Tom tat bai giang phan Nhiet cua GVC :Nguyen Minh - Chau

CHNG III: NGUYEN LY II NHIET ONG HOC

Thieu sot cua Nguyen ly I:
Trong NLI khong cho ta biet chieu dien bien thc te cua qua trnh, chat lng nhiet va cong trong
qua trnh chuyen hoa: Cong co the hoan toan bien thanh nhiet, con nhiet khong the nao hoan toan
bien thanh cong.
III.1. Qua trnh thuan nghch va qua trnh khong thuan nghch
1. Qua trnh thuan nghch:
La qua trnh khi tien hanh theo chieu ngc lai th no i qua tat ca cac trang thai trung gian
nh chieu thuan. o la qua trnh ly tng, khong co ma sat va moi trng xung quanh khong b 1 s
bien oi nao ca.
ng bieu dien la ng lien tuc:
2 .Qua trnh khong thuan nghch:
La qua trnh khi tien hanh theo chieu ngc lai, no khong i qua tat ca cac trang thai trung
gian nh chieu thuan. o la qua trnh thc te, co ma sat va moi trng xung quanh b s bien oi.
ng bieu dien la ng t quang: - - - - - - - - - III.2. May nhiet
1. nh ngha:
May nhiet la 1 he lam viec tuan hoan (theo 1 chu trnh) bien oi nhiet thanh cong hoac bien
oi cong thanh nhiet, lam viec 2 nguon: T1 nong, T2 lanh. May nhiet c chia lam 2 loai: ong c
nhiet va may lam lanh.
T1
A

Q
MN

A
T2

2. ong c nhiet:
a/ nh ngha: la may nhiet bien nhiet thanh cong, bang cach: Nhan nhiet t nguon nong Q1, nha
nhiet ra nguon lanh Q2 e cung cap ra ngoai 1 cong A.
A'
b/ Hieu suat ong c nhiet: =
Q1
T1
Chu trnh kn:

U = 0 = A + Q1 + Q2
= A'+Q1 Q' 2
A' = Q1 Q'2
A' Q1 Q '2
Q'
=
=
= 1 2 < 1
Q1
Q1
Q1

Q1
CN

Q2
T2

3. May lanh:
a/ nh ngha: la may nhiet bien cong thanh nhiet, bang cach: Nhan 1 cong A e lay nhiet t nguon
lanh Q2 , nha nhiet ra nguon nong Q1.
Q
b/ He so lam lanh: = 2
A
1

Tom tat bai giang phan Nhiet cua GVC :Nguyen Minh - Chau
U = 0 = A + Q1 + Q2

T1

= A Q'1 +Q2

Q1

A = Q'1 Q2
Q
Q2
= 2 =
A Q'1 Q2

ML

Q2
Lu y:
T2
1. Trong gian o pV:Neu chieu cua chu trnh:
Chieu chu trnh theo chieu kim ong ho: ong c nhiet
Chieu chu trnh ngc chieu kim ong ho: may lanh
2. Khi can tnh hay :
Neu la ong c nhiet: cong tat ca cac Q > 0 cho bang Q1 , Q < 0 cho bang Q2 => Q2 = - Q2

Q' 2
Q > 0 = Q1
= 1
Q1
Q < 0 = Q2 Q'2 = Q2
Neu la may lanh: cong tat ca Q > 0 cho bang Q2, Q < 0 cho bang Q1 => Q1 = - Q1

Q > 0 = Q
Q < 0 = Q'

Q2
=
Q'1 Q2
1 Q1 = Q'1

III.3. Nguyen ly II NH:

1. Phat bieu cua Claudius:
Nhiet khong the truyen t vat lanh sang vat nong hn
2. Phat bieu cua Thompson:
Khong the che tao c 1 may lam viec tuan hoan bien oi lien tuc t nhiet thanh cong bang
cach lam lanh mot vat ma moi trng xung quanh khong b bien oi nao ca. o la ong c vnh cu
loai II.
(Do o ta biet c chieu cua qua trnh va chat lng nhiet va cong qua trnh chuyen hoa nng lng)
III.4. Chu trnh Carnot va nh l Carnot:
1. Chu trnh Carnot thuan nghch:
2
Gom 2 qua trnh ang nhiet thuan nghch (T1 > T2) va 2 qua trnh oan nhiet thuan nghch.
Xet ong c nhiet:
V2
m

