29.

K THUT TRNG GNG

Gng c dng ti nh mt loi gia v v ch bin thnh nhiu sn phm nh

mt, ko, ru, thuc,. . nc ta, cy gng (Zingiber officinale) c trng ph bin
trong cc h gia nh vi quy m nh, sn lng cha nhiu v ch yu tiu th ti
ch hoc th trng ni a.
Vi nm tr li y, gng tr thnh cy c gi tr kinh t kh cao. Nhiu lc,
gi gng thng phm c th ln n 15. 000 -20. 000 ng/kg. Thy vy, nng dn
x nhau chuyn sang trng gng. Th l cc dch hi trc y t c quan tm (do din
tch trng nh l) th nay c dp bc pht, ly lan v gy hi nghim trng (bnh thi c
c th lm tht thu n 100% nng sut).
29.1. C IM CHNH CA CY GNG
29.1.1. Hnh thi:
Gng c xp vo nhm cy thng nin, thn tho. Thng thng, cy cao 0,6
-1 m, thn ngm phnh to cha dng cht gi l c, xung quanh c cc r t; c v r ch
pht trin tp trung lp t mt (su 0 -15 cm). L mu xanh m di 15 -20 cm, rng 2
cm, ch c b m khng c cung, mc thng v so le, mt nhn bng, che ph ca tn
l thp.
Cy gng t khi ra hoa, trc hoa mc ra t gc, di 15 -20 cm; hoa mu vng xanh
di ti 5 cm, rng 2 -3 cm, c 3 cnh hoa di khong 2 cm, mp cnh hoa v nh hoa c
mu tm.
S lng chi nm c gng khng nhiu v l ngun nhn ging ch yu
hin nay.
29.1.2. Thch nghi:
Cy gng c trng ph bin cc vng nhit i (nhit trung bnh 21 -27
oC, lng ma 1. 500 -2. 500 mm, cao n 1. 500 m), c ma kh ngn.
t thch hp trng gng phi l t tt v cy c nhu cu dinh dng tng
i cao (c bit l m, sau l kali v ln), c pH = 5,5 -6, tng canh tc dy 20 -40
cm, khng b ngp ng v ti xp, nhiu mn (dng dao nhn m xung t, nu m
su d dng qua lp t mt l t ti xp; sau rt ln, nu thy t c mu sm hoc
xm en bm vo m dao l t giu ht st, giu mn v m).
Gng l loi a sng nhng c kh nng chu rp nn thng c b tr trng
xen. Tuy nhin, di tn che 70 -80% th cy ch cho nng sut bng so vi ni nng
trng (trn cng 1 loi t).

29.2. K THUT CANH TC

Quy trnh ny c xy dng ph hp cho phng php trng chuyn trn
rung/ry c nng trng.
29.2.1. Thi v:
min Nam, v chnh trng gng l vo u ma ma (thng 4 -5 hng nm);
trong khi, min Bc l vo ma Xun (c ma phn v m khng kh kh cao).
29.2.2. Chun b ging:
a) Chn ging:
Cc ging c trng nhiu hin nay l gng Tru hay gng D (ging a
phng), gng Lai (Tin Giang), gng Tu (nhp ni) v c bit l ging gng Ni
(trng nhiu Long An) c nh gi l c trin vng (ging c Trung tm DTB
KH&CN An Giang trng kho nghim ti x Hi An -huyn Ch Mi nm 2005; nng
sut cao gp i ging gng Lai thi im sau 4 thng trng, t nhim bnh thi c v
chy l).
b) Chun b ging:
Gng ging c th ly ngay sau khi thu hoch hoc sau khi c bo qun trong
mt thi gian ngn, vi lng cn chun b l 300 kg/1. 000 m2 t trng nng. Chn c
gng gi (gng cu, phn thn chnh ca dnh gng hoc gng t 9 thng tui tr
ln), b hoc ct cc on c (nh) di 2,5 -5 cm, trn mi nh phi c t nht 1 mt mm
(chi ng). Ging cn c x l vi cc loi thuc gc ng, Score, Phatox,
Validacine,. . phng v dit nm bnh. Sau tin hnh trng ngay m bo kh
nng ny mm; hoc c th ging cho ln chi ri mi trng, cch ny s tit kim
cng trng dm v sau.
29.2.3. Chun b t:
t trng nn c v sinh, dn sch tn d, cy su t nht l 20 cm v ba cn
thn cho ti xp; sau tin hnh bn lt phn, ch phm sinh hc,. . ri ln lung cao
10 -20 cm, mt lung rng 40 -50 cm (trng 2 hng/lung), sang phng mt lung v o
rnh thot nc.
i vi phng php trng trong ti/bu th cng on chun b t cng c
tin hnh tng t, nhng t s c cho vo ti/bu vi lng thch hp (thng
thng, ti/bu c ng knh 40 -50 cm).
29.2.4. Mt v k thut trng:
Trn mi lung trng thnh 2 hng so le nhau (kiu nanh su), vi hng cch hng
40 -50 cm v cy cch cy 30 -40 cm (t xu trng dy, t tt trng tha). t ging

