மறுக்கப்படும் ஆதாரபூர்வமான ஹதீஸ்கள்

! "#$%&'#( )"* +,-.' /+0#1"2 3
40#"#$5,6#!7 (2 80#9:&; <2 3<=>5,?@
&(A B" :$C! <2 3<=>5,?D EF .(, G1AH,?
I>,2 3J(7 &(A B" :$; <2 3<=>5,? K3J
,LM:6:G1"#3 )"* :N; <2 3<=>" EF O #! P#2 QA RSG= <LT &U,2 3.J#!7
/Q" &:,G2 "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6 O !P&A! &=:J V=> O M;<A!
O <2 WNX &,6A O <2 1A&1:" O !P&:"C! :" V=>H R,#?&:"C!
R&62 ;<:MG#,H ,#LT! YH,2 G !S5,6#!7
/Q" Z;<:MG2 "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6 V=, '>;<A O <2 1A&1"2 3
[U<"2 :G '>;<A .<#3J YH,2 G <2 $\S2 :(G#, .O #H,;<M .&]ZG !S'#!7
/Q" Z;<:MG2 O #! 0S; .<#! !S! &S2 G'#(A! '2 ,^! YH,2 G1A&!
&#_Q"A'#! K3<:" &#S,,? Y"` ,&(1"2 = R,#?6 .&]T!7
"(2 O < [U& '* A R,#?-! <=>!@ <#SY!@ & RS_" "2 G#,1"2 3 '*A!@
P$LS2 G2 3 '* A! R,#?-! ,#"a ! ,]b2 GY! O <2 1A&1"2 [U <"2
'>H,;<LM#a ! <$&#G2 :0 K3,2 3J O2 :0H K!:'H R,#]T RS3>
&2 MHIM#A K3<"=,#,^!@ ,U1A &2 'S(! RS_&A H,U1A:MG&#2 3
,]b2 G1:" '>;<"#,#A K3<:" R"62 ^<T1"^.' /Q" Y3 :$:G
&c5,2 3.J#!7
def ghij klmnopqr
/ +0#'2 G &$0#=J2 )"* +,:6 '>;.<# $!< ,#0QR"#L.M sU&#,2
&2 LM(7
S2 0 )"* +,:6 Yt:'G#, '>H,2 3J(7 /&,? /3>&:$ 89a 3D
K3J R<G#2 /G5,2 H R,#]ZUH,2 3J(7 '=>! S2 0 (2 /0#" P"2 G
SLM5,:61 "U! )"* +,:6 '>1"(7 '=>! S2 0 8)#1D K ! &:, S#Q"
)"* +,62 ) 0#@ )$#!@ ,* "# u=J2 ; .<v! )"* +,:6 '>1"(7 '=>! S2 0
H Y$]<T&"#,1 ."#3>! "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6 '>1"(7
)&##2 w,?@ Yx"y0#H,? .<#3.J# /Q" &:,G2 <.&> )"* +,:6 '>1A
&Q"(7 Oz(,#0 J2 {,? <0U! /Q"1 "&J2 z|QA?6(7 Y)!'1
,+N#` K ! /9 &# Y+`'* 3 :';:<\ .SQ" J2 { /}&:,G2 u~
)"* +,:6; <1"J2 ^ #*"2 G2 _^ RS_A '>1A?6#7 <#,2 +"#3 '#."
/ +0#'2 G2 3 +"#<, P x0# '}B"2 W$9X &,? J2 1A! /1" :,G
&2 'S(5,? KtQA?6(7 /}&#.J Y)!'1 ;A) .<#3J J2 {,-! u~
J2 &2 ;PH,:6 '>1A?6(7
/&,6A )"* + A :J S#Q" /1" :,G &2 'S(5,? <#'$ 'H,62 M!
KQ"1"#H,1:"C! K= <T1"&2 :07 /&,:6 .OS2 H! S.,#"$,-! /&,6A
/1" :,G ,U1AH,:6 'H,? '3J1"2 = H R,#]T&$&2 :07 /&,? S#Q"
:';:<\ .SQ" <0U! /&,62 3 /1" :,G ,U1AH,62 3 "#H,1"2 =H IM
sL<M&2 :07 G2 !@ "'2 | s0,2 /1":,G ,U1AH,? <$&0#, <#'$,?
'1"2 G2 a ! IM /M! <2 Z1""= /Q"H ,U1:" Y3:&1" J2 { <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3
s0&2 &,62 3 "(2 ;<LM RS&#H., ,#$b'#!7
/& ,MQ" u~ ]T,6#, 3@ v3(#:& '2 ,1 "* &2 $'#,; <2 $\S#$!
RS_A&U<&7 S4, K"2 ;PH,? K:"C! ,&(1"2 = R,#?6#A Ab2 \S0#,
,6;<b2 =J2 &U<&7 v'# &UM5,6#,1 R"#_&2 3J2 1 R"#M$#,; <b2 G2
T<LT &U<&7 0#9 /&UH &c5,2 G2 UH! <#2 "'#( O #&3:'@ &#"!
RS_C! &`:'@ K:"C! K&U! P#2 C! &]b! /0&#, &2 6H! =J K3<(
<#'$ 'H,62 M! /&UH; R<U1" RS&#H:, V= <T1"2 C?6A7
/." .&:6 &c2 R,LM ,#"2 G#(2 .<#3J :';PH,-M3 & &2 &#"!
RS_" :'C! & O M1"2 &U! 8/ +0#! /(2 G 'H,!D O2 ,|\S2 C! "})* 1
LM#$1:"C! "#]Z R<#2 G."# /.': &UH VJ5<T1"2 C?6A7
/Q" &:,G2 /&$A ,U1AH,? sM HM3 <0#G2 $! 'H,:6\
RS3J:M,2 3J(7 /& '*A 'H,? <#2 '2 "'#( O !<2 H:, :&1"2 U;<"# &
I>&A"#3 S#2 K3J '(O2 :0HH IM <0U! &QA?6(7 /Q" &:,G2
"#$%&'#( )"* +,? <0&=:J '>H! /&$A S2 Q":( "'2 | .<v! Y+`!,?
'1"2 G2 <$&0#,1 "#H,! RSa1"2 C?6A7
K(.&@ /A J2 1" '#=> &2 6H,! [3:J 'H,? '3J1"2 = :&H!
.":&C?6A7 /Q" .O #H,1"2 "#3 /H,LT:$ &:$G;<T,2 3JA7
op nnhpr
&#S,,62 M! 3<#( [U .&]T.,#:6 Y3:&H,2 3.J#!7 O* 5,? /Q"H
,LT:$ YZC! &:$ O2 "#('#, O TO2 :0.G#T /":( &#S2 H, .&]T!7
K}&6.&# "2 G#,5,? RS_" O <2 1 ."#c,?@ J2 {,?@ /'#!,62 3 "&J#(
I=>H,:6H I '>H,1 Ab2 Q" O #! [U "(2 O < & K}&6^"#3 .S:&
RS_"2 UQ"#a ! IM &$A ,U1AH,? "&J#, /UQ"#a ! '>H,H IM#A K(H
,UA&A $#<2 ,62 3 '(O2 :0:G &2 M .'#S'#("#!7
K(.&@ &$A ,U1:" '>H,0#'# /&$A ,U1:" '>H,0#'# EF R'(!
,#1A s]:':G ':JH, YZG#A K3<:" &#S,,? sbQA R,#?6 .&]T!7
K(.&@ OTO2 :0.G#T Yt:'G#, &#S2 1A YZ^ RS_C'#> 3PM3 .,LTH
R,#?,2 3.J#!7
e h
J2 { <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &UM5,-H .'0#, <2 $\S#$! RS_A &Q"#a !
H Y$]<T! "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6 '>H, .&]T! K3J &$A
O2 :0C! &$A <2 $\S#$Y! &#2 M! ]:'G2 V= <LM '#=J'#! K3<:"
Y"` O #! P#2 QA R,#?6 .&]T!7 $!< ,#0; <2 $\S#$1"2 &#2 M! /Q" O2 :0
/UH,&2 :07
&$A ,U1AH,? '>H,;<T! .<#A ;.<#A K"2 H,#"&,? /;.<#A
K"2 H,2 J#,? K3J# '#H,1"2 =,#, 0 "(2 ;<LM .,#<1"2 =,#,
K"2 H,2 J#,? K3> ";P; <2 $\S#$! RS_G;<T&A]T7 A "&>@ /&$A /Q"H
,U1A &$A P"2 G O2 :0;<#T K3<:"1 R"62 ^<T1" .&]ZC?6A7
1AM3 u~ "})* 1 :c;<#6,? R,#?:,G2 /UQA "M! P$]T&2 LM"#,^!
& 'LT.' 3J2 ÙQA /3> &:$ R,#?:,G2 "M! P$6#' s>"2 G#,
/U;<"#,^! .<S;<T,2 3JA7 /A "&>7 )"* + A :JG2 &#2 M!"#3 "M!P$?^
V= <LMA E3<:"C! sb1A! ,M:'G2 /U;<"# /A J2 1A S2 J2 A &2 6H,
.&]ZG &S2 GY?6A7
J2 { <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,? ,#"2 G#(2 ,-M3 [U &2 &#"! RS_"#,?7 Q"
&2 &#"1"2 3 40! "'2 | s0,2 ,#"2 G#(2 ,62 3 R,#LM! MH,;<LMA7
)!A`0#9 7 /"=,#, &UH O3J2 RSa1"H ,M:';<LT?.6#!7 /Q"H
,#"2 G#(2 ,-M3 &2 &#"! R"#M<#,H ,Z"; <#2 '#=J! O MQ"A7 Q"H ,Z"5,?7
,#"2 G#(2 ,62 3 ,0:J; <Gb! K3J " :0;<2 H.M#< 3(1
/"tM3 / :b1A R&62 G2 M;<LMA7
;.<#A ,#"2 G#(2 ,? /;.<#A /& /UH! O2 :0;<#LZ "#3 /UQ"(7
&,? H Y$]<T! )"* +,:6 V=, YZG#A EF Kt" :" '>1A
<2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,? u~ /M5,62 Kt"2 G2 UH,2 3J#,?7
s"#$b'#,
"#$%&'#( N(A,-M3 s?6 )"* +,? K3> V=,;<T! )"* +,:6
KH,#$b! R,#]T! '>H,H IM#A7
/}&#.J .""2 G2 LM ,Z"1"2 /$]M#&A !S'#, 8"2 UH H
)"* + Y$]<T!D K3J s5,? I=> V=, YZG#A7 "#$%&'#( KQ"
)"* :NC! '>H,.& IM#A K3<A K5,62 3 O2 :07 "2 UH M3 KQ"
"#$%&'#( )"* +,-! Y$]<T,2 3JA K3> O* 5,? IJ2 (# Y$]<M&2 :0
EF O #! O2 <2 ;.<#!¡¡¡77D K3> J2 ;<2 LT?6#7 /}&#> Q"H ,Z"5,62 u~
/M5,62 H "#$%&'#F )"* +,? Y$]<M#A7 v'# )"* +,?
6&2 Y$].<# ."#3>! (# Y$] /:0 K3> "#3 3> IJ2 &Q"#7
/}&#.J <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,6# R'#c2 R<GH,;<LM v(3 "2 '"2
R&62 G2 M;<LMA7 /Q" R'#c2 R<G;<2 ! "#$%&'#(
O <2 R'#c2 ,-! K3J " :0;<2 Yt:'G#, )"* +,:6 '>;<&,-H
c,#(R"#U '>;:< <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,? 62 1A?6#,?7
"2 .0 )"* :N '>;<&,? O #3 <2 $"#( ,#$b5,:6 Y3:&1A )"* +,:6
'>;<&,? J2 ;<2 T,2 3J#,?7 :&G#&(
7 )"* +,62 Y$]<#T,? s?6(7
7 M3 )"* +,? Y$]<T,2 3J(7
¢ 7 )"* +,:6; <2 3<=J .&]TR'3> I>.&# u~ I>,6#,; <2 #2 QA &2 LM(7
£ 7 :(; .<# )"* +,? <#A,#H,;<M&2 :07
K3RJ0#! ,#$b5,? IJ2 .G )"* +,:6 O2 $#,#2 H,\ RS#,2 3J(7

)"* +,:6; PJH,b2 H, .&]T! K3<"= /&,? I>! /Q"H ,#$b5,:6
3 &2 SG1"2 a ! IJ /Ga !7 /A <=J2 /5 &2 #2 &#, 0v.&#! K3>
R"#M,2 JA }&2 6H,!7 Wv(3 "2 '2 "2 ¤ J2 Y,! ¥X
R'#1"'#, )"* +,:6 '>;<"= H IJ;<LM O #3 ,#$b5,62 43J#&A
,#$b! "&2 $ '=:JG 43> ,#$b5,:6C! IJ2 / 3> <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,?
"#$%¦&'#( )"* +,:6 '>H,2 3J#7
/"2 \S;<M .&]ZG '=>R'#U !SY]T7 /Q" :J,:6H 3
&2 SG1"2 a ! IJ YZG! K3> .&> J2 ;<2 LT?6#,?7 /A )"* N M3 'LT!
O2 = '# H! "#^'# K3> \S;<M .&]ZC?6A7 /& /}&6^M3
O2 3> R,#]M#a ! /&UH; <2 3(# /." Z;<:MG2 &U<& 3
&2 SG1"2 a ! IM §G! Kt;< &#_;P?6:".G /A KT1AH ,#LT,2 3JA7
/A&:$ O #! J2 ;<2 LM"2 ÙQA H Y$]<T! "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6
'>H, .&]T! K3J &$A "&J#( O2 :0;<#T H; <2 3("#3 &#2 M!
K= <LM R,#?:,1 "M!P$?.& "&2 $ /U<A &UM <2 $\S#$1"2 ,2 :MG#A K3<:";
P#2 Q"2 U;¨,?7
T1"#, $!<1"2 H Y$]<T! )"* +,:6 'LT! :(;
<#A,#;<"=,#, '>H, .&]T! K(H IJ2 G&,? <2 3( &2 ©{#(1"2 =
Y$]<T,2 JA K3J ,#$b1"2 (#a ! )"* +,:6 '>1A?6( K3<A
J2 ;<2 M1"H,"#!7
klªhmo« def g
¬ «r
"'2 | s0,2 O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#, &U! "#$%&'#(
)"* .N Y"` '>H,;<LMA7 <2 3( "= &2 'S(! KtQ""# :"
O2 G#G;<T1" / 3 ! u~ )"* +,? '>H,;<LM(7
$!<1"2 <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,? <2 ` (2 G! K3J R<G#2 &S(1"2 =
&2 6H,'#, [U ,LT:$:G Kt"2 (#,?7 <2 3( A <2 ` (2 G! K3J R<G#2
"(2 ; P1",'#, R&62 &Q"A7
;.<#A (2 G! /UH,2 3JA7 (# " 3 40! O2 :(1":"RG0! RS_G
YZG#A7 0#9 ^:MG O #LM! /UQ"# " 3 40! <#"2 ;P V= <T!7 (2 G1"2 3
"2 ,<LS <#"2 ;P ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :MG2 <2 #2 :& V= <T1A&A .<#3J
,U1AH,:6 Y3:&1A O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM:"\ S#2 ,]T
Kt"2 G2 UQ"#7 O <2 G&,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"# &$A BA1A&1"2 A
KQ"; <#"2 ;:<C! K= <T1"&2 :0 K3>! Kt"2 G2 UQ"#7
<2 3( O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#, &U! )"* :N <.&>
&#"5,:6 Y3:&1A '>1A &U,2 3J#7 .".&:6 (2 G! K3> [3J2 :07
(2 G1"2 = KQ"1 "#H,Y'2 :0 K3> .O $ZG#, H Y$b#,.& Kt"2 C!
.<S2 C! &U,2 3J#7 / :"; <#H!.<#A )"* +,? IM H Y$]
K3<"=,#, 0#' "(A <1"J2 &2 = Y$]<T,2 JA K3<"=,#,1"#3
'>H,;<LT &U,2 3J."# K3J §G! Kt,2 3JA7 K(.&@ Y"` (2 G!
K3JR"#3> /UH,2 3JA7 3 I>! (2 G! R&>! R'2 H 0 K3<A
J2 1A O #! R"62 ^ R<J.&]ZC?6A7 " 3 <2 3( O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G!
RS_G;<LM )"* + S!<Q";<LM &#"5,:6C! .O #H,0#!7
®¯q°± « ¬ ²«
(2 (2 G! '=>! " M3 R"#MP<LM u~ <"5,:6H ,#b0#!
8y9 UD K3J <"! v'# /M5,62 a ! 8 +y9 UD ³ /M5,62 a ! 8 +N)$AD
K3<A /M5,62 a ! 8N#)2 D W(2 GH,#$3X K3<A /M5,62 a ! 8 +N#)2 D
K3<A /M5,62 a ! 8 +N#)2 3D K3<A /M1"2 a ! 8'+)´ $#D K3<A ¢
/M5,62 a ! 8YN9)#* 3D K3<A /M5,62 a ! /M!R<=>?6(7
/0#" [3:J1"#3 (2 /1":( /M5,62 0#9
J2 ;<2 LT?6#(#
(2 G! <=J2 &S(! '2 , &2 #2 &#,; .<v,2 3JA7 Q" &S(1"2 3 Z;<:MG#(
S2 0 !S5,:6 /5., .O #H.&#!7
Wµ",6#(X &,?@ v:0'#(2 3 LS2 G2 :¶1"#3,? "2 G:"; <2 3<=J2 (7
v:0'#3 O2 $#,#2 H, &2 :07 '#J#,@ :¶1"#3,.6 O2 $#,#2 1A@ '(2 ",-H
(2 G1:"C!@ <#<2 .0#(2 )# 1 @ '# 1 K3J /U &#(&,? '* A
/JH,;<LM:"C! ,=>HR,#T1"(7 O #! .S#":(G#, /UH,2 3.J#!7 W/":(H
,=>X O2 $#,#2 ;<#6(#, O* ,2 &2 M#." K3> }&2 U&U! IJ#A K&UH! ,=>H
R,#T1""2 :07 }&2 U&#2 M'2 UQA! ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :MG2 <2 #2 &2 :(:G
s]T <]bH IZG:"H ,=>H R,#]M(7 &,? /"3 40! 0#9 &2 3
'"2 G2 3J2 [U&UH! "* 5,2 :cH,H IZG&,6#, /:07 &,? "5,-H
K}&2 "; <G ! 62 H,#"@ "5,-H1 "* 5,2 :c;<:".G ,=>H R,#]M(7 '#J#,
G# /:" &2 :0H &#5,2 J#.$# &UH '>:'G2 KQ"; <5! /:0
K3<:" s>"2 G#, &,? J2 QA :&1"2 UH,2 3J(7 &,? J2 <&,6#,
/UQ"#@ K"=,#,1 "!:' &2 =J#,.6# A '2 ,^! R,LM"#!7 W3 X
7 (2 G1:"H ,=>HR,#T;<A O2 $#,#2 ;:< K= <T1A!7 VR((2 :¶1"#3
'(2 ",-H\ (2 G1:"H ,=>H R,#T1""2 (# ,#<2 ,6#("#, /Q" &S(!
I>,2 3JA7
7 (2 G1:"H ,= <A! ;$#!7 VR((2 @ )# 1 @ '# 1 /U&U! "!'2 M!
(2 G1:"H ,=, &U<&#,62 M! O #5,.6 .S#" :(G#, /UH,2 3.J#! O* 5,?
O2 $#,#2 1A &2 M#"* ,? K3> IJ2 C?6(7
¢ 7 "3 40! ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G <2 #2 &2 :( s]T<]b YZC!7
£ 7 "2 "* 5 s]T7 (# 0#9 &2 3 '"2 G2 3J2 &,6# G#UH!
KQ"1 "* 5:,C! (2 G1"2 3 40! RS_G YZG#A7
7 (2 G1:"H ,= <A O3:'G62 H,#A7 "* 5"#3 &2 :6&2 H!7
³ 7 "5,:6 &2 => (2 G1:" &#5,2 H R,#]M&,-H '> :'G2 c2 .&7
/1" :,G Z;<:M !S5,:6 /Q" &S(! I>,2 3JA7 (2 G1"2 3 40!
,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G <2 #2 &2 :( s]T<]b YZC! 0#9 O #ZG# "3
40! "* 5 s]M#! K3> R"62 &#,H 3 I>!.<#A <1"J2 ^ &#"1"2 =
:(&2 M IT" YH,2 G1A&'62 1A (2 G1:" Yt:'G#, '>H,0#'#
(2 G1"2 = .,#4LT" K3> R'#c2 G#H,! RS#3(# .,#4LT&"=,#,
G#$#&A &;P :&;<#,6# :"; <ZH, 'H,? .<#&,6# 8y9 UD K3<"=
R'2 H EF 1"! RS_"#
R'2 H <#1"# ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G <2 6^ &U'# R'2 H:,H ,= <A! ,=>H
R,#T;<A! ;$#'#
R'2 H "#3 (2 G! K3J# s5,6A '#O #T,62 'Q"2 $'# "Q"2 $'# O2 ,|\S2 G2 .0
R'2 H ,=>H R,#TH,;<T,2 3J." / 0LSH ,bH,2 'H,:6\ .S1A R'2 H:,H
,=>H R,#T1A O* 5,-! ,#<2 $#,2 &,:6C! ,#<2 $#H,2 ;P,2 3J* ,6#
(2 G1:"\ :¶1"#3 ,=>H R,#T1""#, 3 I>,2 3JA7 (2 G! K3<A
R'2 H:,H J2 H! K3J# :"H ,=>H R,#TH! O* 5,? G# Vt R<U!
<#&5,:61 "&2 QA R,#?-'#> O <2 WNX &,? IJ2 C?6#,.6· "2
/$]M#&"#, (2 G1:"H J2 ;<2 LT?6#,?7 (2 G! K3J# R'2 H K(2 @
R'2 H R<U! <#&'# Q"; R<U!<#&1:"1"#3 / 0LSH ,bH,#(&,:6\
.S1A :&1A O* 5,? RS_,2 3J* ,6#
O <2 WNX &,? "&2 QA &2 0,2 H R,#?-'#> RS#3( (2 G1:" ¸ R'2 H:, ¸
O* 5,? '#O #LZ RS_A O <2 &c2 :G '* >,2 3J* ,6# /}&#RJ0#! .,?&2
Kt;P!.<#A y9 U ¸ (2 G1"2 = R'2 H EF P"2 G '#=> &2 6H,! R,#T;<A V=,
YZG#"A K3<A R"62 &#,; P0(#!7
/Q" &S(! '2 ,1 R"62 &#, (2 G! /U;<:"C! 0#9 O #Z(# "=1 "#H,!
s]T K3<:"C! R&62 ;<:MG#,.& I>,2 3JA7 /"2 :(C! V=>H
R,#?<&,-H /$]M#! ,U1AH K?66^! /M'2 :07
'.(# /\:S:GC! <1"J2 :&C! &c2 ;<LM Yx"y0#H,? .<#3J&,.6
(2 G1:" '>1"2 UH,2 3J(7 /A R"#M<#, /3 ! u~ &2 6H,5,:6 O #! R<J
.&]ZC?6A7