P
Q12 = RT1 . ln V > 0 = Q1
1

Q23 = 0

Q = m RT . ln V4 < 0 = Q Q' = Q = m RT . ln V3
2
2
2
2
34 2 V3

V4

Q41 = 0
V
Trong chu trnh Carnot ty so the tch ng canh bang nhau:
V
V
V1 V2
=
hay 2 = 3
V4 V3
V1 V4
1

=0
2 Q
3 : T1V2 1 = T2V3 1 V2

V3
V
V

hay 2 = 3

Q=0
1
1
V1 V4
4
1 : T2V4 = T1V1 V1
V4
T
C = 1 2 Hieu suat ong c nhiet theo chu trnh Carnot
T1

Tom tat bai giang phan Nhiet cua GVC :Nguyen Minh - Chau
Xet may lanh: (chieu mui ten ngc chieu kim ong ho)
Q14 = 0

Q43 = m RT2 . ln V3 > 0 = Q2

V4

Q32 = 0

V1
V
m
m
< 0 = Q'1 Q1 = Q'1 = RT1 . ln 2
Q21 = RT1 . ln
V2
V1

Q2
T2
=
Q'1 Q2 T1 T2

2. nh ly Carnot:
- Hieu suat cua tat ca cac ong c thuan nghch chay theo chu trnh Carnot co cung nguon nong
va nguon lanh eu bang nhau, khong phu thuoc vao tac nhan cung nh cach che tao may.
- Hieu suat ong c thuan nghch nho hn hay bang hieu suat Carnot thuan nghch
tn tnC
-

Hieu suat ong c khong thuan nghch nho hn ong c thuan nghch
otn tn

T nh ly Carnot ta rut ra nhng ket luan quan trong sau:

Nhiet khong the hoan toan bien thanh cong (v hieu suat < 1)
Hieu suat ong c nhiet cang ln khi nhiet o cua nguon nong cang tang va nhiet o cua
nguon lanh cang giam.
Tom tat:
Q'
T
A'
C =
= 1 2 = 1 2
Q1
Q1
T1
C =

Q2
Q2
T2
=
=
A Q '1 Q2 T1 T2

tnC f tn f otn

III.5 Bieu thc nh lng NL II NH:

0tn p tn Ctn

oi vi nhiet gom 2 nguon nhiet:

T
Q'
T
Q'
Q Q
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 + 2 0
T1
Q1
T1 Q1
T1 T2

oi vi nguon nhiet ri rac:

Q
= : chu trnh thuan nghch
T i 0 < : chu trnh khong thuan nghch

oi vi nguon nhiet lien tuc:

Q
T 0
Xet 1 chu trnh thuan nghch: gom 2 qua trnh thuan nghch:
Q
Q
Q
=
+
T 1a 2 T 2b 1 T = 0

1a 2

Q
T

2 b1

Q
T

1b 2

Q
T

1
a

2
3

Tom tat bai giang phan Nhiet cua GVC :Nguyen Minh - Chau

Ta thay

theo cac qua trnh thuan nghch t (1)(2) phu thuoc trang thai vakhong phu

thuoc qua trnh

III.6. Ham Entropy va nguyen ly tang entropy:
1. Ham Entropy S: ham entropy
2
Q
Q
J / oK
S =
dS =
T
T
1

d: ham trang thai

: ham cua qua trnh
Tnh chat cua entropy cung tng t nh tnh chat cua noi nang:
- S la ham trang thai, ngha la moi trang thai cua he co gia tr xac nh va khong phu thuoc vao
qua trnh cua he t trang thai nay sang trang thai khac.
- S la 1 ai lng mang tnh chat cong: Entropy cua 1 he can bang nhiet ong th bang tong
Entropy cua tng thanh phan rieng biet cua he.
Q
- Entropy c xac nh sai kem bang 1 hang so cong: S =
+ So
To
Xet 1 chu trnh khong thuan nghch:
1a2: khong thuan nghch
2b1: thuan nghch

