Surfactant Chemicals ‘© Name often given to detergents as it is the main ingredient in cleaning products. ‘© Synthetic chemicals which helps make water ‘wetter’ thereby enabling it to wet a dirty surface and lift dirt from it. They have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic end. Degreasers ‘© Dissolves oils, fats and greases which are not soluble in water. * Contains non-polar solvents hence s able to clean oll and grease off machinery. Lubricants + Reduces friction and wear between moving surfaces + Usually oil-based and are used in engines and other machines were moving parts rub together # Can be liquid (ol) or solid (grease) Pesticides + Materials which are able to selectively kil an animal considered to be a nuisance solvents ‘© Liquids which can dissolve another substance. Two main solvents are water and alcohol; also; turpentine. Solute - The substance which is dissolved in a solvent Solution ‘© The resulting mixture when a solute dissolves into the solvent ‘© Thesolvent molecules surround the solute molecules, preventing them from rejoining Solubility ‘+ Ability to dissolve in water -lonic (where a positive and negative ions are bonded) and polar substances dissolve in polar solvents; water and alcohol ‘Non polar substances dissolve in non-polar substances such as turps, petrol, hexane and carbon tetrachloride Solution ‘* Contains atleast one solute dissolved in a solvent, therefore itis homogenous, + You cannot see the individual substances because its uniform throughout ‘© When shining a beam of light through the solution, light isnot scattered as there are no particles for the light tobe reflected oft + Examples of solutions include vinegar (acetic acid in water), saltwater, household ammonia (ammonia 25 in water), shampoo and soft drinks + There are two types of solutions % Solid dissolved in a liquid: saltwater > Gas dissolved in a liquid: oxygen in water Colloid ‘© Has ‘cloudy’ appearance; particles remaining suspended for long periods of time heterogeneous mixture ‘© The particles of one substance are scattered evenly throughout another ‘© Particles are smaller than the ones in suspensions, unable to be filtered out. Par cannot be seen by the naked eye. Suspensions ‘© Contains large particles which are not dissolved in a solvent but mix uniformly together if the product is shaken therefore heterogeneous ‘+ Over time, if the mixture is left to stand, suspensions settle out or form layers ‘© The particles are large enough to be filtered out and to be seen by the naked eye ‘* The forces of attraction between the solvent particles and the large particles is not strong and over time they are pulled downwards by gravity ‘A beam of light can shine and is scattered due to the many particles which the light is reflected off Examples include dirt in water and others include > Solid particles suspended in aliquid: soluble aspirin > Liquid particles suspended in aliquid: fresh milk. les so small they Emulsions ‘¢ Mixture of two substances that don’t normally mix well, such as water and grease © Two types of emulsions > Oilin water: when the oil molecules disperse in water> Water in oll: when the water disperses in the oil ©The forces are continually braking and reforming and ‘holds’ molecules in liquid state. ‘© There are also forces that attract particles of one substance to particles of other substances. These are called adhesion forces. © Water has a high degree of surface tension which is why pond skaters and many other insects can run about on water without sinking. Surfactants ‘© Cleaning products rely on surfactants to make oll dissolve in water. ‘© Molecules of surfactants have both polar and non-polar pasts. The non-polar end wants to ‘get out’ of the water which is why surfactant molecules tend to pack together and lie across the oil-water interface * The non-polar end ‘hydrophobic’ molecule dissolves easily in the oil while the polar ‘hydrophilic’ end dissolves easily in the water. This is how surfactants lower the surface tension of water and makes it ‘spread out’ and make more contact with the dirt particles ~ Making it ‘wetter’ ‘© The tails of surfactants make contact with greasy dirt particles, while the heads form a layer around the dirt and draw water onto the fabric fibres and the dirt particles. The dirt can be separated from the surface with the help of agitation and heat. The solution containing the dirt/surfactant complex is then washed away. Emulsion: Possibly the most important industrial role for surfactants is the formation of emulsions. An ‘emulsion is a dispersion of one liquid in @ second, immiscible liquid. Emulsions are multiphase systems, continuous phase and the disperse phase. Allows olly material and water to be applied at the same time. ‘Two liquids that do not normally mix are called phases ‘To make two phases mix we need an emulsifier or emulsifying agent to reduce the difference in surface tension; examples include cosmetics, foods, lubricants, medicines and paints. © Emulsions are not permanently stable. In many emulsions, the liquids will separate after a certain time. The finer the particle size, the more stable and the more viscous the emulsion is. ‘© For example: milk is an emulsion of butterfat (oll) in water. The emulsifying agent that enables the butterfat and water to