IP v6

Tc gi: ng Quang Minh

IPv6
Hai vn ln m IP v.4 ang phi i mt l vic thiu ht cc a ch, c bit l cc
khng gian a ch tm trung (lp B) v vic pht trin v kch thc rt nguy him ca
cc bng nh tuyn trong Internet.
Trong nhng nm 1990, CIDR c xy dng da trn khi nim mt n a ch
(address mask). CIDR tm thi khc phc c nhng vn nu trn. Kha cnh t
chc mang tnh th bc ca CIDR ci tin kh nng m rng ca IPv.4. Mc d c
thm nhiu cng c khc ra i nh k thut subnetting (1985), k thut VLSM (1987)
v CIDR (1993), cc k thut trn khng cu vt IP v.4 ra khi mt vn n gin:
khng c a ch cho cc nhu cu tng lai. C khong 4 t a ch IPv.4 nhng
khong a ch ny l s khng trong tng lai vi nhng thit b kt ni vo Internet
v cc thit b ng dng trong gia nh c th yu cu a ch IP.
Mt vi gii php tm thi, chng hn nh dng RFC1918 trong dng mt phn
khng gian a ch lm cc a ch dnh ring v NAT l mt cng c cho php hng
ngn hosts truy cp vo Internet ch vi mt vi IP hp l. Tuy nhin gii php mang
tnh di hn l vic a vo IPv.6 vi cu trc a ch 128-bit. Khng gian a ch rng
ln ca IPv.6 khng ch cung cp nhiu khng gian a ch hn IPv.4 m cn c nhng
ci tin v cu trc. Vi 128 bits, s c
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 a ch.

Trong nm 1994, IETF xut IPv.6 trong RFC 1752. IPv.6 khc phc vo mt s
vn nh thiu ht a ch, cht lng dch v, t ng cu hnh a ch, vn xc
thc v bo mt. i vi mt doanh nghip dng h tng mng theo IPV4, chuyn
sang IPv6 khng phi l vic d dng. Mt giao thc IP mi s yu cu cc phn mm
mi, cc phn cng mi v cc phng php qun tr mi. Cng c th, IPv4 v IPv6 s
cng tn ti, ngay c bn trong mt Autonomous System trong khong thi gian sp ti.

IP v.6 c cc c im v li ch nh sau:
-

Khng gian a ch rng ln

a ch unicast v a ch multicast

Tng hp a ch (address aggregation)

T ng cu hnh

Renumbering

Cu trc header n gin, hiu qu

Bo mt

C ng

Cc tu chn chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6

Nh c nh ngha trong RFC1884 v RFC2373, cc a ch IPv6 l 128-bit dng

nhn dng cho cc cng ca routers v tp cc cng ca routers. C ba kiu a ch tn
ti:
- Unicast: l a ch cho mt giao tip. Mt gi d liu c gi ti mt a ch Unicast
s c phn phi ti cng giao tip c ch ra bi a ch .
- Anycast: l a ch cho tp hp cc cng giao tip. Cc tp ny thng thng thuc v
cc node khc nhau. Mt gi d liu c gi ti mt a ch anycast s c phn phi
n cng giao tip gn nht hay u tin trong nhm anycast.
- Multicast: a ch cho mt tp hp cc cng giao tip (thng thng thuc v cc node
khc nhau). Khi mt gi c gi n mt a ch multicast, tt c cc cng giao tip s
nhn c gi d liu ny.
vit mt a ch dng 128-bit dng d c hn, kin trc ca IPv6 loi b dng
c php du chm thp phn ca IPv4 m ch dng dng thp lc phn. V vy, IPv6 c
th c vit bao gm 32 k t dng hex vi du hai chm : tch a ch ra thnh tm
phn, mi phn c chiu di 16-bit.

Theo cc k hoch hin ti, cc node chy IPv6 kt ni vo Internet s dng mt k

thut gi l a ch kh kt ton cc (aggregatable global unicast address). Trong c
nhiu im tng ng vi k thut summary nh trong version 4. a ch tch hp ca
IPv6 c ba mc:
-

Mc public topology: l tp hp cc nh cung cp kt ni Internet.

