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Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

BI TP GII TCH HM QUA CC K THI

Trn Mu Qu - K.16 - http://mathvn.com

Tp ti liu nh ny ch l s tuyn chn cc bi tp v khng gian nh

chun thng xuyn xut hin trong cc thi ca PGS.TS. Nguyn Hong.
Hu ht chng l nhng bi n gin m mi hc vin d dng gii c.

Ton t tuyn tnh lin tc

Bi 1. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun v A : X Y l mt ton

t cng tnh, tc A(x + y) = Ax + Ay , vi mi x, y X . Chng minh rng nu A lin
tc ti 0 th A lin tc trn X .
Gii. Trc ht ta c:
A(0) = A(0 + 0) = A(0) + A(0) nn A(0) = 0.
0 = A(0) = A(x x) = A(x + (x)) = A(x) + A(x)
Suy ra A(x) = Ax vi mi x X .
A(x y) = A(x + (y)) = Ax + A(y) = Ax Ay , vi mi x, y X .

Ly bt k x X . Gi s xn x. Khi xn x 0. Do A lin tc ti 0 nn
A(xn x) A(0) = 0, hay A(xn ) Ax 0. Suy ra A(xn ) Ax. Vy A lin tc
trn X .
Bi 2. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc v A : X Y l mt
ton t cng tnh 1 . Chng minh rng nu sup ||Ax|| < + 2 th A l ton t tuyn
||x||1

tnh lin tc trn X .

Gii. Ta d dng chng minh c rng A(qx) = qAx, vi mi q Q, x X .
Tip theo ta chng minh A lin tc trn X .
Cch 1 ( Gin tip ) Gi s A khng lin tc ti 0. Khi :
0 > 0, n N , yn X : ||yn || <

t xn = nyn th ||xn || = n||yn || <

n
n2

1
n

1
v ||Ayn || 0
n2

1, n N . Tuy nhin

||A(xn )|| = ||A(nyn )|| = n||A(yn )|| n0 .

Suy ra sup ||Ax|| sup ||Axn || sup n0 = +. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.

||x||1

nN

nN

Do A lin tc ti 0. Theo Bi 1 th A lin tc trn X .

1
2

Nu X l khng gian nh chun phc th phi gi s A tuyn tnh

Tng qut, A bin mi tp b chn trong X thnh mt tp b chn trong Y

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Cch 2 ( Trc tip 3 ) t M = sup ||Ax||. Ly bt k x X . Gi s xn x.
||x||1
cho M
K

Vi mi > 0, chn K N sao

< .
V Kxn Kx nn c n0 N sao cho ||Kxn Kx|| < 1, n n0 . Suy ra ||A(Kxn
Kx)|| M , hay K||A(xn ) Ax|| M . Do ||A(xn ) Ax|| M
K < , n n0 . Vy
A(xn ) Ax.
Cui cng, vi mi r R, ly dy (rn ) Q sao cho rn r. Khi :
A(rx) = A( lim rn x) = lim A(rn x) = lim (rn A(x)) = ( lim rn )Ax = rAx
n

Vy A tuyn tnh.
Bi 3. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc v A : X Y l
mt ton t cng tnh 4 . Gi s mi dy (xn ) trong X m xn 0 th dy (A(xn )) b
chn trong Y 5 . Chng minh rng A tuyn tnh lin tc trn X .
Gii. Tng t cch 1 ca Bi 2. (Dy (xn ) c ch ra l dn v 0 nhng dy (A(xn ))
khng b chn trong Y ).
Bi 4. K hiu X = C[0,1] l khng gian cc hm s lin tc trn [0, 1] vi chun
"max". nh x A : X X xc nh bi Ax(t) = x(1) tx(t), t [0, 1], x X . Chng
minh A tuyn tnh lin tc v tnh ||A||.
Gii. D dng chng minh c A tuyn tnh, lin tc v ||A|| 2.
Vi mi n N , t
(
xn (t) =

n
1
nu 0 t n+1
n
2(n + 1)t 2n 1 nu n+1
<t1

Khi xn X v ||xn || = 1, vi mi n, v ta c:
||A|| = sup ||Ax|| ||A(xn )|| = max |A(xn )(t)|
t[0,1]

||x||=1

A(xn )(

n
n
n
n
) = |xn (1)
xn (
)| = 1 +
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1

Cho n ta c ||A|| 2. Vy ||A|| = 2.

Bi 5. K hiu X = {x C[0,1] |x(0) = 0} vi chun "max". nh x A : X X xc
nh bi Ax(t) = x(1) tx(t), t [0, 1], x X . Chng minh A tuyn tnh lin tc v
tnh ||A||.
Gii. Tng t Bi 4 vi dy hm
(
xn (t) =

n
n+1
nu 0 t n+1
n t
n
2(n + 1)t 2n 1 nu n+1
<t1

Nguyn Em - K16
Nu X l khng gian nh chun phc th phi gi s A tuyn tnh
5
Tng qut, A bin mi dy b chn trong X thnh mt dy b chn trong Y
4

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Bi 6. K hiu X = {x C[0,1] |x(0) = x(1) = 0} vi chun "max". Chng minh cc
nh x A : X X sau y l tuyn tnh lin tc v tnh ||A||:
a) Ax(t) = x(t) + x(1 t), t [0, 1], x X .
b) Ax(t) = x(t) x(1 t), t [0, 1], x X .
c) Ax(t) = t2 x(t), t [0, 1], x X .
Gii.
a) R rng A tuyn tnh, lin tc v ||A|| 2.
Xt hm s
(
2t
nu 0 t 12
x0 (t) =
2t + 2 nu 21 < t 1
Khi ||x0 || = 1 v ta c:
1
1
1
||A|| = sup ||Ax|| ||A(x0 )|| = max |A(x0 )(t)| Ax0 ( ) = x0 ( ) + x0 ( ) = 2.
2
2
2
t[0,1]
||x||=1

