Reinforced Concrete || || Design ISO: 456-2000 Principles and Practice N. Krishna Raju R.N. Pranesh NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERSCopyright © 2003, New Age Intemational (P) Ltd., Publishers NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (?) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110.002 Offices at: Lucknow and Mumbai This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. This book cannot be sold outside the country to which it is consigned by the publisher without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN : 81-224-1460-5 Published by K.K. Gupta for New Age International (P) Lid., 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002 and printed in Nagari Printers, New Delhi-110032.Contents Preface y Acknowledgements vii List of Symbols ix L_INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic Concepts of Reinforced Concrete 1 1.2 Historical Development 1. 1.3 Philosophy of Structural Design 3 1.4 Applications of Reinforced Concrete 4 1.5 Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems 5 1.6 Design Codes and Hand Books 10 1.7 Loading Standards 11 2. MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE iS 2.1 Concrete 15 2.2 Steel Reinforcement 25 3.2 Reinf inB 29 33 Reinf in Col 20 4, ELASTIC THEORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS IN FLEXURE 33 4,1 Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections 33 4.2 Neutral Axis Depth and Moment of Resistance of Sections 33 4.3 Balanced, Under Reinforced and Over Reinforced Sections 37 4.4 Analysis es of R.C. Sections 46 4.5 Examples for Practice 52xiv Contents . LIMI 5.1 Philosophy of Limit State Design 54 5.2 Limit State Design and Classical Reliability Theory 54 5.3 Limit States 55 5.4 Safety Factors 56 5.5 Characteristic and Design Strengths and Partial Safety Factors 56 5.6 Characteristic and Design Loads 57 6. TIMA’ iT! CONCRETE SECTIONS C‘(MCé 6.1 Introduction 60. 6.2 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Rectangular Sections 60 6.3 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Flanged Sections 84 6.4 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Doubly Reinforced. Concrete Sections 100 6.5 Ultimate Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sections 126 6.6 Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sections 147 6.7 Bond and Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Members _172 6.8 Examples for Practice 191 7, SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS SSCS Z.1 Introduction 195 72 Codified D jon Livaits 196 73 Deflecti lin B Slat Empirical Method) 196 7.4 Deflection Computations (Theoretical Method) 201 7.5 Control of Cracking in R.C. Members 203 7.6 Examples 209 7.7 Examples for Practice 218 8. LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF BEAMS “220 8.1 Introduction 220 8.2 Guidelines fe i is i is and detailing of Reinforcements 220 8.3 Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 221Reinforced Concrete || || Design ISO: 456-2000 Principles and Practice N. Krishna Raju R.N. Pranesh NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERSCopyright © 2003, New Age Intemational (P) Ltd., Publishers NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (?) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110.002 Offices at: Lucknow and Mumbai This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. This book cannot be sold outside the country to which it is consigned by the publisher without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN : 81-224-1460-5 Published by K.K. Gupta for New Age International (P) Lid., 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002 and printed in Nagari Printers, New Delhi-110032.Contents Preface y Acknowledgements vii List of Symbols ix L_INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic Concepts of Reinforced Concrete 1 1.2 Historical Development 1. 