Q
T

1a 2

1a 2

2 b1

2 b1

Q
T

T
=

<0

1b 2

Q
T

1a 2

Q
T

<

1b 2

Q
T

= S

b
2

= : qua trnh thuan nghch

T
> : qua trnh khong thuan nghch
2.Nguyen ly tang entropy
a. oi vi 1 he khong co lap: tuy theo dau va gia tr cua nhiet nhan vao trong 1 chu trnh thuan
nghch, S co the co gia tr dng, am hoac = 0, co ngha la entropy , hay khong oi.
S

S =

Q
T

Nhan nhiet: Q > 0, S > 0

Toa nhiet: Q < 0, S < 0
oan nhiet: Q = 0, S = 0

b. oi vi 1 he co lap: (khong trao oi nhiet vi ben ngoai): Q = 0 S 0

S 0

= : qua trnh thuan nghch

> : qua trnh khong thuan nghch

Trong thc te cac qua trnh nhiet ong eu la khong thuan nghch, nen ta co nguyen ly tang
entropy: oi vi qua trnh nhiet ong thc te xay ra 1 he co lap th entropy cua he luon luon
tang.
4

Tom tat bai giang phan Nhiet cua GVC :Nguyen Minh - Chau
Tom tat:
Q
< : chu trnh khong thuan nghch
i 0

Ti

Q
= : chu trnh thuan nghch

T
Ham Entropy:
Q
Q
S =
, dS =
T
T
tn
S

Q
T

= : qua trnh thuan nghch

> : qua trnh khong thuan nghch

oi vi he khong co lap: chu trnh thuan nghch

S =

Q
T

S > 0 : nhan nhiet

S < 0 : toa nhiet
S = 0 : oan nhiet

oi vi he co lap: Q = 0

S 0

= : qua trnh thuan nghch

> : qua trnh khong thuan nghch

Neu S > 0 : nguyen ly tang entropy

2.7 Tnh o bien thien entropy
2.7.1 oi vi kh ly tng:
Q
a/ Qua trnh oan nhiet: Q = 0 S =
=0
T
b/ Qua trnh bat ky:
V
T
m
m
S2 S1 = S = CV ln 2 + R ln 2

V1
T1
P m
V
m
S = CV ln 2 + C P ln 2

P1
V1
2.7.2 oi vi 1 chat bat ky (kh, hi, long, ran)
a/ Chat nhan hay nha nhiet (chat thay oi nhiet o)
Q = mc.dT
m: khoi lng chat (kg)
dT
Q
c: nhiet dung rieng chat
S =
= mc
T
T
T
S = mc. ln 2
T1
b/ oi vi 1 chat bat ky chuyen pha: T = hs
Q = mL
Q Q
S =
=

T
T
Q = m
T: nhiet o chuyen pha
: Nhit nng chy
L: Nhit ha hi
5

Tom tat bai giang phan Nhiet cua GVC :Nguyen Minh - Chau

Lu
1.Tnh cng trc tip bng th p-V
P
1
A = p.dV
Cng nhn c trong qu trnh t 1-2 c biu din bng
th p-V c gi tr bng din tch hnh 1 2 V1 V2.
3
2
Cng c gi tr dng khi V.
Cng c gi tr m khi V.
2.Tnh nhit trc tip bng th T-S
V
Q = T .dS
Nhit nhn c trong qu trnh t 1-2 c biu din bng
th T-S c gi tr bng din tch hnh 1 2 S1 S2.
Nhit c gi tr dng khi S.
Nhit c gi tr m khi S.
ngha thng k ca entropy v nguyn l th hai
1.Nhit khng th t ng truyn t vt lnh sang vt nng hn: entropy ca h c lp khng th
gim:h bin i khng thun nghich t trng thi khng cn bng n trng thi cn bng ( Smax ) v
khng th t ng tr li trng thi khng cn bng trc c.
2.Entropy l thng s trng thi c lp nhng khng o trc tip c,m ch o gin tip vi chnh
xc ti mt hng s cng..
3.Entropy l thc o mc hn lon ca cc phn t trong h