Vy ||A|| = 2.
b) ||A|| = 2. Tng t a) vi hm

nu 0 t 13
3t
x0 (t) =
6t + 3 nu 13 < t < 32

3t 3
nu 23 t 1

Khi ||x0 || = 1 v ta c:
1
2
1
||A(x0 )|| = max |A(x0 )(t)| Ax0 ( ) = x0 ( ) x0 ( ) = 1 (1) = 2.
3
3
3
t[0,1]

c) R rng A tuyn tnh, lin tc v ||A|| 1.

Vi mi n N , t
(
xn (t) =

n+1
n t

n
nu 0 t n+1
n
(n + 1)t + n + 1 nu n+1
<t1

Khi xn X v ||xn || = 1, vi mi n. Ta c:
||A(xn )|| = max |A(xn )(t)| Axn (
t[0,1]

n
n 2
n
n2
)=(
) xn (
)=
.
n+1
n+1
n+1
(n + 1)2

Suy ra
||A|| = sup ||Ax|| ||A(xn )|| =
||x||=1

Cho n ta c ||A|| 1. Vy ||A|| = 1.

n2
.
(n + 1)2

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Bi 7. K hiu X = C[1,1] . Chng minh phim hm tuyn tnh f : X R sau y
l lin tc v tnh ||f ||:
Z1

Z0
x(t)dt

f (x) =
1

x(t)dt.
0

Gii. R rng f tuyn tnh, lin tc v ||f || 2.

Vi mi n N , t

nu 1 t n1
1
xn (t) =
nt nu n1 < t < n1

1 nu 1 t 1
n
Khi xn X v ||xn || = 1, vi mi n. Ta c:
||f || = sup |f (x)| |f (xn )| = 2
||x||=1

1
n

Cho n ta c ||f || 2. Vy ||f || = 2.

Bi 8. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh khc 0.
a) Chng minh tn ti khng gian con mt chiu E sao cho X = Kerf E .
b) Chng minh rng Kerf ng hoc Kerf tr mt khp ni trong X .
c) t F = f (B 0 (0X , 1)). Chng minh rng F b chn hoc F = K .
Gii.
a) Do f 6= 0 nn c x0 6= 0 sao cho f (x0 ) 6= 0. t E = h{x0 }i th E l khng gian
con 1 chiu ca X . Ta chng minh X = Kerf E .
Vi mi x X , t y = x.f (x0 ) x0 .f (x) th f (y) = 0 nn y Kerf . Theo cch
t trn th
x=

1
f (x)
y+
x0
f (x0 )
f (x0 )

Kerf + E

Vy X = Kerf + E .
Mt khc, nu y Kerf E th f (y) = 0 v y = k.x0 . Suy ra
0 = f (y) = f (kx0 ) = kf (x0 )
k = 0( do f (x0 ) 6= 0) y = 0

Vy Kerf E = {0}.
Do : X = Kerf E .
b) Nu f lin tc trn X th Kerf = f 1 ({0}) l tp ng.
Gi s f khng lin tc trn X . Ta chng minh Kerf = X .
Do f tuyn tnh nn f khng lin tc ti 0, tc tn ti 0 > 0 sao cho
n N, xn X : ||xn || <

1
v |f (xn )| 0
n

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Vi mi x X , t yn = ff(x(x)n ) .xn + x th f (yn ) = 0 nn yn Kerf, n N. V
ta c:
||yn x|| = ||

|f (x)|
|f (x)|
f (x)
.xn || =
.||xn ||
0, n
f (xn )
|f (xn )|
0 .n

Vy yn x. Do X = Kerf .
c) Nu f lin tc trn X th f bin mi tp b chn trong X thnh mt tp b chn
trong K , do F b chn.
Gi s f khng lin tc trn X . Ta chng minh F = f (B 0 (0X , 1)) = K .
Ly bt k y K . Nu y = 0 th c x = 0 B 0 (0X , 1) sao cho f (x) = y .
Xt y 6= 0. Do f khng lin tc ti 0 nn c 0 > 0 sao cho vi
=

0
0
, x1 X : ||x1 || <
v |f (x1 )| 0
|y|
|y|

t x = f (xy 1 ) .x1 th ||x|| =

Vy F = K .

|y|
|f (x1 )| .||x1 ||

|y| 0
0 |y|

= 1, tc x B 0 (0X , 1) v f (x) = y .