1.3 Philosophy of Structural Design 3 1.4 Applications of Reinforced Concrete 4 1.5 Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems 5 1.6 Design Codes and Hand Books 10 1.7 Loading Standards 11 2. MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE iS 2.1 Concrete 15 2.2 Steel Reinforcement 25 3.2 Reinf inB 29 33 Reinf in Col 20 4, ELASTIC THEORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS IN FLEXURE 33 4,1 Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections 33 4.2 Neutral Axis Depth and Moment of Resistance of Sections 33 4.3 Balanced, Under Reinforced and Over Reinforced Sections 37 4.4 Analysis es of R.C. Sections 46 4.5 Examples for Practice 52xiv Contents . LIMI 5.1 Philosophy of Limit State Design 54 5.2 Limit State Design and Classical Reliability Theory 54 5.3 Limit States 55 5.4 Safety Factors 56 5.5 Characteristic and Design Strengths and Partial Safety Factors 56 5.6 Characteristic and Design Loads 57 6. TIMA’ iT! CONCRETE SECTIONS C‘(MCé 6.1 Introduction 60. 6.2 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Rectangular Sections 60 6.3 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Flanged Sections 84 6.4 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Doubly Reinforced. Concrete Sections 100 6.5 Ultimate Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sections 126 6.6 Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sections 147 6.7 Bond and Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Members _172 6.8 Examples for Practice 191 7, SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS SSCS Z.1 Introduction 195 72 Codified D jon Livaits 196 73 Deflecti lin B Slat Empirical Method) 196 7.4 Deflection Computations (Theoretical Method) 201 7.5 Control of Cracking in R.C. Members 203 7.6 Examples 209 7.7 Examples for Practice 218 8. LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF BEAMS “220 8.1 Introduction 220 8.2 Guidelines fe i is i is and detailing of Reinforcements 220 8.3 Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 221Contents xv 8.4 Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 227 8.5 Design of Flanged Beams 233 8.6 Design of Cantilever Beams 246 8.7 Design of Continuous Beams 249 8.8 Examples for Practice 254 9. LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF SLABS SG 9.1 Introduction 256 9.2 Design of One Way Slabs 256 9.3 Design of Two Way Slabs 259 9.4 Design of Cantilever Slabs_272 9.5 Design of Continuous Slabs_275 9.6 Design of Flat Slabs 279 9.7 Yield Line Analysis of Slabs_287 9.8 Examples for Practice 318 10. LIMIT-STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND FOOTINGS 00 8D 10.1 Introduction 321 10.2 Classification of Columns 321 10.3 Effective Length of Columns 323 10.4 Design of Short Columns Under Axial Compression 330 10.5 Design of Short Columns Under Compression with Uniaxial Bending 336 10.6 Design of Short Columns Under Compression and Biaxial Bending 345 10.7 Design of Slender Columns 352 10.8 Design of Footings 361 10.9 Examples for Practice 382 1L_LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS _384. LL.1 Introduction 384 112 Types of Retaining Walls 384 11.3 Forces Acting on Retaining Walls 385 11.4 Stability Requirements 388 . 