3P?6 &#S,,-H@
/H,LT:$:G O2 "#('#, OTO2 :0.G#T &#S2 C5,?7 S1"2 G1:"
&2 M "(2 O <:$ .OS2 H! &c2 .,LZÙQA &2 T<LT &#S2 C5,?7
,LT:$1 R"#M YZC! &:$ YZ^ KTH,#A s]:':G1 ."T!
sb^M3 &#S2 C5,?7 (2 G! /UH,2 3JA K3> O #! I>&:" (2 G!
S!<Q"'#, O :MR<>! ¶2 H,:6.G# 4M O !<2 H:,,:6.G# O #! "#2 H,2 .J#!
K3> 1";<T1"2 H R,#?6#"* ,?7 /5 (2 G! K3J !S1:" &2 M )"* +
'>H,;<T&A K3J !S.' <2 $"#('#(A K3<:"H ,&(1"2 = R,#?-5,?7
"H,&2 G &#"5,:6 &2 M <1"J2 ^ .,?&2 ,:6 &2 M )"* + sG&#(A K3J
/ +0#1"2 3 Z;<:MG2 O2 3> &#S2 C5,?7 WS2 #2 GX
RS3J Ws]:' s"G! /+0#'2 G '#"X /"c2 "'2 | s0,2 "#$%&'#(
)"* +,:6 '>H! S2 Q":( <#'$ 'H,? '1"2 G2 a ! <$&0#,\ RS&#H;R<=>
&U&A J2 1A!@ "= Z;<:MH ,#$b'#, :'Q" S.,#"$ <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3
&,62 3 =J,?@ &#"&`:' J2 1A! <#1."#!7 1AM3 /Q"\ S2 Q":(
/&#2 M! ]:'G2 V= <LM R,#?:,1 " T'#=J! K3<A J2 1A! $!<1"2
/& /H,U1AH '#=J'#, Kt"2 &Q":"C! J2 ;<2 L.M#!7 1AM3 WX
&S(! (2 G! /U;<:" s>"2 RS_,2 3JA K3<A J2 1A! (2 G1"2 = ¹º»¼½
K(; R<#U? R,#?6 YZG#A K3<A J2 1A! R"62 &#, .O #H,2 .(#!7 /Q" /"c2
" 3 R"#M$#, (2 G! /UH,2 JA K3<"=,#( "#$5,? S2 0&=:J; <#1A
&2 LT O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM )"* :N '>;<"=,#,
:&H,;<T! &#"5,62 3 .<#`1" 3:':G &2 #2 &#, &2 65, YG=S2 ;.<#!7
(2 G! <=J2 &2 #2 &#,; .<v! &S(1"2 = 1"! RS_C! .<#A
<2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,? R'#c2 R<G;<2 '2 ,; R<#2 G "&J2 :c1A?6# K3<:"
J2 Q" <2 3("#3 /A J2 1A KtA&A!@ .<v&A! '#H,H ,M:' K3J
sb:&; R<=.J#!7
83(1D '#" /"c2 <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,? R"#M$#, 3 &2 6H,^:$
Kt"2 &Q"#7 J2 ;<#, "H,&#"2 ,-!@ c;<&#"2 ,-!@ / +0#1"2 3 K"2 #2 ,-!
"&J#, &2 6H,! R,#?-! <.&><LM &S(5,-H1 R"62 &#( &2 6H,5,:6
&c5,2 &Q"#7 "2 &S(Y! [3J#!7 <2 `(2 G! K3J R<G#2
/H,LT:$ /M!R<=JA7 " 3 <2 3 A "(2 ¤0#,^! R&62 &Q"A7 /"3 <2 3(
/a !@ /a ! /H,LT:$,? 8"2 UH3 &2 6H,!D K3J R<G#2 "(2
¤0#, R&62 &Q"A7 Q" ¤ ` 8y9 D K ! (2 GH,:0 <=J2 43> &2 "'#(
<2 ;<2 $#G5,? Y+`! J2 {#2 :M.G O2 0^,2 3J(7
8y9 D K3> [3> ,2 :MG#A7 "(# KQ" &2 "'#( <#"2 ;:<C! V= <T1"
YZG#A7
8y9 D K3J ,:0 40! KA .&]T'#(#a ! RS_GYZC!7 K1" :,G <#"2 ;:<C!
V= <T1" YZC!7
8y9 D K ! [U ,:0 s]T@ " 3 40! O2 :(1":"RG0#! RS_G
YZG#&2 LM#a ! S2 0 <#"2 ;PH,:6 V= <T1" YZC!7
/;<Z 43> &2 "'#( <2 ;<2 $#G5,? O2 0^,2 3J(7 &=J2 Y"`$]T
<2 ;<2 $#G5,-! "&J#(:&7 43J#&A <2 ;<2 $#G! S#2 G#(A K3<:"
/}&S(! &2 6H,2 3JA7
,b&3 ':(&2 G#2 :M.G <2 #2 :& s]M#H! RSG:0 }&2 U&#2 M'2 UQA! 'H,?
,=>HR,#]M#,?7 8y9 D K ! ,:0 40! KA^.' RS_G YZG#A
K3J2 UQ"#@ 8,b&3 ':(&2 G#2 :M.G <2 6:& V= <T1A!D K3> /:J&3
IJ2 G2 UH, '#LM#3 K3> <2 `(2 G! <=J2 / +0#1"2 3 S#2 G#(
,].b#LM1:" &2 <#2 1A\ RS,2 J#7
W<#H, 8"2 UH 3 &2 6H,!D @ <H³X
/Q" S#2 G#( O2 :0G2 & /UH! .<#A@ & Kt"2 G 83(1D '#" /" |
,LT:$G2 a !@ 8<2 `(2 G!D K3J "(2 ¤ à !@ 8"2 UH3 &2 6H,^:$D K3J
¤ à ! &S(1"2 = \ RS_" R'#c2 R<G;P@ &$A <2 = <LM "= .<#:"G
R'#c2 R<G;PH Y$]<T,2 3JA7
0#9 &2 3 ,LM:6G2 3J2 &,? K&UH! K1" :,G "* 5! W/" 3 40!X
/ :cH, YZG#A7 W8"2 UH3 &2 6H,!D <HX
/"3 40!@ "#&A (2 G1"2 3 40! (2 GH,#$,? 0#9 &2 3 '"2 G2 3J2
G#UH! KQ"1 "* 5! RS_G YZG#A K3,2 J#37 (2 G1"2 3 40! 0#9 &2 3
O #LM! /3J2 "* 5,2 :cH, YZG#A K ! .<#A@ 0#9 O #Z(# (2 G1"2 3
40! <#"2 ;P V= <T! K3<:" /Q" &S(! R"62 &#,H I>,2 3JA7 K(2 !@ (2 G!
J2 1" S#2 G#( O2 :0;<#LZ /UH! .<#A &S(1:" Yt:'G#, R'#c2 G#H,!
RS_" <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,?@ "'A 3 R'#c2 R<G;<2 @ 8<2 )2 D W" 3
40!@ "#&A (2 G1"2 3 40!X K3J &#1:":G.G R'#c2 G#H,! RS_G#A &2 LT
&2 LM#7
0#9 &2 3 &2 U;<'2 3J2 G#UH! KQ"1 "* 5! &,6# RS_GYZG#A WX
¸ <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 " '#
/A R"#2 G#' O MQ"A K3> IJ 0#'# W;<Z O MQ"2 UQ"# 0#9
'3(2 H,LT!X $!<1"2 u~ "M:& /Q" /M1:"\ S#2 G#, R'#c2 G#H,! RS_"&
,U1A '#J2 G <2 3 [U <"1:".G ¾¿ &2 T,2 3J# K3J#WX .&]TR'3>
&2 LZUH,.& "2 , &#_;P?6A7
"(A ,U1AH '#=J'#, /UH,2 3JA K3<"=,#, [U RS#:0 &2 LT
R'#c2 R<GH! 6^H; <1"J2 ^&#"! K:0 "#]Z &2 LM"# K3> S2 Q"2 1"
.<#A"#3 '#=>H ,U1:" 'H,62 M! :&H, .&]ZG"3 &S2 G1:" sbQ."#!7
/A R"#2 G#' O MQ" R'#c2 R<G;P1 "&> K3J#@ /1" :( <"2 ;PH,62 a !
K;<Z1 "2 U1";<M#' &2 M;<LMA K:"C! ÀÁH,'#, _^ RS_C!
<2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 &,62 3 _^H ,]ÁH K;<Z A R"3<M#' .<#(A·
" '# J2 1" &2 'S(5,? Kt&"# <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 " '#:& ÀÁH,'#,
'* ]T! '* ]T! <#1"2 UH, .&]T!·· &UH.,#@ &$A t `!,-H.,# /A
K;<Z1 R"3<M#' .<#(A
/'#!,62 (A!@ &c2 R,LM u~ <2 #2 &2 (,62 (A! ¤=,:6 ÀÁH,'#, $#_QA
&=J2 s?6 "&>,:6 H.&>b2 .&J#, &2 <#2 H! <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3
&,?@ "(A " '#&2 3 "&> J2 1A ,]TR,#?6#"2 U;<A O2 G#G'#
" '#&2 V= <LM "&>,? S2 0&=:J <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 "2 U1"2 CY?6#7
s"#$b'#,@ ¢ ¢ K3J &S(1"2 3 R'#c2 R<G;<2 $!<1"2 ÂÃÄÅÆÇ 8<2
¶2 _G2 D W'#:0G2 X K3J RS# /M!R<=J2 UH,&2 :07 <2 3( &Q" <"2 ;<2
Q"1 "&> "2 U1";<LT?6A7 YQ"2 G <2 $"2 ,:6 KT1"&,? 3
R'#c2 R<G;<2 [U RS# &2 T<LM O2 :0G2 "#3 :(; P#2 QAR,#?&#,?7
/Q"1 "&> "2 U1";<LMA È3J2 H ,&(2 ;<&,:61 "&2 $ .&> K&UH!
R"#2 G&$#A7 T1"&,62 3 ¤=,62 ,#b;<T! :J,:6 &2 6H, ¤=,?@
'#O #T,?@ R<#AH ILM5,?@ R"#M ,LT:$,? K(; u~ V= <#T,:6\ RS_C!
/&UH /Q" &S(1"2 &2 M;<LM "&> "=RSG0#(A 0 K3.J
KT1AHR,#?6 .&]ZC?6A7
ÉÊpË«Ì ¬ ªhpÍqhÎ«r
4N#W :0X &,-H!@ (2 GH,#$ ,-H'2 :MG2 <2 }3 .<#LZ
:&H,2 3J#37 Q"; .<#LZ O2 ,|\S2 (2 G! K3> [U ,:0 /UH,2 3JA " 3
40! S2 0 <#"2 ;PH,:6 0#9 O #Z(# V= <T1" YZC! K3<:" '2 ,1
R"62 &#,.& KT1AH ,#LT,2 3JA7
Q" (2 GH,#$,? .<#LZH &Q" .<#A &,6A (2 G1"2 3 ,#$b'#,
&,? .<#LM ,G2 >,-!@ "Z,-! T! <#!P,? .<#3> .<#`1
."#=J'62 1""#, 0#9 I>,2 3J#37
DO* 5,? .<#T5,?D EF & IJ2 (#7 &,? .<#LM .<#A@ 'H,62 3 ,],:6
'GH,2 @ &,:6 \SYJ\ RS_"(7 /3 !@ R<U! (2 G1:" &,? R,#]T
&Q"(7 W³X
iÏmª¯Ð m oopÑm o iÒr
(2 GH,#$,? &2 1:",:6; .<#M&2 :07 &,? ,G2 >,:6C!@ "Z,:6C!"#3
.<#LM#,? K3<A R"62 &#,.& (2 IJ;<T,2 3JA7
W"=,X&@ Ó :0@ O* 5,? .<#T5,? K3J#7 ;.<#A &,6A ,G2 >,-!@
&,6A "Z,-! &,-:MG (2 G1"2 3 ,#$b'#, ÈQA &U&:"; .<#0
&UH1 ."#=J'62 1"(7 W³³X
DO* 5,? .<#MHIZG:"; .<#T5,?D K3> 4N# &,62 M! IJ2 (#7
sM.( &,? "'A ,G2 >,:6C! "'A "Z,:6C! .<#LM(7 <2 } (2 3
,]b2 G1"2 3 '* A S1"2 G'#,@ O2 \SG'#, O #.' R&=J2 G#6,? K3>! IJ2 (7
W³ £¢££X
K(.&@ 8&,? .<#LM .<#AD K3<"= :M;PHJ2 .<#M.&]T! K3J#@

8&,6A ,G2 >,:6C!@ "Z,:6C! .<#LM .<#AD K3.J :M;PHJ2
.<#M.&]T!7 "= '#=J'#,1 "(A ,U1"2 3 <H,! 'H,? ,&(1:" H!
&]b! W&2 1:",?X EF <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 "(A " '#&2 :M;PHJ2
.<#LZU;<A '=>R'#U "&> K3> IJ0#!7
DO* 5,.6 .<#T5,?D K3> 4N# IJ2 (#7 &,? W"'A &2 1:",:6;X .<#LM
.<#A@ 'H,62 3 ,],:6 &G;<T1"2 (#,?7
W³X ¸ <2 7R _ 0#;"* 3 " '#
3 R"62 &#,.& ,G2 >,:6C! "Z,:6C! K3> I>!.<#A &2 1:",:6;
.<#LM"#, &2 1"2 G#S'#( :M;PHJ2 K"=
¬ « ÔkÕ ª ®Ör
W"=×X&@ D/:0@ O* 5,? .<#T5,?D K3J#7 ;.<#A &,6A ,G2 >,-!@
&,6A "Z,-! &,-:MG (2 G1"2 3 ,#$b'#, ÈQA &U&:"; .<#0
&UH1 ."#=J'62 1"(7 ;.<#A 4N# "(H? \S1:" sbQ"#7 W³³³X
(2 GH,#$,? ,G2 >,:6C!@ "Z,:6C!"#3 .<#LM#,? &,? ¹º»¼½
RS_G&2 :07 ¹º»¼½ K3<A R&>! "Q"2 $'#!7 ¹º»¼½ RS_&R"3J# ,G2 =:JC!
:&1"2 UH, .&]T!@ <#!:<C! :&1"2 UH, .&]T!7 ,G2 =:JH ,#LZ &2 LT;
<#!:<; .<#M.&]T!7 ,G2 =:J; <#!<#H,2 G"#, 'H,:6 O !<:&H, .&]T!7
/}&#>"#3 ¹º»¼½ RS_.&# [3>! /0#"WX R<LZH?62 UQA YG@ PJ#
.<#3J&=:J KTH,2 3J(7
(# /&,? ,G2 =:JC!@ "Z:GC! .<#LM(7 A R&>! ,G2 >!@ "ZC!"#37
K(2 ! &,62 3 (2 G1"2 3 ,#$b'#, 4N# O <2 H!@ Q¾ [LTR'#1"
'H,-H! T! <#!P .<# .<#`1 ."#=J1:" V= <T1"2 GA7 /A &,62 3
(2 G1"2 3 40! O2 ,|Q""#, 3 J2 ;<2 T,2 3JA7
/Q" O2 ,|\S2 (2 G1"2 = [U "#H,! s?6A K3<:" '2 ,1 R"62 &#,.&
I>,2 3JA· :( O !P! G#U! (2 G1:" /:0 K3> IJYZG#A7
0#9 O #Z(# (2 G1"2 3 40! /0#":" /U;<A .<#3J .<#`
."#=J1:" V= <T1"0#!7
,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G <2 6:& s]T<]b0#!7
0#9 O #Z(# "3 40! (2 GH,#$,? <2 JUH\ S2 0 "* 5,:6
V= <T1"0#! K(H 3 '2 ,1 R"62 &#,.& I>,2 3JA7
(2 3 /Q" O2 :0;<#T "(A <1"J2 ^H\ S#2 G#,; <M&2 :0 0A
Y:JG#,; P0;<M&2 :0 K3<"=,#, (2 G.' /:0 K3> '>;<A ;:$
V= <T1A! K3<:"\ S.,#"$,? ,&(1"2 =R,#]T /Q" &c2 .,LZÙQA "!:'1
"=,#1AHR,#?6H ,M:';<LT?6(7 /A&:$ O #! J2 ;<2 LM:& (2 G! K3>
[3> s]T 7 " 3 40! O2 :(1":"RG0#! RS_G YZG#&2 LM# IM ,b&3
':(&2 H,2 :M.G <2 #2 &2 :(:G V= <T1"0#!7 '("2 '#G1 ."#=J1:" V= <T1"
YZC!7 0#9 O #Z(# S2 0 "* 5,:6 V= <T1" YZC! K(H 3 I>,2 3JA7
/;<Z /UH, O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G; <LM"#,H I>! )"* + K;<ZH
H Y$]<LM"#, /UH,YZC!
H Y$]<T,2 3JA K3> .<#`H ,#$b! IJ2 @ <1"J2 ^H Y$]<T!
,#$b1"# '>H,;<T! (2 G! <=J2 G )"* + J2 1A RS_G;<T! &#"5,-H,#(
&2 #2 &#( <"2 ,:61 R"#MQA .O #H.&#!7

3<2 3 O ]<,-H@ +N0#Y :0H!7
(2 G! K3J# R&>! "Q"2 $ &2 1:""#3 K3J ,U1A1 "&J#(A
K3<A J2 1A!@ WO <2 .GX '(2 ",62 ÙQA s!:' 0#9
<#A,#;<#3 K3J 3 &S(1"2 = O <2 G&,-H (2 G!
RS_G;<LM"#,\ I>! )"* + Y$]<T,2 3JA K3J &#"! .<#`G#(A K3<A
J2 1A! /Q R"#M#2 $#G;<T,2 3JA7
,MQ" /U R"#M,62 ¡
H Y$]<T! "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6 '>H, .&]T! K3J _&#6
ØÙ G2 3 O2 :0;<#T@ Y3( (2 G! /UH,2 JA@ O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G!
RS_G;<LMA K3J )"* :N S#2 ,].M37 K(2 !@ '> _&2 A "&> K3<:";
P#2 QAR,#].M3 K3J &2 <$! RS#0;<M.&]T!7 (#@ ;<Z K:"C.'
RS#0#' <2 `(2 G! E3J /U P1",5,-! [3>H [3> .O Y$b#(
,U1:"1 "U,2 3J(7 /A O2 G#G!"#(# '#H,1:"1 R"62 &#,^!@ Ab2 &#,^!@
[c2 ^ ':J&2 3J2 C! RS#,2 J# K3<"=,#,1"#.( /& '*A <#S! :&1."#!6@
&:$ .OS2 1."#!7 /& '*A?6 <#S1"# <0:$H .,#<2 1 ."#!7
.O #3P AJH! .<#A 8")<0'sD A ".&]T! EF $!<1"2 IJ2 .(#!7
<2 3(@ Q" )"* + <0z('#(A K3> R"#2 Q"A! O #! Y3( IJ2 GA "&> K3>
ØÙ <,2 $5,'#, J2 &2 1"A .<#3> (2 G! <=J2 J2 &2 H,#' V3 '#=J! 'LT!
R,#]T&$;<LMA·
ØÙ/ 3 /$]M#&A (2 G ¤ @ ØÙ &,62 3 3 " '# &2 6H,H J2 ;P
Ó ~¢ / 3 '>&Z&'#!7 "=.<#A O #! :,G2 :&1"2 UH! ¤ ,+Z
R&62 G#( 43J#&A <"2 ;<#!7 " '# J2 ;PM3 S2 0 <2 3(2 :b;PH,:6\
.S1A?6#7 WQ" /:b;<2 u~ ,* "# #*"2 G#( "&>,? /UH,2 3J(7 /Q"
'>;<2 3 />"2 G2 A <=J2 C! /3¶# 0#9&2 <#2 H,;<T!7X
/Q" ¤ ` ØÙ &,? @ @ @ ³ ¢ ¢@ ¢³@ ¢¢ @ £ @
££ @ @ ³ ³@ ³ @ @ ¢@ £@ ¢£ £¢ @ ¢£ @ ¢ £ @ £¢ ¢@ £³ @ £ @ ³ @
³³ @ ³ ,2 G &S(5,62 3 R'#c2 R<G;PH,:6; .<#LTHR,#]T &U,2 J#7
/A ØÙ &,62 3 &c:'G#( Kt1AO :MH '#=J'#( Y:JG#!7 & [U
&S(! Kt"2 (# /$]T <H,5,6#&A &2 6H,! KtA&#7 (#@ /5
&S(5,6#,.& Kt"2 HR,#]T &U,2 3J#7
O2 :JG &S(5,:6 :&1A1"#3 ØÙ /Q" YZ^H &QA?6# K3J [U '#:G:G
V= <T1A! [U "Q"2 $'#,.& /:"H R,#?6 .&]ZC?6A7
/}&6^ &S(5,? 40Y! & :&H! [.$ &#"! O <2 '#,? RS_"
= P"5,:6@ (2 G! K3> 'H,? IJ2 C?6(7 /"2 ÙQA (2 G! K3J#
"Q"2 $1"2 3 40!@ &2 1:"G2 3 40! 'H,:6 V'#=>&A K3<A"#3 1"! K3<A
s>"2 G#,2 3JA K3<."G#!7
'H,? O <2 '#,62 3 = P"5,:6 'LT! (2 G! K3> IJ&2 :0 7 &,?
R,#]T&Q" .&"1:"C! IM (2 G! K3>"#3 IJ2 (7
O !'2 M'2 UQA &,62 M! s]:' &Q" .<#A D4N#^HH R,#TH,;<LMA
.<#3JA /&UH! R,#TH,;<LZUH,H IM#"#D K(H I>,2 3J(7 /"= Y3
4N#^HH R,#TH,;<LM:" &,? '>H,&2 :0G# D/$]T! [3:JRG#3>
'2 ©v! (2 G5,.6D K3> I>,2 3J(7 D :(1:"C! O #5,? '>H,2 .J#!D
K(^! I>,2 3J(7 W £X
&,62 M! s]:' &Q" .<#A D/A (2 G!7 / :" O #5,? '>;<&,?D K(H
IJ2 (7 W£¢ ¢X
/&,-H O 'A R"62 &#( &S(5,? IJ;<LM# "!'2 M! &Q" S1"2 G1:"
'>;.<#@ D/A R"62 &#( (2 G!D K3> I>,2 3J(7 W£³ X
K(.&@ = P"! 0#" &2 MG5,:6C! &,? (2 G! K3> IJ2 G"2 ÙQA
8(2 G! K3J# "Q"2 $ &2 1:" K3> 'H,? &2 65,2 G2 UQ"#,?D K3J ØÙG2 3 &#"!
&`:'G=>; .<#,2 3JA7 /"= '=>R'#U S#3:JC! IJ0#!7
D 'G'2 3 ',3 N#.&· s! '*A!@ s'A "#_ '*A! s?6 K(A ULR,#:M:G
O2 :(1A; <#;¨$#,· W2 ;#* K !X ) 1:NH R,#]T s!:' O #3
&aÚLZG.<#A7 R"#LZ <U&1"2 a ! &#`<; uU&1"2 a ! O* '(2 ",-M3
.<S2 G:"C!@ .&"1:"C!@ {#(1:"C!@ "}J#1:"C!@ / 3* :0C! s'H O #3
,=>1 "Q":"C! WK]b2 ;<#;¨$#,7X ,62 ']b# [U <J:&G2 3 ."#=J1:";
.<# K3 '"2 ;<Z O* sU&#H,2 @ <2 3( "2 O* È"2 (* 7 ;.<#A@ A K(A
s1"$^; <2 $,#$! WsG2 s?6X <J :&G#, '#J2 G:"C!@ K(A s1"$^; <2 $,#$!
<2 J&2 H UM:(C! ÛM.$#,2 :GC! O* b;<T1"2 G:"C!@ K3 s1"$^;
<2 $,#$! /JQ ."#:$ W']b:J,62 ÙQA sG2 UM3X O* R&62 ;<T1"2 G:"C!
WK]b2 ;<#;¨$#×X 7 R"62 &#( S#3>,:6 O* &,62 M! R,#]T&Q" .O $1"2 @
&,62 O2 $#,#2 1."#@ /A R"62 &#( (2 G1:"1 "&2 $ .&J2 :0 K3>
IJ2 G.<#A@ s!:' &2 LT! / +$#`3 SQ""2 G2 (:$ O #3 " T1" :"C! WK]b2 ;
<#;¨$#,·X K3> 0#9 IJ2 G:" WO <2 .G· O* K]b2 ;<#;¨$#,·X WX
/5., <2 J&2 H UM:(C!@ R&]ÛM&#62 ,:6C! N#W :0X &,?
b;<T1A,2 3J#,?7 :"; <#1" 'H,? /A (2 G! K3> I>,2 3J(7
&,? / :" ¹º»¼½ K3.J#@ &2 1:" K3.J# ,U"2 IJ2 G2 UH, YZC'# ,]
Y3(# <#:&G2 cQ"&3 <#H,2 J#3@ "* H, YZG#" &2 G#"2 K(H ,U";<LM
ÛM.$#,! b! R<>,2 3JA7 /A K;<Z &2 1:"G#! (2 G1:" &2 1:" K3>
&,.6# .(#@ )"* .N# / +0#'2 G s0,.'# IJ&2 :07 &,? (2 G!
K3<A "* G SH"2 ,62 3 s"&2 G# RS_G;<T! J2 ^H; P0;<M#" [U ,:0
K3>"#3 P#2 Q"2 UQ"(7 /Q" Z;<:MG2 "#3 O <2 '#,? RS_" = P"5,?@
&,? R,#]T&Q" .&"! :(1A! 0#9 &2 M'2 UQA &Q""0
:¶1"#(2 M'2 UQA /&,? R<=JA7 /&,? :¶1"#(2 G SH"2 40! "!:'
/ :J1B",? EF S#"2 H, Y= <T,2 3J( K3J ,U1"2 "#3 O <2 '#,?@
$'#,? R,#]T&Q" .&"Y! (2 G! K3> &2 'S2 H,;<LMA7
/":(; <2 3&U! &S(Y! )"* N ! s>"2 RS_,2 3J(7
W(#,2 GX /:"HR,#]T :¶1"#3,? /J5,&2 :07 A &,-H1
""2 C:MGA'3>@ "= &,? SH"2 R<J^! '#LM#,?7 O2 \SG'#, &,?
W/ :" [LTHX .,L<:" &2 LT! "TH,;<LT?6(7 W³ X
O <2 WÜNX &,? v,Ý(Y=> /$^ 0A /$]T /$^,? O2 3>
&b5,#"2 UQ" .<#A [U R<] O <2 G&,62 M!@ Y)!'."· s'A :¶1"#3
s!:'H :, &2 LT &2 LM#3 K(H ,UA,2 .J3 7 K(H IJ2 (#?7 ;.<#A"#3 8s'A
/$LS,3 s!:'H :, &2 M&2 :0D K(H I>! ¢ ! 1"2 G#G! U6;<LMA7
WP,##2 £¢X
:(H IM O <2 WNX &,? :¶1"#(2 M'2 UQA R<=> J2 &2 ;<"#,.&
,#<2 ,? K]b2 C?6(7 /Q" Z;<:MG2 "#3 .&"5,:6C! (2 G! K3J(
K3<:" /"340! J2 G0#!7
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G!
Þßà à Þá Ä ÃÄÄâ ãÄä ÃÄÄâ ÅÄÇâ á ÞÄå àæÄ åç ÂçÇ èà Çé ÇéÃÄ Äâ ÄÂÇê Âç ÃÄëÅãå
ßìä íÃç à Þá Ä ÃÄÄâ ãÄä ÃÄÄâ ÅÄÇâ á ÞÄå ÇîÇÄ ïÄÇâ ëçâ íÃç ÇðÅÄ ÃÄÆÇñá åÃ
ðÅÄâ ßìä ïòÃ íÃç òÃì Çá å ëá òÃì ÄÇÄó á âá ÅçêÇ Äíçâ êÅÃá êÅÃ ôå éÃÄ ÇÃ ÅÃñÆó ëÆÅà ì
ëç ÃÄÄâ ëðìÃçÇ ðÇåÃ ÃÞìðìÇìâ ðÇâ ëìÃçÇ àæÄ ÃçÇ ðéÅê ëßêâåÃ Åçê à ëÞÇ á ÃÄõ îà
Åçê àæÄÇ ðéÃÄ ëßêâåÃ Äã ÃßÂâ åÃá æÅ ÃÄàæÄ ðéÃÄ åöÂá Â éÃÄ á åç öÂâ éÃÄ ÄÂÇê Âç
ÃÄëÅãå éÃÄ ðÇ ëÇ ÆÇñ éÃÄ ðÇ åÆö á åÆ Ãöó á æð öÄÅ çîÄó òíà éÃÄ á ëÇç âá éÃÄ
ðÇ Âñà òàá Ãç ðëìÃâÃ à Þá Ä ÃÄÄâ ãÄä ÃÄÄâ ÅÄÇâ á ÞÄå ðÇ çÃÞ åç ëãßÃÂâ ðæÃ÷
ðéÃÄ ÇÃ ÅÃñÆó íëç åÃñâÃ çðÃÅó ÃÄßçÃ÷ ëá íëç àøá Þ çîÄâÃ àøá Þ ÃÄÆÇÃöÇç éÄì ÇÃ
à Þá Ä ÃÄÄâ ëðÄ Ã ÃÞìîàæìâ éÃÄ éê ÅÃðÃçÇ ÃÄÄâ ðíà âì ëç ëôá à ÅÄä ÃÄçÃÞ ðÇâ Æà Ã
ðëåà ÂâÃ ðêðçì
WãßÇß ÃÄÂîÃà ÇX
0x¨1 /; xN! K3J <ù N :$H .,#1"2 $1:"\ .SQ" [U '(2 "3
O <2 WÜNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_"#37 [3:J\ RS_G#'.0.G RS_""#,
O <2 WNX &,-H '#G1 ."#=J! /"(# V= <LMA7 [U O #? 0A [U /$^
&,? K3(2 M! /UH! .<#A <2 $#1"2 H R,#].M /UQ"#,?7
<2 3(@G2 ¶#.&· O #3 "* ^ .,LTHR,#]ZUQ" &2 MG1"2 0#9 K(H1
"* ^ RS#` &2 LM#37 /$]T '(2 ",? K3(2 M! &QA [U& K3 " :0GU,2 a !@
'=J& K3 ,#aH U,2 a ! 'Q"(7 &,62 [U& '=J&#2 M! /&UH
K3( K3> .,L,@ '=J& /& (2 G! RS_G;<LT?6# K3J#7 G#
RS_"A K(H .,LM .<#A@ 0¨"2 ; xN! K(H IJ2 (#7 K"2 (2 G!
RS_G;<LT?6A K(H .,LM .<#A ú] 1"'$; <#:6G2 .0 S* ;P@ YZ
K3<&=J2 EF '=J& <"2 IJ2 (#7 K5., K(H .,LM .<#A@ "x0#3
.,#1"2 $H ,2 b=J2 K3> IJ2 (#7 O <2 WNX &,? "(A ."#c,? S2 0UM3
5., &Q"#,?7
<2 3(@ WK3(2 M!X &Q" .<#A G2 ¶#.&· Q"H ,2 b=J2 3 O* 'U."#]Z ,0Q"A
.<#3> 0A Q"H ,2 b=JU,2 /UQ" 1" '$5,62 3 ,2 :6,? :¶1"#(2 3
" :0.<#3> /UQ"A K3J#,?7 0#9 &2 3 B".$· :" O* 5,?
R&62 ;<T1"2 UH,H IM#"# EF O #3 .,L.M3 7 "=,&,?@ 0#9 K(H
v,'62 1A&2 LM#37 /"3 40! 'H,? '1"2 G2 "* :' <$^&:" O #3 R&>1."3
K(H IJ2 (#,?7 Q"H ,2 b=:J 4Z &2 T'#> V&2 (#,? A 4M;<LMA EF
G2 ¶# W$c2 X &,? I>,2 3J#,?7
WJ2 ;P O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#, &U! V:(G O <2 R'#c2 ,?
:(1:"C! 8)"* +,-H,2 :M.G Y$]<#T /UH,2 3JAD K3J ØÙ G2 3 &#"1"2 =
'>;PH I>! .<#A "$;<T!7X /Q" )"* :N '>H,; u~ &#"5,?
Y3:&H,;<T,2 3J(7 /Q" &#"5,-H#2 G R"62 &#( &2 6H,5,:61 R"#M$#,
.O #H.&#!7
<#A,#H,;<LM O <2
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3J "#$%&'#( )"* :N
'>;.<# <2 3&U'#> &#"! RS_,2 3J(7
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#,H IJ;<T! )"* + u~ 3
&S(5,-H Y$]<T,2 3JA7
B".$· s'A /$LS,(2 M'2 UQA s'H /JH,2 :&H,;<LM:" KT1A :$;¨$#,·
W}&#>X O* RS_G#&2 LM# &(A BA1A&1:" O* KT1A :$1"&$#,'#Lû7
0#9 s!:' '(2 ",62 ÙQA <#A,#;<#37 O2 \SG'#, 0#9
O2 $#,#2 ;<#6,6#( ILM1"#:$ .O &c2 G2 RSa1"'#LM#37 W³X
/Q" &S(! '(2 ",62 M'2 UQA O <2 :G 0#9 <#A,#;<#3 K3> s1"$&#";
<T1A,2 3JA7 O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3J# O <2 H 0#9
R,#T1" <#A,#;P K5., 0#9 <#A,#;<#3 K ! .<#A O <2 H (2 G! RS_G
YZC'# K3J Z;<:MG2 &#"! RS_,2 3J(7
ØÙ &,6A " '# Y" 0#! <"2 ;<2 ¢ ! J2 ;<2 /Q" &S(1:" YH,2 G
S#3J#, & Y3:&H,2 3J#7 $!<1"2 /Q" &S(!"#3 (2 G )"* :N
'>;<"= &a&#( &#"'#, Y3:&H,;<LMA7 /Q" &S(1"2 = /Q" )"* +
K5., Y$]<T,2 3JA
/Q" &#"1"2 = [U &#2 G2 &2 :M IJ 0#!· 0#9 IJ2 GA .<#3> O <2 WNX
&,? (2 G1"2 ÙQA <#A,#H,;<LM#,? K3>"#.( /Q" )"* +
I>,2 3JA /Q" &S(Y!@ )"* N ! Y$]<M&2 :0.G· K3> IJ2 &2 M0#!7
s)A; .<##2 O <2 WNX &,? "#H,;<M&2 :0G# &$A Y,1"2 /$1"!
."#G&2 :0G#
:,<#2 µ"; R<]@ O <2 WNX &,-H &2 ¶! ,0Q" LZ:J\S2 :G &c5,2 (#?7
O <2 WÜNX &,? "2 S2 J2 A S#;<2 LT &2 LM#,?7 <2 3(@ &2 ¶! ,0H,;<LM
RS_"2 &)* 40! ,2 :M1"A7 0#9 &,:6H ,#1"#37
O <2 G&,? "(A üýþ .&:6G2 @
ÇÃ ÅÃñÆó åÃ ëè ÃÄ ëæê ëÄå ÃÄöÅÃå ÃÄòÇ ëíÄì ÂîÇÂà WãßÇß ÃÄÂîÃà ÇW
O #3 :,<#2 S#;<2 LM W&2 ¶! ,0Q"X sb&2 3 .&":(:G /;.<#A sb,2 .J37
WP,##2 X K3J#,.6· ;<ZG#G2 3 /Q" )"* + ³ &S(1"2 = Y$]<T,2 3J"#
s]:'G2 ³ &S(1"2 O <2 :G; <#A,#;<"#, 0#9 s1"$&#"!

