Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mat Thu in Sach
Mat Thu in Sach
c phat ra. Cac ban tre chum au lai, nhng oi mat khong chp, nhng
oi moi mm lai, nhng ban tay cam giay but run run, nhng khoanh khac
cang thang thu v va cuoi cung nhng tieng ci sang khoai vang len. ieu
giau kn a c kham pha. Mat th va giai xong. Tat ca lai bat day roi
cung chay nhanh ve mot hng, ho bat au thc hien menh lenh cua mat th.
Chac han trong chung ta khong mot ai ma khong nhn thay hnh anh song
ong o. Vang, trong nhng buoi sinh hoat ngoai tri, khi tham gia cac tro
chi nhat la tro chi ln; mat th a gop phan khong nho vao s hng thu cua
tro chi. Co mat th tro chi cung tr nen hay hn, hap dan hn khi ngoai van
dung sc khoe e chi nhng tro chi van ong ho con phai van dung tr oc
e tham gia giai mat th. V the mat th oi hoi ngi chi phai co oc t duy
va nhay ben.
B an, tr tue, phieu lu, hoat ong tap the va tieng ci o la nhng yeu to
tao cho mat th sc hap dan cao o, khien no tr thanh mot tro chi bo ch
trong nhng buoi sinh hoat ngoai tri.
Khi bc vao the gii bao la rong ln cua mat th han chung ta khong the
biet c tat ca, nhng e phuc vu cho sinh hoat da ngoai va nang tam hieu
biet cua chung ta, ta can hieu nhng ieu c ban cua mat th.
MAT TH LA G?
Mat th la t Viet dch rat sat ngha t coyptgram co goc tieng Hy Lap
hryptor: b mat va gramma: ban van th, la th.
T thi xa xa, trckhi co ch viet, mat th a ra i. Cac bo lac co
xa a dung nhng ky hieu hnh ve e trao oi thong tin vi nhau. o co the
la nhng net ve khac tren a, cay hoac tieng trong, khoi la Cang ve sau, do
yeu cau b mat nhng tn hieu nay cang tr nen ac biet, phc tap hn. Cho
en khi loai ngi phat minh ra ch viet, mot trong nhng ngi au tien s
dung mat th la Demaratus, mot ngi Hy Lap lu vong nhng van trung
thanh vi que hng, mot ngay no biet tin quan oi Ba T cua Xerxes ang
chuan b xam chiem x Sparte. e bao cho quan Hy Lap, ong khac ban tin
len hai the go xep roi phu bang sap. Hai the go c chuyen i ma khong
1
gay nghi ng g, cuoi cung en tay vua Leosnidas. Ong nay sng sot trc hai
the go trang, nhng hoang hau Cleomene nay ra sang kien cao lp sap i,
e lo ra ban tin mat. Do c bao trc quan oi Hy Lap a giang bay ch
quan Ba T anh vao. Ngay 23 9 480 trc CN khi anh vao vnh
Salammine mac du quan ong hn nhng mat i yeu to bat ng nen quan oi
Ba T a tham bai. S kien nay c nha s gia ngi Hy Lap Heradote ke
lai, cho ta thay hnh anh au tien cua ky thuat ma hoa. T luc o tr i mat
th cang tr nen phc tap hn va c s dung rat nhieu tren mat tran tnh
bao. Hoang e La Ma Jules Cesar la ngi au tien ngh ra mat ma thay the,
can phai co trnh o tri thc cao trong moi lnh vc nh ngon ng hoc, thong
ke va toan hoc, do o t gia the ky thc 7 a ra i mon phan tch ma
(cryptanalyse), tc nghien cu ky thuat giai ma khong can biet khoa. Quyen
sach hng dan au tien la cua nha bac hoc A Rap Alkindi. Quyen Ve cach
giai ma ban tin ma hoa cua ong c tm thay vao nam 1987 trong th kho
cua cac v Ottoman Istambul.
