Bi tp bi dng HSG 11 phn dung dch

Cu1.
1. Tnh pH ca dung dch HA 0,1M (Ka = 10 -3.75) . Tnh pH ca dung dch X c to
thnh khi trn 200ml dung dch HA 0,1M vi 200ml dung dch KOH 0.05M.
2. Cho hai mui Ag2SO4 v SrSO4 vo nc ct v khuy u cho n khi t c dung
dch bo ho nhit phng. Xc nh nng ion Ag+ v Sr2+. Bit rng nhit
nghin cu tch s tan ca Ag2SO4 l 1,5. 10-5, ca SrSO4 l 2,8.10-7.
3. Tnh tan ca AgI trong dung dch NH3 1M, bit tch s tan ca AgI = 10 -16 ,
hng s bn ca phc Ag(NH3)2+ l 107,24.
p n
1. a) pH = 2,375
b) nHA = 0,1.0,2 = 0,02 mol ;
nKOH = 0,05.0,2 = 0,01 mol
KOH + HA KA + H2O
Theo phng trnh HA cn d = 0,01 mol;
0,01

Trong d2 X: CHA = CKA = 0,4 = 0,025M.

Xt cc cn bng sau:

H2O
H+ + OHKW = 10-14

A- + H2O
HA

H+ + AHA + OH-

KHA = 10-3,75

(1)
(2)

KB = KHA-1. KW = 10-10,25

(3)

So snh (1) vi (2) KHA >> KW b qua (1). So snh (2) vi (3) KHA >> KB b
qua(3) Dung dch X l dung dch m axit
c pH = pKa + lg

muoi
axit

0,1

= 3,75 + lg 0,1 = 3,75

Ag2SO4
2 Ag + + SO42- ; [Ag+]2 [SO42-] = 1,5 . 10-5
SrSO4
Sr 2+ + SO42- ; [Sr2+] [SO42-] = 2,8 . 10-7.
T tr s tch s tan ta thy Ag 2SO4 tan nhiu hn nn c th gi thit SrSO 4 cung
cp khng ng k lng SO42- cho dung dch.
Vy xt Ag2SO4
2 Ag + + SO42- ;
t nng SO42- l x, ta c [Ag+]2 [SO42-] = (2x)2 = 1,5 . 10-5
T c x = 1,55 . 10-2 mol/l nn [Ag+] = 2 x = 3,1 . 10-2 mol/l.
Cn SrSO4
Sr 2+ + SO42- c T = [Sr2+] . 1,5510-2 = 2,8 . 10-7.
Vy [Sr2+] = 1,8.10-5 mol/l.
Gi thit trn hp l v nng SO42- do SrSO4 to ra l 1,8.10-5 mol/l l qu nh.
S( AgI) = 4,17.10-5 ( AgI tan khng ng k trong dd NH3)
Cu2.
1. Trong phng th nghim c cc dung dch b mt nhn: AlCl3, NaCl, KOH, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2,
AgNO3. Dng thm mt thuc th, hy nhn bit mi dung dch. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng (nu c).
2. Dung dch bo ha H2S c nng 0,100 M. Hng s axit ca H2S: K1 = 1,0 x 10-7 v
K2 = 1,3 x 10-13.
a) Tnh nng ion sunfua trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M khi iu chnh pH = 2,0.
b) Mt dung dch A cha cc cation Mn2+, Co2+, v Ag+ vi nng ban u ca mi ion
u bng 0,010 M. Ho tan H2S vo A n bo ho v iu chnh pH = 2,0 th ion no to
kt ta.
Cho: TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10 ; TCoS = 4,0 x 10 21 ; TAg2S = 6,3 x 10-50

BI GII:
1. C th dng thm phenolphtalein nhn bit cc dung dch AlCl3, NaCl, KOH, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2,
Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3.
* Ln lt nh vi git phenolphtalein vo trong dung dch.
- Nhn ra dung dch KOH do xut hin mu ta.
* Ln lt cho dung dch KOH vo mi dung dch cn li:
- Dung dch AgNO3 c kt ta mu nu
Ag+ + OH AgOH ; (hoc 2Ag+ + 2OH Ag2O + H2O)
- Dung dch Mg(NO3)2 c kt ta trng, keo
Mg2+ + 2OH Mg(OH)2
- Cc dung dch AlCl3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 u c chung hin tng to ra kt ta trng,
tan trong dung dch KOH (d).
Al3+ + 3OH Al(OH)3 ; Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2 + 2H2O
Pb2+ + 2OH Pb(OH)2 ; Pb(OH)2 + OH PbO2 + 2H2O
Zn2+ + 2OH Zn(OH)2 ; Zn(OH)2 + OH ZnO2 + 2H2O
- Dung dch NaCl khng c hin tng g.
- Dng dung dch AgNO3 nhn ra dung dch AlCl3 do to ra kt ta trng
Ag+ + Cl AgCl
- Dng dung dch NaCl nhn ra dung dch Pb(NO3)2 do to ra kt ta trng
Pb2+ + 2 Cl PbCl2
- cn li l dung dch Zn(NO3)2.
2.
a) Tnh nng ion S2 trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M; pH = 2,0.
CH2S = [H2S] = 0,1 M
H2S (k) H2S (aq)
[H2S] = 10-1
H2S (aq) H+ + HS
K1 = 1,0 x 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
HS
H+ + S2K2 = 1,3 x 10-13
2

H2S (aq) 2H + S
+

2-

[S ] = 1,3 x 10

-20

H2S
H

= 1,3 x 10

-20

H S 2
K=
H2S

2-

101
102

= Kl. K2

= 1,3 x 10-17 (M)

b)
[Mn2+] [S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 < TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10
khng c kt ta
[Co2+] [ S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 > TCoS = 4,0 x 10-21
to kt ta CoS
+ 2
2-2 2
-17
21
-50
[Ag ] [S ] = (10 ) x 1,3 x 10 = 1,3 x 10 > TAg2S = 6,3 x 10
to kt ta Ag2S
Cu3.
Bng dung dch NH3, ngi ta c th lm kt ta hon ton ion Al 3+ trong dung dch nc dng
hydroxit, nhng ch lm kt ta c mt phn ion Mg2+ trong dung dch nc dng hydroxit.
Hy lm sng t iu ni trn bng cc php tnh c th.
Cho bit: Tch s tan ca Al(OH)3 l 5.1033; tch s tan ca Mg(OH)2 l 4.1012; hng s phn ly baz
ca NH3 l 1,8.105.