62 H,2 3J#37 Q" s1"$&#"1"2 3 1"! K3(R&3J# O <2 :G G#U! R,#ÿ~
YZG#A K3<A"#37 K(.&@ R,#0 YZG#A K(H I>! 3 &S(1"2 = \
(2 G! RS_G;<LT; <2 3( <#A,#H,;<LM"#,H I>! )"* + KQ" &:,G2
Y$]<T,2 3JA K3> S2 Q"2 1A; <#U5,?7
R,#0 YZG#A K3<A"#3 ³ &S(1"2 3 ,U1A EF O #! IJ&2 :07 Q"
&S(1"2 3 1"Y! A"#37 Q" &S(! J2 1" <2 3&U! ØÙ &,62 3
&2 6H,1:"; R<#>:'CM3 <Z1A; <#U5,?7
G#$#a ! R,#0 YZG#" " :0&
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,? 3:JG SY"#G1"2 /UQ" :(1A1 "* :',:6C!
:"#2 G'#, K"2 1""# V$#6'#( K"2 #2 ,:6\ S!<#"2 1A :&1"2 UQ"(7 &,:6
K;<ZG#&A R,#3> &2 M .&]T! K3> u~ &:,G2 a ! YG=S2 ,? O MQ"(7
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,? .,#L:M@ R,#1"65,62 [62 QA R,#]ZUH,&2 :07
Z:SG2 "#3 &S2 1"#,?7 &#G2 =,#;.<#3 G#U! /UH,&2 :07 z"2 G2
S#"#$b'#, O M'#Z(#,?7 sG2 :$H ,#H, KQ" YG=S2 C! .'=R,#?6&2 :07
KQ"H R,#?:,G2 a ! S'$S! RS_A R,#?6&2 :07
.<#H ,65,62 a ! <5R,T1A R,#0;<T&"=,#( &#_;:< "#'#,.&
K"2 #2 ,-H &c5,2 (#,?7 (#a ! &,:6 G#U! R,#0 YZG&2 :0 7 s!:'
/ :J&3 ,#;<#3 K3J /Q" Y3(J2 &2 ;P O2 :J.&J2 GA7 W"2 UH 3 ³X
/;<Z :J I& &2 LM:" YJ2 GZ;<"=,#,&#&A K"2 #2 ,? &:$H
R,#3J2 UQ"# /A R<#_G#( '#H,! K3> O2 <2 1"2 U;<#,?7 (#a !
/G0&2 :07
/A /:J&(A &#1:"G#,^!@ s1"$&#"'#,^! /0#"2 UQ"# &,?
K3.J# R,#0;<LZU;<#,?7 &,? R,#0;<M#"A "2 UH 3 / :J.&"!
K3<"=,#( O2 <b!7
K3:( K&U! R,#0 YZG#A K3> J2 &2 1A &2 LT@ S& S#"#$b'#, /3:JG
s0,2 K&U! O M'#M YZG#A7 A^! "* G SH"2 ,:6 K"2 1A; .<##2 T<& /;<Z
J2 &2 1"# T1¾ O #.6 &$A ,:" YZH,;<LT &2 T!7
3:JG O2 :0G2 /&:$; .<# S& S#"#$b'#, K}&2 "; <#A,#;P
V= <#T'2 3J2 'H,.6#T 'H,6#, <c! [U&:$ K62 "#,H R,#0 YZC!7 (#a !
" 3:(H R,#0 YZG#A K3> J2 &2 1A "#! I>&A / :J &#H K3<:" O <2 ,?
O #G,! WNX &,? O2 <2 1"#,?7
/A _&#6 ØÙ &,62 3 " '# &2 6H,H J2 ;<2 3 £ &A /0H,1"2
/M!R<>! &2 6H,'#!7 /Q" &2 6H,1"2 K1":( /M5,62 R,#0 YZG#A
K3J ,U1A IJ;<LT?6A
_&#6 ØÙ &,? ³ &S(! O <2 WNX &,:6H R,#0 YZG#A K3>"#3
I>,2 3JA K3<:" '2 , '2 ,1 R"62 &#,1 R"#2 QAR,#].M Q" &S(1"2 =
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3> I>! )"* + Y$]<T,2 3JA
K3> IJ2 GA O2 G#G'# '#H,1"2 .<Á" :0H ,:M;<2 ZH! &c2 Y:JG#'#
&S(1"2 3 1"1"2 =., '#=J'#, .<S0#'# 0#9 &2 3 &#1:"H &3
O #M#" 1"1:"H ,= <2 H,0#'# K3<:" OTO2 :0.G#T S2 Q"2 1A; <#U5,?7
³ &S(! (2 G! <=J2 G ,U1:"H IJ&2 :0 K3> R"#2 QAR,#].M Q"
&S(1:" 'H,? Y3:&1A1 " 3 '*A 'H,-H,2 UH! O !<2 H:,@ "(H,2 UH!
&#"1"2 J :'@ .<\v =J 40! O <2 G&,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#,H I>!
)"* y= /A Y$]<T,2 3JA K3> &#"2 T&A KQ" &:,G2 O2 G#G!
/;.<#A (2 G1:" '>;<"= /& :&H! G1AH,62 3 s]:'G#( 1"!@
&#"5,62 IM /A §G1:" V= <T1A,2 3J"0&#
S1"2 G1:"1 ." T! K]b1AM3 O TO2 :0.G#T S2 Q"2 1"# (2 G! K3<A R&>!
"Q"2 $ &2 1:" K3J "(A "&J#( &#"1:" &aÚLM & :,G#-! &S(5,-!
/." Z;<:MG2 "#3 "&J#,H :,G#6;<T,2 3JA K3<:"; P#2 QA R,#?z,?7
T1A@ O <2 WÜNX &,-H (2 G! :&H,;<LMA K3J )"* + (2 .0.G
SQ .",1:" s]T<]Á'# K3<A J2 1A &2 #2 &#, .O #H.&#!7 / 3¶#
0#9 ·

ophpªhmoÑÏ iÐne «r
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM )"* :N
V=>HR,#]M# (2 3 O !<,1 " 3:'G2 A SQ.",1:"
V= <T1"2 &2 T! K3J &#"1:" Y3:&1A <2 . &,? A
<=J2 G N)* )#( )"* :N '>H,2 3J#7 & Y3:&H! &#"1"2 3 .<#`1
" 3:':GC!@ & "(H1 "#.( Y$]<T! &2 "1:"C!@ "(A &#"1:"
O2 :0O2 >1A&"=,#, )"* y IJ;<LM"= '#=J'#, '2 :,;<T1A! &$A
.<#H:,C!@ 3 R"#;P &$0#=J2 (2 SQ.",1:" V= <T1A! &]b!
& IJ2 C?6 ,U1AH,? <=J2 C! /Q"1 R"#M#2 &2 #2 &#, 0v.&#!7
<2 . " '# <H,! ³
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,-H\ (2 G! :&H,;<LT " 3 ,#$b'#, &,6A
k iÖ ® ope m V= <LMA@ Q"; <#"2 ;P > '#"! O* Z1"A@ "#! RS_G#" :"\
RS_""#,H h« jËª¯ Q"; <#"2 ;P :'Q"2 UQ"A K3> .'=,]M
)"* +,62 IJ;<T&:" O #! ;<Z.G V= <"#, /UQ"# "(# V$#6'#(
&2 <#*"5,? V= <T,2 3J(7
"2 U':JH (2 3 O !<,1" 3:'H V= <T! <#"2 ;P Y" 0#&A &2 <#*"'#!7
"'H\ (2 G! :&H,;<LM"2 3 ,#$b'#, "#! RS_G#":"\ RS_""#, O <2 ,?
O #G,! WNX Ð pqh K3J# Q" > '#" ,#01"2 &,-H U6;<LM
&)* ¸ / :J.&"! ¸ SQ .",1"2 =#2 G"#, ,2 &2 T!7
"! ':(&2 G2 M! /0J1"2 T<LM:"H IM O2 :(&2 :&1AHR,#?6 YZG#"
6^H O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX <#"2 H,;<LZUQ"#,? K3J# /:J&(2 M'2 UQA
&)* &$#'.0.G &)* &Q""#,^! &,? IJ2 G2 UH,0#! K3J SQ .",1:" /A
V= <T1A!7 > '#" ,#01"2 &,-H U6;<LM :(1A.'
SQ .",1"2 =#2 G"#, ,2 &2 T!7
KQ" > '#"! K3J &2 <$! ,2 :MH,#""# '"* (#&2 U6;<LM [}R&#U
&S(Y! /A Q" > '#"1"2 U6;<LM"#, /UH.'# K3J SQ .",1:"
V= <T1"2 &2 T!7
/ +0#! s]:'G#( '#H,! K3<"= /3> O !'2 M! s?6 [.$ = P"!
"2 UH 3 "#37 "2 UH(2 SQ .",! V= <T1A! :(1:"C! O #! O2 $#,#2 1A1
"#3 ú× .&]T!7
<2 . " '# <H,! ³
vLZH,#LM;<LM /;<"2 G2 /M!R<=J2 UH! Z;<:MG#( "&>,:6