11.5 Proportioning and Design of Retaining Walls 390 11.6 Design Examples 392 11.7 Examples for Practice 405xvi Contents 12, DESIGN OF STAIRCASES CCC‘ NCO 12.1 Intreduction 408 12.2 Types of Staircases 409 12.3 Loads on Staircases 414 12.4 Design Examples 420 12.5 Examples for Practice 428 13._ DESIGN OF CORBELS (BRACKETS) AND NIBS 430 13.1 Introduction 430 13.2 Shear Span/Depth Ratio and Shear Resistance 431 13.3 Dimensioning of Corbels 431 13.4 Analysis of Forces ina Corbels 432 13.5 Design Procedure of Corbels 434 13.6 Design of Nibs (Beam Shelves) 436 13.7 Design Examples 439 13.8 Examples for Practice 445 14, PILE AND RAFT FOUNDATIONS 14.1 Introduction 446 14.2 Design of Pile Foundations 447 14.3 Design of Pile Caps 448 14.4 Design Examples of Piles and Pile Caps 453 14.5 Design of Raft Foundations 463 14.6 Design Example 463 14.7 Examples for Practice 468 15, WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN 470 15.2 Design of Slabs _473 15.3 Design of Beams 477 15.4 Design of Columns and Footings 483 15.5 Design of Retaining Walls 486 15.6 Design of Staircase 492 15.7 Design of Water Tanks 494 15.8 Examples for Practice 517Contents — xvii 16. REINFORCEMENT DETAILING INSTRUCTURAL CONCRETE MEMBERS SD 16.1 Introduction 521 16.2 Structural Distress and Collapse 522 16.3, Common Shapes of Reinforcements in Slabs_522 16.4 Detailing of Reinforcements in Slabs 524 16.5 Detailing of Reinforcements in Beams 528 16.6 Detailing of Reinforcements in Columns 531 16.7 Detailing of Reinforcements in Foundgtions and Walls 533 16.8 Detailing at Junctions 535 16.9 Detailing in Corbels 543 16.10 Lapping, Splicing and Welding of Reinforcements 545 16.11 Bundling of Reinforcing Bars 548 16.12 Cover to Reinforcement and Reinforcement supports 549 16.13 Expansion Joints in Concrete Structures 550 16.14 Do's and Dont's in Detailing of reinforcements 553 17. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND DETAILING 00ST 17.1 Introduction 567 17.2 Earthquake Forces 568 17.3 Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Members 569 17.4 Design Principles and Code Provisions 576 17.5 Indian Standard Code Provisions for Earthquake Resistant Design 579 17.6 Isolation Concepts in wake resistant Design 588 REFERENCES 0059 SUBJECT INDEX 603Subject Index Aggregate Cement Ratio, 19 aggregate volume, L5 Aggressive environment, 203. 207, 32 Aglite, Lo Agloporite, Lo Air entrained concrete, 20, 21 Aircraft hangers, 4. Airport runways, 5 Arch dams, 4 Alkaline environment, 22 Allowable stress, 196 Anchorage, 60. 172. 177, 183.424 451, 530, 534, 545, 571, 578, S80 Anchorage bond stress, 175 Applied moment, 237 Atomic structures, 5 Average strain, 208 Balanced section, 40, 380, 400 Barytes, [7 Bearing moment coefficients, 250, 262 Bearing plate, 434 Bearing stress, 371, 431 Biaxial bending, 5, 345, 346 Biological shield, L6 Bond, 1, 2, 172, 470 Bond mechanism, 172 Bond stress, 477 Bond stresses, 172 Bow girder, 147 Bracing elements, 325 Brackets, 430, 543, 545 Brittle shear failure, 136, 587 Buckling, 4, 31, 531, 587 Calculation of crack width, 207 Cantilever beam, 147, 183, 187, 246, 248, S64 Cantilever retaining wall, 384, 488 Cantilever slab, 6, 175, 272, 424, 466 Cast in situ, 446 Centroidal axis, 201 Chajja, 522 Characteristic load, 57, 416 Characteristic strength, 56, 331, 315 Chimneys, 20 Circular footing, 374 Circular girder, 5 cladding unit, 3 Clinkering, | Coarse aggregate, 15 Codified deflection limits, L96 Cofficient of friction, 486 Cofficient of thermal expansion, 20 Collapse, 338, 522 Column footing, 341 Column head, 281 Column strip, 280, 286 Combined footing, 363, 534 Compatibility torsion, 148, 149 