Mc vng: mc ny l cc b i vi cc t chc.

Mc cng giao tip: mc ny nh hng n cc cng giao tip ring l. Link-local

address l a ch ch c s dng trn 1 kt ni (hay 1 cng ca router) v a ch

ny phi duy nht trong lin kt . a ch ny c th c s dng trong mng cc

b (cc my c chung a ch mng )v c th khng c router trong mng ny. a
ch ny c dng :FE80::<MAC>. Subnet ID ca lai a ch ny c gn =0. Do
lai a ch ny khng th c s dng giao tip ra khi subnet cc b c.

Dng a ch ca IPv6
a ch IPv6 th rt khc so vi a ch IPv4. Khng ch khc nhau v kch thc (di
hn gp 4 ln) m s khc nhau cn trong dng biu hin dng thp lc phn so vi
dng thp phn. Cc du : s tch cc s dng thp lc phn l cc thnh phn ca a
ch 128-bit. Mt v d ca a ch Ipv6 l nh sau:

4021:0000:240E:0000:0000:0AC0:3428:121C

trnh nhm ln, li v cc trng thi phc tp khng cn thit, cc lut sau s c
xc nh:

Cc s dng thp lc phn khng phn bit ch thng v ch hoa.

Bt c mt s 0 no ng trc cc vng 16 bit c th c b qua v c tng

trng bng du :. Mt cp du :: ch ra rng cc gi tr 16 bit ca cc s 0 c
rt gn. Qu trnh nhn dng s s d dng nhn ra s ch s 0 b thu gn bng
cch thm vo s ch s 0 cho n khi no thu c mt a ch di 128-bit

Ch c mt cp cc du : l cho php tn ti trong mt a ch bi v qu trnh nhn

dng s khng th ch ra c bao nhiu s 0 trong mi v tr.

V d a ch 4021:0000:240E:0000:0000:0AC0:3428:121C c th c vit dng

4021:0:240E::0AC0:3428:121C

Mc d khng th c hai phin bn ca hai du ::, cc vng vi nhiu ch s 0 ch c

th c biu din nh 0. Trong v d nu trn, cc ch s 0 trong vng th hai ca a
ch c thu gn li thnh mt ch s 0. Nu mt a ch khng c phn host, a ch c
th kt thc dng ::. V d 4021:0:240E::.

IPv6 c th c nhiu dng v n c kh nng gii quyt cc hn ch ca IPv4.

Cu trc ba mc ny c th hin thng qua cu trc ca a ch tch hp ca IPv6,

trong bao gm cc vng sau:

Vng tin t FP: 3 bit ca FP s c dng ch ra kiu ca a ch (l unicast.

Multicast). Gi tr 001 ch ra y l a ch ton cc
Vng TLA ID (top level aggregation) c dng ch ra mc thm quyn cho a ch
ny. Cc Internet Router s duy tr cc bng cn thit cho tt c cc gi tr TLA. VI 13bit, vng ny c th c n 8,192 TLAs.
RES field (8 bits): kin trc ca IPv6 nh ngha vng dnh ring sao cho cc gi tr
TLA hoc NLA c th m rng. Hin ti, gi tr ny bng zero
NLA ID (24 bits): vng ny c dng ch ra ISP. Vng ny c th c sp xp
phn nh mi quan h gia cc ISP.
LSA ID (16 bits): c dng bi cc t chc to ra cc kin trc a ch bn trong ca
n v ch ra cc mng con.
Interface ID (64 bits): ch ra cc cng giao tip ring l trn mt kt ni. Vng ny l
tng t nh vng host trn IPv4 nhng n c dn xut t dng a ch IEEE EUI-64
bit. Dng a ch ny tng t nh a ch MAC nhng thm vo mt vng 16 bit.