[}R&#3J#, /(5,#Á.&#!
e l r
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_""(# & "#!<1"2 G1"2 T<M#'.0.G
T<LM"#, .<#`1 ."#=J! &UH V= <LMA7 :"C! & J2 Q ." /UQ"#7
"(# "#3 & "(A .M=J1"2 =,#,; <2 $#1"2 1"#7 /:" k iÖ ope m
K3> IJYZG#A7 /Q"; <"1"2 3 40! (2 G1"# O <2 WNX &,-H;
:<1"2 G! <2 Z1""#, )"* + I>&"#,\ S2 1"#2 H, YG=S2 H,2 3J#7 &$A :';<2 3
:c;<#6,? "'A s:$,?@ s:$G#M,? 40! (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#
O <2 WNX &,-H; :<1"2 G! <2 Z1""#, )"* + I>&"#,H IJ2 C?6(7 /A
O <2 WNX &,? '* A Ab2 QA /LTH,LT! /&,6A /c2 RSG`3 [U <"2
K(0#!7
e l r
"#! RS_G#" :"\ RS_""#,H h« 6^H Q"; <#"2 ;P /UQ"A K3> Y"
<Q"2 G2 IJ2 &2 LT T1" <Q"2 G2 .0.G "'H (2 G! :&H,;<LM"2 3 ,#$b'#,
"#! RS_G#" :"\ RS_""#, O <2 ,? O #G,!WNX Ð pqh 77 )"* y3 ,U1:"
'2 :,;<T1"2 @ "2 #2 P<T1"2 C?6#7
"#3 RS_G#":"\ RS_""#,; .<#`1 ."#=J! W'#:GX O <2 G&,-H V= <LMA
K3>"#3 )"* + I>,2 3JA7 "#3 RS_G#":"\ RS_""#, O <2 WNX &,?
Ð eph )"* + IJ.& /:07 ;<ZG2 UH, Y" <Q"2 G2 he pqh K3>!
/$]M#! <Q"2 G2 RS_G#":"\ RS_""#,H Ð pqh K3>! V3 O <2 WNX '*A
/LTH,LM .&]T!7 )"* y IJ;<M#" [U ,U1:" V3 R<#A 'H,? '("2
<"2 H, .&]T!
"(A " '#&2 ! <H,1"2 /H,U1:" .'a ! &aÚLT&"=,#, t1"!
R,#T1A <2 3&U'#> I>&A .&" :(G#(A7 ²±ª¯m o ²Íphm
no h Ðpq
Ôeie Ô ®iÖ h Ðpq
Ôpeie Ône
h Ðpq <H W X O<2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"# /;<ZG#(
<#"2 ;P K0#! V= <LM( K3> )"* y /M!R<J#" ,U1AH,:6 )"* y3
,U1"#,; P:(QA@ &=:J; R<#2 A<T1"2 @ O <2 G&,6A Q" |O2 :0 <=J2 1
";R<]b1:" V= <T1"2 J2 ;<2 LM Q" N)* )#( )"* :N '>H! '(O2 :0H
'H,:6H R,#]T&$ YG=S2 H,2 3J#7 O2 G#G'#, &2 'S2 ;<"#, /UQ"# )"* y
IJ;<LMA H Y$]<T,2 3JA K3<:"G0&# KT1AH,#LM .&]T!7
:" &2 LT &2 LT )"* y RS#0;<M#" ,U1:"1 "2 b2 1A O2 <2 H, Y:(&A KQ"
&:,G2 O2 G#G'#(A K3<:"; R<#A'H,? OTO2 :0 O2 3> O2 "#('#,\ S2 Q"2 H,
.&]T!7
/(2 <2 7. &,6A O <2 G&,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LMA S!<Q"'#(
)"* +,:6 '>;<"=,#, Y3:&H! &#"5,:6 0v.&#!7
"! ':(&2 G2 M! /0J1"2 T<LM:"H IM O2 :(&2 :&1AHR,#?6 YZG#"
6^H O <2 ,? O #G,!WNX <#"2 H,;<LZUQ"#,? K3J# /:J&(2 M'2 UQA
&)* &$#'.0.G &)* &Q""#,^! &,? IJ2 G2 UH,0#! K3J SQ .",1:" /A
V= <T1A! K3> Kt"2 C?6#7
"2 UH 3 R"#H,;<LM &$0#> K3J R<#A1 " :0;<2 o h phe
je ® K3J S2 > ":0;<2 & Kt"2 G:" ;<Z.G ,* .c "U,2 .J#!7
O <2 ,? O #G,!WNX &,-H }&;.<#A "2 UH3 U6;<LM^M3 :"
&,? "'A /"G1"2 <"2 ^ RS_A R,#?&#,?7 /}&#> <"2 ^ RS_A
R,#?&"= '=J&,:6; .<# &,-! $!<H ,LM1"2 '2 Q" S2 $1:"
KTH,0#(#,?7 A .":&G2 :0 K3> "2 UH3 40'#,.& &,-H\
RS#0;<LMA7 W"2 UH 3 ³@ £X
"2 U!<1 "2 U!< "2 '((! RS_&"=,#, O* YG=S2 H, .&]M#!7 :" üA
s?61"2 [3> .S;<A O 'A R<#>;P K3> "2 UH3 IJ2 GA7
/ 3R(#U &S(1"2 s'H O #! "2 H ,#LT.&#!@ O* 'JH, '#Lû W"2 UH 3
³X K(^! 0#9 s1"$&#"! 62 1"#37
K(.& 2 ;#* K3J &#(& O <2 ,? O #G,1"2 = "2 ,'#( &S(5,:6H IJ2 (#a !
IJ2 G sM.( [` O #M#&2 <"2 &A .<# &,62 3 /"G1"2 ;<Z.G :&
<"2 &#,2 &2 T!7
"(A B"$#, /:J&3 &,:6 O2 G'2 1""# &,-H /Q"\ S2 J;<#(
""2 :G &c5,2 G2 UQ"#37 K(.& /:J&(2 M'2 UQA &Q" RS_"2 ,62 KQ"
[3:JC! O <2 ,? O #G,!WNX &,? 'J"2 G#, &2 LZU;<#,? K3> ,U".&
YZG#A7
"2 UH 3 O <2 ,? O #G,1"2 :MG s?61"2 /}&#> <#A,#H,;<LMA7
2 ;#* W :0X &,? ¾¾ [Ò #M#&2 <"2 &A .<# O <2 G&,6A s?61"2
A <"2 C!6@ :" & 'JH, '#LM#7 &$A s?61"2 <"2 C! R<#>;:<
0#9 V=>HR,#]M#3 K3RJ0#! Kt"2 &2 LT1 " 3 ':(&2 G2 M!
"#!<1"2 G1"2 T<LM:".G O2 :(&2 :&1AH R,#?6 YZG#"&6@ &)*
&$#'.0.G &)* &Q""#,H IJ2 G2 UH,0#.'· K3J SQ.",1:" /A V= <T1A!
K3> I>&A K}&6^ R<#2 G Y$]<#T K3<A R"?61 R"62 &#,1
R"#2 ,2 3J"0&#
df e ® kÑ« j j o Ð pqhÌ kÐ hj ®ep
k iÖ ope m oÑÏ l Öq jªh« lh Ðq
e jªh«
ihmo ¯p ep¯« K3> "(A ¾'#&2 W<H X J2 ;<2 T,2 3J#7
&)* :G; <#A,#;<"=,#, 0#9 s1"$&#"! 62 1A?6#37 "2 UH(2
KQ"1 "&>! &$#A W<#H, <2 . J2 ;P ¢X
WO <2 .G· 3 /JH,;<T! .<#AX "=,#, O* &S$;<LT s'A O #:& :SH,
.&]M#!7 O2 \SG'#, ":( [3>.S;<A! " :( A!<Z RS_&A! K'A
R<#>;<#!7 W³ X
WO <2 .G·X O #! s'H W :(X "2 H,#LT.&#!7 0#9 O #ZG:"1 "&2 $ O*
'JH,'#Lû7 W³X
O2 \SG'#, O #.' /}.&"1:" /JH,2 C?.6#!7 / 3 ! O2 \SG'#, O #.' " :(;
<#A,#;<&,6#.&#!7 r
WJ2 ;P /Q" &S(1"2 = <2 R &2 6H,H J2 ;P KtA!.<#A £¢ ! J2 ;<2 3
Kt1A; <2 S,#' <#A,#H,;<LT?6A K3J ,U1:"; <"2 ^ RS_,2 J#7
R"#H,;<LM &$0#=J2 Kt1A; <2 :c V= <LM"#, KtA,2 J#X
K3RJ0#! 3 I>&"# O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G1"2 3 40! V= <LM
<#"2 ;P &)* CM3 S!<Q";<LMA 0 K3> I>&A K;<Z <2 .:G O :,H,
:&1"A K3<A P#2 G#" P"2 $#, /UH,2 3JA·
O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"# &)* G2 = KQ"; <#"2 ;P!
V= <M&2 :07 O <2 WNX &,? &)* &$#'.0.G &)2 &Q""#,H IJ2 G2 UH,0#.'·
K3J O :,;PH,2 M'#( &#"1:" [U &#"1"2 =,#, V=>HR,#]M# IM )"* :N
O !P<&,-HH (2 SQ .",! R,#?6 /M! /:0 7
VR((2 [}R&#U &UMY! $'c#3 '#"1"2 2 ;#* W :0X &,? O <2 WNX
&,62 M! &QA A &:$ U6;<LM :( ":&1A S#2 <#;<#,?7
O <2 WNX &,? '$b2 1" ]Z /U Y:J '* LZ; <#1"#,? EF )"* +
I>,2 3JA7
WJ2 ;P /Q" )"* y IM <2 . "&> &2 LT?6#7 Ôp ° « ²iÐ
Õ mpf ® Ð pq e Ïe ® jmoÑÏ hij e «o
iËoe Ì ²iÐmoe Ì p imoe Ô®pq
W<H,! ¢³X K3> )"* N H
'#=J'#, !e Ïe ® K3<:" /:M\ RSU, RS_A?6#7X
&$A &#"1:" ;<Z.G V=>HR,#]M# IM O <2 WNX &,? &)*
&$#'.0.G &)* &Q""#,H IJ2 G2 UQ"# 2 ;#* W :0X &,? &QA '* LZ;
<#H! .<#A@ /3(2 3( &S(5,? O #3 R,#]T &$#' O* 5,6#,.&
.S1A?6* ,? K3> IJ2 &)* :G; <#A,#1"2 UH, '#LM#,6# 0A &)2 G2
O <2 H "&> K= <LZUQ"# 0#9 vLZH ,#LZG2 UH,'#LM#(#
¯q° iÐ ne «ep oie ²"ikph «h Ð iÐ kªhj
iÖ #Ôhp qh e jªhieª lh Ðpqh
W<H X
'#H,1:"H ,#x<2 ,? /;<ZH .,L<#,? K3J '(O2 :0G2 ÙQA _^
RS_&A"#3 &$A ]:'H,#0 P"2 G O2 :0;<#T,-H Z;<:MH ,#$b'#!7
K:"H IJ2 (#a ! A ,#x <2 ,:61 "2 U;"2 ;<T1A'# K3>"#3 S2 Q"2 H,2 3J#7
(2 "&> /:07 A O <2 WNX &,6A s?61"2 [Ò #M#&2 <"2 &A
.<# <"2 G;<LMA K3J ¨7. G2 3 ,U1:"H IM ,#x <2 ,? V= ! &]b!
O2 <2 H, YZG#A"#.( /Q" /M1"2 ,#<2 ,? "2 U;"2 G:MG#" S2 0 &2 MG5,?
<=J2 G .,?&2 ,:6 O #! .,L, &2 U!P,2 3.J#!7
O <2 WNX &,-H 'J"2 V= <LT?6A7 £ JH1A :MG R"#t:,:G /$]T
JH1"2 .0.G YZ1A &2 T,2 3J#,?7 AG:" 3 K3<& O2 :(ÚLZG <2 3( IM
A &,-H O2 :(^H &$&2 :07 AG:"3 IJ2 G:" V:(G O <2 1 ."#c,?
>"2 ;<T1"2 G <2 3("#3 A &,-H O2 :(&2 &Q"A EF )"* +
I>,2 3JA7
WY1"#/ P,##2 / Y+`!/ %"#Ú1/ "2 '2 "2 X
O <2 WNX &,-H 'J"2 V= <T! K3<:"C!@ W £X V:(G O <2 '#,-H! 'J"2
V= <LT?6A r Ì $ r%& K3<:"C! 3 s>"2 RS_,2 3JA7
/ :" :&1A S#"#$b [U '(2 " s5,? O <2 H {#<, 'J"2 V= <LT?6A7 &
0#9 U62 G u~ &S(5,:6 'J"2 G#, &2 LZUH,0#!7 R"#t:,G2 V= <LM
'J"2 :G AG:" 3 O2 :(ÚLZ(#7 (#/ &)* G2 V= <LM 'J"2 :G '(2 ",?
O2 :(ÚLM YZG#"0&# K(.& /JH,;<LM u~ &S(5,:6 'J"2 G#, &
&2 LZUH, &#_;P?6"0&# K3> .,LM# K3( I>&A /}&#.J "'A
':(&2 '#,62 3 "2 U;"2 H,#, ." :( )$#! EF O <2 WNX &,? IJ2 G:";
<2 3&U! &S(! ,]ZH,2 3JA7
O <2 .G· s'A ':(&2 G,62 3 "2 U;"2 :G O #Z/ 0#9 s'H '#H,2 G:" O*
V3 " :MRS_A R,#?,2 J* 0#9 '2 H, '3(2 ;<&36@ O2 ,$=J 3P:MG&37
W³³ X
/ :" :&1A [U ,#x<2 s5,? O <2 ':(&2 '#:$1 "2 U;"2 ;<T1A&"=,#,
) 0#:0 )$#! K3> IJ2 C?6#7 ':(&2 :GH ,b&3 "3 ,LT;<#LTH?
:&1"2 UH,; u~ &c2 ,? s?6(7 ':(&2 G2 M.' /;<Z O MQAR,#]M& 'H,:61
"2 U;<"2 ;<T1" K1":( )$#!,:6 ) 0#0#H,2 (#.$# K(.&/ & IJ2 G
3)"* + /$]T.' SQ.",1"2 = #2 G:& K3> IJ2 (# K3( I>&A Q"
&S(1:"; R<#_G#(A K3<"# 0A /Q" &#"1:" V=>HR,#?&"#
K(.&@ ,#x <2 ,? "2 U;"2 ;<T&#,6# K3<:" :&1A O #! 3)"* :N
$#G YZG#A· S.,#"$ <2 . &,-! ,#x<2 ,:61 "2 U;"2 ;<T1A! &2 "1"2
/ +0#1"2 3 ,U1AH,:6 "2 :S"2 U;<.&# " 3 ,U1AH,-H &`QA R<#U-:$
RS_G.&# YZG#A K3<:" b2 1"$'#,H IJ2 HR,#?,2 3.J#!7
o h ph«Ê® hpÖe ® o h ph«Ê® qhj Ôp
Ïªihim opqep qh l iÐ pªhp' ®Öp' oie
²Ë Ô(« iÖ ® kªh eq
W<H X K3> "(A &#"1"2 = &a
.SH, &$0#=:J.G '#=J2 KtA,2 3J#7
O <2 1 ."#c,:6; R<#>1"&:$G2 O <2 WNX &,? I>! :(1:"C! V= !
O2 :0G2 /UQ"(7 ,#x <2 ,:6; R<#>1"&:$G2 O <2 WNX &,? I>!
:(1:"C! '>H! '.(# O2 :0G2 /UQ"(7 /"= '#=J'#, O <2 WNX
&,6A O :MY:J:G :&1A@ RS#a ! RS_"2 :G K:M .<#T! O2 :0
N)#<#H,62 M! /UH,&2 :07 ;<Z /UQ"#a ! A (2 G! RS_G;<LM
)"* :N '>;<"=,#( "#$'#, :'G#A7 VR((2 O <2 WNX &,-H\
RS_G;<LM (2 G1"# "#!<1"2 G1"2 T<M#'.0.G T<LM"#, &,?
K]b2 (#,?7 }&6^"#3· /A R&62 s0,1"2 =1 R"#2 GH IZG S'#\S#$!
0 K3<A R"62 ^7 ;<ZG2 UH, &$A T!<1AM3 S!<Q";<LM /Q" O2 :0
&)* G2 SQ .",1:" V= <T1"2 G2 UH! K3> &#"2 M &$0#=:J.G P$LM .&]ZG
.":& K3(.&# Ôpeie Ôeephª l « q ieª Ð p « ie
nehe ¯p ephep kªh opqmopqhnj e ÍÌ df ª¯ kÑ« e Öª¯
l «o ªh kpÑÏpqh K(H IJ2 1 "(A &#"1:" YZH,2 3J#7 O<2 WNX
&,? RS_G#":"\ RS_""#,H IJ&2 :0 K3<:" O #! V=,(.&
R"62 ^<T1"2 C?.6#!7
:(; <#A,#H,2 3J R<#>;:< 0#9 KT1AHR,#]M"#a !@ O #! s'H
"2 H ,#LT.&#!6@ O* ":( 'JH,'#Lû EF 0#9 I>&"#a !@ O <2 WNX
&,6A s?61"2 [Ò #M#&2 <"2 &A .<# 2 ;#* W :0X &,? &)* :G
/JH! .<#A A <"2 ^ RS_G;<LT &2 T! K3<"#a ! O <2 WNX &,-H
(2 G1"2 3 40! V= <LM <#"2 ;P &)* :G1 "#H,#A K3<:" V=>HR,#?&A
,T,6^ '#3 s?6&,-H! ,ÛM'#( &2 ¶G! 07 K(.&@ O <2 WNX
&,-H /0J1"2 T<M#'.0.G T<LM"#, (2 G1"2 3 40! V= <LM
.<#` sb^W<2 $H:{XH! &)* H! KQ" S!<Q"Y! /:0 K3<"# <2 . G2 3
/Q"; <2 :cG#( &#"! &a &=>; .<#_ &2 T,2 3JA7
e ª¯q° ® neh« o« i ie (« p« Íphp ep °hn«
W<H ³X K3> IJ2 .G /& O <2 G&,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LMA R"#M<#(
)"* +,:6 '>H! "(A O2 :0:G O2 G#G;<T1"2 &U,2 3J#7 (2 SQ.",1:"
V= <T1A! &2 "1"2 /& RS_"2 UH! S2 0 &2 <#*"5,:6 /5., R"#LTH ,#LM
&2 U!P,2 3.J#!7
(2 3 Kt1A; <=J2 ; .<v! .<#A "h Ð "e qh hª ¯iÐph
Ö Ïhj ® o iÒph "e (jq W<H X K3> J2 ;<2 LT (2
SQ .",1:" V= <T1"2 C?6#7
! <H,1"2 <2 :cG#, Kt";<LM /M5,? K3J [U <LZG .<#LT?6#7
/":(1 "(2 G#× [U /:bG1 "61"2 S2 0 R&62 G2 LT (2 <2 :c,?
s?6"#, / +0#'2 G 4"J2 { I>,2 3J# EF ",& .<#T! O2 :0 V= <LT?6A77
eÐph "emoÑÏ e hij k« Ôeqh p phep k«
Ôepqh
W<H ³X K3> Kt"2 H (2 &S(5,? "&J#, Kt";<LT?6(
K(H IJ2 H (2 SQ .",1:" V= <T1"2 C?6#7
&S(5,62 3 K],? K3J ":0;<2 &S(5,-H1 "&J#, K],:6 /LM&,?
J2 1A I>! .<#A/ kÐqh ¯q°im oÐ e Ðp « Ôhpe ¯
p« hpÍkph °h ÑnÏp« o« qhÎª¯ nepÐ ®iÖ W<H X EF
KtA,2 J#7
&S(5,:6C:MG 1"2 G#G! K(H 3 I>! W XX JA <#1"2 )#:& ³
&S(5,:6C:MG"#,H IJ2 H (2 SQ.",1:" V= <T1"2 C?6#7
(2 3 1"2 G#G5,? <=J2 I>! .<#A S2 0 1"2 G#G5,? ³ &S(5,?
R,#]M"#,^!@ Ö e ph ÉnÐ Él hijª ÔhpÏephË«
ike m oephª Ð Ñ W<H £³X ¢ &A 1"2 G#G! x<0H:,C!@
&A 1"2 G#G! ,#x<2 :(C! [U &S(5,:6C:MG J#H,6#,\ S2 1"#2 1A
(2 &2 :6G#ZC?6#7
/>"2 G#,/ /&$A /QO2 :0G2 /& O2 G#G1AM3 O MQAR,#?6&2 :0 K3<"=
'>H, YZG#" [U S#3:J Y3:&H, &2 U!P,2 3.J#!7
'0H,? S# <#S5,-H ;<#= <LM&,?6@ 0#9 &2 3 V&,:6 KT1A
O M;<." &,6A <b2 7 &,? 0#9 ^H '#>RS_G '#LM#,?7 /A
N0P+N#`)* 3,6#( 9a +N 3(# '#1"2 (#2 (A! s>"2 G#(
O !<2 H:,G#!7 /Q" O !<2 H:,H '#=J'#, <2 . <2 3&U'#> Kt"2 C?6#7
'(2 " :(; <:M;<A <=J2 0#9 IJ2 G .<#A@ %'2 G2 c;<! &2 :61A /$1"!
S2 QA<&,:6G# O* <:MH,; .<#,2 3J#_ EF '0H,? .,LM"#,H 3
I>,2 3JA7 W¢X
/A <=J2 ; <2 . KtA! .<#A@
Y3P L.S<:( RS_" .<#A &,-M3 :¶1"#3 /UQ"#3 7 .'=,]M&#>
L.S<:( RS_C'#> &,:6 &3 B]Z &2 LZUH, YZC! K3>
Kt"2 C?6#7
W<#H, " '# <H,!¢¢@ &2 6H,HJ2 ;P¢@
/+0#1"2 3 <#:&G2 (2 G! <H,!X
ÓQ"H I=> H Y$]<LM"#!/ 1."#T '# H! .&LT :&H!

s6$0#!7 /Q" s6$`3 Z;<:MG2 .O #H!.<#A '0H,? :¶1"#(2 3
|\S2 H?6#,0#!6@ &(A B]T" 0# 0#9 ^H., L.S<:(
RS_&#,? K3J# :¶1"# H &c2 ;<T! /GP!@ 0#9 ^H '#>RS_C!
/GPY?6 '0H,? R,#]T &Q" [LTR'#1" (2 a ! SQ.",! &QA &2 T.'·
/Q" &S(! :¶1"#(2 3 B]T"0# R,#]T &$;<LM"#, /UH.'# K3>
[}R&#U &S(1"2 a ! SQ.",1:" V= <T1"2 &2 T'0&# <2 . G2 3 /Q"1 "&> u~
&2 "1"2 a ! &UH sb1";<LT?6A7 ;<ZG2 UQA! "(A "&J#( Q"
&#"1:" & :,&2 M#A (2 G! K3J P"2 G P1",1"2 a ! H,U1:"H IJ2 C?6#
K3J#@ :(; <#A,#H,.& "= Y$]<T! )"* +,:6 '>H,2 3.J#! K3J
&$A &#"1:" K;<Z O !<YZC!
)"* + (2 SQ.",1:" s]T<]b2 (# :"1 BH,2 zS.&]T! K(H
I>! /&@ (2 0@ R'#1" &)* G2 .0.G SQ .",1:" V= <T1A! "(A
s6$:0 /A &:$ V3 BH,2 zS&2 :0
)"* + "#$;%&'#( J2 &2 ;<#6 R"#MUM3 &Q"2 UQ"#a !/ A H
Y$]<LM# V=,H IM#A K3<"2 s>"2 :GH ,#LT! /& H Y$]<LM
"(A I=:J /A &:$ BH,2 RGJ2 G#A?6#.$· "#$;%&'#( J2 &2 ;<#6
&#2 :SCM3 &QA?6 )"* :N &2 M iep )ep® kÖª¯h °Ñnoi
Ôe ªhª « K3J /&$A s6$ sG&#,2 &2 LM"# )"* :N &2 M
'#H,1"2 = Y$b#( /&$A vG &2 6H,Y! YH,2 G1A&! R<=J&2 LM"#
/A &:$ O #! IJ2 G"2 ÙQA O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#
V= <LM <#"2 ;PH!/ &)* H! S!<Q"'2 :07 "(# &)* <#"2 H,;<LZUH.'·
K3J SQ .",1"2 =., /M'2 :0 K3<:"1 R"62 &#,1 R"#2 QAR,#].M#!7 1AM3
<2 . G2 3 &#"5,? H!@ N 3(#^H! 'LT'3J2 &$A RS#Q"
&2 6H,5,-H., Y$b#, :'QA?6A K3<:"C! J2 QAR,#].M#!7 T1"
/"c2 K"2 #2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_G#"A V3 K3J Z;<:MG2 :'Q" &$A
&#"1"2 = #2 G R"62 &#( <"2 :0 K"2 <#U5,?7 W/3¶# 0#9X

O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LZUQ"# :"H
,#x<2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_"2 U;<#,?7 ;<Z &2 'S(! RS_""#,
KQ"1 ",&,-! /:07 K(.&@ &2 'S(! /:0 K3<."
O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! :&H,;<M&2 :0 K3<"=,#(
S#3J#,1 "2 ,|,2 3JA K3J Z;<:MG2 S.,#"$ O <2 G&,-H (2 G!
RS_G;<LM"#,H I>! "#$;%&'#( )"* :N '>H,2 3J#7
s?6:" :&1A &2 'S(! RS_&A"#3 O2 G#G'#( &2 'S('#!7 (#@ &
/Q" &#"1:" <.&><LM '2 :,;<T1",? RS_A )"* y IJ;<M#"
RS_"2 ,:6 .'0"2 ,'#, / :b1." &a ;<T1" Y:(,2 J#7
*+,-,./ 0,12345 6378-+9 :;<
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,:6C! &,? R,#]T &Q" .&"1:"C! R<#_RG(
O2 :0 O #LM K"2 #2 ,? ,T! YG=S2 ,:6 .'=R,#]ZUQ"(7
O <2 ,? O #G,1AH\ (2 G! :&H,;<LT > '#" ,#0! &,? '(O2 :0
<#"2 H,;<LZUQ"# K"2 #2 ,? /A J2 1A O2 \SG! &2 'S(! RS_"2 U;<#,?7
W<HX
O <2 WNX &,-H\ RS_G;<LM (2 G1"# ':(&2 GUM3 "#!<1"2 G1"2
T<M#'.0.G "#!<1"2 G sJ&2 T<LM"#, O <2 WNX &,-H; .<#`
sb^ V= <LMA· ³ '#"! 0@ ³ &UM! /Q" O2 :0 V= <LM# IM / :" K"2 #2 ,?
&2 'S(! RS_G'#LM#,?7 &2 'S(! RS_G^! YZG#A· VR((2 @ /A R&62
s0H1 R"#2 C! S'#\S#$'07
&,-M !@ &,6A ':(&2 GUM ! 'LT;<T1";<LM <2 $\S2 :( /A·
/":( K;<Z K"2 #2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_G YZC! E(.&@ (2 G! RS_G;<LZUQ"#
K"2 #2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_"2 U;<#,?@ &2 'S(! RS_G#""2 (# (2 G! RS_G;<LMA
K3<A R<#_G#( ",& EF & &#"2 T&A K}&6^ "&J#( ,].b#LM! K3>
S2 Q"2 1A; <#U5,?·
,#x<2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_"2 U;<#,.6· K3J 1"'=JO2 G#G'=JO <2 WNX
&,-:MG S4, &#|&2 S!<Q";<M#" S5,"2 :G :&1A@ µ,! RS_A@ Q"
µ,1"2 3 Z;<:MG2 "#$%&'#( )"* :N '>;<A K}&6^ "&J#(
ÁY:J K3<:" O TO2 :0.G#T S2 Q"2 1A; <#U5,?·
&,-H /A J2 1" K}&2 " J2 ^! /:07 &,? R&>! µ,1:".G
<2 3<=>,2 3J(7 O2 \SG'#, R&>! µ,! s]:'H KQ"; <G ! "$#A7 W¢ X
&,? R&>! µ,1:"C! "5,? '(! &2 U!P&:"C.' <2 3<=>,2 3J(7
O2 \SG'#, &,6A /$LS,(2 M'2 UQA .O &c2 &,62 M! &Q." /UH,2 3JA7
W¢ ¢X
R&>! µ,5,:6; <2 3<=>&A KQ" &:,G2 a ! S1"2 G1"2 = A :b O2 =,#A K !

.<#A@ µ,1"2 3 Z;<:MG2 "#$%&'#( )"* :N '>H! /&#2 3 &#"1"2 3
s]:' O2 :0:G 'H,? S2 Q"2 H, .&]T!7
1,=.>?@A+B 5CDE@F.EGB 5H
Y3 H; <2 3 Y$b#,; .<v,2 J#@ RS_":"\ RS_G&2 :0 K3,2 J#@
RS_G#" :"\ RS_." 3 K3,2 J#@ /& I>&:" K;<Z O !P&A K3> O2 \SG!
&2 'S(! RS_"2 U;<#,?7 /Q" &#_;:< O2 \SG! ¾¿ &2 LZUH, '#LM#,?7
W<HX
)"* y RS#0;<M#" RS_"2 ,:61 "#(#,H ,= <:( <]b2 @ O <2 WNX

&,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#@ & Y3 H; <2 3 Y$b#,;
.<S2 G"#,^!@ RS_":"\ RS_G&2 :0RG3>!RS_G#" :"\ RS_""#,^!
IJ2 G"#,\ S2 1"#2 H, Y:(,2 3J#7 O <2 WNX &,? J2 1"0&# .<v,2 3.J#!
K3J \S.'#@ ,]b2 G sb.&# R,#©S! IM /0#A )"* :N
&2 'S2 H,2 3.J#! K3J K]b! A62 IM / 3J2 /}&#> RS#Q"H ,U1:" )"* y3
,U1"#, Y3:&H,0#'#
/Q"; <#"2 ;P #2 U O #L,? 'LT! /UQA O* 5,2 G2 UQ"# A K"2 #2 ,62 3
,&(1"2 = \ RS0#' /UH, &#_;P]T7 > '#" ,#0! O* Z1" /Q"; <#"2 ;P
O2 \SG! 'H,? :(&UH! R"#2 Q"2 UH,#' /UH, YZG#A7
'H,.6#T 'H,6#,H ,0QA uI,#" " :0& K3J# > '#" ,#0Y! 'H,:6\
SQ"2 ;<:"1 "&2 1A /Q"H :J:G ':J1"2 UH,0#!7
(# O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,? "2 (Y! §QA .&:6 <?62 &#S` R"#t:,
O M1"2 (#,?7 KQ" .O $Y! 'H,? &,:6\ SQ"2 H! &#_;:<
&c5,2 G2 UQ"#,?7 K(.& O <2 ,? O #G,1AH '(O2 :0 <#"2 ;P V= <LZUQ"#
K"2 #2 ,? J2 Q"2 U;<#,?7 /:" :'G'#, :&1A <2 $\S#$ C1"1:"
O M1"2 G2 U;<#,?7 W<HX
/0J1"2 T<M#'.0.G T<LM"#, K]b2 GA K"2 #2 ,-H 0@ O <2 1

."#c,-H., R"#2 Q"2 UH, &#_;P /:0 K ! .<#A@ K"2 #2 ,-H1
R"#2 Q"2 UH!@ &,? O2 \SG'#, &2 'S2 1"2 U;<#,? K3> I>&A 1"'=J
&#"'#!7 /Q"; <Q"2 G2 a ! /Q"; <#"2 ;P O2 \SG'#, 'H,? :(&UH!
R"#2 Q"2 UH,#' /UH, &#_;P /:0 K3J µ,1:".G & Y3:&1A?6#7
.&:6 0@ .&:6 'H,-H1 R"#t:,:G O M1"2 (#a ! &UH
V= <LM"#, )"* + I>! <#"2 ;P R&62 s0H1 R"#2 &"=,#( &#_;.< /:0
K ! .<#A@ /}&#"! 1"'=>; .<#,2 3JA7 /Q"; <Q"2 G2 a ! &
µ,1:"1"#3 Y3:&H,2 3J#7
³ '#"! /Q"; <#"2 ;P O* Z1"A K3J Z;<:MG2 "#3 /Q" &#"1:".G
&a ;<T1A,2 3J#7 (#@ (2 G! ³ '#"! O* Z1"A K3J ,#0 6^
"#$%&'#("07 K(.&@ /Q";<#"2 ;P #2 U O #L,? /UQA O* 5,2 G2 UQ"# A
K"2 #2 ,62 3 ,&(1"2 =\ RS0#' /UH, &#_;P]T K3J &#2 3 &#S,;<Z.G
&#2 3 /Q" &#"! Z<LT; .<#,2 3JA7
K(.&@ O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! :&H,;<M^! /:07 '(O2 :0 <#"2 ;P
V= <M^! /:0 K3<A "2 LM&LM'#,1 R"#2 ,2 JA7
u~ µ,5,:6 Y3:&1A@ S2 0 .'0"2 , ,U1AH,:6C! .S1AH R,#]T />"2

YZ:& 'LT! "2 LM&LM'#,1 R"#2 &2 1A &2 T,2 3J#7 <0z('#( J2 &2 ;<#6,?
<0 [U RS_"2 :G\ RS#3(#a !@ A <0z('#(A"#3 K(H I>! /&@ u~
µ,5,? .SQA "2 LM&LM'#( s]:' K3J O2 :0:G :MG#A K3<:"
J2 G#"2 U;<A \S#2 G'#,^?6A·
JKLM,N2./ :; 0,12345 63780,K=LH
K"2 #2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_G#""= O #! &2 6H,! IJ2 &2 L.M#!7 /A O <2 WNX
&,6A T!< &2 &,#$1AM3 S!<Q";<LM <2 $\S2 :(7 K(.& K"2 #2 ,-H /A
R"#2 Q"2 UH, &#_;.< /:07 K(.& &2 'S2 1"2 UH, YZG#A K3<." Q"
O2 G#G'#( <"2 0#!7
/;.<#A O2 G#G'#( [U .,?&2 :G Y3:&H, &2 U!P,2 3.J#!7