BI GII:
Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng kt ta hidroxit:
3

; K NH3= 1,8.105

NH4+ + OH

NH3 + H2O

Al3+ + 3 OH

Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O

33
; KS, Al(OH)=
3 5. 10

Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+ ; K =

KS;

3
KNH

= 1,17.1018

Al(OH)

Tng t nh vy, i vi phn ng:

2
KNH

3
Mg(OH)2 + 2 NH4+ ; K = KS;Mg(OH)= 81
2

Mg2+ + 2 NH3 + 2 H2O

Phn ng thun nghch, Mg2+ khng kt ta hon ton di dng magie hidroxit nh Al3+.
Cu4.
1. Tnh in li ca ion CO32 trong dung dch Na2CO3 c pH =11,60 (dung dch A).
2. Thm 10,00 ml HCl 0,160 M vo 10,00 ml dung dch A. Tnh pH ca hn hp thu c.
3. C hin tng g xy ra khi thm 1 ml dung dch bo ho CaSO4 vo 1 ml dung dch A.
CO2 + H2O
HCO3 + H+ ; Ka = 106,35
1
HCO3
H+ + CO32 ;
Ka = 1010,33
2
tan ca CO2 trong nc bng 3,0.102 M.
Tch s tan ca CaSO4 bng 105,04; ca CaCO3 bng 108,35

Cho:

BI GII:
1.
CO32 + H2O

HCO3

+ H2O

HCO3 + OH ; Kb1 = 10-14/10-10,33

= 103,67
( H2O.CO2) + OH ; Kb2 = 10-14/10-6.35
= 107,65

(1)
(2)

Kb1 >> Kb2 , cn bng (1) l ch yu.

CO32 + H2O
C
[ ]

C
C 102,4

10

2, 4 2

C 10

2, 4

CO32 =

HCO3 + OH ;
102,4

= 103,67

103,67

102,4

C = 102,4 + (10-4,8/10-3,67) = 0,0781 M

102,4 102 = 5,1 %

0,0781

2.

[]

CHCl =

0,16/2 = 0,08 M ;

CO32

0,03905
CCO2
CO2

2 H+
0,08
1,9. 103

CNa2CO3

= 0,0781 = 0,03905 M

CO2 +

H2O

0,03905

> LCO2
+ H2O

H+ +

HCO3 ;

106,35

(do Ka1 >> Ka2)

3,0 102
3,0 102 x

1,9. 103
1,9. 103 + x

x(1,9. 10 +x) +
= 106,35
3,0 102 x

x = 7,05.106 << 1,9. 103

[H+] = 1,9.103

Vy pH = lg 1,9. 103 = 2,72

3.
2
C
CO3

= 0,03905 0,0391

= 0,0781/2
Ca2+
x

CaSO4

SO42 ;

KS1 = 105,04

x = (KS1)0,5 = 102,52
CO32 + H2O
C
[]

HCO3 + OH ;

0,0391
0,0391 x

CCa2+ = (10-2,52/2) = 102,82

103,67

(do Kb1 >> Kb2)

x2
10 3, 67 x 2,89.10 3
0,0391 x

= 0,0391 2,89.103 = 0,0362 M

. CCa2+ = 0,0362 102,82 = 5,47.105 > 108,35

CO3

CO3

Kt lun: c kt ta CaCO3
CU4.
Kali dicromat l mt trong nhng tc nhn to kt ta c s dng rng ri nht. Nhng cn bng sau
c thit lp trong dung dch nc ca Cr(VI)

1.

2.

3.

4.

HCrO4- + H2O CrO42- + H3O+.

pK1 = 6,50
2HCrO4- Cr2O72- + H2O
pK2 = -1,36
-14
Tch s ion ca nc KW = 1,0.10
Tnh hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng sau:
a)
CrO42- + H2O HCrO4- + OHb)
Cr2O72- + 2OH- 2CrO42- + H2O
Tch s tan ca BaCrO4 l T = 1,2.10-10. Ba2Cr2O7 tan dn dng trong nc. Cn bng ca phn ng (1b) s
di chuyn theo chiu no khi thm cc tc nhn sau vo dung dch tng i m c ca kali dicromat?
a)
KOH
b)
HCl
c)
BaCl2
d)
H2O (xt tt c cc cn bng trn).
Hng s phn ly ca axit axetic l Ka = 1,8.10-5. Hy tnh tr s pH ca cc dung dch sau:
a)
K2CrO4 0,010M
b)
K2Cr2O7 0,010M
c)
K2Cr2O7 0,010M + CH3COOH 0,100M
Hy tnh nng ti cn bng ca cc ion sau trong dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,010M + CH3COOH 0,100M.
a)
CrO42-.
b)
Cr2O72-.

BI GII:
1) a) Hng s cn bng:
K = [HCrO4-][OH-]/[CrO42-] = [H+][OH-]/([H+][CrO42-]/[HCrO4-]) = Kw/K1 = 3,2.10-8
b) Hng s cn bng:
K = ([CrO42-][H+]/[HCrO4-])2/([HCrO4-]2/[Cr2O72-])/([H+][OH-])2 = 4,4.1013.
2) a) phi
b)
Tri
c) BaCl2 di cn bng qua phi do ion cromat lin kt to thnh hp cht kh tan:
Ba2+ + CrO42- = BaCrO4
d) H2O di cn bng qua phi do khi thm nc vo dung dch dicromat dn n vic lm long dung
dch v lm cho cn bng phn ly ca ion dicromat qua bn phi. Theo bi th pH ca dung dch
phi b hn 7. Vi s pha long ny th pH ca dung dch s tng ln nn cn bng phi chuyn dch
v bn phi.
3) a) CrO42- + H2O = HCrO4- + OHK = 3,16.10-8.
222CCr = [CrO4 ] + [HCrO4 ] + 2[Cr2O7 ] [CrO4 ]
[HCrO4-] [OH-]
Nh vy [OH-]2/CCr = K [OH-] = 1,78.10-5M nn [H+] = 5,65.10-10.
Vy pH = 9,25
b)
Cr2O72- + H2O = 2HCrO4K = 1/K2 = 4,37.10-2
HCrO4- = H+ + CrO42K = K1 = 3,16.10-7.
CCr = 2,0.10-2M = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-]
[H+] [CrO42-] = x = (K1[HCrO4-])1/2
K2 = [Cr2O72-]/[HCrO4-] = (CCr x)/2x2
iu ny dn n phng trnh: 2K2x2 + x CCr = 0
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c: x = 1,27.10-2M [H+] = 6,33.10-5M
Vy pH = 4,20
c)
Trong CH3COOH 0,10M th [H+] = (KaC)1/2 = 1,34.10-3 pH = 2,87
y l tr s cn thit. So snh tr s ny vi pH ca dung dch dicromat 0,1M cho trn (b) cho thy
nh hng ca K2Cr2O7 trn pH c th an tm b qua c.
4) C th tnh bng hai cch:
Cch 1:
a) [HCrO4-] = 1,3.10-2M (3b) [CrO42-] = K1[HCrO4-]/[H+] = 3,0.10-6M
b) CCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [Cr2O72-] = 3,7.10-3M
hoc [Cr2O72-] = K2[HCrO4-] = 3,9.10-3M
Cch 2:
[CrO42-] = x; [HCrO4-] = x[H+]/K1
a)
[Cr2O72-] = K2[HCrO4-] = x2K2[H+]2/K12.
CCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] = 2K2[H+]2/K12x2 + (1 + [H+]/K1)x
K1 = 3,16.10-7; K2 = 22,9; [H+] = 1,34.10-3.
8,24.108x2 + 4,24.103x 2,0.10-2 = 0
x = 3,0.10-6M
[Cr2O72-] = K2 [HCrO4-] = K2[H+]2/K12[CrO42-] = 3,7.10-3M
b)
CU5.
Axit Photphoric l mt loi phn bn quan trng. Bn cnh axit photphoric v mui ca n c nhiu
ng dng trong x l kim loi, thc phm, cht ty ra v cng nghip ch to thuc nh rng.
1. Ga tr pK ca ba nc phn ly ca H3PO4 25oC l: pKa1 = 2,12; pKa2 = 7,21; pKa3=12,32. Vit cng thc
baz lin hp ca H2PO4- v tnh ga tr Kb ca n.
Mt lng nh H3PO4 c s dng rng ri to v chua hay v cht cho nhiu thc ung nh cola
v bia. Cola c t khi 1,00gmL-1 cha 0,05% H3PO4 v khi lng.
2. Tnh pH ca cola (b qua nc phn li th 2 v 3). Gi s rng nguyn nhn gy ra tnh axit ca cola l do
H3PO4.

