a world of words

pamela fox

Ive always had a thing for words In high school, I made the people carpooling with me bring in words to discuss
during each morning ride, and in uni, I plastered word of the day posters all over campus. Now, I want to share
my favorite part about words: their deep origins and vast connections.

evolution

First, some starter knowledge. Just like animals, languages evolve over time and branch into new languages.
Linguists classify these languages into families, and then identify a root or proto language for each family. There
are 94 language families in the world, and over 6900 currently spoken languages.

families

Our English language comes from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family, the most spoken family in
the world.
A language is like a distinct species, but instead of the ability to interbreed, you have the ability to understand
everyone else speaking that same language. Now - you guys might find it harder to understand me than native
Aussies. Thats cuz languages are divided into things called dialects.

dialects

A dialect is still intelligible by any speaker of the language, but can differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or
grammer. The Aussie dialect is actually closer to the Southern US dialect than my own from New York, which is
why I say fisher and yall say fisha. Besides regional dialects, there are also social dialects like ebonics, or the
one many of you use leet speak!

ProtoWorld?

Just like all humans evolved from one amoeba, some linguists think that every language in the world evolved from
just one. They look for words in diverse languages that have similar meanings and spellings, like maliq for
breast/suck/neck/swallow. But its nearly impossible to prove theyre related, because meanings and morphology
can both change so much over time.

So, we may never figure out if we all share the same parent language, and we may argue endlessly over what
constitutes a dialect of English, but either way, the fact remains that the languages in the world have all
influenced each other in big ways, and Im going to show you how.

inheritance

*were (speak, say)

wurdan

word
First, they influence eachother in the obvious way a child language inherits words from its parents, usually
modifying them slightly over time. Example: The English word word comes from the proto-Germanic wurdan
which comes from the proto-indo-european root were, meaning to speak or say.

borrowing

But a more interesting type of influence is one called borrowing. Languages often borrow words from another
language during an invasion or colonization, and typically they borrow words for a particular type of thing like
the names of the invading countrys animals. These borrowed words are called loan words.

loan words
bougette

budget
semantics
(meaning)

caf

caf

word
morphology
(~spelling)

musique

music

A word is composed of its meaning and spelling, and when it is borrowed into a language as a loan word, those
aspects may stay the same or diverge. Examples: The french word caf has remained the same, musique
changed in spelling to music, and bougette changed in meaning from small leather purse to our modern
meaning of budget.

English doesnt just borrow words from other languages, it

chases them down back alleys and then goes through their
pockets for spare metaphors. George Bernard Shaw

origins of
English

English is particularly well known for borrowing words, with about 75% of our words coming from other languages
though mostly in the same indo european family. You could almost think of English as a language that is
Germanic in syntax but Romantic in vocabulary. Lets look at some of the ways that English borrows.

verb

*were (speak, say)

verbum

verbe

verb
First, a familiar example. The English Verb came from Old French verbe, from Latin verbum, and ultimately from
the same proto-indo-european root as word. So, word and verb are in fact, cognates words that share a
common root. One was borrowed, the other was inherited.

doublets
frenetic/frantic

secure/sure
chief/chef
host/guest

When two words in the same language have the same root but entered from different routes, linguists call them
doublets or etymological twins. It usually happens when a language borrows from another at 2 different points in
its history, and happened often in English with words with Latin roots. Some examples are chief and chef, and
host and guest.

tea

ch

Sometimes we borrow from way outside our language family.

English gets the word tea from Dutch traders in the south of China, who heard one pronunciation of the symbol
for tea. Another 40 languages of the world use cha from Portuguese traders who heard the other pronunciation.
cha later entered English from Indian chai, and now all Starbucks-lovers know it.

orange
orenge
naranza
naranjo

naranj

narang
naranga-s

Since England wasnt the best place for growing fruits, a lot of our fruit names come from other languages, like
the notoriously unrhymable word orange. Orange trees first grew in China, then the word started in India,
traveled over 6 languages, and eventually landed in our laps. And a few centuries later, we decided it was a pretty
good word for the color, too.

Orangutan
orang-outang

Sometimes people get confused when they

orang-utan
borrow a word. When Dutch people heard
Malays referring to the orangutans of the woods, they assumed they meant the funny
looking orange haired apes when actually they meant the native tribesman. But now
we will always refer to the apes as orangutans meaning man of the wild woods

re-borrowing
beef
beefsteak

le buf
le biftek

el bistec
Usually a word is taken from a language and never given back so really loanword is a misnomer. But,
sometimes a language takes it back after its changed a bit. The english took beef from French, combined it with
steak to mean a cut of beef, and then French and Spanish thought that was nifty and took it back as bistec.

mirror

mirus (wonderful)
mireor

mirari (to wonder at)

mirror
Once we understand the origin of a word, we can suddenly understand the origins of many other words, and gain
a new perspective on their meaning. And, well, that discovery is what makes all of this so exciting (for me).
For example, the word mirror comes from the French word for reflecting glass, which comes from the Latin verb
mirari to wonder at, and the Latin root mirus meaning wonderful.

mirus relatives
Latin

French

miraculum

miracle

English

(obj. of wonder)
mirandus

Miranda

(worthy to be admired)
mirabilia

merveille

(wonderful things)
mirari
(to wonder at)

marvel
Mirabelle

mirage
admirer

admire

That latin root mirus inspired many a derivative in its own language and others. English gained the words
miracle, marvel, admire, and mirage through Latin or through a sidestep in French, as well as the girls names
Miranda and Mirabelle. So, now you can use etymology as an excuse for baby-making tonight. *wink

smile

*(s)mei (to smile, be astonished)

smila

smile
Now, if we go back even farther to the Proto-Indo-european root for mirus smei, we find that it produced the
Germanic word smila and then, our smile. So the next time you smile at a miracle while admiring yourself in a
mirror.. well, you can thank all your indo-european parents and invaders.

learn more

http://delicious.com/fkedupmonkey/worldwords
If youre now inspired to learn more about word meanings, there are a lot of places to look. You can subscribe to
podcasts or RSS feeds for words of the day, or whenever youre curious look up a word in the dictionary, and
trace its roots back as far as possible. You never know what wondrous marvels youll find.