Bi 9. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v f X , a K 6 . Chng minh f lin

tc trn X khi v ch khi f 1 (a) = {x X|f (x) = a} ng trong X .
Gii. Nu f lin tc th hin nhin f 1 (a) l tp ng.
Ngc li, gi s f 1 (a) l tp ng v f khng lin tc ti 0. Khi c 0 > 0 sao
cho
1
n N, xn X : ||xn || < v |f (xn )| 0
n

t
(
yn =

xn
a f (x
n)
xn
f (xn )

x1
f (x1 )

nu a 6= 0
nu a = 0

Khi yn f 1 (a), vi mi n. Tuy nhin dy (yn ) hi t v y

/ f 1 (a) 7 . iu ny
mu thun vi f 1 (a) l tp ng.
Vy f lin tc trn X .
Bi 10. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v f X , a l mt s thc bt k.
Chng minh f lin tc trn X khi v ch khi f 1 ([a, +)) = {x X|f (x) a} ng
trong X .
Gii. Nu f lin tc th hin nhin f 1 ([a, +)) l tp ng trong X .
xn
x1
+ f (x
. Ta c f (yn ) = a
Ngc li, lp lun tng t Bi 9 vi dy yn = (a 1) f (x
1)
n)
x1
nn yn f 1 ([a, +)), vi mi n. Tuy nhin yn y = (a 1) f (x

/ f 1 ([a, +)) (v
1)
f (y) = a 1
/ [a, +)).
6
7

K = R hoc K = C
x1
y = 0 khi a 6= 0 , y = f (x
khi a = 0
1)

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Bi 11. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn
|f (x) f (y)| = r

sup
x,yB 0 (0,1)

Chng minh f X v tnh ||f ||.

Gii. Vi mi x B 0 (0, 1) th x B 0 (0, 1) nn:
2|f (x)| = |f (x) f (x)|

|f (x) f (y)| = r

sup
x,yB 0 (0,1)

|f (x)|

r8
r
||f || = sup |f (x)|
2
2
xB 0 (0,1)

Mt khc, vi mi x, y B 0 (0, 1) ta c:
|f (x) f (y)| = |f (x y)| ||f ||||x y|| ||f ||(||x|| + ||y||) 2||f ||

Suy ra r =

|f (x) f (y)| 2||f ||, do :

sup
x,yB 0 (0,1)

r
2

||f ||. Vy ||f || = 2r .

Bi 12. Cho f X v f 6= 0. t = inf {||x|||x X, f (x) = 1}. Chng minh

||f || = 1 .
Gii. t A = {x X|f (x) = 1}. Vi mi x A ta c:
1 = f (x) ||f ||||x||

Suy ra

1
||f ||

inf ||x|| = . Do
xA

1
||x||
||f ||

||f ||.

x
Mt khc, vi mi x X m ||x|| = 1 v f (x) 6= 0 ta c f ( f (x)
) = 1 nn

||

x
f (x)

A. Do

||x||
1
1
x
|| =
|f (x)| ||x|| = 9
f (x)
|f (x)|

Do vy ||f || = sup |f (x)| 1 .

||x||=1

Bi 13. Cho f X v f 6= 0. Chng minh rng vi mi a X ta c d(a, N ) =

trong N = Kerf .

|f (a)|
||f || ,

Gii. 10 Nu a N th ng thc hin nhin ng. Xt a

/ N.
Vi mi y N , ta c
|f (a)| = |f (a) f (y)| = |f (a y)| ||f ||||a y||

|f (a)|
d(a, N )
||f ||

T y suy ra f lin tc
Khi f (x) = 0 th bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng
10
Bi ny c kh nhiu cch gii, mt trong s nm trang 111 - sch Bi tp Gii tch hm ca
Nguyn Xun Lim
9

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Vi mi x X m ||x|| = 1 v f (x) 6= 0 , ta t y = a
y N . Do
d(a, N ) ||a y|| = ||

Suy ra |f (x)|

|f (a)| 11
.
d(a,N )

T ||f ||

f (a)
f (x) .x.

Khi f (y) = 0 nn

|f (a)|
f (a)
.x|| =
(do ||x|| = 1)
f (x)
|f (x)|
|f (a)|
d(a,N ) ,

hay d(a, N )

|f (a)|
||f || .

Ta cn gp mt s bin tng ca bi tp ny nh sau

Bi 14. Cho f X v f 6= 0, t N = Kerf , x
/ N . Gi s tn ti y N sao cho
d(x, N ) = ||x y||. Chng minh rng tn ti x0 X, ||x0 || = 1 sao cho ||f || = |f (x0 )|.
Gii. Theo Bi 13 th
||x y|| = d(x, N ) =

|f (x)| 12 |f (x) f (y)|

=
||f ||
||f ||

Suy ra |f (x y)| = ||f ||.||x y||. t x0 =

xy
||xy||

ta c |f (x0 )| = ||f ||.

Bi 15. Cho X l khng gian Hilbert, a X, a 6= 0. Khi vi mi x X ta c

d(x, N ) = |hx,ai|
||a|| , trong N = h{a}i .
Gii. y l h qu trc tip ca Bi 13. Tuy nhin ta c th gii mt cch ngn
gn nh sau.
y N , ta c:
|hx, ai| = 13 |hx y, ai| ||x y||||a||

Suy ra

|hx,ai|
||a||

||x y||. Do

|hx,ai|
||a||

d(x, N ).

Mt khc, nu t z = x hx,ai
||a||2 a th z N v hz, ai = 0. Do
d(x, N ) ||x z|| = ||

|hx, ai|
hx, ai
a||
=
.
||a||2
||a||

Nguyn l b chn u

Bi 16. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A )I l mt h cc ton t tuyn

tnh lin tc t X vo Y . Chng minh cc khng nh sau l tng ng14
a) > 0, > 0 : x X, I, ||x|| < ||A (x)|| <
b) N > 0 : I, ||A || N
11

Do x
/ N v N ng nn d(x.N ) > 0
y Kerf
13
y N nn hy, ai = 0
14
Nh vy hai khi nim ng lin tc u v b chn u l tng ng
12

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Gii. a) b) Ly c nh 0 > 0. Khi , tn ti 0 > 0 sao cho
||x|| < 0 ||A (x)|| < 0

t = min(1, 0 ) th 1 v 0 . Do
||A || = 15 sup ||A (x)|| 0
||x||<

t N = 0 th ta c b).
b) a) > 0, t =

N.