BI GII:
1. Baz lin hp ca dihidro photphat (H2PO4-) l monohydrophotphat (HPO42-)
H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H3O+
K2a
HPO42- + H2O H2PO4- + OH-

K2b

2H2O H3O+ + OH-

Kw.

pK2a + pK2b = pKw = 14

pK2b = 6,79
2. C(H3PO4) = 0,0051M
H3PO4
+
H2O

0,0051 x

H2PO4-

H3O+
x

pKa1 = 2,12. Vy Ka = 7,59.10-3.

Ta c:
2

PO4 H 3 O
x2

7,59.10 3
H 3 PO4
0,0051 x

x H 3 O 3,49.10 3
pH 2,46

CU6.
Kh nng nhn ion H+ ca nc c gi l tnh kim. Tnh kim rt quan trng i vi vic x l nc,
tnh cht ho hc v sinh hc ca nc. Ni chung, cc thnh phn ch yu nh hng n tnh kim ca
nc l HCO3-, CO32- v OH-. ga tr pH di 7 th H+ trong nc lm gim tnh kim ca nc. Chnh
v vy, phng trnh nu kim ca nc khi c mt cc ion HCO3-, CO32- v OH- c th c biu din
bi:
kim = [HCO3-] + 2[CO32- ] + [OH-] - [H+].
Cc cn bng v hng s cn bng ( 298K) c cho sau y:
CO2(k) CO2(aq)

K(CO2) = 3,44.10-2.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

K(H2CO3) = 2,00.10-3.

H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Ka1 = 2,23.10-4.

HCO3- CO32- + H+

Ka2 = 4,69.10-11

CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-

Ksp = 4,50.10-9.

H2O H+ + OH-

Kw = 1,00.10-14

1. Nc t nhin (nc sng hay h) lun cha CO2 ho tan. T l [H2CO3] : [HCO3-] : [CO32-] = a :
1,00 : b. Xc nh a, b trong nc c nng [H+] = 1,00.10-7M.
2. Kh CO2 trong kh quyn c th lin quan ti tnh kim ca nc do n nm cn bng vi hm lng
CO2 tan trong nc. Tnh nng ca CO2 (mol/L) trn nc tinh khit nm cn bng vi khng kh
khng b nhim p sut 1,01.105Pa v 298K cha 0,0360% (v s mol) CO2. Gi s p sut tiu
chun l 1,01.105Pa.
Nu bn khng lm c cu ny th c th gi s rng nng CO2(aq) = 1,11.10-5M.
tan ca CO2 trong nc c th c nh ngha bng biu thc S=[CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] +
[CO32-]. tan ca kh CO2 trong nc nm cn bng vi khng kh khng b nhim 298K v
1,01.105Pa lun khc vi kim

3. Tnh tan ca CO2(k) tring nc tinh khit (mol/L). B qua s phn li ca nc.
4. Khi trong nc c 1,00.10-3M NaOH th tan ca CO2(k) lc ny s l bao nhiu?
298K, 1,01.105Pa th kh khng nhim s nm cn bng vi nc thin nhin cha CaCO3 ho tan.
Cn bng sau y c th tn ti:
CaCO3(r) + CO2(aq) + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3-.
5. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng trn.
Nu khng tnh c th ta c th gi s K = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton cho cu tip theo.
6. Tnh nng Ca2+ (mg/L) trong CaCO3 ho tan trong nc nm cn bng vi CO2 trong kh quyn.
Nu khng tnh c th ta c th gi s rng nng ca Ca2+(aq) l 40,1mg/L tnh ton.
7. Tnh kim ca dung dch trn.
8. mt h nc ngm cha CaCO3 ho tan th nc c lng CO2 rt cao. Nng ca Ca2+ trong h
cao n 100mg/L. Gi thit rng h nc v khng kh bn trn l mt h kn, tnh hot p ca CO2
(Pa) trong khng kh nm cn bng vi Ca2+ trn.
BI GII:
1
[H+] = 1,00.10-7M
Ka1 = [HCO3-][H+]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.10-4 [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.103
Ka2 = [CO32-][H+]/[HCO3-] = 4,69.10-11 [CO32-]/[HCO3-] = 4,69.10-4
[H2CO3] : [HCO3-] : [CO32-] = 4,48.10-4 : 1,00 : 4,69.10-4
(a)
(b)
2.
P(CO2) = 1,01.105.3,60.10-4 = 36,36Pa
[CO2(aq)] = K(CO2).P(CO2) = 1,24.10-5mol/L
Nu khng lm c cu 6 2 th c th gi s [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M tnh cc cu tip theo.
3.
a)
tan = [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
= [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-]
([H2CO3] = [CO2(aq)] . K(H2CO3) = 2,48.10-8M v
[CO32-] = Ka2/([H+].[HCO3-] = Ka2 = 4,69.10-11M u qa nh nn ta b qua).
[H+].[HCO3-]/[CO2(aq)] = Ka1.K(H2CO3) = 4,46.10-7
T cu 6 2 [CO2(aq)]=1,24.10-5M ta tnh c [H+]=[HCO3-]=2,35.10-6M
Vy tan ca CO2 s bng 1,48.10-5M.
b)
S dng [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
tan
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
= [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-]
([H2CO3] = [CO2(aq)] . K(H2CO3) = 2,48.10-8M v
[CO32-] = Ka2/([H+].[HCO3-] = Ka2 = 4,69.10-11M u qa nh nn ta b qua).
[H+].[HCO3-]/[CO2(aq)] = Ka1.K(H2CO3) = 4,46.10-7
T cu 6 2 [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M ta tnh c [H+]=[HCO3-]=2,225.10-6M
Vy tan ca CO2 s bng 1,34.10-5M.
4.
a) S dng [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Trong dung dch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan ca CO2 phi tng ln do phn ng sau:
(1)
CO2(aq) + 2OH- CO32- + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011
(2)
CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103
Kt hp (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH- HCO3K = 4,43.107.
Do K rt ln nn ton b lng OH u chuyn ht v HCO3-.
[HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M
[OH-]
= 1,82.10-6M
[H+]
= 5,49.10-9M

[CO32-]
tan

= 8,54.10-6M
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
[CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M
b) S dng [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
Trong dung dch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan ca CO2 phi tng ln do phn ng sau:
(3)
CO2(aq) + 2OH- CO32- + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011
(4)
CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103
Kt hp (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH- HCO3K = 4,43.107.
Do K rt ln nn ton b lng OH u chuyn ht v HCO3-.
[HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M
[OH-]
= 1,82.10-6M
[H+]
= 5,49.10-9M
2[CO3 ]
= 8,54.10-6M
tan
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
[CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M
5.
Keq = Ksp.K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 4,28.10-5
Nu khng tnh c cu 6 5 th ta c th gi s rng Keq = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton.
6.
a) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
-5
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10 M
[Ca2+] = 0,510.10-3M = 20,5mg/L
b) S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,5177.10-3M = 20,75mg/L
c) S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,5372.10-3M = 21,53mg/L
d) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,4916.10-3M = 19,70mg/L

7.
HCO3- l thnh phn ch yu trong dung dch:
pH ca dung dch ny c th c tnh bng cng thc:
pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 = 6,99 7,00
Vi Ka1 v Ka2 l hng s axit ca H2CO3.
Ti pH = 7,00 th [OH-] v [H+] ta c th b qua.