Composite action, 60, 172 Composite columns, 321 Compression chord, 127 Compression flange, 236 ‘Compression reinforcement, 199 232, 480604 Subject Index Compression steel ratio, S76 ‘Compression strain, 62 Concrete grade, 26, 130, 131 Confined concrete, S78 Construction joints, 551 ‘Continuous beam, 249, 250, 253, 463, 530, 545 Continuous slab, 6, 275, 278, $25 526 Contraflexure, 580 Control of crack width, 196 Control of deflection, L295 Corbel, 430, 431, 432, 543 Comer columns, 5, 322 Comer junctions, 540 Counterfort retaining wall, 385 386, 399, 406 Cover requirements, 22, 24, 29 549 Cracked section, 34, 216 Creep, 19, 57, 58 Creep coefficient, 20, 203, 214 Creep deflection, 202, 214, 217 Creep strain, 20. Critical neutral axis, 38° Critical section, 138, 284, 365, 366, 369, 576 Curtailment, 404, 507 ‘Curvature ductility, 576 ‘Curvatures, 260, 569. Dead loads, 11, 12,415,423 Deep beams, 127, 206 Deflection computations, 199, 201 216 Deflection control, 196, 215, 217 223, 226, 229, 233, 240, 246, 248, 253, 259, 275, 278, 364, 475 Design aids, 11, 79, 80, 81, 89, 94, 98, 105, 113, 159 Design bond stress, 176 Design charts, 67. 171, 224, 241, 338 Design mix concrete, 12 Design moment, 262, 267, 282. 423, 504 Design strength, 56, 61. 155, 336 Development length, 175, 177, 372, 588 Diagonal compression, 134 Diagonal tension, 126, 127, 129, 542 Differential shrinkage, 201 Dilatancy, 172 Direct design method, 281, 282 Distribution bars, 258, 419, 525 Doglegged staircase, 492. Dome, 4, 505, 506 Double cantilver Precast tread slab, 409 Double curvature, 355 Doubly reinforced beam, 109, | LO, 111, 113, 191, 231, 233, 479 Dowels, 368 Drop panel, 281 Drying shrinkage, L9 Ductile frame, 587 Ductility, 568, 569, 572 Durability, 20 Dynamic analysis, 369 Dynamic loading, 56 Earth pressure, 385 Earthquake forces, 568 Earthquake loads, 14, 569 Earthquake resistant.design, 567, 579 Earthquake zones, 569 Eccentric loading, 147 Eccentricity, 237, 336, 379 Effective depth, 130, 198, 235, 380, 472, 474, 493 Effective length, 323, 324Effective modulus of elasticity, 214 Effective span, 239, 242, 249, 257, 267, 271, 413, 421, 474, 476, 478, 482, 499 Effective width of flange, 234 Elastic constants, 498 Elastic design, 2 Elastic instability, 321 Elastic strain, 20 Elastic theory, 33 Elasto-plastic, 57] Elongation, 569 Embankment, 393 Empirical method, 195, 196 Energy dissipation, 577 Enhanced shear, 137, 431, 434, 437 Entrained air, 21 Environment, 4, 19, 549 Equilibrium method, 113, 293, 300 Equilibrium torsion, 147 Equivalent bending moment, 160, 164, 244 Equivalent frame method, 283 Equivalent shear force, 161, 164, 244 Expansion joints, 552, 556 Exterior panel, 281, 282 Factored load, 418 Factored moment, 363 Fire resistance, 22, 25 Fixed base, 497. Flanged beams, 84, 89, 199, 233, 236 Flanged sections, 84, 198 Flat slab floor system, 7 Flat slabs, 256, 279, 284. Flexibility, 249 Flexible base, 498 Flexural bond stress, 173 Subject Index 605 Flexural stiffness, 282, 354 Flexural strength, 18, 60, 84, 109 Floor system, 5, 6, 7, 237 Flowability, LS Folded plate, 4 Frame structure, 325 Framing system, & Freebase, 504 Frictional resistance, |72 ‘ Grade of concrete, 64, 176, 447. 