Khi , nu ||x|| < th

A (x)|| ||A ||||x|| N ||x|| < N = N

=
N

Bi 17. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A )I l mt h cc ton t tuyn

tnh lin tc t X vo Y . Chng minh cc khng nh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y Y : sup |y (A x)| < +
I

b) x X : sup ||Ax|| < +

I

Gii. a) b) y (A x) = A x(y ). Ly bt k x X , theo gi thit th dy

(A x)I 16 l mt dy b chn tng im. Do Y Banach 17 nn dy (A x)I b chn
u, tc sup ||Ax|| < +.
I

b) a) Hin nhin. (B chn u suy ra b chn tng im).

Bi 18. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l khng gian nh chun, v M l mt
tp con ca L(X, Y ). Chng minh cc khng nh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y Y : sup |y (Ax)| < +
AM

b) M l tp b chn trong L(X, Y )

Gii. b) a) Hin nhin.
a) b) Theo Bi 17, t gi thit ta suy ra sup ||Ax|| < +, x X.
AM

Do X Banach nn theo nguyn l b chn u ta c sup ||A|| < +, ngha l M l

AM

tp b chn trong L(X, Y ).

Bi 19. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A )I l mt h cc ton t tuyn
tnh lin tc t X vo Y . Vi mi n N , t Cn = {x X| sup ||A x)|| < n}. Chng
I

minh nu sup ||A || = + th int(Cn ) = , n

N .

I
15

C th chng minh c rng nu 1 th ||A|| = sup ||A(x)||

||x||<

Xem nh l mt dy trong Y v Y Y
17
K Banach nn Y = L(Y, K) Banach
16

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Gii. Gi s c n0 N sao cho int(Cn0 ) 6= . Khi c hnh cu m B(x0 , r) Cn0 .
rx
x X, x 6= 0, ta c x0 + 2||x||
B(x0 , r). Suy ra
||A (x0 +

rx
)|| < n0
2||x||

rx
)|| < n0 + ||A (x0 )|| < 2n0
2||x||
4n0
4n0
||x|| ||A ||
||A (x)|| <
r
r

||A (

Do sup ||A || < +. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Vy int(Cn ) = , n

I

N .

Bi 20. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun v (A )I L(X, Y ). t A = {x

X| sup ||A x|| < 1}. Chng minh rng
I

a) Nu int(A) 6= th sup ||A || < + (tc (A )I b chn u).

I

b) Nu int(A) 6= th 0 int(A).
Gii.
a) Hon ton tng t Bi 19.
b)

18

Theo cu a) ta c K = sup ||A || < +.

I

1
Gi s 0
/ int(A), khi c x B(0, 2K
) v x
/ A. Suy ra

I : ||A (x)|| 1

Do
1 ||A (x)|| ||A ||||x|| K||x|| < K

1
1
=
2K
2

iu ny mu thun. Vy 0 int(A).
Bi 21. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, F l mt tp ng, hp th
X . Chng minh int(F ) 6= .

19

cha trong

Gii. Do F hp th nn vi mi x X , ta c th chn nx N sao cho x nx F . Suy

ra
[
X=

nx F.

xX

rng {nx |x X} N nn hp trn l m c. Do X l khng gian Banach

nn n thuc phm tr II, v vy tn ti n0 sao cho int(n0 F ) 6= .
Do F ng nn n0 F ng, suy ra int(n0 F ) 6= , tc c hnh cu m B(x0 , r) n0 F, r > 0.
T y ta c B( nx00 , nr0 ) F . V vy int(F ) 6= .
18

u Anh Hng - K16

Tp F X c gi l hp th nu vi mi x X, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi K, || th
x F
19

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Nguyn l nh x m - nh l th ng

Bi 22. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh ln tc

khc 0. Chng minh f l nh x m.
Gii. Theo nguyn l nh x m, ta ch cn chng minh f ton nh l .
Do f 6= 0 nn c x0 X sao cho f (x0 ) 6= 0.
r K , t x = f (xr 0 ) .x0 th f (x) = f (xr 0 ) .f (x0 ) = r.
Vy f l ton nh.
Bi 23. Gi s ||.||1 v ||.||2 l hai chun trn X sao cho vi mi chun X l
khng gian Banach v ||.||1 K.||.||2 , vi K l mt s dng. Chng minh hai chun
ny tng ng. 20
Gii. Do ||.||1 K.||.||2 nn id : (X, ||.||1 ) (X, ||.||2 ) lin tc trn X . Mt khc, id
l song nh. Theo h qu ca nguyn l nh x m th id l mt php ng phi. Do
hai chun ny tng ng.
1
Bi 24. K hiu X = C[0,1]
l khng gian gm cc hm s kh vi lin tc trn [0, 1].
Vi mi x X , ta t

Z1
||x||1 = max |x (t)| + |x(0)|, ||x||2 = ( (|x(t)|2 + |x0 (t)|2 )dt)1/2
0

t[0,1]

Chng minh (X, ||.||1 ) l mt khng gian Banach v hai chun cho khng tng
ng. Suy ra (X, ||.||2 ) khng phi l mt khng gian Banach.
Gii. Ta d dng kim tra c (X, ||.||1 ) l mt khng gian Banach.
n
Vi mi n N , t xn (t) = t n , t [0; 1] th xn X . V ta c

||xn ||1 = max | ntn1 | + |0| = n khi n .

t[0;1]

Tuy nhin
s
Z1 2n
t
1
n
1
||xn ||2 = ( (
+ nt2n2 )dt)1/2 =
+
khi n .
n
n(2n + 1) 2n 1
2
0

Vy dy (xn )n b chn trong (X, ||.||2 ) nhng khng b chn trong (X, ||.||1 ). Do hai
chun ny khng tng ng.
Tip theo, p dng cng thc s gia hu hn ta chng minh c
x X, ||x||2

2 ||x||1 .