Bn cnh theo cu 6 1 th:[CO32-] << [HCO3-]

kim = [HCO3-] + 2[CO3-] + [OH-] - [H+] [HCO3-]
T cu 6 6: ta c th c 5 kt qa sau:
a) 1,02.10-3M
b) 1,035.10-3M
c) 1,0744.10-3M
d) 0,9831.10-3M
e) 2,00.10-3M (gi s [Ca2+(aq)] = 40,1mg/L)
8.
a) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 tnh ton
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
[Ca2+] = 100mg/L = 2,50.10-3M
Thay vo biu thc Keq = 4,28.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= 4[Ca2+]3/[CO2(aq)]
[CO2(aq)] = 1,46.10-3M
P(CO2) = {[CO2(aq)]/K(CO2).1,01.105 = 4,28.103Pa
b)
S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
[Ca2+] = 100mg/L = 2,50.10-3M
Thay vo biu thc Keq = 5,00.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= 4[Ca2+]3/[CO2(aq)]
[CO2(aq)] = 1,25.10-3M
P(CO2) = {[CO2(aq)]/K(CO2).1,01.105 = 3,67.103Pa
CU7. Tnh axit ca mt mu nc ty thuc s hp th kh. Ni chung, kh quan trng nht gy nn tnh
axit l cacbon dioxit.
a) Vit ba phng trnh phn ng minh ha nh hng ca CO2 trong khng kh ln tnh axit ca nc.
b) Xp cc hn hp kh sau theo th t tng dn kh nng ha tan ca CO2(k) trong dung dch nc (tnh theo
% s mol)
i) 90% Ar; 10% CO2.
ii) 80% Ar; 10% CO2; 10% NH3.
iii) 80% Ar; 10% CO2; 10%Cl2.
Vit cc phng trnh ca bt k phn ng ho hc no xy ra trong dung dch nc khi phi kh cc hn
hp kh trn.
c) Xp cc h sau (trong nc) theo th t kh nng ho tan ca CO2. Gi thit rng trc khi phi di hn
hp 10% CO2 trong Ar, chng t cn bng vi khng kh.
i) Nc ct.
ii) Dung dch HCl 1M
iii) Dung dch CH3COONa 1M
d) Gi thit rng khng kh c cha 350ppm CO2 (theo th tch), v t cn bng gia CO2 kh v tan
(trong nc), hy tnh pH ca mt git nc ma p sut khng kh. Cc hng s thch hp ti 25oC
l: kH(CO2) = 3,39.10-2mol.L-1.atm-1; Kb(HCO3-) = 2,24.10-8; Kb(CO32-) = 2,14.10-4.
e) Tnh pH ca mt chai nc c ga (P(CO2(k)) = 1atm)
BI GII:
a) Cc phn ng:
CO2(k) CO2(aq)

(1)

CO2(aq) + H2O HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq)

HCO3-(aq) CO32-(aq) + H+(aq)
l ta c thm cn bng:

(2)
(3)

CO2(aq) + H2O H2CO3(aq)

C th c gii thiu gii thch s tn ti ring bit ca CO2 dng ho tan v ca axit cacbonic phn
t trong dung dch nc nhng khng bt buc phi dng cn bng ny gii thch phn ng ho hc
phn ng ca cacbonat trong nc.
Do cn bng c thit lp vi s c mt ng thi ca cc cht hai v ca mi phn ng v do ta bt
u t CO2(k) v H2O nn dung dch thu c r rng phi c tnh axit.
b) NH3 l mt kh c tnh baz:
NH3(k) NH3(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Nn s xy ra phn ng axit baz, ko cn bng (2) v (3) theo chiu thun. iu ny lm tng kh nng
ho tan ca CO2 c trong kh quyn.
Cl2 l mt kh c tnh axit:
Cl2(k) Cl2(aq)
Cl2(aq) + H2O Cl-(aq) + H+(aq) + HOCl(aq)
HOCl(aq) H+(aq) + OCl-(aq)
S gia tng [H+] sinh ra t cc phn ng ny s di cc cn bng (2) v (3) theo chiu nghch. iu ny
lm gim kh nng ho tan ca CO2 trong kh quyn.
Nh vy chiu hng CO2 ho tan l: ii>i>iii.
c) Axetat CH3COO- l baz lin hp ca mt axit yu:
CH3COO-(aq) + H2O CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq)
Dung dch natri axetat c tnh kim v s di mi cn bng ca CO2 theo chiu thun.
Dung dch HCl s di cn bng ca CO2 theo chiu nghch.
Nh vy chiu hng CO2 hoa tan l: iii>i>ii
d) Nng ca CO2 trong dung dch nc c tnh bi nh lut Henry:
[CO2(aq)] = kH.P(CO2) = 1,187.10-5M
Ka = Kw/Kb
Ka(CO2(aq)) = 4,46.10-7
Ka(HCO3-(aq)) = 4,67.10-11
Do Ka(CO2(aq)) >> Ka(HCO3-(aq)) ta gi s rng trong dung dch axit ch c cn bng ca qa trnh tch loi
proton H+ th nht l ng k (c th kim tra li iu ny mt khi tm c [H+]). Do :
[H+] = [HCO3-] = 2,30.10-6M
Vy pH = 5,64
Nay, vi [H+] = [HCO3-] = 2,30.10-6M ta c th thy [CO32-] = 4,67.10-11M. Do mc phn ly ca
HCO3- thnh H+ v CO32- rt nh v gi thit nu trn l ng.
e) Thy ngay l 1atm CO2(k) s to dung dch axit hn l 350ppm CO2(k): Vy vi cc l do nh trnh
by cu d ta ch cn xt cn bng:
CO2(k) CO2(aq)
CO2(aq) + H2O HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq)
gii quyt cu hi
[CO2(aq)] = kH.P(CO2) = 3,39.10-2M
v [H+] = [HCO3-] = (Ka[CO2(aq)])0,5 = 1,23.10-4M

Vy pH = 3,91

CU8.
a) Axit photphoric, H3PO4 l mt axit ba chc. Nu chun mt dung dch H3PO4 0,1000M vi NaOH
0,1000M. Hy c lng pH ti cc thi im sau:
i) Gia im bt u v im tng ng th nht.
ii) Ti im tng ng th hai.
iii) Ti sao rt kh xc nh ng cong chun sau im tng ng th hai?
K1 = 7,1.10-3

K2 = 6,2.10-8

K3 = 4,4.10-13.

b) Mt dung dch cha 530mmol Na2S2O3 v mt lng cha xc nh KI. Khi dung dch ny c
chun vi AgNO3 th dng c 20,0mmol AgNO3 trc khi bt u vn c v AgI kt ta. C
bao nhiu mmol KI?. Bit th tch sau cng l 200mL.
Ag(S2O3)23- Ag+ + 2S2O32-(aq)
Kd = 6,0.10-14.
AgI(r) Ag+(aq) + I-(aq)

T = 8,5.10-17.