Thm vo dng a ch tch hp ton cc nu trn, IPv6 h tr cc a ch ni b, tng

t nh cc a ch RFC1918. Nu mt node khng c gn mt a ch ton cc hay
mt a ch cc b nu trn, n c th c nh v bng a ch kt ni cc b, ch ra
mt phn on mng. LocalUse Unicast address: c gi l a ch n hng dng
ni b, c dng cho mt t chc c mng my tnh ring ( dng ni b) cha ni vi
mng Internet tan cu hin ti nhng sn sng ni c khi cn. Ngai ra a ch ny
cn c chia thnh 2 loi l Link-Local ( nhn dng ng kt ni local) v Site local
(nhn dng trong phm vi ni b c th nhiu nhm Node Subnet). Link-local, s c
s dng ngay ln u khi thit b IPv6 bt ln. Do kh nng t cu hnh ca IPv6, nn
khi thit b c bt ln, t ng mt a ch l link-local s c gn. Ch l a ch
ny khng phi do ta gn m do my t gn giao tip trong ni b kt ni, ngha l
vi cc host c chung a ch subnet. Sau , khi thy c router tn ti trong mng th

my s gi cc gi tin router solicitation v advertising xin router 1 subnet ID to

site-local s dng giao tip gia cc subnet. Ch l 2 a ch ny khng c nh
tuyn ra internet.

IPv6 Multicast Addresses

Mt a ch multicast l mt a ch xc nh mt nhm cc cng ca router, thng

thng trn cc h thng u cui khc nhau. Cc gi tin s c phn phi n tt c
cc h thng c ch ra trong a ch multicast. S dng a ch multicast th hiu qu
hn a ch broadcast, trong yu cu tt c cc h thng u cui phi ngng tt c
cc vic ang x l. Bi v mt a ch multicast l mt a ch ca mt nhm cc my
tnh, nu mt my tnh khng phi l thnh vin ca nhm a ch ny, n s drop cc
gi layer 2. Tuy nhin broadcast vn c x l trc khi cc h thng xc nh rng
dng broadcast ny l khng lin quan n n. Cc thit b lp 2 thng lan truyn cc
broadcast bi v cc a ch broadcast khng c lu tr trong bng CAM. Khng
ging nh router (hnh ng mc nh ca router l drop cc gi tin trong phn a
ch l khng bit), switch s pht tn tt c cc frame vi phn a ch l khng xc nh
ra tt c cc cng ca switch. V mt l thuyt, iu ny cng ng vi cc a ch
multicast mc d mt vi thit b c cc c ch thng minh gii hn cc dng truyn
multicast.

IPv6 khng dng c ch broadcast m ch da vo a ch multicast. Mc d IPv4 dng

a ch multicast nh nh ngha RFC2356, n s dng theo mt cch khc. Cc a ch
IPv6 c cc dy a ch khc nhau. Tt c cc a ch IPv6 bt u vi 8 bit u tin gn
bng 1. V vy tt c cc a ch multicast s bng u vi gi tr F. Dy a ch multicast
l FF00::/8 - FFFF::/8

Gi tr octet th hai, theo sau octet u tin, ch ra tm vc v thi gian sng ca a ch

multicast. Theo cch ny, IPv6 c hng triu nhm a ch multicast.

Tm tt a ch (Address Aggregation)

Qu trnh tm tt cc route, bt c khi no c th, l quan trng trong Internet. Bng

nh tuyn th d qun l hn vi cch hin thc CIDR. Mc d tt c cc s a ch

trong IPv6 cho php cp pht hu nh v tn cc a ch, kin trc ca IPv6 vn cho
php trin khai theo dng c cu trc sao cho n khng b qu ti. Nh trong IPv4, cc
bit bn tri ca a ch c dng tm tt cc a ch mng xut hin pha phi ca
cu trc a ch. Nh vy, a ch IPv4 140.108.128.0/17 c th bao gm cc subnets
140.108.225.0/24. iu ny c ngha l bng nh tuyn c th route n tt c cc
subnets nhng thay v c 128 a ch subnet nm trong bng nh tuyn, ch cn 1 dng
duy nht tng trng cho tt c cc route. ch ra mt subnet nh hn, cc qui lut
thng thng trong nh tuyn vn c tun theo v gi tin c gi ti cho router
qung b network 140.108.128.0/17. Router ny trong bng nh tuyn ca n c nhiu
thng tin chi tit hn, s chuyn gi cho n khi n n c network ch.