471, 575, 587 Grading, 16 Gravity loads, 355, 387 Grid floor system, 7 Helical reinforcement, 331, 333, 334 Heel slab, 384 Hexagonal slab, 302 High strength concrete, 129, 575 High strength deformed bars, 27 High alumina cement, 16 High density concrete, 16 Highways, 5 Hinged base, 497 Hinging columns, 589 Hogging moments, 527 Hooks, 177, 529 Hoop tension, 498, 503 Horizontal loops, 538, 545 Hydrophobic cement, 16 Imposed loads, 12 Inclined stirrups, 132, 542 Industrial structures, 2, 543 Inelastic deformations, 568, 569 Infill walls, 326 Interaction diagrams, 336 Interior panel, 282, 284 Intz type, 495 Isolated cantilever tread slab, 409606 Subject Index Isolated footing, 361 Isolation concepts, 588 Isotropically reinforced slab, 292 Junctions, 497, 535 Key, 390, 398 Lap length, 184, 185, 189, 546 Lap sltce, 188, 580 Lap welding of bars, 177 Lapping, 545, 562 Lateral Instability, 579- Lateral ties, 31, 321, 333, 342, 345 Lever arm factor, 42, 236 ‘Lever arm lenth, 236 Lifting holes, 456 Lighthouses, 4 Lightweight concrete, 16 Limit state design, 3, 54, 126, 220, 256, 572 Limit state method, 54, 521 Limit state of cracking, 195 Limiting crack width, 203 Limiting moment of resistance, 66, 82, 108, 124, 125, 187, 228, 231, 252, 258 Limonite, 17 Live loads, 12, 415, 423 Load factor, 19 Long term deflection, 201, 213, 2 Long walls, 515 Longitudinal reinforcements, 24, 150, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 332, 334, 343, 344, 454 Low heat portland cement, 16 Magnetite, 17 Marine structures, 4 Mass concrete, 15 Matrix methods, 249 Maximum shear stress, 131, 473. Mean strength, 59 Mechanical connections, 580 Mechanical connector, 368 Medium tensile steel, 27 Middle strip, 262 Mild steel, 27, 36, 37, LL1, 575 Modification factors, 197, 21], 215 Modular ratio, 38 Modulus of elasticity, 19 Modulus of rupture of concrete, 206 Moment distribution, 514 Moment of inertia, 201, 283 Moment of resistance, 33, 40, 47, 64, 77, 113, 207, 236, 237 Multiplying factor, 131, 139 Multistorey building, 463, 527, 547 Neutral axis, 33, 34, 35, 51, 63, 84, 86, 95, 123,163, 576 Nibs, 430; 436 Nominal cover, 24, 25 Nominal diametr, 27 Nominal mix concrete, 17 Nominal shear stress, 126, 129, 284, 471, 472, 473 Non dimensional parameters, 338 Non structural elements, 590, Normal distribution, 54 Nuclear reactor vessels, 5 One way slab, 5, 256, 260, 525, 526, 551, 555 One well staircase, 412 Orthotropically reinforced, 292, 291 Over reinforced section, 40, 42, 62, 63 Parametric constants, 498Partial safety factors, 56, 57, 195, 569 Partitions, 534 Passive pressure, 390. Pedestal, 321 Percentage redistribution, 204 Percentage reinforcement, 140, 141, 211, 397 Permissible deflection, 196 Permissible shear stress, 151, 162, 165, 259, 462, 471 Permissible stress, 33, 36, 37, 49, 470, 496, 512 Permissible tensile stress, 496 Pile cap, 446, 448 Piles, 5, 446, 448, 449, 451, 453 Plastic hinge, 575, 578 Plasticity, 15 Poisson's ratio, 503 Poker vibrator, 548 Portland pozzonlona cement, 23 Portland slag cement, 16, 24 Precast, 5, 446, S82 Preliminary, 236 Pressure coefficient, 14 Pressure vessel, 5 Primary torsion, 147 Probabilistic concepts, 54 Progressive collapse, 522, 578 Pure torsion, 147, 158 Quality control, 2, 521, 522 Quay walls, 4 Radiation, 5 Raft foundation, 463 Rapid hardening portland cement, 16 Rectangular tanks, 510 Redistribution of moments, 249, 276, 568 Reduction factor, 56, 200 Subject Index 607 Reinforcement index, 66 Reinforcement splicing, 177 Relative stiffness, 283, 328 Reliability theory, 54 Restrained slabs, 262 Retaining walls, 384, 385, 389, 390, 393, 395, 400, 486, 487 Ring beam, 506 Ring tension, 498 Roquefort cement, 2 Rotation, 148, 149, 289, 324. 