S dng Bi 23 ta suy ra c (X, ||.||2 ) khng phi l mt khng gian Banach.

20

Ta hay dng mt kt qu tng ng vi bi tp ny l: Nu hai chun khng tng ng th

(X, ||.||1 ), (X, ||.||2 ) khng th cng Banach

10

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Bi 25. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian Banach, A : X Y l nh x tuyn tnh sao
cho y A X , vi mi y Y 21 . Chng minh A lin tc.
Gii. Ta chng minh A c th GA ng.
Ly dy (xn , Axn ) (x, y). Gi s y 6= Ax. Khi theo h qu ca nh l HahnBanach, tn ti g Y sao cho g(Ax y) 6= 0.
Mt khc ta c
g(Ax y) = g(Ax lim Axn ) = g( lim (Ax Axn )) = lim gA(x xn ) = 0.
n

iu ny mu thun. Vy y = Ax. Suy ra GA ng. Theo nh l th ng th A

lin tc.

nh l Hahn - Banach

Bi 26. Cho X l khng gian nh chun. Chng minh rng

Kerf = {0}.

f X

Gii. Ly bt k x

Kerf . Khi ta c f (x) = 0 , vi mi f X . Theo h qu

f X

ca nh l Hahn - Banach ta c x = 0.
Bi 27. Cho x1 , x2 , ..., xn l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun
X . Chng minh rng tn ti f X sao cho f (xi ) 6= f (xj ) khi i 6= j .
Gii. Vi mi i {1, 2, ..., n}, t Li = h{xj |j 6= i}i th Li l khng gian hu hn
chiu nn l khng gian con ng ca X . Do h {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } c lp tuyn tnh nn
xi
/ Li . Theo nh l Hahn - Banach, tn ti fi X sao cho
fi (xi ) = i v fi (xj ) = 0, j 6= i22

t f = f1 + f2 + ... + fn , ta c f (xi ) = i, i {1, 2, ..., n}. Do f (xi ) 6= f (xj ) khi

i 6= j .
Bi 28. Cho M l mt tp con ca X v x0 X . Chng t rng x0 hM i khi v ch
khi vi mi x X tha iu kin x (M ) = {0} th x (x0 ) = 0.
Gii. () : hin nhin.
() : t Y = hM i. Gi s x0
/ Y , khi d(x0 , Y ) > 0. Theo nh l Hahn - Banach,

tn ti x X sao cho x (Y ) = {0} v x (x0 ) = 1. Do M Y nn x (M ) = {0} v

x (x0 ) = 1. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Vy x0 Y

Mt s thi Gii tch hm

Mc ny s gii thiu cc thi Gii tch hm ca PGS.TS Nguyn Hong dnh

cho sinh vin i hc v hc vin Cao hc ca i hc s phm Hu trong
10 nm qua. C th thy rng s trng lp cc cu hi l dy c.
C th hn ch iu kin ny thnh: Mi dy (xn ) trong X sao cho xn 0 th y (Axn ) 0, y Y
Trong nh l Hahn - Banach ngi ta chn phim hm gi X sao cho gi (xi ) = 1. Khi , nu t
fi = igi th ta c phim hm fi nh trn
21
22

11

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

5.1

Dnh cho sinh vin nm 4

Nm hc 1997-1998

Cu I. K hiu X = {x C[0,1] |x(0) = x(1) = 0}. Vi mi x X , ta t

||x|| = max |x(t)|
[0,1]

1. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.

2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x 7 Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(t)+x(1t)
.
2
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh ||A||.
Cu II. K hiu X l khng gian Banach v Y l khng gian nh chun.
1. Pht biu nguyn l b chn u i vi dy cc ton t (An )nN L(X, Y ). Chng
minh rng nu vi mi x X tn ti Ax = lim An x th A L(X, Y ).
n

2. Cho (xn )nN X . Gi s vi mi x X ta c sup |x (xn )| < +. Chng minh

nN

sup ||xn || < +.

nN

Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach.

1. Gi s f : X R l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn iu kin: vi mi dy
(xn )nN X , xn 0 th dy (f (xn ))n b chn. Chng minh f X .
2. Cho f X v f 6= 0. Chng minh rng nu G l tp m trong X th f (G) l tp
m trong R.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } l mt h trc giao trong H . Chng minh rng chui
t trong H khi v ch khi chui s

xn hi

n=1

||xn ||2 hi t.

n=1

2. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun ca H v (n )n R sao cho

|n |2 < +.

n=1

Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht x H nhn (n )n l h s Fourier i vi (en )n .

3. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun ca H v A L(H) l mt ton t compact.
Chng minh A(en ) 0 trong H khi n .
Nm hc 1999-2000
Cu I. K hiu X = M[0,1] l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X , ta t
||x|| = sup |x(t)|
[0,1]

1. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.