Trong IPv6, kin trc a ch cho php iu chnh tt hn dng a ch c dng trong
Internet. a ch th rt di v mi phn phc v mt chc nng khc nhau. 48-bit u
tin ca a ch c dng bi IANA cho qu trnh nh tuyn ng trong Interner to
ra cc a ch kh kt ton cc. Ba bit u tin c gn gi tr 001 ch ra mt a ch
ton cc.

T ng cu hnh (Autoconfiguration)
Cc a ch cc b hay cc router kt ni trc tip gi prefix ra cc kt ni cc b v ra
tuyn ng mc nh. Cc thng tin ny c gi n tt c cc node trn h thng
mng, cho php cc host cn li t ng cu hnh a ch IPv6. Router cc b s cung
cp 48-bit a ch ton cc v SLA hoc cc thng tin subnet n cc thit b u cui.
Cc thit b u cui ch cn n gin thm vo a ch lp 2 ca n. a ch L2 ny,
cng vi 16-bit a ch subnet to thnh mt a ch 128-bit. Kh nng gn mt thit b
vo m khng cn bt c mt cu hnh no hoc dng DHCP s cho php cc thit b
mi thm vo Interner, chng hn nh dng cellphone, dng cc thit b wireless v.
Mng Internet tr thnh plug-and-play.

Ti cu hnh a ch (Renumbering)
Kh nng kt ni n cc thit b xa mt cch t ng cho php n gin ha nhiu tc
v trc y l cc cn c mng cho cc nh qun tr. Tnh nng t ng cu hnh ca
IPv6 cho php cc router cung cp tt c cc thng tin cn thit n tt c cc host trn
mng ca n. iu ny c ngha l cc thit b c th cu hnh li a ch ca n d dng
hn. Trong IPv6, cc thay i ny l trong sut i vi ngi dng cui.

Header n gin v hiu qu

Phn header ca IPv6 c n gin ha tng tc x l v tng hiu qu cho
router. Cc ci tin bao gm:

C t vng hn trong header.

Cc vng bao gm 64bits.

Khng cn phn kim tra li checksum.

Do c t vng hn, qu trnh x l cng ngn hn. B nh dng hiu qu hn vi cc

field 64 bits. iu ny cho php qu trnh tm kim tr nn rt nhanh bi v cc b x l
ngy nay cng l cc b x l 64 bit. Tr ngi duy nht l vic s dng a ch 128-bit,
ln hn kch thc mt word hin hnh. Vic loi b phn check sum cng gim thiu
thi gian x l nhiu hn na.

<!-[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->

Bo mt (Security)
Vi cc kt ni trc tip thng qua cc khng gian a ch rng ln, vn bo mt l
mt chn la nhiu thc t cho IPv6. Bi v nhu cu dng firewall v cc qu trnh NAT
gia cc thit b u cui l gim, cc gii php v bo mt c th c thc hin bng
cch m ha gia cc h thng. Mc d IPSec sn c trong IPv4, n tr thnh mt
thnh phn trong IPv6. Vic s dng cc thnh phn m rng cho php mt giao thc
cung cp gii php end-to-end.

Tnh c ng
a ch IPv6 c thit k vi tnh c ng c tch hp vo trong Mobile IP. Mobile
IP cho php cc h thng u cui thay i v tr m khng mt cc kt ni. c im
ny rt cn thit cho nhng sn phm wireless chng hn nh IP phone v cc h thng
GPS trong xe hi. nh dng phn header cho php cc thit b u cui thay I a ch
IP bng cch dng mt a ch gc nh l ngun ca gi tin. a ch gc ny l n inh,
cho php cc a ch duy tr tnh c ng.

