th ua an the rr the ize snd the pent the center Sn the periphery The restrature power relations revolted fundamentally ‘round the poltal diferecas between les (Grek for tose oho ode tecallctive rt ie an soe) andes independent” ral dele reltiely slated and “ilosyneratic’peesats, of worst, bararars, Al togehey, these new uPanlzation proses rst in he formation ofthe (Shyatate es a teil and upto stan inalonalsrucine “The wns othe st eit tat nhs, sores it the fint example of anvrtanegenerate! poly What rae mw diferent about the asta Wa ‘Snow cna compouton, is etructured socal and spatial elas of prot Aicton, and the expansion of = csc or fy) ste mcr positioned fn beeen he rulers andthe ruled and capable of developing its sutonomou bse of power though localiza esurees and cata Or space a roveladge no exiting in rites for the fit Urban Revelution synekion ~the stimulsof utun agglomes tion = worked przarly inthe alo of rvoluoniaing socal production "rough the invention farsa arming an nial Rast), hee allon of spectalza! forms of eaft pragucto, and te development of asse- Aled teadang and exchange networks In the secned Urban Revolution, ‘yuck ottinaed to be valved wth fechnologeal novatim agricae ture (he craton of much laerscale inigation syste, fr example, ut thane most potently fcused on he rain of social reproduction, generat sagan escntllypllfeal eveution tat revlved around extradite ‘ations in geographical governmental, making posibe the maintenance [nfadaundtnalion of cokeive maces and cults of unprecedented popu Intonsiec and fennel scope Terystaliing mementol tay fs the urbor igen fhe pera str ale ailor apparatuses ead ing the that would permit the” exceplonal expansion in” socal@ Remapping the Gechstory of Cyeoace scale nnd cope amie withthe formation of ty centered emp, Talal- ‘rate frther on thee otservatons ets eck at tone othe i indepe ‘Sent cisates a reakant-magined place whose name has become a Popular {rope forall dicoursea aa gis ad rat theming eto U Ur andthe New Urbanism The satu Us the dis Rings, th pe iy ny bring key, seme i pee ‘ins and enue cthes on pepe ou Fr kay a of ecard lenin Ta yo Us he ain of pute, The Site want in gee tries palling cover» dep pion TBelase ad Cut, Am et (9820718 “The Sumerian cysts of Ur was one ofthe east centers of what woukd ‘necome # sprawling, more oF loosely connected mame of estates the Ferafe Cresent ith guts sttehng from Type to India, om ‘Mepis and Trebes to Mobenpdaro sd Harapy, and ater ito Europe ‘his Protoseola wide web, the int expansive lob” network of met poltan cies rat expane the spl scale a cope of cl wean ie BByamcultng avast transactional system for interregional rade, cultura and ‘aholagal dfsion, population moverents and milary conquest. But rather than expanding on thee external elations mort fata do, lt 1 Took feta the major ineraltansormations in the sal an Spatial rscture of tyspace Bvidence fot Ur suggests thai was one of the earl Fcal points for the elaboration ofa distinctively urban socal and sata division of abo, ths on the development of new eats of pdt rots! ia pevate property ind owner hip paisa an the oration of earl ns Bias) sual late Clas formation, and ite aescat! proses of tate ‘evelopment and change wa based nally on astatiition of prestige and fempovterment that azo largely from sel or ute Kin test ey ‘cesta figures This pariinenge based socal der developed tts Fest ‘eet he lst sages ofthe ist Urban Revatlon center around vine Fale with abot ational presgativen Overtime and spe, hee dl ‘Ua tate een tug ie Sunt all he Io acted ett A Sijumtha saul sae Raye inet teste cane ‘The Sedond Uan Revolution at Fewntated Kinship es tok on more formation’ eigious and cosmological Signfeance and symbian that tighay integrated the poly, the econeny, fl the material nd symbolic cular “ke nugget cai» ky iference in governmental that would rise inthe Sumerian cyst wae the development of distinctive and ners iy somos prs, rane, he dr oe economy, athe seal prosuction of etyjace, even with the enti Un of divine ingsyp, bane move secular and spectallzed, and eae ingly slfgeeratng and aonomus. As Malsls notes, and rots th he intensified synekiem of city stats such a= Ur > tothe Third Urban Revolution The mervning time pan betven the dete of Ur in 1500 and the onset ‘fat T wil esr as he third Urban Revolution tne than 30) years Ir ean be scent a perc oki the yt form of teen Bot stmentalry, clare ad mode of proton sv borate ised, and Fehwented ai over te worl with reltvly Hite change ns fundamental ‘push spite For the aunt pur, ths globalisation of the cist cane "the to bil with creates ls variations on he nnovstve developmento Aemapping the Geohidory of Ciyepace that were initiate in Mesopotamian cityspaces. Vast iy-basedempines, ‘which we continue to call Svilzations, ose and fll for many siren eneons, perhaps the mest common having to wth the unewen devel tment of thos diepnary Technologies and their material and iologca fommand over spac, knowledge, and power Like Ur a the heh o te fover these imperialivlzations were “monic states” cle entered ia the ominant metropels although “patroplis” or father city may more acc rately define the prvaling patiarctal onde) ‘Srmoning the cone "pnte” ofthe imperial mosaic was fuk tse tion of subordinate and enbutary city-state ch the culminating fous oF ‘ow lal ternal culture and its own regional hierarchy of cite, towns, Sind villages Adherence and tertorial authority i the dependent periphery ‘Was mated primarily tough miltary force and burtucratic promises ‘of ecinomic vantage, expel with respect to defense agin aien Bones entan conquest and/or plunder thebartorans and tots the unevized). ‘seusll ae oher expansive ciestates Afew imperial core cities ich a Rome find Teoihuscan gew to gret sae, with perhaps more than a illo inal ‘ans and a concentrcssretion of walls defining the nner hounds ofthe ‘y-tate empire A shfting and las concretion tof tetra boundaries Sint border fined the outer reaches of authoritative and alloxatve poster. Tosi the ey, the monolithic powers of the ctodel bese srasing ie ferentited into separate epterer each ssmboally and materially repre sented at specie stn The adpind palace aiggurat wae split into a sree of

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