2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x 7 Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(0) + tx(t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh ||A||.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1. Cho f X tha mn iu kin sup |f (x) f (y)| = r. Tnh ||f ||.
x,yB 0 (0,1)

2. Cho x1 , x2 , ..., xn l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun X .

12

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Chng minh rng tn ti f X sao cho f (xi ) 6= f (xj ) khi i 6= j .
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v f X . Chng minh f lin tc
trn X khi v ch khi {x X|f (x) = 1} l mt tp ng trong X .
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca H . t M = hAi. Gi s x H v hx, yi = 0,
vi mi y A. Chng minh x M .
2. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun trong H . Chng minh rng vi mi x H , chui

hx, en ien hi t v ||x||2 =

n=1

|hx, en i|2 . Suy ra en

0.

n=1

3. t A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

hx, en ien

n=1

Chng minh A L(H), tnh ||A|| v tm ton t lin hip ca A.

Nm hc 2000-2001
Cu I. K hiu X = {x C[0,1] |x(0) = x(1) = 0}. Vi mi x X , ta t
||x|| = max |x(t)|
[0,1]

1. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.

.
2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x 7 Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(t)+x(1t)
2
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh ||A||.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A )I L(x, Y ). Chng minh hai
mnh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y Y : sup |y (A x)| < +
I

b) x X : sup ||Ax|| < +

I

Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach.

1. Gi s f : X R l mt phim hm tuyn tnh sao cho f 1 (, 0) v f 1 (0, +)
l m trong X . Chng minh f X .
2. Cho f X v f 6= 0. Chng minh rng nu G l tp m trong X th f (G) l tp
m trong R.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun ca H v (n )n R sao cho

|n |2 < +.

n=1

Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht x H nhn (n )n l h s Fourier i vi (en )n .

2. Cho A L(H) l mt ton t compact v 6= 0 l mt gi tr ring ca A. Chng
minh rng tp
N (A ) = {x H|Ax = x}

l mt khng gian con hu hn chiu ca H .

3. Cho M, N l hai khng gian con ng ca H sao cho M N . Chng minh M + N
l khng gian con ng ca H .
13

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Nm hc 2001-2002
Cu I. Cho (X, ||.||1 ), (Y, ||.||2 ) l hai khng gian nh chun. t Z = X Y . Vi
mi z = (x, y) Z , ta t
||z|| = ||x||1 + ||y||2

1. Chng minh ||.|| l mt chun trn Z .

2. Chng minh (Z, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach khi v ch khi X v Y Banach.
Cu II.Cho e1 , e2 , ..., en l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun
X.
1. Chng minh rng tn ti cc phim hm fi X , i = 1, ..., n sao cho fi (ej ) = ij .
2. K hiu M = h{e1 , e2 , ..., en }i v t A : X X, Ax =

n
P

fi (x)ei . Chng minh

i=1

A L(X) v X = M KerA.
3. Gi s f : X R l phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn iu kin {x X|f (x) 1}
l mt tp ng trong X . Chng minh f X .
Cu III. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun ca H . Chng minh trc tip hai mnh sau

l tng ng
a) x H, x =

n=1

b) x H, ||x||2 =

hx, en ien .

|hx, en i|2 .

n=1

2. Cho u, v H v A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

hx, uiv

n=1

Chng minh A L(H) v tm ton t lin hip ca A.

3. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun ca H . Cho B L(H) sao cho chui
hi t. Vi mi n N, t Bn x =

n
P

||Ben ||2

n=1

hx, ek iBek , x H . Chng minh Bn l ton t

k=1

compact, suy ra B cng l ton t compact.

Nm hc 2002-2003
0
Cu I. K hiu X = M[0,1]
l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1] sao cho
x(0) = x(1) = 0. Vi mi x X , ta t

||x|| = sup |x(t)|

[0,1]

1. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.

2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x 7 Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(1 t) tx(t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh ||A||.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun v A L(X, Y ).
14

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

1. Xt hai phng trnh
Ax = y

(1)

A y = x

(2)

Gi s rng vi mi y Y , phng trnh (1) (n l x) c t nht mt nghim trong

X . Chng minh rng vi mi x X , phng trnh (2) (n l y ) c nhiu nht mt
nghim trong Y .
2. Gi s x0 X v
sup
||Ax Ay|| = . Tnh ||A||.
x,yB 0 (x0 ,r)

Cu III. Cho f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn khng gian nh chun thc X .
Chng minh rng f lin tc khi v ch khi tp {x X|f (x) > 0} l m trong X .
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca H . t M = hAi. Gi s x H v hx, yi = 0,
vi mi y A. Chng minh x M .
2. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun trong H . Chng minh trc tip rng vi mi
x H , chui

hx, en ien hi t v ||x||2 =

n=1

|hx, en i|2 . Suy ra nu C L(H) l ton

n=1

t compact th Cen 0, n .
3. t A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

hx, en ien+1

n=1

Chng minh A L(H) v tm ton t lin hip ca A.

Nm hc 2003-2004
Cu I. K hiu X = M[0,1] l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X , ta t
||x|| = sup |x(t)|
[0,1]

1. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.

2. K hiu Y = {x C[0,1] |x(0) = x(1) = 0}. Chng minh Y l mt khng gian con
ng ca X .
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun thc.
1. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn
sup

|f (x) f (y)| = r

x,yB 0 (0,1)

Chng minh f X v tnh ||f ||.

2. Gi s (xn )n v (fn )n l hai dy c bn trong X v X . Chng minh rng (fn (xn ))n
l mt dy hi t.
Cu III. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh khc 0.
a) t N = Kerf . Chng minh rng N = N hoc N = X .