Chuyn i IPv4 to IPv6

Cha kha cho thnh cng ca IPv6 khng ch nm trong chc nng ca n m cn trong
kh nng chuyn i cc h thng mng hin ti sang mt giao thc mi. iu ny i
hi nhiu th, bao gm a ch mi, ci t giao thc mi, cc ng dng c th giao tip
vi giao thc mi.
L thuyt cho vn ny l bn nn bt u trin khai IPv6 ngoi ra ca mng v di
chuyn dn vo lp core theo mt cch chm, kim sot c. iu ny c ngha l mt
trong ba chn la trn phi xy ra: cc traffic ca IPv6 cn phi c mang thng qua
cc mng IPv4 sao cho IPv6 cn thit chy trn ton mng. iu ny c ngha l c IPv4
v IPv6 c th cng tn ti hay mt giao thc c th cn c chuyn i sang mt giao
thc khc.
IPv6 tunnel qua ipv4: C ch ny c thc hin ng gi mt gi tin IPv6 theo chun
IPv4 c th mang gi tin trn nn kin trc IPv4.
Trong c ch tunneling, cc nodes IPv6/IPv4 s thc hin vic ng gi cc datagram
IPv6 vo thnh phn d liu trong datagram IPv4. Do gi tin ny s c th c
truyn qua nn IPv4.
Cc kt ni c th p dng c ch tunneling l:
-

Router-to-router.

Host-to-router.

Host-to-host.

Trong 2 phng thc router-to-router v host-to-router, gi tin IPv6 c tunnel n a

ch cui cng l ti router. Do , im cui cng ca qu trnh tunnel l cc router trung
gian. Cc router ny phi c nhim v m gi tin c tunnel v chuyn n ti ch
cui cng. a ch trong gi tin IPv6 c tunnel, khng h tr a ch IPv4 ca im
cui cng tunnel. Thay vo th a ch im cui cng tunnel phi c quyt nh t
cc thng tin cu hnh trn nodes thc hin ng gi. Theo c ch xc nh a ch cui
nh vy, ta gi l tunnel configured. C ngha l a ch im cui cng ca qu trnh
to tunnel c khai bo trc.

Gi tin IPv6 c tunnel trn tt c hnh trnh ca chng cho ti khi n c ch theo
2 phng thc sau: host-to-host v router-to-host . Theo c ch ny, nodes cui cng
c xc nh a ch ch ca gi tin IPv6. V vy, im cui cng ca tunnel c th
quyt nh t a ch ch ca gi tin IPv6. Nu a ch ny l mt a ch tng ng
vi a ch IPv4, theo cu trc ca a ch ny th 32 bits thp s c ly lm a ch
ca nodes ch, v c s dng lm a ch ch ca nodes cui cng c tunnel. K
thut ny trnh c vic khai bo trc a ch ch ca nodes cui cng c tunnel,
gi l automatic tunneling.
C 2 k thut t ng v cu hnh c khc nhau c bn nht l vic quyt nh a ch
cui ca qu trnh tunnel. Cn li v c bn hat ng ca 2 c ch ny l ging nhau.
- im khi to tunnel (im ng gi tin) to mt header IPv4 ng gi v truyn gi
tin c ng gi.
- Nodes kt thc ca qu trnh tunnel (im m gi tin) nhn uc gi tin ng gi, xa
b phn u header IPv4, sa i mt s trng ca header IPv6, v x l phn d liu
ny nh mt gi tin IPv6.
- Nodes ng gi cn duy tr cc thng tin v trng thi ca mi qu trnh tunnel, v d
cc tham s MTU x l cc gi tin IPv6 bt u thc hin tunnel. V s lng cc
tin trnh tunnel co th tng ln mt s lng kh ln, trong khi cc thng tin ny
thng lp li, v do c th s dng k thut cache v c lai b khi cn thit.

Cc giao thc nh tuyn cho IPv6

Cc giao thc nh tuyn h tr IPv6 l RIPng, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP-4. Cc giao thc ny
c h tr trong IOS 12.2T. Giao thc RIPng l mt giao thc ni v c h tr bi Cisco
IOS. Chc nng ca n tng ng vi RIPv2. RIPng l mt giao thc nhm distance vector
nn c s dng split horizon v poison reverse, maximum hop count.Giao thc BGP-4+ l mt
giao thc ngoi vng. N c dng kt ni cc AS khc nhau trn Internet.

RIPng c cc c im sau:

Dng a ch multicast cho cc routing update.

IPv6 prefix.

Cc routing update c gi i s ng gi trong IPv6.