/Q" )"* + "#$%&'#( J2 &2 ;<#6 R"#MUM3 P,##2 @ Y+`! s?62 LM
<.&><LM J2 {,62 3 ¤=,62 /M!R<=>?6A7 /Q" )"* + /M!R<=J
¤=,-H &2 6H,^:$,-! Kt";<LT?6(7
/Q" )"* + Y+`! J2 {,? :(&U! J2 Q" '+)´ <2 $<0'#(
J2 &2 ;<#,^! "2 ,|,2 3JA7
O !<1 "Q" O 0J2 {,? G#U! V3 /Q" )"* :N &2 'S2 H,&2 :0 &,? /Q"
)"* :N &2 'S2 H,#"A /;<Z [U O2 ,|\S2 O MQ"A K3<"=,#( S#3J#,1
"2 ,|,2 3J"0&#
&,?@ /Q" )"* + H Y$]<T&"#,H ,U"&2 :0@ <1"J2 ^H
Y$]<LM"#,H ,U"&2 :07
(2 G! <=J2 G (2 3 O2 :0;<#LZ= Y$]<LM"#,H ,U"&2 :0@ /Q"
)"* :N V=>HR,#]M# (2 SQ.",! V= <T! K3> ,U"&2 :07
/;<Z /UH,@ /&UH 'LT! /;<ZRG0#! ."#3>,2 3JA K3J# &,?
1":( .<:$C! J2 &2 `,? K3<"# 3N 3(#:&; P#2 QAR,#?61
R"#2 G#"&,? K3<"# 0A /&@ "#3 P#2 QAR,#?&"2 V."# .,#6#>
&2 T,2 3J# K3> ,UA&"# / :" [}R&#U R,#?:,\ S.,#"$ ! O2 "#('#,\
S2 Q"2 H, .&]T!7
,#x<2 ,? &2 'S(! RS_G&2 :0@ K(.&@ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#, &Q" )"* +
R<#_ K3> I>&"#
0A Y+`! J2 {,? /Q" )"* :N &2 'S2 H,&2 :0@ K(.&@ /Q" )"* +
s]:'G#(A K3<"# KA &a &#( O2 G#G'#( &#"! K3<:"\ S2 Q"2 H,
.&]T!7 /;<Z\ S2 Q"2 H! .<#A /& "&J#F .,#b1"2 Á,2 <2 :cG#(
Z;<:MG2 &2 'S2 1A@ 1"'=J &#"5,:6 Y3:&1A@ Q" )"* :N '>H,
YG&:"1 R"62 &#,1 R"#2 QAR,#?60#!7
/Q" &#"1"2 = &a .SH, & /3 ! u~ µ,5,:61 A :b &#"5,6#,
Y3:&H,2 3J#7 &=J2 =,#( &2 6H,5,:6C! J2 QAR,#?&A &S2 G'#!7
/ :J1 B",-H &,? 0#9 &2 3 B",?"#3 K3<:" O2 <2 H,
= P"5,? &c5,;<LM( K3<:" O2 <2 H,^!@ S#"#$b '(2 ",:6 O <2 G#, V=,
'H,? '>1"( K3<:" &2 6H,^! & u~ 3 &S(5,:6 "#$'#,H
,#LT,2 3J#7 £ @ ¢³ @ ³ ³@ ³ £ @ @ ¢ ¢¢ @ ¢ £@ ¢ @ ¢ £ @ @
¢@ £ @ ¢ @ £@ ³ @ ³£ ³@ £@ /}&6^ &S(5,62 3 ,U1:"C!
¢ <H,5,62 <"2 ^ RS_A /Q" YZ^ O2 :JG &S(5,62 3 Z;<:MG2
KTH,;<LMA K3¿ K]b1:" 'H,? '("2 <"2 H,2 J#7 /}&6^ &S(5,:6
:&1A! & :&H! &#"! K3(R&3J#¡7
/Q" O2 :0G2 O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,-H µ",? (2 G! :&1A
&,:6.G 'Q"2 $ SH"2 G# YMH,2 ; .<#LZUQ"# / :J1 B":$ &2 M µ",?
RS_A ,#LZGA R<#2 G = P"'#, 'H,6# ,U";<LZUH!7 W<H¢X
O <2 WNX &,-H\ RS_G;<LM (2 G1"# & YMH,2 ; .<#M;<LM"#,
)"* + IJ&2 :07 /A ." :&G2 0#" '2 :,;<T1"0#!7 R"#MQA &U!
<Q"2 ,62 a ! (2 G1"# O <2 WNX &,? YMH,;<LM"#,^!@ z|1";<LM"#,^!
S2 1"#2 H,2 3J#7 /A )"* y IJ;<M#":"H IJ2 @ '2 :,;<T1"2 @ "3 <2 3 Q"
)"* :N '>H! "&J#( ÁY:JG#!7 /;<Z '2 :,;<T1"2 (#"#3 '>H!
'(O2 :0H 'H,:6H R,#]T &$0#! K3<"=,#,@ & '>H! K0#
)"* +,62 a ! /Q" '2 :,;<T1A! "&J#( .<#H:,H :,HR,#?,2 3J#7
/ :J&(# ."^ RS_G;<LM&:$.G YMH,2 ; .<#LM#,? K3J# 3>
K1":,G &2 :6^,? V= <LZUH!
O !:'; .<#3J '(2 "$#, /& /UQA! /& RS_A ,#LZG S2 0 = P"5,:6H
,]T /:J1 B" K3> O !<2 .(#!@ / 3> &$A '(O2 :0:G.G <#"2 H,\ RS_A
&2 LM#,.6@ /&:$ &2 M µ",? 0&# 3'* , =J '2 H,&,? K3>
!'H,62 ,b2 S'#(&,? K]b2 G2 U;<#,?7
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G1"# V= <LM <#"2 ;P &,-H!@ &,6A
':(&2 GUH! 'LT! R"#2 Q" RS_"2 K3> V=,(.& O #! &2 6H,2 &2 L.M#!7
1AM3 (2 G! RS_G;<LM RS_"2 J2 G;<LM <2 3( IM /Q" RS_"2 'H,?
'1"2 G2 <$&2 "* :' sU&#,2 &2 MH IM#A EF O <2 WNX &,? &2 U!<2 (#,?7
1 ."#T O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM RS_"2 &,-H.,
/>"2 G2 "#3 R"#2 Q"A7 R"#2 Q" sM.(.G <#2 ,#$Y! ,2 :M1A &2 LMA7 /;<Z1"#3
)"* + I>,2 3JA7
/;<Z /UH,@ O <2 WNX &,-H µ",? (2 G! RS_A O <2 :G.G YMH,2 ;
.<#LM#,?7 K(.&@ O <2 :G &2 M µ",.6 3'* , =J R<=J&,? K(\ S2 0
K]b2 G2 U;<#,?@ /:" &2 'S2 1"2 U;<#,?@ / +0#1:" &2 LT!
R&62 .GJ2 G2 U;<#,? K3> µ,1"2 3 Z;<:MG2 .,?&2 Kt;P&A K;<Z
O2 G#G'#!
T1A@ (2 G! RS_" µ",:6 3'* , =J '2 H,&,? K3>

K]b2 G2 U;<#,6#!7
(2 G1:" 3'* ,'#,.&#@ = P"'#,.&# 'H,? ,U"&2 :07 :"1 "* G
SH"2 ,62 3 A :bCM3 RS_C! [U "* G .&:0G#,1"#3 'H,? ,U"2 (7
/& J2 ;<2 LT?6 &S(5,62 @
&,62 3 s?65,? 0LS2 G! RS_,2 3J(7 /& s5,:6; .<#3J '(2 " "&2 $
.&> G# <#1AHR,#].M /Q" (2 G1"2 M! RS,2 J* ,6# K3> O* "2
/ :c1."# '2 ,^! /$,S2 G'#,; .<v,2 3J( W¢X
K3<A! [3J#!7
(2 G! RS_.&#:$\ S#"#$b '(2 ",6#,1"#3 3:JG 'H,? ,U"2 C?6(
K3<:" /Q" O(! R"62 &#, sb1A,2 3JA7 K:"C! '2 :,;<T1"2 ; .<S2 ;
<c,2 G"#@ (2 G1:"C! = P"! 3'* ,! K3> '2 :,;<T1"2 @ '>H!
'(O2 :0H 'H,:6H R,#]T&$ YG=S2 H,2 3J#7
/& RS_A ,#LZG = P"1:" &2 M µ",? R<#2 G = P"! RS_A ,#LZ
&2 LM#,?7 = P"! RS_"&:$.G 'Q"2 $ SH"2 G# z|1"2 &2 LM#,? K3> [U&
IM &2 'S(! RS_G&2 :07 :"H ,#$b! ,#LZ [U& IM /+0#1:" &2 LT
&2 LT '"! '#J2 \ RS0&2 :07
K}&2 " S#"(1:"C! <G3<T1"#' S* ;:<C!@ YZ:GC! <G3<T1"2 / :J1
B":$ z|1"2 (#,? K3<A "&J#( ",& K3<A /"2 ÙQA R"62 &#,2 3JA7
/Q"; <Q"2 G2 a ! (2 G1"2 3 40! O <2 G&,? z|1";<LM"#,^! [U&U!

&2 'S2 H,&2 :0@ /+0#1:" &2 LT! R&62 .GJ&2 :07 K(.&@ (2 G!
RS_G;<LM"#,H I>! )"* + R<#_G#(A K3,2 J#7
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#@ /0J1"2 T<M#'.0.G
T<LM"#, O2 :(1"#,?7 /A &,6A ':(&2 '#:$1 "&2 $ .&> K&UH!
R"#2 G&$#A7 K(.& K&U! &2 'S2 H! O2 :0.G#@ /:"H ,#$b! ,#LZ /+0#1:"
&2 LT! R&62 .G>! O2 :0.G# V= <M &#_;P /:07
T1A@ "(H\ (2 G! :&H,;<LT?6A K3<A O <2 H., />"2 G2 "#3 R"#2 G
&Q"A7 ;<ZG2 UH, µ",? /&:$ z|1"2 &2 LM( EF 'H,? &2 'S2 1"2 U;<#,?@
/& RS_" = P"1"# /&:$ O !<2 (# µ",? Ó&:$ &2 M R<#2 G = P"1:"\
RS_A &2 LM#,.6 EF Y+`!,? K]b2 /U;< K3J &#"5,-!@ µ,5,-!
1"'=J:&,6#!7
/ :J1 B",-H K"2 $#, /1":,G = P" SH"2 :G K"2 #2 ,-H &c5,2 @ O !<2 H:,
R,#]M 'H,:6 0#9 O2 \SG! "M!P$6\ RS_"2 UH× '#LM#3 K3<"# O <2 ,?
O #G,! WNX &,-H (2 G! :&H,;<LZUH,.& YZG#A K3<"2 §G'2 :0 7
K0# &2 MG1"2 a ! µ,! RS_"&@ "=.<#A 0#9 &2 3 &2 ¶G1"2 a ! µ,!
RS_,2 J#7 A^! <2 :cG#( µ,!·
Y"` (2 G1:" 3'* ,!= P"! K3,2 J#7 (2 G1"# O <2 WNX &,?
YMH,;<LM#,?z|1";<LM#,? K3> S2 1"#2 H,2 3J#7 <2 3(@ /:J1 B"UH
K"2 $#, /1" :,G = P" SH"2 :G K"2 #2 ,-H 0#9 &c5,2 G2 UH, '#LM#3 K3J
µ,1:" Y3:&H,2 3J#7 YZ:& 'LT! O <2 ,? O #G,1"2 = (2 G!
:&H,;<LZUH,.& YZG#A K3<"2 §G'2 :0 K3> s>"2 G#,H IJ2
&2 T,2 3J#7 "(A ,U1:" 'H,? '("2 <"2 G:&H, & :,G#-! "Q"2 $5,62
/A^! [3>7
O <2 WNX &,-H &c5,;<LM / +$# '2 9 $#w K3J = P".' <0:$1
"M!P$6\ RS_A?6A7 /A J2 1A &.$ .<S2 CY?6#7 ;<Z /UH! .<#A
/;<Z &#"! RS_&A O2 G#G'#
"w # K ! /+0#1"2 3 '2 ,; R<#2 G K"2 #2 H 0#9 u~ = P"5,:6
&c5&#37 &3 &#(1:"; <#1A@ ':c R<#c2 K3J# ':c R<#c2 C!@
&:( V=J 'H,62 3 È,? RSc2 ;<:MC!@ V=,#."##2 3 È,? &$]T
RSc2 ;<=>; .<#! K3RJ0#! )"* +,? I>,2 3J(7 /+0#1"2 3 K"2 #2 H
0#9 = P"1:"WX &c5, '#LM#3 K3> K;<ZH IJYZC! /Q"H
.,?&2 ,-HR,0#! V"#&A S'#62 ;P; <"2 ,:6 62 ;<A &UH\
S#1"2 G'#(."· K(2 !@ & '>H, YZG#" 0#9 &2 3 &2 MG1"2 & RS_"
µ,! "&J#(A K3<:" O2 <2 H,1"H× S#3> [3:J Y3:&H, &2 U!P,2 3.J37
4N#W :0X &,? BS* (# ':0H\ RS,2 3J#,?7 )# 3W :0X &,?
S4,1"2 = 1 " :0:' "#5,2 3J#,?7 S#'2 #2 K3<&3 2 ;#* W :0X &,62 3
,#0Z ']:bC!@ O:,,:6C! [3> .S1A [U ,#:6H ,3:J\ RS_,2 J#37 A
'#T ,1A&:"; .<#3> ,1A,2 3JA7
&3 &,-HH ,#:6H ,3J2 3 sU&1:" R&62 ;<T1"2 (#3 7 "= '#LZ3
S;"Y! /UQ"A7 sM.(@ W'H,?X /A"#3 s5,? /$LS, !@ 4N#&2 3
/$LS, ! !7 (#@ & 'JQA &2 LM# EF &,? IJ2 (7 WX
WJ2 ;P /Q" &S(1"2 S#'2 #2 ,#:6H ,3:J\ RS_"A!@ W'H,?X /A"#3 s5,?
,M^?@ 4N#&2 3 ,M^? K3J( K3> 3 I>,2 3JA7 <,#P &,?
IJ2 (#,? K3> /U;<:" ,#0&3 IJ2 (#3 K3J Z;<:MG2 "&J#(
R'#c2 G#H,! RS_A?6#7X
;R<#tA 'H,? ,#:6H ,3:J &b5,2 3J(7 )# 3 O <2 @ /:"
&b5,#"* ,? K3> K}&6.&# KT1A\ RS#,2 3J#7 'H,? &:$H R,#:0
RS_G Y= <T,2 3J(7 /Q" O2 :0G2 a ! )# 3 O <2 G# /"= '#=J'#, 0A
/ :" '2 :,H! &]b! = P"! RS_A &:(1 ."#=,ZH, YZG&2 :07 /A
J2 1A,$#'1 Yx2 N# <=J2 ; .<v! .<#A /&.$ &2 #2 &#,.& .<S2 C?6#7
/5., K"2 #2 H 0#9 = P"1:" &c5,2 C?6#37 O <2 H KA^! RS_G YZG#"
O2 :0 V= <LT?6A7 'H,? <0U! "M!P$]T@ O <2 :G.G K"2 H! O2 :0H\
RS3>?6(7 /;<Z /UH,@ / :J1 B",-H K"2 $#, /1" :,G = P" SH"2 :G
K"2 #2 ,-H &c5,2 O !<2 H:, R,#]M 'H,:6@ 0#9 O2 \SG'#,1 "M!P$6\
RS_"2 UH, '#LM#3 K3J /&#2 3 µ,! H Y$]<LMA7 0#9 &2 3
&2 MG1"2 H '#=J'#, /;<Z µ,! RS_C! "2 ,#$1:" /&UH
&c5,2 GA G#
/Q"1 "&J#( µ,1"2 (A!@ &#"1"2 (A! Z;<:MG2 O <2 WNX &,-H
(2 G! RS_G;<LM"#,H I>! )"* :N '>H! &$A &#"! "&J#(A K3<:"
K&U! K62 "2 sb$0#!7
T1A@ (2 G! :&H,;<LM& 0 K3> 3 I>,2 3JA K3J Z;<:MG2
& :&H! &#"1"2 & H!@ &$A RS#Q" &#"5,-H! Y$]<T!
&2 "1:"1 R"#MQA .O #H.&#!7

Y)!'1WNX (2 G! RS_G;<LM&
/ +0#1"2 3 K"2 #2 ,? O <2 WNX &,:6 '+)´ ¸ (2 G!

RS_G;<LM& EF &2 'S2 1A?6(7 ;<Z &2 'S2 1"&,:6H
3 O2 G#GH,#$,? K3> I>,2 3JA7 /" 3 40!
&,6A &2 'S(! 0#9 &# '>H,;<LT?6A7 /;<Z /UH, O <2 WNX
&,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#, )"* + I>,2 3JA7 K(.& /Q" )"* :N
V=>HR,#?6 YZG#A K3J ."#$:bG2 &#"2 1A S.,#"$ )"* :N ü>H,2 3J#7
/Q" &#"! "&J#("#!7 /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&;<"3 40! S.,#"$ "(H1
"#.( Y$]<T,2 3J#7
(2 G! K3J# R&>! |\S2 @ "Q"2 $ &2 1:"@ '#G# #0!@ R'2 H K3> &2 6H,!
IJ2 &2 LT /Q" /M1"2 '+)´ K3<"= &2 6H,'62 H! .<#A &UH
'#=>H ,U1A:MG&,? I>! &2 6H,1:".G V=>HR,#]T &#"2 ;<"3 40!
"(H1 "#.( Y$]<T,2 3J#7
'+)´ ¸ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3J R'#c2 R<G;PH &$A &2 6H,;<Z
|\S2 H?6#(&@ '#G# #0 &2 1:"H?6#(&@ R'2 HH?6#(&
K3J0&# 1"Y! &2 6H,Y! KT1"2 UH, .&]T! /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&1"" 3
40! & (2 G! K3J [3> /UH,2 JA K3<:" V=>HR,#?,2 J#7
K(.&@ /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&1""3 40! & "(H1 "#.( Y$]<T&AM3
(2 G1"2 = R&>! "Q"2 $ &2 1:"@ R'2 H@ '#G##0! K3> /A &:$ & 62 1"
1"'=J &#"1:" &.$ "&> EF [;PHR,#]M&$#,2 3J#7
T1"A@ /Q" /M1"2 <G3<T1";<LM '+)´ K3J <"1"2 = 43>
1"5,? JP R'#c2 Z;<:MG2 a ! 3 &2 6H,^:$G#6,62 3
&2 G#H,2 G#(5,62 3 40Y! R,#TH,0#!7 "2 KQ" 1"1:"H R,#T1"#a !
/Q" &S(5,-H! ¸ O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#,H I>!
)"* N H'2 :MG2 KQ" Y$]<#T Kc#A7 / :" &U! R"62 &#,.& &2 65,2
:&1A?6#7
O <2 .G '(2 ",62 M'2 UQA s!:'; <#A,#;.<#! W³X K3J 3 &S(! G#U!
O <2 :GH R,#0 YZG#A K3.J I>,2 3JA K3<:"1 R"62 &#,1 R"#2 QAR,#].M
O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM )"* + /Q" &S(1"2 = Y$]<LMA
K3> &#"2 LMA .<# /Q" &S(1"2 =! )"* N H'2 :MG2 KQ" Y$]<#T!
/:0 K3<:" J2 QAR,#].M & /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&1A?6#7
/Q" &S(! .O $ZG#, O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G YZG#A E3<:"1"#3
I>,2 3JA K3<:" & R"62 &#,1 R"#2 Q"2 UQ"#@ /:".G Y" &#"'#, :&1A
R&LT [3> A]T /$]T K(; <2 $\S2 :(:G YZ1"2 U;<#7 <.&> &#"5,:6
Y3:&1A 'H,? '("2 J2 1" )"* + J2 1A SQ .",5,:6 V= <T1"2 @ "3
<2 3( /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&;<" 3 40! /Q" &#"! &a &=JA K3<:";
P#2 QAR,#].M /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&1A?6# EF µ,2 H,0#!7 W/Q" µ,1"2 =
&aÚLT&"#, &$A Kt1A :'QA?6:"; <2 3( J2 ;<2 T.&#!7X
²Íop ®iÖnQ
(2 '+)´ $# ¸ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3J &#1:" O <2 WNX
&,:6H J2 1A ,#x <2 ,6# /U /M5,62 a !@ 4N# O <2 :GH J2 1A
<2 }(# [U /M1"2 a ! <G3<T1"; <LT?6A7
o q± « ÉÊp o («r
O2 \SG'#, O #! 4N#^H1 R"62 &#( [3<A 1"#LS2 ,:6 &c5,2 .(#!7 W"'A
S4,'#,2 GX &,62 M! & &Q".<#A WK3( O2 ,|Q"A EF O <2 .G·X O*
/ +$#`3 SQ""2 G2 (#2 M! .,LT;<#U!7 4N#.&· O2 \SG'#, (2 G!
RS_G;<LM&$#, s!:' O #3 K]Á,2 .J3 K3> <2 }3 &#2 M! IJ2 (#37
W X
<2 }3 4N# O <2 :G (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K(H IJ2 G:"H .(#@ 4N#
O <2 .G# V=>HR,#?6&2 :07
/"= ; <"2 I>! .<#A 4N#W :0X &,?@

&#(5,? '=>! %'2 G2 3 /$LS,.( / :&,:61 R"62 &#( S#3>,6#, /JH,2
/UH,2 J#3 K3<:" O2 \SG'#, O* J2 &#_7 <2 }.(· O2 \SG'#, O #3 s3:(
c2 ^H?6#H,; <T<&(#,.& K]Á,2 .J3 EF W4N#X IJ2 (#7
W X
.'= <Z &S(1"2 3 40! &3 IJ2 G:" '>1"AM3 &3

