The Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Engine

(Rudolf Diesel) 2436

(Swirl Chamber)

2

 (Direct Injection)

Di



2

(Commonrail Direct Injection : CDI)
2






CDI (Commonrail Direct injection)
-



1,377
8



6
2 1
(Pilot Injection)

Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV)

E85

0 85 (
100) FFV (Electronic Control Unit :
ECU)

(Oxygen sensor)
85 (Injector)

(ECU)

10 20


E85
FFV
E85

Ford Volvo
SAAB Volkswagen Honda

FFV









0%
85%

FFV



FFV
1.


2. FFV

3.
4.

5.

6. E85

(Hybrid-car)
(HYBRID)

2
1. SERIES HYBRID



2. PARALLEL HYBRID

Parallel Hybrid

- :

3 (CO,HC & NOx)
1 10

CO2 50 %
- :

- : (
)
- :

- :

IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2010

Electric car

(Electric Car)
EV (Electric Vehicles)


(electric motor)

Electric
car Hybrid Electric

Cars
(Plug-in Electric Vehicles PHEV)

Fuel cell

(motor

controller)

 (inverter)

DC

AC






Tesla Roadster 244 (393 )

3.5
22070

""


59.1


1.


(idle noise)
2.





3.

4.

5.

1. 100km/h
2.
3.
4.

1.


2.

3.

4.

5.

6. ()

7.

3

1.




Plug-in

2.



(Smart Grid)

( )
, (

),
2.

 Duraluminum, Fiberglass,
Carbon Nano Fiberglass (Windshield)

3.

(Robotic car)
(Driverless)

(
)

10-20

CO2
EU
EU 2012 130 /.
158 /.

 20
() (

)

Hydrogen Car

Hydrogen (: Hydrogen ; : hydrogenium:

)
H
1
2
()

3 Processes
1. Thermal Process


Reforming Gasification Partial Oxidation

2. Electrolytic Process


(Renewable sources)

3. Photolytic Process

Biophotolysis

Photobiological Water Splitting

Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

1.
2.
3.
4.
1.

50 65

 200 8.9
795 16
16 1.22

700 350 MJ

2.


-273

3.
(Carbon nanotube)

 70 40 5

4.

2-3

(NaH)
(NaOH)

Fuel Cells

-

Fuel Cells
(DC)
Fuel Cells

1. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)

2. Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)

1960

Diagram of an Alkaline Fuel Cell. 1: Hydrogen , 2: Electron

flow , 3: Load , 4: Oxygen , 5: Cathode
6: Electrolyte , 7: Anode , 8: Water , 9: Hydroxyl Ions

3. Phosphoric-acid fuel cell (PAFC)

PEMFC

4. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

( 1,832 F, 1,000 C)

5. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)

1,112 F 600 C

SOFC

Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell
(Electrolyte)
Proton exchange membrane 4

1. (Anode)

 H2 ==> 2H+ + 2e-

2. (Cathode)

O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ==> 2H2O

3. (Electrolyte)

(Proton exchange membrane)

4. (Catalyst)


1.

80%
Reformer

30-40%

80%

60%
24 32

2.

(Radiator)



20% 20%

 (Thermal-Energy Content)
3.(Battery Power)

90% / 80%
90%
65 %

1.

2.


Reformer

Reformer


(Fuel Cell)

3.
Fuel cell Hydrogen

Nuclear Car
"Th"... ?


(Thorium, Th)
Thorium

Reactor

- Thorium

-
-

Nuclear car concept







Thorium Laser





250 335

500

5000 300,000
7500