BI GII:
a)

(i) C dung dch m H3PO4 v H2PO4 H 3 PO4

H K1
H 2 PO 4

H 3 PO4 7,1.10 3 M
pH 2,15

(ii) Ti im tng ng th hai, c HPO42- nn:

[H+] = (K2K3)0,5 = 1,7.10-10M
pH = 9,77
(iii) HPO42- (K3 = 4,4.10-13) c tnh axit khng mnh hn H2O bao nhiu (Kw = 1,00.10-14). Thm baz
mnh vo dung dch HPO42- tng t nh thm baz mnh vo nc.
b)

Do hng s to phc ca Ag(S2O3)23-, Kf = (Kd)-1 = 1,667.1013 l rt ln nn hu ht Ag+ thm vo s

to phc vi S2O32- v:
[Ag(S2O3)23-] = 0,100M
s mmol S2O32- t do = 530 (2.20) = 490mmol.
[S2O32-] = 2,450M
Nng ion Ag+ t do c tnh t Kd

Ag S O
K
Ag (S O )
Ag 1,0.10

2 2
3
3
3 2

6,0.10 14

15

Ag+ + I- AgI
T = [Ag+][I-] = 8,5.10-17
[I-] = 8,5.10-2M
mmol KI = 17,0mmol.
CU9

Tr s pH ca nc nguyn cht l 7,0; trong khi nc ma t nhin c tnh axit yu do s ho tan ca

cacbon dioxit trong kh quyn. Tuy nhin trong nhiu khu vc nc ma c tnh axit mnh hn. iu ny
do mt s nguyn nhn trong c nhng nguyn nhn t nhin v nhng nguyn nhn xut pht t cc
hot ng ca con ngi. Trong kh quyn SO2 v NO b oxy ha theo th t thnh SO3 v NO2, chng
phn ng vi nc chuyn thnh axit sunfuric v axit nitric. Hu qa l to thnh ma axit vi pH
trung bnh khong 4,5. Tuy nhin cng o c cc tr s thp n mc 1,7.
Lu hunh dioxit SO2 l mt axit hai chc trong dung dch nc. Ti 25oC cc hng s axit bng:
SO2(aq) + H2O(l) HSO3-(aq) + H+(aq)

Ka1 = 10-1,92M

HSO3-(aq) SO32-(aq) + H+(aq)

Ka2 = 10-7,18M

Tt c cc cu hi sau u xt 25oC:
a) Tnh tan ca SO2 l 33,9L tng 1L H2O ti p sut ring phn ca lu hunh dioxit bng 1 bar.
i)
Hy tnh nng ton phn ca SO2 trong nc bo ho kh SO2 (b qua s thay i th
tnh xy ra do s ho tan SO2)
ii)
Hy tnh thnh phn phn trm ca ion hydrosunfit.
iii)
Tnh pH ca dung dch.
b) Hy tnh [H+] trong dung dch nc ca Na2SO3 0,0100M
c) Cn bng chnh trong dung dch nc ca NaHSO3.
2HSO3-(aq) SO2(aq) + SO32-(aq) + H2O(l).
i)
ii)

Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca cn bng trn.

Hy tnh nng ca lu hunh dioxit trong dung dch nc ca natri hydrosunfit
0,0100M nu ch xt cn bng ghi trn.
d) Tnh tan ca bari sunfit trong nc bng 0,016g/100mL
i)
Hy tnh nng ion Ba2+ trong nc bo ho.
ii)
Hy tnh nng ca ion sunfit trong nc bo ho.
iii)
Tnh T ca bari hydrosunfit.
e) Tch s tan ca bc sunfit bng 10-13,82M3. Hy tnh nng ion bc trong dung dch nc ca bc
sunfit bo ho (b qua tnh baz ca ion sunfit).
f) Tch s tan ca canxi sunfit bng 10-7,17M2. Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
Ca2+(aq) + Ag2SO3(r) CaSO3(r) + 2Ag+(aq)
g) Nh tng git brom n d vo dung dch lu hunh dioxit 0,0100M. Ton b lu hunh dioxit b oxy
ha thnh sunfat (VI). Brom d c tch ra bng cch sc vi kh nit
Vit mt phng trnh phn ng ca qa trnh v tnh nng ion hydro tng dung dch thu c. Gi s
cc qa trnh ho hc cng nh cc thao tc th nghim u khng lm thay i th tch dung dch. Tr s
pKa ca ion hydrosunfat bng 1,99.
h) Sau mi t phun tro ni la, tr s pH ca nc ma o c bng 3,2. Hy tnh nng ton phn
ca axit sunfuric trong nc ma, gi thit rng s axit ho ch so axit sunfuric. Proton th nhn trong
axit sunfuric c th c xem nh phn li hon ton.
BI GII:
a)

pV = nRT n = 1,368 mol C(SO2) = 1,368M

SO2(aq) + H2O HSO3-(aq) + H+(aq)

i)
ii)

vi [H+] = [HSO3-] = x th

x2
10 1,99 x 0,1224 M
1,368 x

Vy %HSO3- = 8,95%
iii)
b)

SO

23 (aq)

pH = 0,91
+ H2O(l) OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq)

x2
10 14

10 6,82 x 3,89.10 5 M H 2,57.10 10 M

Vi [OH ] = [HSO3 ] = x th:
0,01 x 10 7 ,18
-

c)

Ta c:
i) K

SO2 SO32 SO2 SO32

HSO

HSO

H K
.
H K

ii) [SO2] + [HSO3-] + [SO32-] = 0,01M v

Vy ta c:

a2

10 5, 26

a1

[SO2] = [SO32-]

SO 2 2 10 5,26 SO 2,33.10 5 M
2
(0,01 2 SO2 )

M(BaSO3) = 217,39g.mol-1.
i) [Ba2+] = 7,36.10-4M
SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq)
ii)
[OH-] = [HSO3-] = x
d)

[HSO3-] + [SO32-] = [Ba2+]

x2
10 6,82
(7,36.10 4 x )

x 1,0479.10 5 M SO32 7,26.10 4 M

e)

f)

g)

[Ag+] = 3,927.10-5M

Ag Ag . SO T
K=
Ca Ca SO T
2

2
3
2
3

Ag 2 SO3

10 6,65

CaSO 3

Phn ng: 2H2O(l) + SO2(aq) + Br2(aq) SO42-(aq) + Br-(aq) + 4H+(aq)

Cn bng: HSO4-(aq) SO42-(aq) + H+(aq)
Ka = 10-1,99M
[SO42-] = [HSO4-] = 0,01M v [H+] + [HSO4-] = 0,04M
[HSO4-] = 0,04 - [H+] v [SO42-] = [H+] 0,03M [H+] = 0,0324M

h)

[H+] = 10-3,2M; Ka = 10-1,99M; [HSO4-] = 10-1,28[SO42-]

[H+] = 10-3,2 = 10-1,28[SO42-] + 2[SO42-] + 10-10,8.
[SO42-] = 3,074.10-4M v [HSO4-] = 1,613.10-5M
C(H2SO4) = [HSO4-] + [SO42-] = 3,24.10-4M.