15

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

b) Chng minh rng nu dim X = th tn ti cc phim hm tuyn tnh khng
lin tc xc nh trn X .
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert trn trng K .
1. Cho A : H H l mt ton t tuyn tnh. Gi s hAx, yi = hx, Ayi vi mi
x, y H . Chng minh A lin tc.
2. Cho {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } l mt h cc vect trc giao khc 0 ca H . Chng minh rng
vi mi x H , tn ti duy nht cc s 1 , ..., n sao cho vi mi 1 , ..., n , ta c
||x

n
X

i xi || ||x

i=1

n
X

i xi ||

i=1

3. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun ca H . t B : H H xc nh bi

x H, Bx =

hx, en+1 ien

n=1

Chng minh B L(H), tnh ||B|| v tm ton t lin hip ca B .

Nm hc 2004-2005
Cu I. K hiu X = {x C[0,1] |x(0) = x(1) = 0}. Vi mi x X , ta t
||x|| = max |x(t)|
[0,1]

1. Chng minh ||.|| l mt chun trn X .

2. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.
3. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x 7 Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(t) + x(1 t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh ||A||.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A )I L(X, Y ). Chng minh cc
khng nh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y Y : sup |y (A x)| < +
I

b) x X : sup ||Ax|| < +

I

Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach v A L(X). Gi s tn ti s dng r

sao cho r||x|| ||Ax||, vi mi x X . Chng minh:
1. A(X) l mt khng gian con ng ca X .
2. A l mt php ng phi tuyn tnh t X ln A(X).
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Gi s E l mt tp con ca H v x0 H . t M = hEi. Chng minh x0 M khi
v ch khi vi mi y E th hy, x0 i = 0.
2. Cho A, B : H H l hai ton t tuyn tnh tha mn iu kin hAx, yi = hx, Byi
vi mi x, y H . Chng minh A, B lin tc v B = A .
16

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

3. Gi s A L(H) l mt ton t compact v l mt s khc 0. Chng minh rng
Ker(A I) l mt khng gian con hu hn chiu ca H .
Nm hc 2005-2006
Cu I. K hiu X = M[0,1] l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X , ta t
||x|| = sup |x(t)|
[0,1]

1. Chng minh (X, ||.||) l mt khng gian Banach.

2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x 7 Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(0) t2 x(t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh ||A||.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1. Cho f X tha mn iu kin sup |f (x) f (y)| = r. Hy tnh ||f ||.
x,yB 0 (0,1)

2. Cho x1 , x2 , ..., xn l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun X .

Chng minh rng tn ti g X sao cho g(xi ) 6= g(xj ) khi i 6= j .
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v M l mt tp con ca X . Gi s
vi mi f X ta c sup |f (x)| < +. Chng minh rng M l tp b chn trong X .
xM

Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.

1. Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca H . t M = hAi. Gi s x H v hx, yi = 0,
vi mi y A. Chng minh x M .
2. Cho (en )n l mt c s trc chun trong H . t M = h{en |n N}i. Chng minh
trc tip rng hai mnh sau l tng ng
a) x H, x =

hx, en ien .

n=1

b) M = {0}.
3. Cho u, v H l hai vect c nh v A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

hx, uiv

n=1

Chng minh A L(H) .Tm ton t lin hip A v tnh ||A ||.

5.2
5.2.1

Dnh cho hc vin cao hc

kim tra gia k
KHA 13

Cu I. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l mt khng gian nh chun v M

l mt tp con ca L(X, Y ). Chng minh rng M l tp b chn trong khng gian
L(X, Y ) khi v ch khi vi mi x X, y Y ta c sup |y (Ax)| < +.
AM

17

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1) Gi s f X , f 6= 0. Chng t rng tn ti khng gian con mt chiu E sao
cho X = E Kerf .
2) Cho M l mt tp con ca X v x0 X . Chng t rng x0 hM i khi v ch khi
vi mi x X tha iu kin x (M ) = {0} th x (x0 ) = 0.
Cu III. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun.
1) Gi s A : X Y l mt nh x tha mn iu kin A(x + y) = Ax + Ay , vi
mi x, y X v sup ||Ax|| < +. Chng minh A l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin
xB 0 (0,1)

tc.
2) Cho B : X Y l mt nh x tuyn tnh. Gi GB l th ca B . Chng
minh rng B(X) l tp ng trong Y khi v ch khi tp GB + (X {0}) l tp ng
trong X Y .
KHA 14
1
l khng gian gm cc hm s kh vi lin tc trn [0, 1].
Cu I. K hiu X = C[0,1]
Vi mi x X , ta t

Z1
||x||1 = max |x0 (t)| + |x(0)|, ||x||2 = ( (|x(t)|2 + |x0 (t)|2 )dt)1/2
t[0,1]

1. Kim tra ||.||1 , ||.||2 l hai chun trn X .

2. Chng minh (X, ||.||1 ) l mt khng gian Banach v hai chun cho khng
tng ng. Suy ra (X, ||.||2 ) khng phi l mt khng gian Banach.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l mt khng gian nh chun v
A L(X, Y ). Bit rng vi mi r > 0 ta c B 0 (0Y , r) A(B(0X , r)). Chng minh 0Y l
im trong ca A(B(0X , r)).
Cu III. Cho X l hai khng gian nh chun v A : X X l mt nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc. Gi GA l th ca A. Chng minh rng A(X) l tp ng trong X
khi v ch khi tp GA + (X {0}) l tp ng trong X X .
Tm mt v d v mt khng gian nh chun X v A L(X) nhng A(X) khng
ng trong X .
KHA 15
Cu I.
1. Vi p 1, ta k hiu Lpn = {f Lp (R)|suppf [n, n]}. Chng minh rng
p

L (R) =

[
n=1

18

Lpn

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

2. Gi s (X, ) l mt khng gian o, E X sao cho E < . Cho f
Chng minh f Lp (E, ) vi mi p 1 v

L (E, ).