mix together is a protein called casein. -Soaps and detergents are emulsifying agents because they assist two immiscible substances, such as oil and water, to mix. Soaps and detergents allow oil to disperse in water. -Soaps and detergents are surfactants because they act at the surfaces between two immiscible substances, such as oil and water. Detergents -Surfactants prepared from sulfuric acid and petro chemicals. Also called soap-less detergents “Are more versatile cleaning products because they can be adapted to perform well under a variety of conditions, are less affected by water hardness (therefore lathering more easily) and doesn’t form scums Soaps -Also called soapy detergent -Good cleaning agent but soap molecules are not very versatile and cannot be adapted to today's range of fibers, washing temp and water conditions. Effectiveness of soap is reduced in hard water ~ water which contains a high level of calcium and magnesium salts. Hard water and soap produces insoluble soap scum and make the soap dificult to lather. Cleaning agents must be surfactants because they interact at the interface between two immiscible substances, creating an emulsion. ‘© Cleaning agents must be emulsifiers because they maintain the emulsion. They act as emulsifying agents by causing the drops of oll to break up and remain suspended in the water. This means that the grease Cr oll can be washed or rinsed away with the water that is holding them.‘© Tobe effective as cleaning agents, soap and detergents must be effective both as surfactants and, emulsifiers. Not all emulsifiers are good cleaning agents, for example egg yolk provides the emulsifying ‘agent for the oil and vinegar to make mayonnaise. ‘Two important properties of surfactants: ‘Adsorption The taking up of a gas or liquid at the surface of another substance, usually a solid (for example, activated charcoal adsorbs gases). It involves molecular attraction at the surface. ‘The adsorption properties of surfactants mean that surfactant molecules are usually found at the interface between an oil phase and a water phase or a water phase and an air phase. This molecular property leads to the macroscopic properties of wetting, foaming, detergency and emulsion formation. Self-Assembly Self-assembly is the tendency for surfactant molecules to organize themselves into extended structures in water. This includes the formation of micelles, bilayers and liquid crystals. These structures are formed by when the hydrophobic tals of the surfactants cluster together, forming small aggregates such as micelles, or large layer structures (bilayers) which are similar to a cell wall. These properties make surfactants very interesting study, and are areas of current research. Blodegradability; term used to describe how micro-organisms such as bacteria act to decompose carbon compounds. ‘* Biodegradable products are less harmful to the environment than non-biodegradable ones because they do not accumulate in the environment ‘Soap biodegrades very rapidly and takes only a few days for the micro-organisms to do their work. This Is because, the bacteria used in sewage treatment plants digest unbranched linear chain molecules, such as those in soap. Soap is commonly the sodium or potassium salt of a natural long chain fatty acid. ‘The Skin ‘©The skin is an organ to separate the body from the external environment. ‘The epidermis forms an effective barrier to separate the rest of the body from the external environment. The stratum corneum consists of the dead skin cells that have died from lack of food and oxygen. These dead cells are firmly attached to one another. They protect the living cells beneath them and help reduce water loss. The dead cells flake away; form most of the dust that collects in our houses. ‘* The skin is an organ assisting body temperature control. Sweat glands, found in the dermis, produce a liquid that is released through the pores in the epidermis. When this liquid is released on the surface of the body it evaporates and this in turn cools the body surface. When the body becomes hot, the rate at which these glands produce sweat or perspiration increases. As well as this, when the body becomes hot, the blood vessels dilate and fills with blood which allows loss of heat through the epidermis. These processes help to maintain the body temperature at 37°C. ‘+ The skin is an organ to protect against entry by disease-causing organisms. ‘The skin protects our body against disease in a number of ways: Shedding of top layer of skin (the stratum corneum) helps prevent entry of disease causing organisms. ‘The film on the surface of our skin, that contains a mixture of sweat, sebum and microflora, is acidic. The acidity comes from the fatty acids that are present in the sebum and from the acids present in ‘sweat. The acidity is increased by the presence of Staphylococcus epidermis, bacterial microflora that break down fatty acids in the sebum. Many other bacteria cannot survive in such acidic environment. The high concentration of salt in sweat creates an environment that is inhospitable to many bacteria. The presence of skin microflora holds in check the small number of pathogenic organisms that are on ‘our skin surfaces. Different parts of the body have different populations of microflora, in balance with 3