CU10
Ho tan 1,00NH4Cl v 1,00g Ba(OH)2.8H2O vo 80mL nc. Pha long dung dch thu c bng nc
n 100mL ti 25oC.
a) Tnh pH ca dung dch (pKa(NH4+) = 9,24
b) Hy tnh nng ca tt c cc ion trong dung dch.
c) Hy tnh pH sau khi thm 10,0mL dung dch HCl 1,00M vo dung dch trn.
d) Hy tnh [NH3] ca dung dch mi.
BI GII:
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(aq)
18,7mmol NH4Cl v 3,17 mmol Ba(OH)2.8H2O (6,34mmol OH-) to ra 6,34mmol NH3 v 12,4mmol NH4+
cn li khng i.
a)

1,13.10
H K NH
NH

M pH 8,95

[NH4+] = 0,124M; [Ba2+] = 0,0317M; [H+] = 1,13.10-9M; [Cl-] = 0,187M; [OH-] = 8,85.10-6M
c) Thm 10,0mmol HCl, trong c 6,34mmol c NH3 trung ho. Gi thit rng th tch bng 110mL,
v b qua axit yu NH4+ ta c: [H+] = 0,0333M pH = 1,48
+
d) Trong dung dch axit mnh [NH3] s rt nh: [NH4 ] = 0,170M

NH 3 K a NH4 2,9.10 9 M
H
b)

CU11.
Mt hc sinh iu ch dung dch bo ho magie hydroxit trong nc tinh khit ti 25oC. Tr s pH ca
dung dch bo ho c tnh bng 10,5.
a) Dng kt qa ny tnh tan ca magie hydroxit trong nc. Phi tnh tan theo mol.L-1 cng
nh g/100mL.
b) Hy tnh tch s tan ca magie hydroxit.
c) Hy tnh tan ca magie hydroxit trong dung dch NaOH 0,010M ti 25oC.
Khuy trn mt hn hp gm 10g Mg(OH)2 v 100mL dung dch HCl 0,100M bng my khuy t tnh
trong mt thi gian ti 25oC.
d) Hy tnh pH ca pha lng khi h thng t cn bng.
BI GII:
a) Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + 2OHpOH = 14,0 10,5 = 3,5 [OH-] = 10-3,5 = 3,2.10-4M
Tng ng vi [Mg2+] = [Mg(OH)2 in ly] = tan ca Mg(OH)2 = 1,6.10-4M hay 9,2.10-4g/100mL.
b) Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = 1,6.10-11M3
c) Mg(OH)2(r) Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
[Mg2+] = x; [OH-] = 0,010 + 2x 0,010M
Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = x[OH-]2 = 1,6.10-11 x

1,6.10 11
1,6.10 7 M
(0,010) 2

tan bng 1,6.10-7M hay 9.10-7g/100mL

d) Mg(OH)2 c rt d v axit clohydric b trung ho hon ton theo phn ng:
Mg(OH)2 (r) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Gi s th tch khng i v bng 100mL, phn ng ny to ra Mg2+ c nng 0,050M.
Ri Mg(OH)2 ho tan trong dung dch [Mg2+] = 0,010 + x 0,050M
K
OH Mg
1,8.10

sp

M pH 14 pOH 14 lg(1,8.10 5 ) 9,3

CU12.
Hai yu t quan trng nht nh hng ln tan ca cc mui kh tan l pH v s c mt ca tc nhn
to phc. Bc oxalat l mt v d in hnh: Tch s tan ca n trong nc l T = 2,06.10-4 ti pH=7. tan
ca n b nh hng bi pH khi anion oxalat phn ng vi ion hydroni v bng tc nhn to phc chng hn
nh amoniac to phc vi cation bc.
a) Tnh tan ca bc oxalat trong dung dch axit c pH = 5,0. Hai hng s phn li ca axit oxalic ln
lt l: K1 = 5,6.10-2 v K2 = 6,2.10-6.
b) Vi s c mt ca amoniac th ion bc to thnh hai dng phc Ag(NH3)+ v Ag(NH3)2+. Cc hng s
to phc tng nc tng ng s l 1 = 1,59.103 v 2 = 6,76.103. Tnh tan ca bc oxalat trong
dung dch cha 0,02M NH3 v c pH = 10,8.

BI GII:
a) T = [Ag+]2[C2O42-]
Ta c: [Ag+] = 2S
C(C2O42-) = S = [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4]
H2C2O4 = H+ + HC2O4K1 = 5,6.10-2.
+
2HC2O4 = H + C2O4
K2 = 6,2.10-6.
2

H
H
2

Ta c kt qa sau: S = C 2 O 4 1
K2
K 1 K 2

K1 K 2
C 2 O 42
.S .S
2
H K1 H K1 K 2
Ti pH = 7 th [H+] = 10-7 1
T = 3,5.10-11.
Ti pH = 5 th [H+] = 10-5 0,861
S = 2,17.10-4.
b) [NH3] = 0,02M
Ti pH = 10,8 th [H+] = 1,585.10-11 1
Tng nng [Ag+] trong dung dch c xc nh bi phng trnh
CAg = 2S = [Ag+] + [Ag(NH3)+] + [Ag(NH3)2+]
Cc phn ng to phc:
Ag+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)+
1 = 1,59.103
Ag(NH3)+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)2+
2 = 6,76.103
T cc phng trnh trn ta d dng suy ra c biu thc sau:
CAg = 2S = [Ag+](1 + 1[NH3] + 12[NH3]2)
1
Ag
.S S
2
1 1 NH 3 1 2 NH 3
Thay vo biu thc ca T ta tnh c S = 5,47.10-2.
CU13. tan l mt thng s quan trng xc nh c s nhim mi trng do cc mui gy ra. tan
ca mt cht c nh ngha l lng cht cn thit c th tan vo mt lng dung mi to ra
c dung dch bo ho. tan ca cc cht khc nhau tu thuc vo bn cht ca dung mi v cht
tan cng nh ca cc iu kin th nghim, v d nh nhit v p sut. pH v kh nng to phc
cng nh hng n tan.
Mt dung dch cha BaCl2 v SrCl2 u nng 0,01M. Khi ta thm mt dung dch bo ho natri
sunfat vo dung dch th 99,9% BaCl2 s kt ta di dng BaSO4 v SrSO4 ch c th kt ta nu trong dung
dch cn di 0,1% BaSO4. Tch s tan ca cc cht c cho sau y:
T(BaSO4) = 10-10 v T(SrSO4) = 3.10-7.
1) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng to kt ta.
Tnh nng Ba2+ cn li trong dung dch khi SrSO4 bt u kt ta.
Tnh %Ba2+ v Sr2+ sau khi tch ra.
S to phc gy nn mt nh hng ng k n tan. Phc l mt tiu phn tch in cha mt ion
kim loi trung tm lin kt vi mt hay nhiu phi t. V d Ag(NH3)2+ l mt phc cha ion Ag+ l ion
trung tm v hai phn t NH3 l phi t.
tan ca AgCl trong nc ct l 1,3.10-5M
Tch s tan ca AgCl l 1,7.10-10M
Hng s cn bng ca phn ng to phc c ga tr bng 1,5.107.
2) S dng tnh ton cho thy rng tan ca AgCl trong dung dch NH3 1,0M th cao hn trong nc
ct.
BI GII:
1) Cc phn ng to kt ta:
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4
Sr2+ + SO42- = SrSO4