( chun b trc) su 5 -7 cm, mt mm/chi hng ln hoc hng ngang (c nhiu

mt mm/chi), ly t mn ph ln ri n cht tay t tip xc tt vi c, sau ph
t mn cho bng mt lung.
i vi phng php trng trong ti/bu th trng vi mt tha hn v cy
c chm sc d dng hn.
29.2.5. Chm sc:
Nu trng bng nh cha ny mm th sau 15 -20 ngy, c s bt u m chi v
xut hin l non.
a) Ti nc:
Cn cung cp nc trong sut qu trnh sng cho cy theo nguyn tc chung:
Gng l cy a m nhng khng chu ng nc.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh tr bnh (c bit l bnh thi c) mt s thi im
nht nh th vic ct gim nc ti hn ch s ly lan ca dch hi l cn thit.
b) Lm c, vun gc:
Tin hnh phun tr hoc lm c di bng tay vo giai on 25 -30 ngy sau khi
trng (NST), kt hp vi bn thc t 1 v xi xo, vun gc cho cy. Trong cc thngs
sau, khi thy c di mc ln t cy gng th phi lm sch v t li quanh gc.
Mt khc, cn bo qun tt din tch canh tc, khng cc con vt cn ph, dm
p ln cy. Khng c l khi mt t m bo phm cht v gi tr thng phm
ca gng.
29.2.6. Bn phn:
Tu thuc vo th nhng, thc trng ca cy v mc ch s dng, lng phn
cn cho 1 ha:
Bn lt 3 -5 tn phn chung (nn kt hp phn trn v cc loi phn khc) v cc
ch phm sinh hc vi lng thch hp;
Bn thc 100 -120 kg Urea + 150 -170 kg Super ln + 200 -220 kg Kali vo cc
thi im 25 -30, 90 -100 v 150 -160 NST.
* Ch : Ngoi cc thi im bn phn nu trn, nu thy l gng b vng do
thiu m th c th tin hnh bn qua l bng cch phun vi lng 10g Urea/bnh 10 lt
nc.
29.2.7. Phng tr su bnh:
Mt s su bnh ph bin thng gp trn gng
a) Su hi:

Su c thn thng xut hin vo u ma ma. Su c vo bn trong v n

phn non, nu bc pht mnh s lm gim ng k nng sut gng.
Phng tr: S dng cc loi thuc tr su c tnh lu dn nh: Basudin, Regent,
Furadan, Kinalux,
*Ch : Khi thy bm su c thn xut hin hoc su tui 1 -2 th tin hnh
phun thuc dit ngay, nu chm tr, kh phng tr kp thi.
b) Bnh hi:
Bnh chy l:
Bnh do nm Fusarium gy nn, thng vt bnh xut hin trn chp l v chy
t chp vo hoc c nhng vt chy hnh trn hoc bu dc trn l. Nu bnh pht trin
mnh, nm tn cng vo nch l, xung c lm cht c cy.
Phng tr: S dng cc loi thuc Appencard, Bavistin, Carbenzim, Score,. .
Bnh thi c:
- Thi xanh:
Bnh do vi khun lu tn trong t, nc, c v thn cy gng b bnh gy v ly
lan rt nhanh qua vt thng do c hc hoc cn trng gy ra. Gng ang xanh bng ho
t ngt vo gia tra, c ti li vo lc chiu mt v cht rt nhanh; thn b nhn nc,
tch ri c v c mu sm; khi nh ln, nh sinh trng c nc mu c v c mi hi
c trng.
Phng tr: Do c im bnh rt kh tr, ly lan nhanh nn v gy tn tht ln nn
phng bnh l vn cn thit v bt buc. Cn tin hnh thc hin cc bin php sau:
Ngay sau thu hoch v trc (i vi t trng chuyn) hoc trc khi tin hnh
xung ging, cn v sinh ng rung, tiu hy thn cy d tha (ngun lu tn bnh);
Trnh cy bnh gn hoc vt xung ngun ni ti trnh ly lan, b tr
canh tc chn t khng b ngp ng;
Bn lt phn hu c, ch phm sinh hc Tric (trong thuc vi sinh Tric c cha
nm Trichoderma, khi x l thuc phng bnh cho cy trng th nm ny cn thi gian
thch hp vi mi trng trong t v nhn mt s ln nhiu hn th sau mi c tc
dng i khng vi mm bnh trong t);
Bn lt vi vi liu lng 50 -100 kg/1. 000 m2 x l t;
X l ging bng cc loi thuc gc ng, Score, Phatox vi liu lng thch hp
dit mm bnh;

Khi thy gng c triu chng xon l th tin hnh phun cc loi thuc Kasuran,
Kasumin, Starner,. . kt hp vi mt s thuc c tr cc loi ry mm, rp sp tn cng
nh Diazan, Supracide,. .
Lun canh cy trng hp l ct ngun bnh lu tn.
- Thi vng:
Bnh do nm Fusarium tn cng vo c, xut hin trong iu kin m t ko di.
Bnh c triu chng vng l, sau rng v cht tng i chm; trn c c vt mu nu,
phn c nhn nheo v tp li c ph lp t mu trng.
Phng tr: X l t v ging trc khi trng, s dng cc loi thuc Appencard,
Carban, Carbenzim, Ridomyl, Score,. .
29.2.8. Thu hoch v bo qun:
Tu vo mc ch s dng, c th thu hoch gng t 4 thng trng tr i. Gng
lm ging th phi thu hoch sau 9 thng.
Cn thn dng cuc thu hoch gng trnh lm xy xc c (lm gim gi tr
thng phm v kh bo qun); sau nh c bi, r sch t, cht thnh khm v tin
hnh ct ly c.
Gng cn c bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt (tng t nh bo qun cc loi
cy thn c v r c khc). Cc c ging c t vo thng, chu hoc tri u trn sn
nh, di v trn mi lp c c ph bng mt lp t mn, kh, dy 1 -2 cm. Trong
qa trnh tn tr v bo qun, c th s dng mt s ho cht c hiu phng nga cn
trng cn ph.