c2 ^H?6#,HIZG&3 K3>! 4N# O <2 IJ2 (# K3<A R"62 &#,2 3JA7
K(2 ! 4N# O <2 <2 3( (2 G1"2 =?6#(#,? K(H 3 I>,2 3JA7
(2 GH,#$,? ,G2 >,:6C! "Z,:6C! .<#LM .<#A &,6A (2 G1"2 3
,#$b'#, :& <#!P,? .<#3> .<#`1 ."#=J1:" V= <T1"2 (7 'H,-H
'LT'3J2 4N# O <2 HH IM :& <#!<#,1 R"3<LM(7 & \SY=J#7
/ :"H 3 s>"2 RS_,2 3JA7 W³³X
<2 }3 4N# O <2 :G (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3,2 3J#3· &3 RS#3(<Z.G
& (2 G! RS_G;<LM#7 " 3 <#"2 ;PH?6#(#7 /;.<#A <2 }3
RS#3(A RS#3(<Z O MQ"A K3> G#U! I>&#,6# 4N# O <2 H (2 G1"#
,G2 >!@ "ZC! <#!<#,1 R" 3<LMA K3> I>&A <2 }:(
s]:';<T1A&"#'# :(; R<#_;<T1A&"#'# 3 H.,
Y$]<T,2 3J"#
/;<Z /UH, O2 G#GH,#$,? O <2 :G (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3> IJ2 (7
O <2 WRX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3J )"* :N V=>HR,#]M# A
:J¶2 ,62 3 I=:J s]:';<T1A&"#,2 &2 T! EF &2 &#"2 ;<A K;<Z
O2 G#G'#!
<2 } !@ :J ¶2 ,-! '=JH ,#x<2 ,-! O <2 '#,:6; <#1A\ (2 G!
RS_G;<LM& K3> IJ2 GA .&> 1"1"2 0#!7 )"* + I>! RS_"2 .&>
RS_"2 G#!7 /$]TH'2 :MG2 KQ" Y$]<#T! /:07 ;<Z /U;<"#,H
IJ2 (# 4N# O <2 C! (2 G1"2 = ?6#,2 C?6# K(H 3 I>,2 3JA7 :"
O !<HIM#A O !<2 (# :( '>H, .O #2 T!7 0#9:&C!@ 4N# O <2 :GC!
R<#_;<2 1A <2 }:( s]:';<T1" .O #2 T! K3> I>&"#, :'QA &2 T!7
/Q" [U &2 6H,.' /&#2 3 /Q" &#"1"2 3 .<#`1 " 3:':G O2 <2 H,; .<#"2 G
S#3J#!7 K(2 !@ .'0"2 , &2 6H,1"2 =,#, /Q" &S(5,? K5., KQR"Q"
1"5,62 <G3<T1";<LT?6( K3<:"C! /" 3 s]:'G#( &2 6H,!
K3( K3<:"C! &2 #2 &#, .O #H.&#!7
¬ « ÔmoÑÏqr
0A [U P:"G /&UHH R,#TH,; <LZUH, .&]M#'# 0A &UH
[U ."#LM! /UQA@ "2 ÙQA & s]b .&]M#'# WK3>! I>,2 3J(7X
O* 5,? (2 G! RS_G;<LM [U '(2 ":$.G <2 3<=>,2 3J* ,? K3>
O2 G#GH,#$,? I>,2 3J(7 WX
&,? s!'2 M! RS&2 .G=! .<#A K:" RS&2 .G=,2 3J#,? K3<:"C!@
(2 G! RS_G;<LM '(2 ":$ 3J2 .&> K&:$C! O* 5,? <2 3<=J&2 :0 K3>
O2 G#G! RS_."# /$,S2 G! .<S2 HR,#?&:"C! O #! O3,J2 .&#!7 W £X
/Q" /U &S(5,62 a ! O <2 WNX &,:6C! W X @ 4N# O <2 :GC! W³ ¢X @
¶ §; O <2 :GC! W³ X /"3 <3:'; <"! N#`9 O <2 :GC!@ J2 H,;
<G3<T1";<LT?6A7
/Q" /M5,62 /&,62 3 [LTR'#1"; .<#":(,:6C! (2 G1"2 3 s6J
K3J Z;<:MG2 .0.G /}&#> IJ2 ( K3<:" /Q" &S(5,62 3 Y3 <2 3
&S(5,:6 &"#(2 H! .<#A J2 QAR,#?60#!7
£ ! &S(1"2 O2 G#GH,#$,? O <2 :G (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3>
IJ2 G"#, &U,2 3JA7 "= T1A &U! &S(5,62
Ka !P,6#,^!@ sH,2 ;.<#(&,6#,^! O #! ,2 G <2 3( O2 \SG'#, O #!
P"2 GR"#U <:M;<#, Kt;<;<T.&#'# EF &,? .,L,2 3J(7 W £X
K(.&@ O <2 WNX &,6A .<#":( (2 G1"2 =?6#(&(2 3 s6J K3J
1"1"2 .0.G ,#x<2 ,? /;<ZH IJ2 C?6( K3<:" J2 G0#!7
! &S(1"2 a ! O <2 WNX &,:6 '+)´ (2 G1"2 =?6#(& K(H
IJ2 G"#, 3 J2 ;<2 T,2 3JA7 "= YQ :"G &S(5,:6; <#1"#
BA1A&1:" Yt:'G#, '>;<"=,#,1"#3 /;<ZH IJ2 ( K3<:"; P#2 G0#!7
/A R<#_.G 3J2 .&J2 :07 /":( /&.$ /LTH,LZHR,#]M#7 .&> [U
ILM1"2 (U! /"=,#, &UH s"&2 P#2 QA?6( EF O2 $#,#2 1."#
I>,2 3J(7 /"(# &,? O2 \SG'#, O2 G#G1:"C! R<#_:GC.' R,#]T
&QA?6(7
W/:&X Y3.(#,62 3 ,LTH,:",6#!7 /&=:J /&.$ Kt"\RS_AR,#]M#7
A /&UHH ,#:0G2 a ! '#:0G2 a ! <Z1AH ,#LM;<T,2 3JA K3>!
I>,2 3J(7
&#(5,? '=>! %'2 G2 3 /$,S2 G5,:6 O3,J2 Q"&.( /":( /JH,2 :&1"#3
EF WO <2 .GX O* I>z$#,· O2 \SG'#, &3 '2 H, '3(2 ;<&(#,^!@ O2 ,$=J
3P:MG&(#,^! /UH,2 3J#37
0A [U P:"G /&UHH R,#TH,;<LZUH, .&]M#'# 0A &UH
[U ."#LM! /UQA@ "2 ÙQA & s]b .&]M#'# WK3>! I>,2 3J(7X
O* 5,? (2 G! RS_G;<LM [U '(2 ":$.G <2 3<=>,2 3J* ,? K3>
O2 G#GH,#$,? I>,2 3J(7 W£ @@³ @X
/}&#.J N#`9 W :0X &,:6C! /;<Z &2 'S2 1"(7 &,6A S4,1"2 = 1
" 3:( [U /:J1 B" EF & J2 Y,! RS_A@ .<#" :( RS_¾ .<#A &$A
BA1A&1:" Yt:'G#, '>H! &2 "'#,@
W"=,X&,?@ O* (2 G! RS_G;<LM&,62 s?6&"#! K3> IJ2 (7 W³ ¢X
/}&#.J ¶ §;W :0X &,? " 3:( / :J1 B"$#, J2 Y,;<T1"2 ; .<#":(
RS_" .<#A@
W"=,X&,?@ O2 \SG'#, O* @ (2 G! RS_G;<LM&,62 s?6& "#! K3>
IJ2 (7 O* K!:'; .<#3J '(2 ".$G3J2 .&J2 ÿ:07 O2 \SG'#, s!:' O #!
R<#_G,62 s?6&$#,.& K]Á,2 3.J#!7 W³ ³X
/Q" Z;<:MG2 .O #H! .<#A O <2 '#,6A Yt1 BA1A&1:"
'>;<"=,#,.& (2 G! RS_G;<LM&,? EF &,? IJ2 ( K3<:" J2 G0#!7
/&,? (2 G! RS_G;<LM"(# s6U,2 3J( EF &,? IJ2 (7
&,62 3 /Q"H I=:J '>;<A O <2 H\ (2 G.' RS_G YZG#A K3<:"
'>;<"#,#A· O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM )"* :N O !P&A
,#x<2 ,:6 s]:';<T1A&"#,.&# :(; R<#_;<T1A&"#,.&#
[U.<#A! :'G#A7 K(.&@ O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#,H
IJ;<T! )"* y= ! /Q" &S(5,62 3 .<#H,2 = ! KQ" Y$]<#T! /:07
/ :"\ S.,#"$ R"62 &#, &2 65,2 G2 UQ""(#"#3 / :" Y" &#"'#,.&#@ />"2
&#"'#,.&# :&H,&2 :07 1AM3 (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3> K3(
K]b1"2 ,#x <2 ,? IJ2 ( K3<:" &.$ KtA! .<#A@
.&> S2 0 .&:6,62 /&UH G#.$# (2 G! :&1"2 UH, .&]T! K3>
&2 'S(! RS_"(7 /&UH\ (2 G! :&H,;<LT "(# '(O2 :0 <#"2 H,;<LT
s6>,2 J# K3<A /Q" &2 'S(1"2 3 ,U1"#!7 W<2 . "'# <H¢X
,#x<2 ,? IJ2 G 1"! .&>7 :"1"#3 (2 3 .<#H ,]ZH,2 3JA
K3<:"1 R"62 &#,1 R"#2 QAR,#].M "&J#( &#"1:" Y3:&1AH H!
"#$%&'#( )"* N H'2 :MG2 Y$]<#T /U;<"#,\ S2 1"#2 H! /&$A
"&J#( .<#H:,C! )"* + '*A!@ )"* + ¤=,? '*A!@ ,MQ" ,#0 )"* + ,:0
J2 {,? :(& '*A! SQ .",1:"1 ."#=>&2 H! /&$A <1"#( .<#H
J2 1A! 'H,? &2 c2 ;PM(2 UH,H ,M:';<LT?6(7
/A &:$ O #! IJ2 G &2 6H,5,-! S.,#"$ <2 . "(A " '#&2 J2 ;<2 LT?6
.'= <Z I=>! /Q" &S(5,62 3 1"! .&>@ O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G!
RS_G;<LM"#,H I>! )"* y3 1"! .&> K3<:"; P#2 QAR,#?6;
.<#A'#( S#3>,6#!7 /U;<2 ! '+)´ K3J RS#aH / 3 ! /$]T
&2 6H,5,? IJ;<T,2 3J(7 :&C! (2 (A .<#H:,C!@ JP R'#c2 :GC!
Z;<:MG#,H R,#]T J2 {,6# &c5,;<LM &2 6H,5,.6· Q" &2 6H,5,?
J2 1" <.&><LM 3 &2 6H,^:$ ¤=,? .<S2 C?6(7 &=:JC!
J2 QAR,#?&A .'0"2 , &2 6H,1"2 = V=J"#, /UH! EF K]Á,2 3.J#!7
¬ ªhpÍq Ð qee ® ooemoÑÏ ¬ « ÔmoÑÏq Ð oe «r
JP R'#c2 &cH,2 a ! (2 G O :MG2 a ! RS_"&3 K3<:"\ RS_G;<LM&3
K3J <"! R,#]T <G3<T1A! O:MY:J ,:M;<2 ZH,;<LT &U,2 3JA7
s"#$b'#, 4N#W :0X &,? [3<A 1"#LS2 ,:6H ,#LT,2 3J#,?7 /A
J2 1AH 3 I>! .<#A@
O2 \SG'#, O #! 4N#^Hÿ1 R"62 &#( [3<A 1"#LS2 ,:6 &c5,2 .(#!7 W"'A
S4,'#,2 GX &,62 M! & &Q" .<#A WK3( O2 ,|Q"A EF O <2 .G·X O*
/ +$#`3 SQ""2 G2 (#2 M! .,LT;<#U!7 4N#.&· O2 \SG'#, (2 G!
RS_G;<LM&$#, s!:' O #3 K]Á,2 .J3 K3> <2 }3 &#2 M! IJ2 (#37
W X
K3> I>,2 3JA7 [3<A 1"#LS2 ,:6= P"5,:6H ,#LZG <2 3 4N# O <2 :G;
<#1A\ (2 GH,#$3 K(H I>&#(# (2 G! RS_G;<LM&3 K3> I>&#(#
K3> .,LM# (2 GH,#$3 K3>"#3 I>&#3 K3> G#U! <"2 062 ;<7 S.,#"$
IM ;<Z1"#3 <"2 062 ;<#7 & &$A " '#&2 / :" Kt1A 40!
62 1AY?6#7
O <2 ,? O #G,!WNX &,? RS_A ,#LZG = P"5,:6H ,]M .<#A@ /&
(2 G! RS_,2 J# K3> S2 0.&:6 &2 'S(! RS_"(7 W<H¢X
K(.&@ = P"! RS_"&:$; <#1A åÞßáà (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3>
IJ;<LM#a ! " 3 1"! Þ Ãßà (2 G! RS_<& K3<A"#37 /:" O #3 K(A
RS#Q"H ,U1"#,H IJ&2 :07
4N# O <2 J2 1A '+)´ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3J <"! (2 GH,#$ K3J
1"1"2 "#3 <G3<T1";<LT?6A EF JP R'#c2 :G J2 Q" 3
&2 6H,^:$G#6,? <0U! J2 ;<2 LT?6(7 s"#$b'#,@
R<#U?
W4N#.& s3:( O #3 (2 G! RS_G;<LM&$#,H ,UA,2 .J37X /Q"; <"!@
(2 GH,#$ K3J 1"1"2 <G3<T1";<LM"#,H IJ;<T,2 3JA7 0#9
'2 ,^! J2 Q"&37 W";S /; ,"* X
<$#s &,-!@ % s:<"# &,-! /"3 1"! (2 G! RS_G;<LM&
K3<"0@ (2 G! RS_<& K3<A"#3 K3> I>,2 3J(7
R<#U?
/ 3 ! Y)!'1 /; #* &,? (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3<" 3 1"!
(2 GH ,:0 <=J2 G J2 :&; R<=J&7 O* RS_GHIZG /Q" "2 SG RSG,?
K0#! s(A (2 G1"# RS_,2 J#_ K3<A /" 3 1"! K3,2 3J#,?7 WvUH,!
";S <,&2 X
3 &2 6H,^:$G#6,62 3 I=:J V=>HR,#?6#"&,? JP R'#c2
&cH:,G#&A V=>HR,#?&#,? EF K]Á,2 3.J 37
1AM3 4N# O <2 [3<A = P"5,:6H ,#LZG .<#A (2 G! RS_G;<LM&
K3> IJ2 G"#, [U /M1"2 &U,2 3JA7 '=RJ#U /M1"2 R"62 &#,.&
1"#LS2 ,:6; <#1" .<#A (2 GH,#$3 K3> IJ2 G"#, /M!R<=>?6A7
W :(&U!X ,#Á! &:,G2 &,62 M! O 'A 1"#LS2 ,? &Q" .<#A@ /A
R"62 &#( (2 G.' K3> &,? IJ2 (7
/ 3 !@ &,6A s?65,? &=:J s>"2 G#, O !<2 G2 UQA!@ O2 G#G'#,^!
b&1AM ! &=:J &,? '>1"(7 c;<! &2 :6&2 1 ."##2 3 />"2 YZ^
K3(&#G2 => K3<:" WO <2 .G·X O* ,&(2 ;¨$#,· W¢ £X
&,? W/&X (2 GH,#$U!@ R<U! R<#_GU'#&# K(H IJ2 (7 W££X
/A .<#3J &#"5,:6 Y3:&1A (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3<A "3 1"!
0ÿ (2 GH,#$ K3<A"#3 "3 1"! K3,2 3J#,?7
/"= '=>R'#U s"#$b1:" /." J#&2 ,#b0#!7
:( O* "2 (# s'H! '>:':G O !<2 H:, R,#?6#."#UH! /:MG2 @
':JH,;<LM [U "2 :$:G O #! V= <T1"2 &2 T.&#!7 W £X
/Q" &S(1"2 ßæÃÂÃ åÞìáà Ã W':JH,;<LM "2 :$X K3J <"!
<G3<T1";<LT?6A7 /UQ"#a ! ßæÃÂÃ ÞÃìà Ã W':JH! "2 :$X K3<A"#3 /"3
1"! EF 3 &2 6H,^:$,? I>,2 3J(7 / :"; <2 3&U! I=> s>"2
RS_,2 3JA7
RS_G;<LM&3 K3J <"!@ RS_<&3 K3J 1"1"2 <G3<T1";<M0#! K3J

JP Ó0H,b '$PH /:& "#$'#, :',2 3J(7
®¯q° Öªh iÏ
/}&#> I>! .<#A V3 3 /Q" R'#c2 O :M:GH ,:M<2 ZH, .&]T!7
R&>'.( N#)2 K3.J IJ2 &2 LT; .<#,0#.'· K3J §G! <0UH V= <M0#!7
/A J2 1" S2 > &2 6H,1:"; R<>&A O 0A7
3 R<#U:6 'LT'3J2 c,2 G /0H,2 G O G! ,0Q" RS#= <G3<#LZa !
,&(! RSa1A,2 3JA7 /Q" '+)´ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3J <"!
<G3<T1";<LM G1AH YQ :"G &S(5,? '+)´ $# K3J RS#:0 [1" :S
O GY:MG"#, :'Q"2 U;<:" &"#(2 H,0#!7
O <2 WNX &,:6H J2 1A '+)´ $# EF &,? IJ2 G &S(1"2 = YQ:"G
<2 Q"2 G &S(5,62 3 YZ:& &"#(2 1"# /Q" s]:':G J2 G0#!7 !
1"2 G#G1"2 3 ¢¢ ! &S(! '3N´ $# K3>!@ ¢£ ! &S(! '+È0# K3>!@ ¢
! &S(! "xz0# K3>!@ ¢³ ! O(! '+È0# K3>!@ ¢ ! &S(! B0#
K3>!@ ¢ ! &S(! 'H )# K3>!@ ¢ ! &S(! '1)´ $# K3>!@ £ !
&S(! c* '# K3>!@ £ ! &S(! À%$# K3>!@ £ ! &S(! N¨0# K3>!@ £¢
! &S(! , ¨$# K3>!@ ££ ! &S(! ,%$# K3>!@ £ ! S(! '+B$#
K3>!@ £³ ! &S(! À%$# K3>!@ £ ! &S(! '+)´ $#@ /}&#> /0H,2 G
O G1AM ! [1" :S O G1AM ! :'Q"2 U;<:" &"#(2 H,0#!7 /}&#.J
&S(1"2 = YQ"2 G <2 Q"2 G &S(5,-! '+)´ $# K3J :S O G1AM3
[3J2 1"2 U;<:" J2 G0#!7 K(.&@ JP /0H,b &2 "2 ,62 /M'2 U;<"#a !@
3 <G3<T1"2 G2 U;<"#a !@ /Q" /M1"2 '+)´ K3J <"!
<G3<T1";<LM#a ! A N#)2 K3J 1"1"2 .0.G <G3<T1";<LT?6A7
/"3<Z (2 GH,#$ '(2 " :(1"#3 /&,? <2 3<=>,2 3J( K3>
O2 G#GH,#$,? IJ,2 3J( K3<A Q" &S(1"2 3 &2 6H,'#!7
:(1A / :J1 B",-! (2 GH,#$,? EF K"2 #2 ,6# &2 'S2 H,;<LT?6(7
/}&#.J@ /&,-H Y3<2 UQ ."##2 M! KQ"1 B" &Q" .<#A!@ W/&X
(2 GH,#$ 0A :<1"2 GH,#$ EF &,? IJ#' /UQ""2 :07 WX
K(H ! I>,2 3JA7 /Q" Z;<:MG2 1"! RS_C! .<#A Q"
1"1"2 =!@ )"* y='2 :MG2 KQ" Y$]<#T! /:0 K3<A R"62 ^7
Y3:(G 1"1"2 3<Z (2 G! RS_G;<LM '(2 " K3> 1"! RS_"#a !@
,#x<2 ,? IJ2 G .O #H,1"2 =! /Q" )"* + I>! 1"1"2 = '2 :MG2 <##2 G
.&><#T s?6A K3<:" V=,(.& R"62 ^<T1"2 &2 L.M#!7
neh qe r
'+)´ K3J <"! N#)2 W(2 GH,#$X K3J 1"1"2 a ! <G3<T1";<M0#!
K3<:" JP R'#c2 &cH,2 3 <ZC! 3 [62 G2 a ! O #! &2 6H,2 C?.6#!7
K(2 !@ "=,#( ,#$b! I>! .<#A :S O G!@ /0H,2 G O G! J2 1A;
.<S2 C?.6#!7 /:" V=>HR,#?6#&2 LM#a ! (2 3 Z;<:MG2 a !@ 3
&2 6H,^:$,62 3 Z;<:MG2 a ! O #! IJ2 G:" '>;<"= &#_;P /:0 K(H
,UA,2 3.J#!7 /U;<2 ! 3 :S O G! J2 1AH ,&(! RSa1A,2 3JA
K3<:" O2 <2 H,\ S2 J2 GR"#U s"#$b1:"1 ¾ý &2 U!P,2 3.J#!7
(2 4N#)# 3 ,2 G O <2 '#,? <=J2 H I>! .<#A Y"` 4N#
O <2 :GC!@ T1""#, )# 3 O <2 :GC! J2 ;<2 M;<T!7 W£ @ X @ £ @
¢ £@ ³ £@ ¢£ @ ¢X /}&#> :(1A /M5,62 a ! 4N#)# 3 EF
/M!R<=J2 UH,@
(2 GH,#$,? v´ A RS_"&,6#, z|1";<LT@ )# 3 '=>! 4N# &2 3
/$LS,:( O #! O !<2 H:, R,#]T &2 L.M#! K(H IJ2 (7
WX
EF .'= <Z &S(1"2 'LT! )# 3 4N# EF '#J2 /M!R<=>?6A7
J2 ;<#,@ @ ³ £ ,2 G &S(5,-! /." RS_"2 :G1"#3 .<v,2 3JA7 K(2 !@
/ 'LT! )# 3 O <2 G2 3 R<G Y= <T1";<LT?6A7 VR((2 @ /Q"
&S(5,-H YQ"2 G &S(5,? ,#@ "+@ 4N#@ x0#@ "# EF
/M!R<>&"# /Q" :S O G1"2 = )# 3 K3<:" />"2 G#, YZ;<:" &2 M
4N# K3<:"H R,#]T &U&." R<#U1"'#!7 /." .<#0 /"=; <2 Q"2 G
&S(5,? ;,#@ A 3G#@ ;,#@ G9 G#@ s0# K(1 R"#M,2 3J(7 /Q" /M1"2
&c:' .<#3> )# 3 O <2 G2 3 R<G:$ />"2 G2 .<#LM# :S O G!
Z<T,2 3JA7 K(.&@ :S O G1:"H ,U1"2 R,#]T 4N# K3J <"! />"2 G2
.<#M;<LT?6A7
K(.&@ O <2 WNX &,:6\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3<"=; <G3<T1";<LM
Q" /M1"2 (2 G! RS_<& K3J 1"Y:MG N#)2 K3J <"!
<G3<T1";<M#' '+)´ K3J <"! <G3<T1";<LT?6A·
N#)2 K3<"=; <,$'#, '+)´ K3J <"! <G3<T1";<LZU;<:"
(2 3 40.' O #! O2 <2 1"2 U;<"# /Q"H ,#$b1:" V=>HR,#?6#&2 LM#
IM /Q" &#"1"2 3 &`:' 3J#A K3<:"H ,&(1"2 R,#?6^!7
Ë oqr
'+)´ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3J &S(1"2 = JP R'#c2 ,$#"2 G2 3<Z
3 &2 6H,^:$G#6,? <0U! '+)´ K3J#@ sb^ s]<& K3J
&2 6H,1"2 :( 62 1A?6(7 "'2 | R'#c2 H /A PA &2 6H,'#,1 R"#2 Q"#a !@ u~
3 &2 6H,^:$,? /A J2 1A; .<S2 C?6(7
O <2 WNX &,:6 & '+)´ $#( '(2 " K3> IJ2 (7 <2 $<0'#( ,U1"2 3<Z
(2 G1:"H J2 H! '=RJ#U ,U1"2 3<Z N9 K3J# À :$Ý$:0H J2 H!7
"#&A@ O* 5,? Y)!':"; <2 3<=J2 (# s]TZH,HIZG WS#"#$bX
'(2 " :(1"#3 <2 3<=>,2 3J* ,? EF &,? IJ2 C?6(7 W0¨1 /; $¨
K !X ,&2 {(2 3 I=>! /!$s :,+ K3J ,&2 {(2 3 ,&2 :"C! /Q" R'#c2
O :MH\ S#3J#!7 WvUH,!X
À :$Ý$ s?6 [U '(2 " :(1"#3 O* 5,? <2 3<=>,2 3J* ,?7 & s],2 J#ÿ
<U,2 J#ÿ sb&2 3 <#a !@ <#b1"2 3 <#a ! ." :&G=J [U '0H:, O* 5,?
<2 3<=J&2 :0 K3<." /Q" &S(1"2 3 1"'#!7 WB<2 X
/}&#.J '+)´ K3<"= sb^ s]<&@ S#"#$b '(2 " K3J ,U1A
/U;<"#,; u~ J2 {,-! J2 ;<2 LT?6(7 S2 0 J2 {,? /Q"H ,U1:" V=,
'>1A?6:'C! J2 ;<2 M1"H,"#!7
/Q" 1"1"2 <G3<T1";<LT?6A K3J ,U1:" 5,* ,#2 H! J2 {,?
/&U! K!:'; .<#0.& sb^ s]bHIZG S#"#$b '(2 " /& K;<Z / :J1
B"$#, /UH, YZC! K3J ,U1"2 O <2 1A&1:" '>1" :"\ vLZH,#LT,2 3J(7
³ ¢@ ,2 G /$]T &S(5,62 a ! /Q"; <"! <G3<T1";<LM <2 3(@ O* U!
K!:'; .<#3J '(2 ""#3 K3> ,#x<2 ,? IJ2 C?6(7 /"2 ÙQA
YN9)#* 3 K3J <"1:" (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3J 1"1"2 &,?
<G3<T1"&2 :07 K!:'; .<#0 sb^ s]bHIZG S$#S#2 '(2 " K3J
1"1"2 .0.G <G3<T1"2 C?6( K3<A P0(#,2 3JA7
/}&#> .O #H! .<#A@ O <2 WNX &,? J2 1A '+)´ K3J <"!
<G3<T1";<LM .<#A! /&U! K!:'; .<#3J '(2 ""#.( K3J /."
."#$:(G2 "#3 .<S;<T,2 3JA7
/1B"UH K3( O MQ"A sb^ ],2 J#ÿ ,:M z"2 ,62 O MQA "2 #2 ,2 3J#7
/&UM3 [U &#(& /JH,;<LT@ & /&UM3 K\S#2 H,H IZG&$#, /UH,
.&]M#'# K3>! I>,2 3J(7 WX
EF O <2 WNX &,? sb^ s]<&$#, /UH,2 J#7 A^! ,Û M;<LT
s]<&$#, K!:'; .<#0.& /UH,2 3J#7 /;<Z;<LM S$#S#2 '(2 " K;<Z
/ :J1 B"$#, /UH, YZC! K3J 1"1"2 "#3 sb^ s]bHIZG
[U&:$1"#3 O* 5,? <2 3<=>,2 3J* ,? EF O2 G#GH,#$,? IJ2 G"#,H 3
J2 ;<2 T,2 3JA7
/Q" Z;<:MG2 O* 5,? '+)´ $#( [U&:$; <2 3<=>,2 J* ,? K3J
&S(1"2 = \ (2 G! RS_G;<LM& 0A (2 GH,#$:$ 0A sb^
s]<&:$ K3J KQ" 1"1:" KT1"#a ! Q" 1"1"2 =! O <2 WNX
&,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"#,H I>! "#$%&'#( J2 &2 ;PH'2 :MG2
KQ" Y$]<#T! /:0 K3<A R"62 ^7
/Q" &S(Y!@ )"* N ! Y$]<T&"#,H H &2 6H,! Kt"2 G KQ" J2 {U!
,U"&2 :07 Y=,#0 J2 {,62 WYx"y0# .<#3J &c2 .,M,:61 "&2 $X K&U!
/Q" &S(! Q" )"* y= Y$]<LM"#,H ,U"&2 :07 ;<Z /UH! .<#A
/&UH 'LT! /Q" &S(5,-H!@ )"* y= '2 :MG2 Y$]<#T /U;<"#,1
."#3>,2 3JA K3J# &,? :(&U! :(1 "&J#,;
P#2 QAR,#]M#,? K3> I>&"# 0A /& "#3 P#2 QAR,#?&"2 V."#
"&> &2 T,2 3J# K(H ,UA&"# KA O TO2 :0G#F YZ&#, /UH! &,?
:(&UH! "&> &U&"=,#( &#_;:< &2 M /& [U&UH1 "&>
&U&"=,#( &#_;P1"#.( "2 ,'#, s?6A
/& /&$A &2 6H,^:$G2 &,? (2 G! RS_G;<LM& K3> IJ2 GA
O <2 '#,62 3 BA1A&1:".G Y=>Yt"#, TJ K3> I>&"=,#,1"#3 K3>
IJ2 G2 UH! .<#A@ ;<ZH IJ2 &2 LT Q" 1"1"2 IJ;<LM 3
&S(1"2 = !@ /Q" O <2 R'#c2 H! Y$]<#T /:0 K3<A R"62 &#,1
R"#2 ,2 J"0&# K(.&@ /Q" )"* :N V= <A :J¶2 H ,#x <2 ,62 3 I=:J
s]:';<T1A&"#, /UH,2 3JA K3J "&J#( &#"1"2 3 Z;<:MG2 /Q"
)"* :N '>;<A "&J#("#! K3<A R"?61R"62 &#,1 R"#2 ,2 3JA7
T1""#,@ /Q" )"* y3 &#1:"; <2 $.G#,5,62 Y$]<#T /UH,2 3JA K3J
Z;<:MG2 /Q" )"* :N O2 $#,#2 ;<A O2 G#G!"#(# K3<:" $#_.&#!7
¯Ð mr /3¶# 0#9 7 T1" /"tM3 /Q" )"* + S!<Q"'#( :(1A
&#"5,-H! '>;P IJ;<LT &2 T!7 K(.&@ /A J2 1" .'0"2 , SQ .",5,?
/U;<2 3 &#S,,? Kt1A 40! J2 G1 "Q"#@ /3¶# 0#9 T1"T1"
/"|,62 &=>H <"2 "$0#!7

def U® ²ÍopÏp'
O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3J
"#$%&'#( J2 &2 ;:< H Y$]<T,2 3JA K3>
IJ2 @ S.,#"$ '>1A &U,2 3J#7 /& I>! ,#$b! "&J#(A
K3<:" /A&:$ O #! $#_Q ."#!7 J2 1" /Q" )"* y=?.6.G Y$]<#T
/UH,2 3JA K3J '=>R'#U &#"1:"C! /Q" )"* :N '>;<"= 1 A :bG#,
Y3:&H,2 3J#7
.'=,]M RS_"2 ,62 3 J2 &2 ;<#6,? O !<,'#(&,? K3> J2 G;<LM#a !@
"2 IJ;<T! ,U1AH,? H K"2 $#, :'QA?6"#a !@ Q"
J2 &2 ;PH,62 Y$]<#T /U;<"#a ! / :" O #! V=,HIM#A7 W<2 . " '#
<H¢ X
/Q" J2 &2 ;<2 ,#b;<T! Y$]<#T,? K3( K3<:" & &2 &#2 H! .<#A
;PJ;<T1" K3J ":0;<2 <2 3&U'#> I>,2 3J#7
mÐmoe®
KQ"; R<#UL,62 (2 G! :&H,;<LM."# Q"; R<#UL,:6 H,2 b=J2 ÙQA
;PJ;<T1"2 &2 Lû,6# K3> G2 ¶# W$`X .,LM .<#A ;PJ;<T1"&2 :0@
"(# 'H,62 :M.G .,T,? V= <T! K3> O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX IJ2 G"#,
P,##2 G2 3 ¢³@ ³¢@ ³³ ,2 G )"* +,62 IJ;<LT?6A7
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,? sM(ZG#, H,2 b=>H\ RS3> ;R<#U:6
;PJ;<T1"2 (#,? K3> P,##2 G2 3 ³@ ³³¢ &A )"* +,62 IJ;<LT?6A7
;R<#UL,? ;PJ;<T1";<LM"#,H I>! J2 &2 ;<2 a ! Y$]<#T
,#b;<T,2 JA7
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX &,? Q"H ,2 b=>H\ RS3> ;R<#U:6
;PJ;<T1"2 G"#,@ ;PJ;<T1"H ,LM:6G2 LM"#, P,##2 G2 3 ³@ ³³¢ ,2 G
)"* +,62 IJ;<LT?6A7
(# O NÝG2 3 £ &A )"* y L,:6 ;<2 :&1A :"
;PJ;<T1"2 G"#,^!@ ;PJ;<T1"2 G R<#UL,:6 O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX
&,62 M! R,#]T &Q""#,^! sM.( &,? b':MQ""#,^!
IJ;<LT?6A7 9 '1 £³ &A )"* ya ! /Q"H ,U1A <"2 ^ RS_G;<LT?6A7
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX U,2 /$]T &#(&,? 'QA "'H,2 :M.G .<S2 H
R,#]M"#,^! " 3 40! "(H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM:" J2 QA R,#]M"#,^!
O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX IJ2 G"#, P,##2 ³¢ &A )"* + I>,2 JA7
O NÝG2 3 £&A )"* y 2 ;#* W :0X &QA s'H µ" 3 [U&3 (2 G!
:&1A?6#3 K3> .O $ZG#,H IJ2 G"#,; <"2 ^ RS_G;<LT?6A7
W<2 . " '# ¸ <H¢ X
.'= <Z &2 6H,1"2 )"* y /M!R<=>?6"#, S.,#"$ <2 . I>!