326; 355 Rotation capacity, 289, 568, 575, S88 Safe bearing capacity, 361, 393, 463 ‘ Safety factors, 56 Second moment of area, 326 Secondary moments, 353 Seismic forces, 567 Seismic zone, 567 Semi probabilistic approach, 55 Service loads, 3, 33, 195,212 363, 521 Serviceability, 3, 54, 56, 195, 522 Serviceability criteria, 220. Shallow foundation, 36] Shear force coefficients, 249, 250, 252, 463 Shear key, 390, 491 Shear reinforcement, 30, 136, 144, 168, 229, 230, 232, 240, 241, 245, 247, 252, 257, 284, 365, 436, 442, 467, 528 Shear resistance, 140, 141, 431 584 Shear span/depth ratio, 430, 431, 432 Shear stresses, 126, 424, 462, 471, 472, 479, 481, 483, 486, 544 Shear wall box, LO608 Subject Index Shear wall system, LO. Shear walls, 10, 326, 586, 588 Short columns, 330, 331, 336, 345 Short term deflection, 201, 217 Short walls, 511.513, 514, 516 Shrinkage, LO Shrinkage curvature, 202 Shrinkage deflection, 202, 214, 217 Side face reinforcement, 30, 205. 206, 244 Sidesway, 355 Sidewalls, 112 Silos, 20 Simple bending theory, 172 Singly reinforced beam, 477 Slag, 16, 24 Slender colimns, 352, 353 Slendemess ratio, 321, 322, 332, 334, 358, 448 Snow loads, 14 Soft storey, 589. Soundness, 16 Spacer forks, 456 Span/depth ratio, 197, 220. 221, 235, 250, 256, 266, 463 Span moments, 250 Spandrel beam, 414 Specific gravity, Lo Spiral reinforcement, 321, 455 Spiral stair case, 412 Spirals, 177, 334, 447, 448, 578 Splicing, 177, 189, $45 Stability calculations, 388, 395, 489° Stability index, 325, 326 Standard deviation, 39 Steel beam theory, LO9 Stem, 384, 385, 390, 392, 395, 400 Stiffness, 148, 354, 571, 578, 588 Storey drift, 326 Strain compatibility method, | 12 Strap footing, 363 Stress blocks, 85 Stress distribution, 34, 129, 234 Structural distress, 522 Structural element, 5, 24, 401 Structural safety, 10 Structural stability, 578. Structural systems, 5, 568 Strut action, 432, 440, 449, 451 Sulphate attack, 22 Sulphate resisting portland cement, 16 Supersulphated cement, 16 Support moments, 250. Support section, 139, 148, 160, 237, 424, 529 Surface crack width, 207 Tall towers, 4 Tank walls, 498, 504, 507, 510, 517 Target strength, 18, 126 Tension reinforcement, 29, 49, 62, 87, 107, 198, 199, 209, 222, 240, 241, 258, 441, 472 Tension steel ratio, 575. Thickness of flange, 235 Tie, 2 Tied columns, 321 Toe slab, 384, 402 Torsional moment, 148, 243 Torsional reinforcement, 150 Torsional shear stress, 150 Torsional stiffness, 149 Torsional strength, 147, 162 Transverse reinforcement, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 236, 531, 580 Triangular slab, 295. Truss action, 451, 457, 458, 462 Two way slab, 6, 200, 525, 526Unbraced column, 325, 328 Under reinforced section, 39, 62, 96, S78 Underground tanks, 494 Uniaxial eccentric compression, 338 Vertical force, 388, 432, Vertical stirrups, 143, 146, 147, 529, 544, 581 Vibrations, 567, 589 Virtual work method, 293. Waist slab, 414, 417, 418, 421 ‘Water/cement ratio, 22, 24 ‘Water pressure, 510 Water retaining structures, 4, 496 Web reinforcement, 129, 154, 581 Welding, 177, 185, 545 Subject Index 609 Width of web, 235 ‘Wind loads, 13, 569, 590. Wind velocity, 13 Workability, 18 Working load design, 2 Working moment, 37 Working stress, 3,470 Working stress method, 33, 470, 521 Works cube strength, 57 Yield line analysis, 287, 293, 300 Yield line mechanism, 229 Yield line theory, 262, 287 Yield lines, 287, 289, 299 Yield moment, 290, 292, 309 Yield strain, 62, 63, 64, 572 Yield strength, 27, 36, 57, 575Author Index Allen, D.E.,, 599 Archer, F.E.,, 596 Amaldo.,, 600 Amold, C.,,. 601 Baikov, V.,, 595 Bate, S.C.C.,, 592, 594 Beeby, A.W.,, 596 Berg,,G.V.,, 601 Bergman, V.R.,, 598 Best, V.C.,, 592, 594 Bhai, M.,, 596 Blake, L.S.,, 593 Blume, G.. Caspe, M.S.,, 602 Clough, R.W.,, 601 Collins, M.P.,, 595, 596 Comell, C.A.,, 595 Cranston, W.B.,, 592, 594 Crom, J.M.,, 599 Davis, H.S.,, 594 Derecho, T.,, 600 Devdas Menon.,. 