Kt ta BaSO4 s xy ra khi [SO42-] = T(BaSO4)/[Ba2+] = 10-8M

Kt ta SrSO4 s xy ra khi [SO42-] = 3.10-5M
Nu khng xy ra cc iu kin v ng hc (chng hn nh s hnh thnh kt ta BaSO4 l v cng
chm) th BaSO4 s c to thnh trc, kt qa l s c s gim nng Ba2+. Khi nng SO42- tho mn
yu cu kt ta SrSO4 th lc ny nng cn li ca ion Ba2+ trong dung dch c th c tnh t cng thc:
T(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][SO42-] = [Ba2+].3.10-5 [Ba2+] = 0,333.10-5M
%Ba2+ cn li tng dung dch =

0,333.10 5
0,033%
10 2

2) Cn bng to phc gia AgCl v NH3 c th c xem nh l t hp ca hai cn bng:

AgCl(r) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
T = 1,7.10-10.
+
+
Ag (aq) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2
Kf = 1,5.107
AgCl(r) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl-(aq)
K = T.Kf = 2,6.10-3
Cn bng:
(1,0 2x)
x
x
+
Do K rt b nn hu ht Ag u tn ti dng phc:
Nu vng mt NH3 th cn bng: [Ag+] = [Cl-]
S hnh thnh phc dn n: [Ag(NH3)2+] = [Cl-]
Nh vy:

Ag ( NH ) Cl

3 2
2
3

NH

x2
2,6.10 3 x 0,046M
1,0 2 x

Kt qa ny c ngha l 4,6.10-2M AgCl tan trong dung dch NH3 1,0M, nhiu hn trong nc ct l
1,3.10 M. Nh vy s to thnh phc Ag(NH3)2+ dn n vic lm tng tan ca AgCl.
CU14.
Cc axit yu c chun vi dung dch baz mnh bit trc nng (dung dch chun). Dung
dch axit yu (cht phn tch) c chuyn vo bnh nn 250cm3 v dung dch baz mnh (cht chun) c
cho vo buret. im tng ng ca php chun t c khi lng cht chun cn bng vi lng cht
phn tch. Gin biu th s thay i ca pH nh l mt hm ca th tch cht chun c thm vo c
gi l ng cong chun .
im tng ng ca php chun ch c th c xc nh bng l thuyt, n khng th c xc
nh bng thc nghim. N ch c th c lng c bng cch xc nh s thay i ca mt vi tnh cht
vt l trong qa trnh chun . Trong phng php chun axit baz, im cui ca php chun c
xc nh bng cch s dng cht ch th axit baz.
1) Xy dng ng cong chun bng cch tnh mt vi im c trng v chn cht ch th thch hp
trong vic chun 50,00cm3 CH3COOH 0,1000M (Ka = 1,8.10-5) bng dung dch NaOH 0,1000M. V
cht ch th c th tham kho bng 1:
Tn ch th
Khong chuyn mu
Mu dng axit baz
Metyl da cam
3,2 4,4
- da cam
Matyl
4,2 6,2
- vng
Bromthymol xanh
6,0 7,6
Vng - xanh
Phenol
6,8 8,2
Vng -
Phenolphtalein
8,0 -9,8
Khng mu -
Thymophtalein
9,3 10,5
Khng mu xanh
2) Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C) l mt axit yu v chu s phn ly theo phng trnh:
-5

Chnh v vy axit ascorbic c th chun c nc 1 bng NaOH

50,00cm3 dung dch C6H8O6 0,1000M c chun bng 0,2000M:
(i) pH ca dung dch lc u l:
a) 7,00;
b) 2,58
c) 4,17
d) 1,00
(ii) Th tch ca cht chun cn t n im tng ng l:
a) 50,00cm3 b) 35,00cm3 c) 25,00cm3 d) 20,00cm3
(iii) Sau khi thm 12,5cm3 dung dch chun th pH ca dung dch s l:

a) 4,17
b) 2,58
c) 7,00
d) 4,58
(iv) pH im tng ng s l:
a) 7,00
b) 8,50
c) 8,43
d) 8,58
(v) Cht ch th c s dng trong phn ng ny s l (xem bng 1)
a) bromthymol xanh b) phenol c) phenolphthalein d) thymolphtalein
(vi) pH ca dung dch sau khi thm 26,00cm3 cht chun l:
a) 13,30
b) 11,30
c) 11,00
d) 11,42
BI GII:
Phn ng chun : CH3COOH + OH- = CH3COO- + H2O
a) pH trc khi tin hnh chun
Do trc khi chun th trong bnh nn ch c CH3COOH nn pH ca dung dch s c tnh t
phng trnh phn ly CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
T phng trnh phn ly:

th nng H+ c th c tnh theo biu thc:

pH = 2,87
b) pH sau khi thm 10,00cm3 cht chun:
Trong dung dch lc ny cha mui natri axetat v axit axetic cn d nn n l dung dch m:
Nng ca mi cht trong dung dch c tnh nh sau:

Nng H+ lc ny c th tnh c bng cch p dng phng trnh Henderson Hasselbatch:

pH = 4,14
c) pH im tng ng
Lc ny th ton b lng axit axetic phn ng ht vi lng NaOH thm vo nn trong dung dch lc
ny ch cn li anion axetat. Lc ny pH c quyt nh bi s phn ly ca anion ny:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COOH + OHTh tch cht chun cn t n im tng ng (Vep) c tnh nh sau:
Vo lc ny th tng th tch dung dch l 100cm3. Vo thi im ny ca vic chun th
[CH3COOH] = [OH-] v:

pOH = 5,28 pH = 8,72

d) pH sau khi thm 50,10cm3 cht chun
Vo thi im ny th ton b axit axetic chuyn ht thnh natri axetat nn pH ca dung dch lc
ny s c quyt nh bi lng d dung dch natri hydroxit thm vo. Nh vy:
pOH = 4,00 pH = 10,00

Lc ny ng nh phn s c dng

Do pH im tng ng l 8,72 nn ch th ph hp lc ny l phenolphthalein

2) (i) b, (ii) c, (iii) a, (iv) b, (v) c, (vi) d
CU15. Bc clorua d dng ho tan trong dung dch amoniac trong nc v to ion phc:
AgCl(r) + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-.
a) Mt lt dung dch amoniac 1M ho tan c bao nhiu gam AgCl? Bit:
AgCl(r) Ag+ + ClT = 1,8.10-10.
[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag+ + 2NH3
K = 1,7.10-7.
b) Xc nh tch s tan T ca AgBr. Bit rng 0,54g AgBr c th tan c trong dung dch amoniac 1M.
BI GII:
a) Ta c:
2
Ag NH 3
K
1,7.10 7

Ag ( NH 3 ) 2

T Ag Cl 1,8.10 10
V [Ag+] << [Cl-]; [Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Cl-]; [NH3] = 1 - 2[Cl-]
[Ag+] = T/[Cl-] nn thay tt c cc ng thc trn vo phng trnh ca K ta tnh c
[Cl-] = 0,0305M. mAgCl = 4,38g
b) [Br-] = 0,33/188 = 1,75.10-3M
T AgBr
.(1 2 Br ) 2