Y$]<#T,:6 [U Y:J R"#1A; P#2 QAR,#]M" 3 <2 3( &=J2 =,#(
&2 6H,1"2 = \ RS&A O 0A K(H ,UA,2 3.J3 7
W X (2 G! :&H,;<LM R<#UL,:6H ,2 b=J2 ÙQA ;PJ;<T1";<LM"#,^!@
;PJ;<T1";<M&2 :0 K3>! )"* + I>,2 3JA7 /A [U Y$]<#T7 WK3<A
& &#"!7X
WX (2 G! RS_G;<LM RS_"2 :G /$]T &#(&,? &QA "'H? .<S2 G" 3
40'#, O <2 G&,? J2 QAR,#]M"#,^!@ 2 ;#* W :0X &,? &QA@ [U µ"3
s'H\ (2 G! RS_A?6#3 K3> IJ2 G"#,^! &U,2 3JA7
W¢X O <2 WNX &,? "'A ."#c,-M3 ,2 b=J2 = \ RS3> Q"; R<#UL,:6
KT1""#,^!@ O <2 G&,? ? ;<2 @ &,? ;R<#U:6 O <2 G&,62 M! KT1A
&Q""#,^! /U &2 "'#( ,U1AH,? IJ;<T,2 3J(7
/Q" Y$]<#T,-H? /bH,! ,#]<A K;<Z IJ;<LM :(1A
Y$]<#T,-! "#$%&'#(:&"#'# K3<:" $#_&"= Y3( /;<Z
_^ RS_A )"* +,:6 O2 $#,#2 ;<A S#2 G#( _^ Y:J 0 K3<:" O #!
P#2 QAR,#?&A &S2 G'#!7
o iÒp ° Ër
)"* +,:6 J2 &2 H! J2 &2 ;<#6,? S2 0 .<#A "#! .,LM&=J2 YH,2 G
<"2 :G 'LT! IJ2 (#,?7 S2 0 "#! .,LM ." &#S,1:" J2 &2 H,#' Q"H
,U1:"1 "(A &#S,1"2 3 40! J2 &2 ;<7 /}&#> J2 &2 H! .<#A S2 3(\
S2 3( &#1:" .&><#T,? R<U!<#0#(@ "2 a ! J2 ;<#, R<#2 G )"* +,62
/M!R<>! &#_;PH,? s?6(7 /Q" Y$]<#T,? )"* :N '>;<"=,#(
,#$b'#, :'GHIM#A7 ;<ZG#G2 3 V$#6'#( )"* +,:6 '>H, .O #2 T!7
/Q" (2 G! J2 1" )"* :N G2 ¶#W$`X &,62 M'2 UQA s&# &#2 M'2 UQA
)2 N#! &#2 M'2 UQA '#b&,? RS&2 'T1A J2 &2 H,2 3J(7 /Q";
<3(2 R$]T .<#2 3 &#1:"; <2 $.G#,1"2 V= <T! &2 1"2 G#S5,? O2 G#G'#(:&
K3<:" O #! P#2 QAR,#?6 .&]T!7
T1A V=,(.& O #! J2 ;<2 LM Y$]<#T,:6\ vLZH ,#LZ [3>HR,#3>
Y$]<LM# /$]T.' W"#$'#, KTH, YZG#'X &2 tQA &2 T! K(H IJ2
/$]:MC! V=,H IM#A EF S.,#"$ &#"2 H,2 3J#7 /Q" &#"Y! "&J#!7
VR((2 :(1A )"* +,-! O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3.J
I>,2 3J(7 "2 Y$]<#T /:07 /&#2 3 &#";<Z (2 G! RS_G;<LM
R<#UL,? KTH,;<LM"# /:0G# K;<Z KTH,;<LMA K3<"2 "#.(
Y$]<#T V= <LT?6A7 / :" :&1A Y$]<#.M V= <M#" (2 G! RS_G;<LMA
K3J ",&:0 K;<Z O2 $#,#2 H, YZC! (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3<A s>"2 7
(#@ A KTH,;<LM"# /:0G# K3<:"1"#3 s>"2 G#,H IJYZG#A
K3J0&# YZ^ RS_G .&]T!
/&#2 3 /Q" Y:J 40! "&J#( &c2 G2 _^ RS_A <2 :cG#( YZ:&
.O #H,2 \ RS3J2 U;<A R"62 &#,2 3JA7
¯q° ® ²ÍopÏp'
/A .<#3J Y$]<#T,? ."#3>! .<#A sM3<#T ,#b YG=S2 H, .&]T!7
K"2 a ! :J ,#Á! b1AM3 RSG<LM# K0#.' <2 :cG#,1"#3 R"3<T!7
(2 Y$]<#T /U;<"#,1 ."#3>!7 /"= /& /Q" _^H;
<G3<T1"2 G2 UH! S2 0 &S(5,:6.G s"#$b'#,1 ¾ý &2 U!P,2 3.J 37
W"=,X&3@ DO* 1"#LS2 :GH R,#]T &Q"2 U;<W"#,H I>&X"2
s]:'G#6,62 s?6&$#, /UQ"# :"H R,#]T &#U!D K3J#37
;.<#A 4N# "(A :,1"Z:G; .<#LM#7 sM.( A R"62 &#( R<#2 GR"#U
<#!<#,2 &2 LMA7
.'a !@ "(A :,:G WSL:M; :<G2 ÙQAX R&62 G2 KT1"#7 sM.( A
<#;<&,-H W<62 \ S2 T!X R&]:'G#, /UQ"A7
<2 }(2 3 S4,1"2 a?6 <2 $Y,,?@ DO2 \SG'#, /& ,=JJ2 Q" (2 GH,#$D K3>
IJ2 (7
s5,:6@ s5,6A O #L:M &2 LT! R&62 .G=J /& &2 U!P,2 J#7 K(.&@ O* 5,?
K:" .0#S:(G#,H I>,2 3J* ,? WEF <2 }3 .,LM#37X W³ X
.'= <Z &S(5,? 4N# O <2 = P"5,:6\ RS_" .<#A /& :,."Q"
(2 GH,#$7 /Q"\ (2 G1"2 3 40! s5,6A %'2 :G &2 LT! s5,:6 R&62 .G=J
/& &2 U!P,2 J# EF <2 }(2 3 SY,1"2 3 <2 $Y,,? IJ2 G"#,H I>,2 3JA7
W"=,X&3@ DO* s]:'G#6,62 /UQ"# :"H R,#]T&#U!D K(H
IJ2 (#37
;.<#A & "(A :,1"Z:G; .<#LM#7 sM.( A R"62 &#( R<#2 G."#
<#!<#,2 &2 LMA7
.'a !@ "(A :,:G WSL:MG2 ÙQAX R&62 G2 KT1"#7 sM.( A
<#;<&,-H; <62 \S2 T! R&]:'G#, /UQ"A7
W"=,X&3@ "3:(\ c /UQ" <2 $Y,,62 M!@ DO2 \SG'#, /& ,=JJ2 Q" [U
(2 GH,#$D K3> IJ2 (#37
"(A (2 G1"2 3 40! s5,:6 s5,6A O #L:M &2 LT! R&62 .G=J /&
&2 U!P,2 3J#7 K(.&@ O* 5,? K:" .0#S:(G#,H I>,2 3J* ,? WK3>!
.,LM#37X W³ ¢ ¢X
.'= <Z &S(5,62 /& (2 GH,#$ÿ s5,:6 s5,? %'2 G2 ÙQA R&62 .G=J
&2 U!P,2 3J# K3( ,LM:MG2 T,2 3J* ,? EF <2 }3 IJ2 G"#,H I>,2 3J(7
/Q" &#S,5,:6 <2 }3 IJ2 (#(# <2 }(2 (A S4,; <2 $Y,,?
IJ2 (#,6# K3> .,?&2 Kt;<2 /$]T! [3>HR,#3> Y$]<T,2 3JA K3>
I>&"# 0A sM3<#T ,#Á! YG=S2 G2 T<T&"# KA /+0#'2 G _&#,
/UH! 0#9 &2 3 '* A O !<2 H:,G2 0#" :( O2 $#,#2 H! b!
R,#]M&,? /:" Y$]<#M#,; <#H,0#!7 Yx'2 3,? Y$]<#M#,; <#H,
'#LM#,?7 ." .<#3> "#$%&'#( )"* +,:6 '>H! b!
R,#]M&,?"#3 &#1:" &2 1"2 G#S5,:6 :&1A )"* :N '>H!
'.(#O2 :0H &U,2 3J(7
W"=,X&@ D/:0@ O* 5,? .<#T5,?D K3J#7 ;.<#A &,6A ,G2 >,-!@
&,6A "Z,-! &,-:MG (2 G1"2 3 ,#$b'#, ÈQA &U&:"; .<#0
&UH1 ."#=J'62 1"F 7
;.<#A 4N# "(H? \S1:" sbQ"#7
D\S! R,#?6#"* 7 O2 \SG'#, O* "#3 .'.0#5,2 O2 = ¨D EF O #! IJ2 .(#!7 W³³
³X
.'= <Z &S(5,? (2 GH,#$,? ,G2 =:JC!@ "Z:GC! .<#LM.<#A :&
<#!P,? .<#3> R"3<LM(7 :"; <#1A 4N# O <2 <GQ"# K3> I>,2 3J(7
&,? .<#LM .<#A@ DO* 5,? R,#]T &Q"A (2 G.'· O2 \SG'#, 0#9 :"
c2 1A &2 T&#37 O2 \SG'#, 0#9 c;<! &2 :6&2 ;.<##2 3 RSG:0\ S* RS_G
'#LM#3 K3> 4N# IJ2 (#7
=J&#62 ,? R&>1" .<#A! 0#9 "3 &#1:",:6H R,#]T S1"2 G1:"
O2 :0 O #LZ.G "* U&#3 7 W X
&,? .'= <Z &S(5,? ,G2 >,:6C!@ "Z,:6C! (2 GH,#$,? .<#LM .<#A
4N# O <2 Ab2 \Sa M3@ /A (2 G!ÿ 0#9 /:" c2 ;<#3 K3> IJ2 G"#,H
I>,2 3J(7
(2 GH,#$,? ,G2 >,:6C!@ "Z,:6C! .<#LM .<#A 4N# O <2 <GQ"#$#
Ab2 \Sa M3 .<S2 (#$# K3J .,?&2 ,:6 Kt;<2 /Q" &S(5,-H,2 :MG2
Y$]<#T ,]M# (2 3 O2 :0 K3(&#! K3> S2 Q"2 H, .&]T!7 K(.&@
/Q"H .,#b1"2 _^ RS_&A "&> K3<:" O #! J2 G YZ,2 3JA7 sM3<#T
,#Á! K]bY!@ "=,#( YG=S2 C! /UH, .&]T.' "&2 $ Y$]<#T,:61
."Z O2 $#,#2 ;<"=,#( &c2 ,:61 ."M YZG#A· O2 $#,#2 ;P O2 :0G2 ÙQA <#1"#
/A S#2 G#,1 R" 3<LM#a !@ '#(2 G '(O2 :0G2 ÙQA <#H! .<#A /A
"&J#,1 R"#2 C!7
R"#MQA & I>! Y$]<#T,62 3 s]:' O2 :0 J2 1A $#_.&#!·
¬ « ÔmoÑÏ ÔopÑh ªhmoÑÏep' ®iÖp'
,MQ" ,#0 J2 {,? <0U! /Q" Y$]<#LZ= WX sM3<#T ,#Á! YG=S2 G2
T<LT?6(7 J2 ;<#, N)* ) P,##2 H &2 6H,^:$ Kt"2 G /'#! /; )
&,? /A J2 1A Kt"2 C?6#,?· & 62 1" &2 6H,1:" O2 \SG'#, <2 .
&,? <#1"2 U;<#,? K3.J K]Á,2 3.J3 7 K(2 ! )"* y /0#"@
G2 ¶#W$`X &,? <G3<T1"#" &#S,5,:6 /:b1A@ <2 . Kt"2 sM3<#T
,#b YZG#" &:,G2 )"* y3 R'#c2 R<G;:< :'1A?6#7 /A"#3
<2 $\S2 :(:G; %"#,$'#H,2 C?6A7
KQ"; R<#UL,62 (2 G! :&H,;<LM."#@ Q"; R<#UL,:6 H,2 b=J2 ÙQA
;PJ;<T1"2 &2 Lû,6# K3> G2 ¶#W$`X &,? .,LM .<#A@
;PJ;<T1"&2 :0ÿ "(# 'H,62 :M.G .,T,? V= <T! K3> O <2 WNX
&,? IJ2 G"#, P,##2 G2 3 ¢³@ ³¢@ ³³ ,2 G )"* +,62 IJ;<LT?6A
K(H J2 ;<2 T,2 3J#7 G2 ¶#W$`X &,62 3 .,?&2 G2 ,2 b=J2 ÙQA
;PJ;<T1"2 &2 Lû,6# K3J &#S,! /M!R<J&2 :07 (#@ sM3<#T ,#b
YZG#" S2 H,:0C]M#H&"=,#,.& ,2 b=J2 ÙQA K3J /0#" &#S,1:"
.&]TR'3.J / :b1A?6#7
/Q" &#S,! )"* y /0#" &#S,! K3<"= .&> "#$! ." :&G2 :07 &.$
/Q" )"* :N /." <"2 G2 3 Y= <"2 G2 R'#c2 R<GH! .<#A
:" ;PJ;<T1"2 &2 Lû,6# EF O #3 .,L.M3 7 "= O <2 ,? O #G,! WNX
&,? /:07 K(H 0#9 O2 &#$b! 62 1A &2 LM#37 'H,? '1"2 G2
"* :':G; <$;<H IM#A K3> O #3 ©v,2 .J 3 K3> IJ2 (#,?7 <2 3( Q"H
,2 b> 4M;<LMA7
J2 &2 ;<& G2 ¶#W$`X @ ¤ P,##2 ¢³ @ W" '# <H,! X
&.$ RS_" /Q" R'#c2 R<G;<2 ,2 b=J2 ÙQA ;PJ;<T1"2 &2 Lû,6#
K3J &#S,! /:0 K3<:"H ,&(1"2 R,#?6^!7 )"* y /0#" &
.'0"2 ,'#,\ .S1" ,2 b=J2 ÙQA K3J &#S,1:" O* H,2 &2 LT O #! /Q"
Y$]<#LTH sM3<#T ,#Á! YG=S2 G2 /J5.&#!7
O <2 WNX &,? "'A ."#c,-M3 RS3> (2 G! RS_G;<LM R<#UL,:6
KT1A; <#H,2 3J#,?7 <2 3( G2 ¶#W$`X &,62 M! &QA@ "#! ,]M
,#LS2 :G &2 <#2 H,2 3J#,?7 O* 5,? :" R&62 ;<T1"&2 :0G# K(H .,LM
.<#A@ /:0 7 0#9 K(H v,'62 1A &2 LM#37 'H,? '1"2 G2 "* :' <$^&:"
O #3 ©v,2 3.J 3 K3,2 3J#,?7
O* 5,? :" R&62 ;<T1"&2 :0G# EF G2 ¶#W$`X &,? .,LMA@
,2 b=J2 ÙQA R&62 .G KTH,&2 :0G# K3J 1"1"2 .,L,&2 :0 7 /:"
'H,? '1"2 G2 R&62 ;<T1"&2 :0G# K3<." Q"H .,?&2 G2 3 1"'#!7
G2 ¶#W$`X &,? J2 &2 H! )"* y.0.G
,2 b=>H\ RS3> :" R&62 G2 KT1"#,? K3> IJ2 &2 LT@ O* 5,?
R&62 ;<T1"&2 :0G# K(H .,L,2 3J#,? K3J#@ ,2 b=J2 ÙQA R&62 G2
KTH,&2 :0G# K3> .,L, YZG#A7 ,#$b!@ KT1""#, &,.6
I>,2 3J#,?7
9 '"2 /M!R<=J J2 &2 ;<2 @
O* 5,? :" '(2 ",-H,#, R&62 ;<T1" .&]M#'# K3> .,LM"#,
/M!R<=>?6A7 K(.&@ R&62 ;<T1"2 (#,? K3> &U&A ,2 b=J2 ÙQA
R&62 G2 KT1" :"H I>,2 3JAÿ R&62 ;<T1"&2 :0 K3<A 'H,-H
R&62 ;<T1"&2 :0 K3<:"H I>,2 3JA7 /$]T! .&> .&> !S5,6#!7
/Q" .&><#T J2 1A J2 {,? .<S2 C?6(7 / :" J2 Q""(# /Q"
.&><#L:M 'H,? P#2 QA s]:':G sbQAR,#?6 /M'62 H,#" &:,G2
G2 ¶#W$`X &,62 3 .,?&2 G2 ,2 b=J2 ÙQA K3J /0#" &#S,1:"
À :c1A?6#7 /" 3 40! KTH,;<LMAÿ KTH,;<M&2 :0 K3J ÓU RS_"2 C!
,2 b=J2 ÙQA KTH,;<LMAÿ ,2 b=J2 ÙQA KTH,;<M&2 :0 EF )"* +
I>&"#,\ S2 1"#2 1A?6#7 Y$]<#L:M1 "#(#, s]T<]b2 C?6#7
KQ"; R<#UL,62 (2 G! RS_G;<LM."#@ Q"; R<#UL,:6H ,2 b=J2 ÙQA
;PJ;<T1"2 &2 Lû,6# K3> G2 ¶#W$`X .,L,#" &#S,1:" &,6A
)"* y À :c1"A <,2 $5, .'#SZG#!7 /Q" /&$A .'#SZ:G O* H,2 &2 LM#
)"* y Y$]<#T /:0 K3<A P#2 QA &2 T!7
(2 3 £@ ¢ ,2 G &S(5,? 0#9 &2 M1"2 [U O #? K'A ,b2 ;<2 3
uZ G2 $! &UM5,-H\ S'(#(A K3> I>,2 3JA7 £ ! &S(! G2 $!
&UM5,-H\ S'(#(A K3,2 3JA7 /A J2 1A <2 . &2 #2 &#, &2 6H,'62 H!
.<#A &2 6H,H J2 ;P ¢ /ÿ
G2 $Y!@ §!<"#G2 $Y! [3>HR,#3> Y$]<LMA K3<"2 SQ .",! /:07
(#@ /$]T! .&> .&> RS_"2 ,:6H I>! &S(5,? K3<:"
&2 65,2 HR,#]M# /"2 KQ" Y$]<#T! /:0 W<H,! £X K3>
J2 ;<2 T,2 3J#7
/." .<#3> R&62 ;<T1";<LMA K3<A!@ R&62 ;<T1";<M&2 :0 K3<A!
Y$]<LMA K3<"2 SQ .",'2 :07 (#@ R&62 ;<T1"; <LMA K3<A
,2 b=J2 ÙQA R&62 ;<T1";<LMA K3<:"H I>,2 3JAÿ
R&62 ;<T1";<M&2 :0 K3<A :" 'H,? '1"2 G2 R&62 ;<T1";<M&2 :0
K3<:"H I>,2 3JA K3<:" &2 65,2 HR,#]M# /"2 KQ" Y$]<#T! /:0
K3<A R"62 &#,2 &2 T!7
T1A@ VRW 9 '"2 /M!R<=>?6 [U J2 &2 ;P .O $ZG#, /Q" )"* N M3
Y$]<T,2 3JA7
G2 ¶#W$`X &,? J2 &2 H! )"* +@ /$]T '0H,? &QA s:$G#ZG
s:$G#M 40! (2 G! <=J2 O <2 WNX &,? J2 Q""#,H IJ@ :N1 /;
,!W$`X &,6A J2 &2 ;P@ 2 ;#* &QA .O $ZG#,H IJ2 G"#,H I>,2 3JA7
T1"A@ V:(G )"* +,? O <2 WNX &,? ,2 b=>H\ RS3> ;R<#UL,:6
KT1""#,H IJ@ VRW J2 &2 ;P O <2 WNX &,? ? ;<2 Q"; R<#UL,?
&#2 M! KT1A &$;<LM"#,H I>,2 3JA7
/ :& Y$]<#T,?"#37 /;<Z Y$]<LM# /$]Z KA s>"2 G#( J2 &2 ;P
K3> _^ RS_G .&]T!7 )"* + A :JG2 J2 ^!@ <&YY?6 S.,#"$
:"\ RS_G#' /$]T )"* +,:6C! .'#" &2 LT /$]:MC! O2 $#,#2 ;<A
&2 S2 1"2 $'#("#!7
<0z('#( )"* :N KT1A@ <0'#( J2 &2 ;PM3 .'#" &2 LT@ <0'#( )"* :N
'>H, Y= <LMA :" &2 M \S#2 G'#!7
& J2 ;<2 LT?6 VRW@ 9 '1 J2 &2 ;<2 /$]T :J,? s?6(7
W X x '+ K3J J2 &2 ;<#6 /"2 /M!R<>,2 3J#7 /& )"* +,:6
J2 &2 H! .<#A J2 &2 ;<#6,62 /ULMZ;P\ RS_GH IZG Y"`+ &#7
/&@ / 3(##2 M! O #3 .,L.M3 K3> R"62 &#, J2 &2 H,#' 3 (# K3>
IJ;<MH IZG &2 "1"2 & 40! EF J2 &2 1"# & .O $ZG#,H
.,L,#'.0.G J2 &2 1"2 UH, &#_;P s?6A7 /Q" Z;<:MG2 J2 &2 ;<#6#2
[U&.$#@ /U&.$# &2 T<LZUH, &#_;P s?6A7 /Q" J2 &2 ;<2 /A [U
:J<#M#!7 /& J2 &2 ;<#6 R"#M#2 .'#SZ RS_<& K3J#a ! '2 ,
.'#S'#( J2 &2 ;<#6,62 M! RS_"2 :GH .,LT .'#SZ RS_C! b!
R,#]M&$0 K3<A! J2 ;<2 M1"H,"#!7 x'+ 40! % Y&2 G#
J2 &2 H! )"* +,? V=,;<T!7 K(2 ! /"2 '=>R'#U :J<#T! s?6A7
WX T1""#,@ GS* 1 /; )_G#3 K3<& /M!R<>,2 3J#7 /& "&> &2 MH
IZG&ÿ Y$]<#M#, J2 &2 H,H IZG& EF /; )2 ;<#3W$9X &,?
J2 ;<2 T,2 3J#,?7
/Q" /$]T :J<#T,6# /Q" )"* + <0z('#,2 3JA7
A .<#× @ (2 G! <=J2 G )"* N M3 G2 ¶#W$`X &,? .O $ZG#,\
S!<Q";<LM&,?7 (#@ /"3 J2 &2 ;<#6 GS1 /; ,! &,?
" M3 .O $ZG#,\ S!<Q";<M#"&7
T1""#, V RW@ 9 '1 )"* + "#$%&'#( J2 &2 ;<#6,62 3 )"* y=
Y$b#, :'QA?6A7 /;<Z /UH,@ <0z('#( )"* y3 ,U1:" Y3:&1A
(2 G! )"* y Y$]<#T s?6A EF S.,#"$ <2 . &#"2 ;<A KQ" &:,G2 a !
O2 G#G'=J"#!7 /Q" )"* + <0z('#(A K3<:" J2 G#' <2 . /Q" &#"1:"
Y3:&1"2 UH,0#! K(; <2 . '* A OR0]b! :&H,0#!7 VR((2 @ K1":,G
J2 {,-H! "&> .O $0#!7 0#9 &2 3 B" :$1 "&2 $ '=J K&U!
&2 'S(1"2 = ;<#= <LM&,607 Q" Z;<:MG2 OR0]b! :&;<"=H
IM; <2 . RS_A?6 "2 U&2 :6G#M /MQ"$#' .<#,2 3JA7
¢@ £ &A 1"2 G#G5,? K3J ":0;<2 JA 3(#+ <0H 1"2 G#G5,?
O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM .<#A U6;<LM( K3J ,U1"2
:'Q" <0z('#( J2 &2 ;:< &2 'S(! RS_C! .<#Aÿ
)"* :N &2 'S(! RS_&"= J2 &2 ;<#6 R"#M <=J2 ; .<S#'@ ;A )'* 1
<#,&2 O2 #Y"* 3 '3<Ý /U&UH! /:MG2 a?6 Y$]<#L:M V3 I>,2 3J#
K3> _^ RS_" .<#A [U s]:' P0;<LMA7
)"* +,-H,2 :MG2 "2 , Y$]<#T,? /UH,2 3J( K(H ,#LT&"=,#,; <2 .
KT1A :&1" VRW9 '1 J2 ;<#6 R"#MU!@ O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G!
RS_G;<LM .<#A /}&2 U J#H,-! U6;<LM( K(H I>! )"* y3
J2 &2 ;<#6 R"#MU! [.$ R"#M$#!7
% Y&2 G#@ x'+@ GS* "2 ; )_G#3@ :N1 /; ,! ¸ /Q"1 R"#M#2 "#3
/$]T )"* +,-! J2 &2 H,;<T,2 3J(7 W[.$RG#U J2 &2 ;<#6 'LT!
.&><T,2 3J#7X
/"2 [3:J V=> <#1"* ,6# )"* y=,2 :MG2 Y$]<#T /UH,2 JA7 K(.&
/$]T )"* +,:6C! V=, YZG#A EF &#"2 LM& ." J2 &2 ;<#6 R"#M#2
&Q" O #+ <0H 1"2 G#G5,? U6;<LM( K3J )"* :N '>H,2 3J#7 /$]T.'
<0z('#( J2 &2 ;P,6#!7 "(A &#"1AH &a .SH, .&]TR'3J#
<0z('#( )"* :NC! KT;.<3 K3J O2 :0;<#L:M /"2 Y3:&H,2 3J#7
.":&;<LM# )"* y /0#":"\ .S1A 'H,? '("2 §G1:" V= <T1A.&37
.":&;<LM# (2 IM\ S2 0 &#1:",-H 1"! RS_G#' &2 T.&3
K3J &$A O2 :0;<#T! s>"2 RS_G;<LT &2 LMA7 /& RS#a ! ,U1:" &2 M
/& RSa ! /Q"; .<#H1"#3 <1"#(A K3<:"; R<#A 'H,? P#2 QAR,#?6
.&]T!7 /Q" /&$A .<#H S4,1:" K5., R,#]T .<#_ O2 >1"; .<#,2 3J."#
K3J \S! ,0Q" §G!"#3 /A J2 1A KtA! K]b1:" V= <T1"2 GA7
/ 3¶# 0#9 · YZ^:$CM3 /Q"1 R"#M Y=>; R<>,2 3JA7 " '#&2 &
J2 ;<2 LT?6 V:(G S2 0 )"* +,-H,#( &2 6H,5,:6C! vUH,'#,
Y3:&;.<#!7 / 3¶# 0#9 · &#S,,? O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G!
RS_G;<LM )"* :N V= <"=1 " :MG#, :'GH IZG "'A SQ.",5,:6 Kt"2
;<0#!7 .,?&2 ,:6\ vUH,'#, Kt"2 ;P5,?7 / 3¶# 0#9 ·
T1"T1" /" |,62 <"2 062 H,;<T!7

