-

( - )
1 - 2014

-1-

 -
. .
178603/2/22-11-2013 / / // ...
.. . . 20895/2/13-02-2014.
:
1. (4) :
) (5) ,

.
5 , :
4

) (2) ,


.

.
.
) ,
, , ,
( ).
.
) ,
,
.
.

,
.

-2-

2. (25)
. ,
5 (12)
(13) .


.
3. ( ) .
.

-3-

 -
1

1-3
.
1. ( r ) 27.
:
. 27 g
. 27 ( C )
. 27 1/12 ( C )
. 27 1/12 12 (12C).
( 5)

2. :
. C
.
.
. .
( 5)

3. :
. SO 4 2- , Cl- , Mg2+, NH 4 +
. Ba2+, Na+, H+, NH 4 +
. Ca2+, OH- , SO 4 2-, CO 3 2. NH 4 +,OH- , SO 4 2-,
( 5)

4. .

1. .

2. .
3. 20%v/v 2 ,
100L 20L 2.

4. Cl 2 (Z=17) . .
5.
M.
( 5)

-4-

( ). ( 4)

. ( 1)

, , ,
. ( 1)

. ( 2)

. ( 1)

. ( 1)

. ( 2)

N () . ( 2)

5. , , , . ( ).

) H 2 SO 4

1.

) CO 2

2.

) CaCO 3

3.

) NaOH

4.

) HBr

5.
6.
( 5)

-5-

 2
2.1 )
. ;
. 15 P 7
. 8 15 P
. 11 Na 7
( 2)

.
( 7)

)
.
. C 3 2-

. H 3 PO 4
( 4)

2.2 . .
NaOH + HBr

HNO 3 +

AgNO 3 + NH 4 Cl

Cl 2 + NaBr

( 12)

. (-

2)

. ( 2)

. ( 2)

( )
. ( 3)

-6-

 3
34g 3 . :
3.1 mol () ;
( 6)

3.2 3 ;
( 4)

3.3 P=8,2 atm

=27C;
( 6)

3.4 3
200mL. % w/v
.
( 9)

R=0,082 L.atm./mol.K : A r =14 : A r =1

4
1 HCl 1. :
4.1 mol HCl 200 mL 1 ;
(4 )

4.2 mL 10 mL 1 , 2 0,1;
(8 )

4.3 g 200 mL 2
Ca(OH) 2 ;
(13 )

r Ca=40, Cl=35,5.

-7-

, ( STP ) ,

mol . ( 4)
, V, , ,
. ( 4)

. ( 1)

'
,
. ( 4)

(' ).

( 4)

( )

. ( 3)
, ( ). (-

4)

-8-


:
..



(, , )

..



(, , )

5min

.
. C 3 2-

. H 3 PO 4

AO c + 3AO 0 = -2 x + 3 (-2) = -2
x-6 = -2 x=+4
3AO H + AO p + 4AO O = 0 3 (+1) + x + 4 (-2)
= 0 3 + x+-8 = 0 x= +5

-9-