Qua o ta co the thay mat th co y ngha n gian la mot ban tin c
viet bang cac ky hieu, cac con so hay theo mot cach sap xep b mat nao
o ma ngi gi va ngi nhan thoa thuan trc vi nhau nham gi kn
noi dung trao oi.
Khi s dung mat th ta thng bat gap mot so t chuyen mon nh:
Ban van goc (bach van): noi dung can truyen at.
Ma hoa: chuyen bach van sang dang mat ma.
Khi ma hoa mot ban van goc ngi soan mat th s dung cac mat ma
(cipher, code). Mat ma la mot he thong nao o ngi gi va ngi nhan cung
ong y trc vi nhau. He thong nay gom nhng quy nh bat bien, nhng
bc tien hanh nhat nh.
Giai ma: chuyen mat ma sang bach van.
Khoa: dung e hng dan cach giai ma.
Mat th gom hai bo phan chnh: Van ban va khoa.
Van ban la ban van goc a c ma hoa e ngi nhan giai ma da
tren khoa.
Khoa la nhng ch dan e giai ma c che dau di nhieu dang.
2
Chu y: That ra hau het cac cha khoa dung trong cac mat th sinh hoat eu
khong phai la cha khoa ung ngha. Cha khoa co the la mot tieng, mot t,
mot nhom t hoac nhng so em chen vao ban tin bat ky v tr nao tuy theo
s thoa thuan trc cua hai ben trao oi mat th.
VD:
Dang mat th CAM RANH (hay con goi la mat th em cot doc). Theo cac
ban biet th khi giai ta xep ch CAM RANH roi anh so theo th t bang ch
cai sau o ta viet ban tin doc xuong roi oc ngang qua. o la cac bc giai
ma cua chung ta. Con ch CAM RANH la cha khoa, v cho du ta biet cach
giai ma nhng khong biet ch CAM RANH th ta cung khong the tm ra noi
dung mat th. oi vi dang mat th co khoa la Song Chet hay A i chan
De th khoa va cach giai ma la mot.
Tuy nhien trong sinh hoat tap the da ngoai chung ta thng hieu khoa theo
ngha n gian a noi tren.
Vay B = D
Do ta s dung bang ch cai tieng Anh nen chung ta co 26 ch cai cho nen
khi s dung he thong nay ta se the 26 ch cai goc bang 26 ch cai thay the.
VD:
Ta co B = D
I A B C D E F G H I J K L MN O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z
II C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B
I: La bang ch cai goc (nhng ch cai trong bach van)
II: La bang ch cai thay the
Khi giai ta ch can do nhng ch ghi mat th (ch hoac so nay nam
cot II) thay the bang nhng ch cot I. V khoa cho la B = D nen ch ng
trc la ch thuoc bang ch cai goc, ch ng sau thuoc bang ch cai thay
the. V the khi soan mat th ta phai t bang chc cai goc e thay bang bang
ch cai thay the va khi giai mat th ta lam ngc lai.
VD:
Noi dung mat th la: PQQKU XQPIH
Ta dch c la NOI VONG
Ngoai ra trong dang nay ta con gap dang thay the 2 tang. Thng th
dang 2 tang co hai cach giai chnh:
Mot ch ban van goc c thay the cho 2 ch, 2 so hay 1 ch 1 so. ay
la dang 2 tang giai trc tiep.
VD:
Y khong can V na
Y bo V ta se c I va so 1
Do o ch Y (ban van goc) ta se thay the bang I hay so 1 (Y=I, Y=1)
Dang 2 tang giai bac cau:
dang nay ngi ta cho 2 ve thay the khac nhau. Ngi giai phai giai t
noi dung mat th thay the theo khoa 1 e c mot noi dung mi roi t ban
van mi nay lai thay the theo khoa 2 e ra c bach van.
VD:
Em hoc lp 8 nen hieu ro nguyen t lng cua Oxi