¬ « Ôep¯miÍ
O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LMA K3> I>!
"#$%&'#( )"* :N '>;<"=,#,\ S.,#"$ ¨.
Y3:&H! &#"5,-H,#( '>;:< /A &:$ <#1 ."#!7
/Q"1 R"#M#2 3 />"2 5,'#, &$A H,1"2 3 YZ^ J2 1A!@ O 'A ,LT:$G2 3
R"#;PH J2 1A! /1 R"#M#2 .O #H.&#!7
)# 1 @ '# 1 K3<&,62 M! 'H,? &QA y9:$H ,=>H R,#]M"#, J2 ;<2 T!
/ :J&3@ " 3 "2 ,<LS &2 :6^ K3( K3<:" O 'H :MG#6! ,#LT,2 3J#37
y9 K ! ,:0 40! '2 ,;R<#2 G <#"2 ;:< V= <T1" YZC! K3J2 UQ"# Q"
'2 ,;R<#2 G <#"2 ;:< / :J&3 /5., IJ2 G2 U;<#37 Q" 'H,-! ":(.G
,=J2 U;<#,?7
:,@ ,#,:6 YMH, YZC! K3.J#@ [U :6H R,#0 YZC! K3.J#
/UQ"2 UQ"# :"1 "#3 !'H,? ,=J2 U;<#,?7 0#9 ^! :"1 "#3
RS#`G2 U;<#37
y9 U:MG "2 ,<LS &2 :6^ E3(R&3J# ,b&3 ':(&2 G#2 :M.G
<2 6:&C!@ <2 #2 :&C! V= <T1A&A "#3 K3<A /"2 ÙQA P0(#,2 JA7
(#@ .'= <Z <Q"2 G2 8y9 D /UH,2 JA@ "(# O2 :(1":"RG0#! RS_G
YZG#A7 "=; <#"2 ;P s]T 7 " 3 "2 ,<LS <#"2 ;P ,b&3 ':(&2 G#2 :M.G
<2 6:& V= <T1A&A K3<A"#3 K3> V=>HR,#?,2 3J#7
O #Y! (2 G1"# O2 :(1" :"RG0#! RS_G YZC! K3> IJ&2 :07 (2 G1"2
"* 5 /UH,2 3JA7 "2 "2 ,<LS!:JQ"<LS! KA K3> R"#2 G#A7 (2 G1"2 3
"#H,1"2 ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :MG2 <2 6:& s]T<]Á&A! [3>7 A IM
0#9 O #Z(#"#3 O MH! K3J O !<2 H:,G2 "#3 /UH,2 3.J#!7
.'= <Z &$A <Q"2 :G &#S2 1" &#S,,? /."# &$A (2 G! K3J ¤ à !@
" '# ¢ ! J2 ;<2 a ! $!<1"2 I>&:"; <#U5,?7
[U '(2 "3 / 3R(#U '(2 " 3 '* A K}&2 " S#"(5,:6C! <G3<T1"#' sM
6&2 .0#@ s?61"2 .0# <#"2 ;P V= <T1" YZC! K3J O !<2 H:, J2 G#" 'H,62 M!
ú I'#, .& 3J2 C?6A7
.'= <Z <Q"2 G2 S#"(5,? /3J2 s?61"2 .0#@ sM`.0# <#"2 ;:< V= <T1"
YZC! K3> O !P.&# J2 G#" 'H,? K3,2 3J#7 (# .'.0 J2 ;<2 LM
<Q"2 G2 y9 /UH,2 JA@ "2 ,<LS <#"2 ;P ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :MG2 <2 6:&
s]T<]Á&A K3,2 J#7 V3 /Q" Y$]<#T
"2 UH(2 a !@ O <2 R'#c2 ,62 a ! /Q"\ RS# <G3<T1";<LT?6 <"2 ,:6 O #!
[}R&#3J#, _^ RS_"# y9 K3<A <2 1" 0#LM!@ .'#SZ@ V'#=>! "Q"2 $
&2 1:" K3J R<#U62 <G3<T1";<LT?6:"\ SQ .",'J J2 QA R,#?60#!7
/5., y9 K3J# <2 1" 0#LM! K3> IJ2 G&@ V=,(.& J2 ;<2 LM <Q"2 G2
y9 [U ,:0 K3,2 3J#7 y9 K3J ,:0:G; .<#"2 ;<A /:J '>;<#!¡
W" '# <H,!¢¢X
,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G 4LZ &2 T&A ,:0G#'# /:"H ,= <2 H, .&]T'#
,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G SQ.",1 "* :G 4LZ &2 T&A x ;$#'# K3RJ0#!
O2 "#('#,\ S2 Q"2 1"# & "(H1 "#.( Y$]<LT; .<v&:" sb$0#!7
s(H /Q" O < /Q" '#"2 #2 G#( y9 RS_A?6# K3> R"#2 &2 1A &2 LM#
A.& [U&:(; <TH:,G2 "?62 &2 M; .<#A'#("#!7 /0#" :" K0#!
/U;<"#, K]b $!<2 1A &2 T&#37
s(H [U& (2 G! RS_A?6# K3> I>&A"#3 (2 G'# /A [U ,:0G#
/ :" [U&#2 M! RS3> ,=, .&]T'# &.$ (2 G1:"H ,ÛM'#( ,:0
K3,2 3J#7 /;<ZH I>&A!@ ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G 4LZ &2 T&A! ,ÛM'#(
,:0G# K3> S2 Q"2 H! .<#A &$A Y$]<#T / 3 ! R"62 &#,; P0;<T!7
/Q"; <Q"2 :G YZ^ RS_C! .<#A (2 G! K3<A s]:'G2 O2 ,|1";<T!
"2 SG.' K3> &#"2 T&A "&> W<H,!¢ ¢X K3> J2 ;<2 T,2 3J#7
(2 G! K3<A s]:'G2 O2 ,t! "2 SG'07 ,G2 >! "ZC! <#!<#,#A <#!P
.<# .<#`1 ."#=J1:" s]T<]Á&." y9 K3,2 3.J#!7 &#2 3 />"2 ;
<"2 K'A I=:J V= <"#, :'QA?6A7 vG S2 Q":(CM3 <Z1"# (2 G!
&2 MG1"2 & Y$]<LM ",&,:61 "U&:" J2 G0#!7
K(.&@ (2 G! K3J [3> /UH,2 JA7 0#9 O #Z(# "3 40! S2 0
<#"2 ;PH,? IM V= <M0#!7 (2 G1:"H ,= <A@ ,= <2 ;<A@ RS_&A@ RS_G
.&]T&A@ (2 G! R&LT&"=,#, (2 GH,#$,62 M! RS&A :(1A.'
'#H,1"2 " :M RS_G;<LM !S5,6#!7 O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G!
RS_G;<LM"#,H I>! )"* + "#$%&'#(A7 :" '>H, YZG#A@ '>H,H
IM#A7 3N 3(#:& V=>HR,#?<&,? :" O !P&A ,LM#G'#!7 Q"
O2 ,|\S2 H!@ H'2 :MG2 KQ" Y$]<#T! /:0 K3<A s>"2 G#!7
²ËiÍr
K'A R"#M#2 /A &:$ u~ &2 MG5,:6\ vLZC?.6#!7 &#S, O03 O #Z
&=:J\ vUH,'#,1 R"#1A &c5&A O0R"(H ,UA,2 3.J3 7
W X H Y$]<T! )"* +,:6 '>H, .&]T! K3J &$A ,U1A@ &$A
]:'H,#0 "M!P$|&#!7 & $!<1"2 /"= '#=J'#( ,U1"2
s>"2 G#( O2 :0;<#LZ /UQ"#7
WX (2 G1"2 = KQ" <#"2 ;P! /:07 O <2 WNX &,-H (2 G! RS_G;<LM:"
V=, YZG#A K3<A! &$A ]:'H,#0 "M!P$|&#!7 & $!<1"2
/"= '#=J'#, Kt"2 C!@ .<S2 C! &QA?6#7
W¢X &@ /+0#1"2 <2 `(2 G! K3J ":0;<2 /U ¤=,:6 Kt"2 C?6#7
[3>@ (2 G! /UH,2 JA7 "(# O2 :(1":"RG0#! RS_G YZG#&2 LM#a !@
S2 0 <#"2 ;PH,:6 V= <T1" YZC! K3,2 3JA7 T1" ¤ "= Y$b#,
:'QA?6A7 [.$ S2 #2 G@ [.$ ":0;<2 [3>HR,#3> Y$]<LM /$]T
¤=,:6 R&62 G2 T,2 3J#7 (#@ /$]M#&A ¤ ` O #3 V=,(.& '#=>H
,U1"2 /UQ ." 37 V=,(.& O #3 Kt"2 G ¤ `3 ,U1"2 ÙQA O #3 '#J2 &2 L.M3
K3<:" J2 ;<2 M#' &2 LMA "&J#!7
h kplie p« hªh ®iÖ
q kpÐ ÑÌ p Ïhjph
eª he ® ªh nÐ
«²Ï °Í«oe ® eqh Ôhpih ® eÏ«
Í ÑÏq m Ôopm o Í pÍ« Ôien hªh nÐp«

W£X (2 G! K3<A R'2 H 'LT.' K3J ,U1A1 "&J#(A7 ! &S(!
(2 G1"# 0#9 O #Z(# <#"2 ;P s]T K3,2 3JA7 R'2 H,2 <#"2 ;P
/:07 ,b&3 ':(&2 <2 #2 &2 :(C! V= <M#A K3<:"\ vLZH ,#LZC?.6#!7
WX (2 G! K3J# .,#? 4LT" K3J ,U1A!@ ;<Z /UQ"# .,#?
4LT.&# "&J#("#!7 ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :M.G SQ.",1 "* :G 4LT.&#
:(&U! ,#x<2 ,? K3> IJ .O #2 T!7 T1A@ .,#? 4LM G#U! &;P KTH,
'#LM#,?7 :"; .<#_; <ZH,^! '#LM#,?7
W³X &S(1"2 8<2 )2 D K3<"= 1"! RS_G#' &2 LMA "&>7
&#2 3 3 R'#c2 R<G;<2 £ @ £ £ ! &S(5,62 G}! K3J
<"! &2 T<LMA .<#3.J#@
/ 8QO #+D K3J RS# &2 T<LMA .<#3.J#@
/ 8'2 0A 3,D K3J RS# &2 T<LMA .<#3.J#@
³ ! &S(1"2 8!$) !D K3<"= 1"! &2 T<LMA .<#3.J#@
/ 8(#D K3J <"Y!@ ¢ / 8,#0D K3J <"Y! &2 T<LMA
.<#3.J#@
³ £ / 8<D K3J <"Y!@ ³ / 8,#0D K3J <"Y! &2 T<LM:"; .<#3.J#@
¢ ¢ / 8,2 "#<3D K3J <"1"2 = 1"! &2 T<LM:"; .<#3.J#@
£ ! &S(1"2 8'2 3 /Q"2 (#D K3J RS# &2 T<LM:"; .<#3.J#@ /:"\
S#"#$b'#, KT1AHR,#?6 YZG#A7
" '# <H,! ¢ ¢/ [U <H,1"2 <2 )2 H 1"! /:07 T1" <"2 G2
&UH1 .":&;<T! /M1"2 <2 )2 H 1"! /UH,2 3JA7 /;<Z; <#H!
.<#A@ 8"2 LM'2 L.M <2 )2 H 1"! &2 M;<LT?6."#D K3> SQ .",2 H,
.&]ZC?6A7 e nehe o qep ¯Ð "«Ì no « «
kf hÏik l q nep«

WX ³³ ! &S(1"2 8(2 GH,#$,? ,G2 >,:6C!@ "Z,:6C! .<#LM(D K(H
IJ;<T! .<#A W"'A &2 1:",:6; .<#LM(X EF :M;PH J2 .<#LZU;<A
'H,:61 "2 :S "2 U;P! "Q"2 $! K3<:"\ vLZH ,#LZC?.6#!7
WX 0#9 s!:' '(2 ",62 ÙQA <#A,#;<#3 W³X K3J &S(1:" O <2 WNX
&,-H\ (2 G! RS_G YZG#A K3<"= "#$'#, Y3:&;<" 3 40! &
"(H1"#.( Y$]<T,2 3J#7 & "(A " '#&2 3 ¢ ! J2 ;<2 @ /Q"
&S(! O <2 :G G#U! R,#0 YZG#A K3>"#3 I>,2 3JA K(1 R"62 &#,
&2 <#2 H,2 3J#7
WX O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LM"(# (2 KQ"; <#"2 ;P!
V= <M#A7 :(; <#A,#H! R<#>;:< 0#9 V=>H R,#]T?6#37
O <2 G&,62 3 s?61"2 :"; <"2 G\ RS_C! R<#>;:<C! &.( V=>?6#37
/ :" &.$@ 8O <2 ,? O #G,1"2 3 s?61"2 ¡D K3J ":0;<2 R"62 &#,
&2 <#2 1A?6#7 /Q" &#"1:" Y3:&;<"3 40Y! & "(H1"#.(
Y$]<LT?6#7
W X ¬ def iÊ kªh klªh n« oehph o ²±ª¯m o
²Íphm no nopl «Ì Ôeie Ô ®iÖÔl «Ì Ôpeie
ÔeephË« Ð nopl ep mo opp nkpp¯« oie Ñª
hpÑ(njp«
W X 8"2 UH(2 SQ .",1:" V= <T1A! :(1:"C! O #! O2 $#,#2 H, .&]T!D

IJ2 &2 LT@ 8:¶1"#(2 3 B]T"0# '0H,? 0#9 &2 M! L.S<:(
RS_"#,?D EF & I>&A YtH 3 '*A! SQ.",1:" V= <T1"2 &2 T!
K3<:"\ vLZH ,#LZC?.6#!7 '0H,? <=J2 G &$A /Q"H I=> '# H
Y$]<LM"#!7
W X 8O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G! RS_G;<LZUQ"# K"2 #2 ,? &2 'S(!
RS_"2 U;<#,?D K3J &#"! "&J#(A7 O <2 WNX &,-H\ (2 G!
RS_G;<LMA &,-H., />"2 G2 "#3 R"#2 Q"2 UH! .<#A 'H,? J2 Q"2 UH,
&#_;P /:07 (2 G1"# V= <LM <#"2 ;PH IM T!< &#|^M3 S!<Q";<LMA
K3<:"1 R"62 ^<T1"2 C?.6#!7 /." .&:6@ / +0#'2 G J2 {,? /Q" )"* :N
&2 'S2 H,#"." /A s]:'G#( )"* + K3<"=,#( S#3J#! K3<:"1
R"62 ^<T1"2 C?.6#!7
W ¢X 8(2 G! RS_G;<LM&D K3> ,#x<2 ,? IJ2 G:"H 3 ,]Z;<:" /Q"
)"* :N '>;<"=,#( "#$'#, KTH, YZG#A7 &,? O <2 WNX &,62 3
O <2 1A&1:".G 8(2 G1"2 3 s6$D K3J ,U1"2 "#3 IJ2 (# K3> &.$ IJ2
&2 LT@ "(H Y$]<LT :" "#$'#, Y3:&H, YZG#A· T1A@ (2 G.'
/:07 "= ; <#"2 ;P! /:0 K3> IJ2 &2 LT@ O <2 WNX &,:6 8(2 G!
RS_G;<LM&D K(H ,#x<2 ,? IJ2 C?6(7 8/Q" )"* :N V=J# ,#x<2 ,:6
s]:';<T1"2 G"#,2 &2 T!D EF & I>&A &UH., Y$b#(A K3<:"C!
R"62 ^<T1"2 C?.6#!7
W ¢X 8'+)´ D W(2 G! RS_G;<LM&X EF x <2 }(# &2 'S2 H,;<LM 4N# O <2
(2 G1"2 = ?6#,2 C?6#7 ,G2 >!@ "ZC! &UH <#!P,6#,1 R"3<LM(7
/;.<#A x<2 }3 IJ2 GA s]:'G#,2 &2 T! K(H IJ2 @ :( O2 $#,#2 H,
YZC'# K3<:" &2 <#2 1"AM3@ 8'+)´ D W(2 G! RS_G;<LM&X K3<"=,#(
43> 1"! s?6A7 KQ" 1"1"2 KT1"#a ! "=!@ )"* N H'2 :MG2
Y$]<#T /:0 K3<:"1 R"62 ^<T1"2 C?.6#!7
W £X T1A@ (2 G! J2 1" )"* y KQ" Y$]<#T! /:07 Y$]<#L:M1
."#=>&2 H, )"* y /0#" ,2 b=J2 ÙQA K3J &#S,1:" def ÊX ª¯ iÏ
Ôh® ÔÌ q Ôe e ¯ epjie Ñª hpÑ(njp«7 1AM3
oÖYkp def iÊ Ì oÖY« l Ôep ÔhpnÏ def U®
²Íop moeph ep e Í nkpi(« Ñª hpÑ(njp«7
W X />"2 G#,\ (2 G1:" [U ,:0 K3>!@ "(# <#"2 ;P s]T K3>!@
"2 ,<LS &2 :6^ ,b&3 ':(&2 H,2 :MG2 <2 #2 &2 :( V= <T1A&A"#3 K3>!
&.$ [;PH R,#]M:"C! vLZH ,#LZC?.6#!7
nÌ op phqhnjQ q kfj oiÐ oªh« i ÑÌ p«
¯Ð mo ÑÏ «hij epkph e m opq Ì Í e Ò nhÑ#
hij ªÔhpj ² (h
q Ôe nihÌ e phhjp®
q Ôp® « e « e kph Ïp Q qÌ e hie iÖ leª
ZiÏmo ª¯« nkpkp Ò ²iÐ (« p ph ÏpQ e ph«Ì ni nlÌ p [
o iÒ nl
p [o iÒiª ¯q°[ÊX pn ef qkp ª¯«
n Í e
Ò nhÑ# kf kpl iiÍ(« Ï iÒªh nÐ
Y=>!

மறுக்கப்படும் ஆதாரபூர்வமான ஹதீஸ்கள்

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

மறுக்கப்படும் ஆதாரபூர்வமான ஹதீஸ்கள்

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

K3RJ0#! ,#$b5,? IJ2 .G )"* +,:6 O2 $#,#2 H,\ RS#,2 3J(7

K(.&@ 8&,? .<#LM .<#AD K3<"= :M;PHJ2 .<#M.&]T! K3J#@

s]:'G2 ³ &S(1"2 O <2 :G; <#A,#;<"#, 0#9 s1"$&#"!

vLZH,#LM;<LM /;<"2 G2 /M!R<=J2 UH! Z;<:MG#( "&>,:6

ÓQ"H I=> H Y$]<LM"#!/ 1."#T '# H! .&LT :&H!

R&>! µ,5,:6; <2 3<=>&A KQ" &:,G2 a ! S1"2 G1"2 = A :b O2 =,#A K !

)"* y RS#0;<M#" RS_"2 ,:61 "#(#,H ,= <:( <]b2 @ O <2 WNX

/0J1"2 T<M#'.0.G T<LM"#, K]b2 GA K"2 #2 ,-H 0@ O <2 1

u~ µ,5,:6 Y3:&1A@ S2 0 .'0"2 , ,U1AH,:6C! .S1AH R,#]T />"2

/;.<#A O2 G#G'#( [U .,?&2 :G Y3:&H, &2 U!P,2 3.J#!7

T1A@ (2 G! RS_" µ",:6 3'* , =J '2 H,&,? K3>

/Q"; <Q"2 G2 a ! (2 G1"2 3 40! O <2 G&,? z|1";<LM"#,^! [U&U!

/ +0#1"2 3 K"2 #2 ,? O <2 WNX &,:6 '+)´ ¸ (2 G!

/"= ; <"2 I>! .<#A 4N#W :0X &,?@

.'= <Z &S(1"2 3 40! &3 IJ2 G:" '>1"AM3 &3

RS_G;<LM&3 K3J <"!@ RS_<&3 K3J 1"1"2 <G3<T1";<M0#! K3J

.'= <Z &2 6H,1"2 )"* y /M!R<=>?6"#, S.,#"$ <2 . I>!

W X 8"2 UH(2 SQ .",1:" V= <T1A! :(1:"C! O #! O2 $#,#2 H, .&]T!D

You might also like

மறுக்கப்படும் ஆதாரபூர்வமான ஹதீஸ்கள்

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

மறுக்கப்படும் ஆதாரபூர்வமான ஹதீஸ்கள்

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats



K3RJ0#! ,#$b5,? IJ2 .G )"* +,:6 O2 $#,#2 H,\ RS#,2 3J(7

K(.&@ 8&,? .<#LM .<#AD K3<"=   :M;PHJ2 .<#M.&]T! K3J#@

s]:'G2  ³ &S(1"2  O <2 :G; <#A,#;<"#, 0#9 s1"$&#"!

vLZH,#LM;<LM /;<"2 G2  /M!R<=J2 UH! Z;<:MG#( "&>,:6

ÓQ"H I=>  H Y$]<LM"#!/ 1."#T '# H! .&LT :&H!

R&>! µ,5,:6; <2 3<=>&A KQ" &:,G2 a ! S1"2 G1"2 =  A :b O2 =,#A K !

)"* y RS#0;<M#" RS_"2 ,:61 "#(#,H ,= <:( <]b2 @ O <2 WNX

/0J1"2  T<M#'.0.G T<LM"#, K]b2 GA K"2 #2 ,-H 0@ O <2 1

u~ µ,5,:6 Y3:&1A@ S2 0 .'0"2 , ,U1AH,:6C! .S1AH R,#]T />"2

/;.<#A O2 G#G'#( [U .,?&2 :G Y3:&H, &2 U!P,2 3.J#!7

 T1A@ ­(2 G! RS_" µ",:6  3'* , =J '2 H,&,? K3>

/Q"; <Q"2 G2 a ! ­(2 G1"2 3 40! O <2 G&,? z|1";<LM"#,^! [U&U!

/ +0#1"2 3 K"2 #2 ,? O <2 WNX &,:6 '+)´  ¸ ­(2 G!

/"= ; <"2  I>! .<#A 4N#W :0X &,?@

.'= <Z &S(1"2 3 40! &3 IJ2 G:" '>1"AM3 &3

RS_G;<LM&3 K3J <"!@ RS_<&3 K3J 1"1"2  <G3<T1";<M0#! K3J

.'= <Z &2 6H,1"2  )"* y /M!R<=>?6"#, S.,#"$ <2 . I>!

W X 8"2 UH(2  SQ .",1:" V= <T1A!  :(1:"C! O #! O2 $#,#2 H, .&]T!D

You might also like

K3RJ0#! ,#$b5,? IJ2 .G )"* +,:6 O2 $#,#2 H,\ RS#,2 3J(7

K(.&@ 8&,? .<#LM .<#AD K3<"= :M;PHJ2 .<#M.&]T! K3J#@

s]:'G2 ³ &S(1"2 O <2 :G; <#A,#;<"#, 0#9 s1"$&#"!

vLZH,#LM;<LM /;<"2 G2 /M!R<=J2 UH! Z;<:MG#( "&>,:6

ÓQ"H I=> H Y$]<LM"#!/ 1."#T '# H! .&LT :&H!

R&>! µ,5,:6; <2 3<=>&A KQ" &:,G2 a ! S1"2 G1"2 = A :b O2 =,#A K !

)"* y RS#0;<M#" RS_"2 ,:61 "#(#,H ,= <:( <]b2 @ O <2 WNX

/0J1"2 T<M#'.0.G T<LM"#, K]b2 GA K"2 #2 ,-H 0@ O <2 1

u~ µ,5,:6 Y3:&1A@ S2 0 .'0"2 , ,U1AH,:6C! .S1AH R,#]T />"2

T1A@ (2 G! RS_" µ",:6 3'* , =J '2 H,&,? K3>

/Q"; <Q"2 G2 a ! (2 G1"2 3 40! O <2 G&,? z|1";<LM"#,^! [U&U!

/ +0#1"2 3 K"2 #2 ,? O <2 WNX &,:6 '+)´ ¸ (2 G!

/"= ; <"2 I>! .<#A 4N#W :0X &,?@

.'= <Z &S(1"2 3 40! &3 IJ2 G:" '>1"AM3 &3

RS_G;<LM&3 K3J <"!@ RS_<&3 K3J 1"1"2 <G3<T1";<M0#! K3J

.'= <Z &2 6H,1"2 )"* y /M!R<=>?6"#, S.,#"$ <2 . I>!

W X 8"2 UH(2 SQ .",1:" V= <T1A! :(1:"C! O #! O2 $#,#2 H, .&]T!D