592, 596, 598, 600, 601 Dowrich, DJ.,, 601 Erontroy, H.C... 594 Evans, R.H.., 592, Feld Jacob.,, 599 Fintel Mark.,, 600, 602 Franklin, R.E.,, 594 Gerwick, B.C.,, 593 Ghosh, §.K.,, 600 Goodier, J.N.,, 595, 596 Gould, P.L.,, 598 Grant, E.L.,, 599 Green. M.R.,, 600 Gururaja, D.R.,, 595 Hall, A.S.,, 596 Hansen, J.M.,, 595, 598 Hayes, B.,, 596 Hillerborg, A.,, 597 Hoover, C.A.,, 600 Hsu, T.T.C.,, 596 Hurty, W.C.,, 601 Ingerslav, A.,, 597 Tyengar, K.T\S.,, 596 Jain, A.K.,, 601 Jayasimha, K.S.,, 600 Jones, L.L.,, 597 Kalgal, M.R.,, 600 Kelly, J.M.,, 602 Khan, F.R.,, 602 Kinniburgh, W.,, 593 Krenk, S.,, 594 Krieger, S.,, 599 Krishna Raju, N.,, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599Reinforced Concrete Design Principles and Practice This book systematically explains the basic principles and techniques involved in the design of reinforced concrete structures. It exhaustively covers the first course on the subject at B.E./B. Tech level. Important features: Exposition is based on the latest Indian standard code IS: 456-2000. Limit state method emphasized throughout the book. Working stress method also explained. Detailing aspects of reinforcement highlighted. Incorporates earthquake resistant design. Includes a large number of solved examples, practice problems and illustrations. The book would serve as a comprehensive text for undergraduate civil engineering students. Practising engineers would also find it a valuable reference source. N. Krishna Raju, Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore earned his B.E. degree from the University of Mysore, M.Sc (Engg) from the University of Madras and Ph.D from the University of Leeds (UK). He has taught at the College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras, R.E.C. Calicut, Lanchester College of Tachnology Coventry(UK), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and the K.R.E.C. Surathkal. He was a visiting Professor at the University of Basrah, Iraq during 1979-82. Dr. Raju, a double gold medallist, is the recepient of U.P. Government National Award for Excellence in Technical Authorship. He is the recepient of Birla Award as the outstanding Concrete Technologist of Karnataka for the year 2001 and several awards from the Institution of Engineers (India). Dr. Raju has published over sixty research papers In reputed national and international journals and is the author of Design of Concrete Mixes; Advanced R.C.C. Design; Design of Bridges; Prestressed Concrete; Numerical Methods for Engineering Problems; Design and Drawing of A.C.C. and Steel Structures and Advanced Mechanics of Solids and Structures. He has been actively involved in research and consultancy related to plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete. He is a member of the Institution of Engineers (India), the Institution of Structural Engineers (London), the Indian Concrete Institute, and the Indian Society for Technical Education. .N. Pranesh is currently Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore. He earned his B.E. degree from the University of Mysore and M.E. degree in Structures from the University of Bangalore. He is actively involved in design and rehabilitation of buildings, research on high performance concrete, fly ash concrete and innovative and low cost construction technology. He is a member of the Indian Concrete Institute and the Indian Society forTechnical Education. NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS New Delhi * Bangalore * Chennai * Guwahati Hyderabad * Kolkata = Lucknow * Mumbai ISBN 81-224-1460-5