Br
1,7.10 7

Br
T AgBr 5,3.10 13

CU16.
a)

Xc nh nng ion hydro v ga tr pH ca dung dch to thnh khi cho 0,82g CH3COONa vo 1L
dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M
b)
Phi thm vo bao nhiu gam NaOH rn vo dung dch ny lm pH tng mt n v.
c)
So vi nng ca phn t CH3COOH trong dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M th nng phn t
CH3COOH trong cc dung dch th nht v th hai thay i theo nhng t s no? (C th tnh gn
ng). Bit Ka(CH3COOH) = 1,8.10-5
BI GII:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

CH COO H 1,8.10

Ka

CH 3 COOH

CH3COONa = CH3COO- + Na+

CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
i vi dung dch axit axetic (tinh khit) ban u:

[CH3COO-] = [H+]; [CH3COOH]1 = Caxit 0,1M

[H+] = (0,1Ka)1/2 = 1,34.10-3M
a) Hn hp axit yu v mui ca n l dung dch m nn:
HOAc 3,74
pH pK a
OAc
b) Khi thm baz mnh nng Cb th Cmui = Cmui + Cb;
Caxit = Caxit - Cb
+
pH tng mt n v tng ng vi [H ] gim 10 ln:
[H+]2/[H+]3 = [Caxit.(Cmui + Cb)]/[Cmui.(Caxit Cb)]
[H+]3 = 1,8.10-5M; Cb = 0,045M
mNaOH = 1,8g
c) [CH3COOH]1 = ([H+]1)2/Ka 0,1M
[CH3COOH]2 = [H+].Cmui/Ka 0,1M hoc chnh xc hn
[CH3COOH]2 = Caxit - [H+]2 = 0,0986M
[CH3COOH]3 = [H+].(Cmui + Cb)/Ka = 0,055M
[CH3COOH]2/[CH3COOH]1 1
[CH3COOH]3/[CH3COOH]1 0,55
CU17. C mt s thuyt v nh ngha khc nhau v axit v baz. Mt trong s cc nh ngha c lin
quan n s t phn li ca dung mi:

2HB H2B+ + B-.

Theo l thuyt ny th cht no lm tng phn cation ca dung mi (H2B) l mt axit v cht no lm
gim phn (hoc tng phn anion) l mt baz.
Chng hn nc t phn ly: 2H2O H3O+ + OHAxit l nhng cht no lm tng [H3O+] v baz l nhng cht no lm tng [OH-]
Trong etanol th: 2C2H5OH C2H5OH2+ + C2H5OAxit l nhng cht no lm tng nng [C2H5OH2+] v baz l nhng cht no lm tng[C2H5O-]
Khi phn ng trung ho l phn ng trong mt axit phn ng vi mt baz to thnh mt mui
v mt dung mi.
Theo l thuyt ny th pH = -lg[H2B+] (L thuyt ny cng c th p dng c cho cc dung mi phi
proton).
a) Hy n c mt v d v mt axit v mt baz trong dung mi amoniac lng.
b) Tch s ion ca amoniac l 1,0.10-29 (mol/L)2. Hi amoniac lng nguyn cht c pH no?
c) Nc l mt axit hay l baz trong amoniac lng?. Gii thch.
d) Hy l gii ti sao CH3COOH l mt axit tng amoniac lng. N mnh hn hay yu hn tng dung
dch nc.
e) Mt hp cht l mt axit mnh trong nc c th l mt baz yu trong amoniac lng hay khng? Nu
c th hy cho v d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
f) Hy ch ra rng NaOH l mt mui trong NH3 lng. Hy ch v d v mt phn ng m n c
to ra trong mi trng amoniac lng.
g) C hp cht no l mt baz trong nc m li l mt axit trong NH3 lng khng? Nu c th hy cho
v d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
h) Hy t b NH3. Liu c mt dung mi no m n l mt baz khng?. Nu c th hy cho v d
cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
i) Trong CCl4 c axit hay baz khng? Nu c th hy cho v d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
Lu : Tt c cc khi nim dng trong bi tp u lin h vi l thuyt v cc h dung mi c gii
thch trn.
BI GII:
a)
Trong amoniac lng din ra qa trnh t phn ly nh sau:
2NH3 NH4+ + NH2-.
Nh vy axit l cc cht lm tng nng NH4+ cn baz l cc cht lm tng nng NH2-.
V d v mt axit: NH4Cl
V d v mt baz: KNH2.

b)

Theo nh ngha u bi th pH = -lg[NH4+]

Ta bit: Kamoniac = [NH4+][NH2-] = 1,0.10-29
[NH4+] = 1,0.10-14,5 pH = 14,5
c)
Nc phn ng nh l mt axit v n lm tng nng NH4+:
H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH-.
d)
CH3COOH + NH3 NH4+ + CH3COOAxit axetic lm tng nng NH4+ nn n l mt axit
V rng NH3 l cht cho cp in t mnh hn nc cho nn s ho tan axit axetic tng amoniac th
ln hn trong nc v nh vy th tnh axit mnh hn.
e)
NH3 l phn t cho cp in t mjanh hn H2O (NH4+ hnh thnh d hn H3O+). Nh vy th s ho tan
mi axit trong amoniac u mnh hn nc. V vy mt axit trong h nc khng th l mt baz
trong h amoniac.
f)
Ch cn chng minh rng NaOH c hnh thnh trong mt phn ng trung ho l :
NaNH2 + H2O NH3
+ NaOH
(axit + baz = dung mi + mui)
g)
Mt hp cht nh vy cn phi to thnh OH- trong nc v NH4+ trong amoniac. C th l mt
hp cht c hai chc nng, vi mt chc nng baz yu hn amoniac trong nc v mt nhm axit
lin hp vi chc nng baz trong dung dch nc. Mt v d y l hydroxilamin NH2OH trong
nc s hnh thnh cn bng:
H2O + H2NOH H3NOH+ + OH-.
trong amoniac th cn bng chim u th l:
H2NOH + NH3 NH4+ + H2NO-.
(Gii thch b sung nhng trong phn bi tp khng yu cu: Cht cha bit cn cha t nht l mt H
c kh nng tch ra thnh proton, tc l nn vit tt HnX)
trong nc th HnX tc dng nh l mt baz:
HnX + H2O Hn+1X+ + OH(a)
V trong amoniac nh l mt axit:
HnX + NH3 NH4+ + Hn-1X-.
(b)
cho (b) xy ra th nhm tc ng nh l baz trong nc phi l tc nhn nhn proton km hn
NH3. iu c ngha l nhm phi l mt baz yu hn NH3. Qa thc pKb(NH3) = 4,75 v pKb(H2NOH)
= 8,2.
cho (a) xy ra th nhm tc ng nh l axit trong NH3 phi c tc dng cho proton yu hn axit
Hn+1X+, Hn+1X+ l axit lin hp ca nhm HnX, nhm ny tc dng nh l mt baz. Qa thc pKa(NH3+OH) =
5,4 v pKa(NH2OH) = 13,2.
h)
C. V d nh axit sunfuric:
2H2SO4 H3SO4+ + HSO4H2O + H2SO4 H3O+ + HSO4-.
i)
Khng, do CCl4 khng phn li.