Z
lim (

|f |p d)1/p = ess sup |f (x)|

xE

Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l mt khng gian nh chun v

A L(X, Y ). Bit rng vi mi r > 0 ta c B 0 (0Y , r) A(B(0X , r)). Chng minh 0Y l
im trong ca A(B(0X , r)).
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, F l mt tp ng, hp th cha trong
X.
1. Chng minh int(F ) 6= .
2. Bng v d, chng t rng F khng nht thit nhn vect 0 l im trong.
KHA 16 - I
Cu I. K hiu X = C[0,1] l khng gian gm cc hm s lin tc trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X , ta t
||x||

Z1
= max |x(t)|, ||x||p = ( |x(t)|p dt)1/p , p > 1
t[0,1]

Chng minh hai chun cho khng tng ng. Suy ra (X, ||.||p ) khng phi l
mt khng gian Banach.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun A : X Y l mt nh x tuyn
tnh.
1) Chng minh A lin tc khi v ch khi A bin mi tp b chn trong X thnh
mt tp b chn trong Y .
2) Gi s X, Y l hai khng gian Banach, A lin tc v tn ti > 0 sao cho vi
mi x X ta c ||Ax|| ||x||. Chng minh A(X) l mt khng gian Banach.
Cu III. Tm mt v d v mt khng gian nh chun X c cha mt khng gian
con Y m Y khng phi l tp ng trong X .
KHA 16 - II
Cu I. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh.
a) Gi s f =
6 0. Chng minh tn ti khng gian con mt chiu E sao cho X =
Kerf E .
b) Bit rng phim hm f khng lin tc. Chng minh Kerf l tp tr mt khp
ni.

19

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

Cu II.
trnh

23

Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun v A L(X, Y ). Xt hai phng

Ax = y

(1)

A y = x

(2)

Gi s rng vi mi y Y , phng trnh (1) (n l x) c t nht mt nghim trong

X . Chng minh rng vi mi x X , phng trnh (2) (n l y ) c nhiu nht mt
nghim trong Y .
Cu III. Cho X l khng gian nh chun v M X, N X . K hiu M = {x
X |x (M ) = {0}} v N = {x X|x(N ) = {0}}.
a) Chng minh M v N l nhng khng gian vect con ng trong cc khng
gian X v X .
b) Chng minh rng hM i = (M ).

KHA 16 - III
Cu I. Cho H l mt khng gian tin Hilbert trn trng K v x, y H . Gi s vi
mi K , ta c ||x + y|| ||x||. Chng minh x y .
Cu II. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert thc v A l mt ton t lin tc t lin
hip.
a) Chng minh rng hAu, vi = 14 (hA(u+v), u+vihA(uv), uvi), vi mi u, v H .
b) Chng minh rng nu hAx, xi = 0 vi mi x H th A = 0.
c) Gi s thm A l ton t compact. Chng minh rng (A) l bao ng ca tp
cc gi tr ring ca A.
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach v A L(X). Chng minh rng (A) =
(A ). Nu X l khng gian Hilbert th ng thc ny cn ng khng? Ti sao?
5.2.2

thi chng ch cao hc

23

y l mt dng pht biu khc ca Bi 20 - trang 92 - sch Bi tp Gii tch hm - Nguyn Xun
Lim

20

MathVn.Com - Bi tp Gii tch hm qua cc k thi

THI CHNG CH CAO HC
GII TCH HM - KHA 16
Thi gian lm bi: 150 pht

24

Cu I. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v hn chiu.

1. Chng minh rng tn ti mt phim hm tuyn tnh khng lin tc f xc nh
trn X . Khi , hy kim tra tp P = {x X|f (x) < 1} tr mt trong X .
2. Chng minh rng tn ti hai tp li A, B cha trong X sao cho AB = X, AB =
v A = X = B .
Cu II. Cho X, Y, Z l ba khng gian vect trn trng K .
1. Gi s f : X Y, g : X Z l cc nh x tuyn tnh sao cho Kerg Kerf .
Chng minh rng tn ti nh x tuyn tnh h : Z Y sao cho f = h g .
2. Ly Y = K, Z = K n v chn nh x g thch hp, p dng cu 1 chng minh
rng nu f, f1 , ..., fn l cc phim hm tuyn tnh trn X sao cho

n
T

Kerfi Kerf

i=1

th f l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc f1 , ..., fn .

3. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v hn chiu v U l mt ln cn yu, tc
l mt (X, X )ln cn, ca 0 X . Chng minh rng U l mt tp khng b
chn trong khng gian nh chun X .
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1. Gi s M l mt tp con tr mt trong X . Chng minh rng vi mi x X ,
tn ti dy (xn )n M sao cho ||xn ||

4
3n ||x||, n

= 1, 2, ... v x =

xn .

n=1

2. Cho (xn )n l mt dy trong X sao cho sup ||xn || < +. K hiu E = {f

n

X |(f (x

n ))n

hi t }. Bit E =

X ,

chng minh tn ti x X sao cho xn

x.

Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert trn trng K v A L(H).

1. Gi s A = A v K sao cho inf ||Ax x|| > 0. Chng minh l mt gi
||x||=1

tr chnh quy ca A.
2. Gi s A A l ton t compact. Chng minh A cng l ton t compact.

Ghi ch: Th sinh c php s dng ti liu khi lm bi.

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June 12nd, 2008

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