INTRODUCTION TO MS ACCESS 2003

Introduction
The aim of this document is to introduce basic techniques for creating a simple database
using the Microsoft Access 2003 relational database management system (RDBMS).
You will undertake a case study to build a simple database consisting of tables,
relationships, forms and reports and queries. This will demonstrate the need to work out
your requirements before attempting to design a database.
You will use some of the Wizards that are provided with Microsoft Access 2003.
As we work we will introduce terminology commonly used in database design and in the
Windows 2000 environment
Prerequisites
No prior database or development experience is assumed, however Windows experience
is essential. You should be familiar with;

Keyboard layout
Use of mouse
Selecting items from menus
Using toolbars
Using dialogue boxes
Using On-line Help for Windows
Acknowledgements
These workshop notes are based on the Teachers Notes and Exercises supplied by
Software Made Simple Guide to Microsoft Office 2000. Copies of the Guide are
available to students and staff of Birkbeck either in paper form from ITS Help Desk,
MB 151 or from the College Intranet at
http://www.bbk.ac.uk/its/help/documentation/. Help Desk is open on weekdays
10.00am - 8.00pm in term time, and 10.00am - 6.00pm in vacations. References to
the SMS guides are indicated in brackets, e.g. (SMS 2.10)
Contents
1
2

Introduction
Some Theory
2.1
What is a Database?
2.2
Where does Microsoft Access 2003 fit in?
2.3
Steps in Designing and Building a Database
3
Case Study
3.1
About the Educational Institutions
3.2
About the orders
3.3
Analysis

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Introduction to Access 2003

3.4
Data Types
Creating a database
Working with tables
5.1
Creating Tables
5.2
Entering Data into a table
5.3
Sorting Data
5.4
More Practice on working with tables
Queries
6.1
What are Queries?
6.2
Query Wizard
6.3
Adding criteria to a query
6.4
Joining tables in a query
6.5
Calculated criteria
6.6
More practice at working with queries
Forms
7.1
What are forms?
7.2
Create a form with Form Wizard
7.3
Entering Data with a form
7.4
Modify the form design
7.5
Create an object on a form
7.6
More practice at working with forms
Reports
8.1
Modifying a report
8.2
More practice at working with reports
8.3
Mail Merge
Relationships
9.1
Why use Relationships
9.2
Types of relationships
9.3
A sample database
9.4
Finding out More about Database Design

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About this Document

Words that you type or choose are in bold type, e.g. Choose Programs from
the Start menu
Keys that you press are shown in small capitals e.g. press ALT
Press KEY1 + KEY2 means press both keys together e.g. press CTRL + Z
Press KEY1, KEY2 means press each key consecutively e.g. press A, B
General guidelines on how to perform a task are indicated by bulleted lists using
the symbol. Note that these are not tasks for you to perform now. Exercises
for you to practice as you work through the notes are labelled Exercise, e.g.
Exercise 1 Importing Database Objects. The steps that you do to complete
the exercise are marked by round bullets ().
Hints and tips are indicated by ) If you are not very familiar with using
computers then you should pay particular attention to the hints and tips.

ii

Birkbeck College Central Computing Services

Introduction to Access 2003

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1 Introduction
The aims of this training material are:
To introduce basic techniques for creating a database using the
Microsoft Access 2003 relational database management system (RDBMS).
In this introductory material we will not cover the more advanced features of
Microsoft Access 2003 such as macros and modules. These topics are necessary
for the development of full-blown applications
To demonstrate the need for requirements analysis before attempting
a database design. Before you create a document with a word-processor, you
need to do some planning of the content and appearance. For a simple
document you may begin typing straight away. However, a database needs much
more planning before you even think of using a RDBMS such as Microsoft Access
2003
To build a simple database. You will start by learning about the topics
needed to build a single table database, that is the simplest type of database, such
as a list of names and addresses. Topics include what is a database, steps in
designing and building a database, Tables, Forms and Reports and Queries
To become familiar with using some of Wizards that are provided with
Microsoft Access 2003
To introduce terminology commonly used in database design and in
the Windows 2000 environment. In order to understand the on-line help and
other further reading, you need to become familiar with the terminology that is
used in the documents
Work through these notes in sequence. Read the hints and explanations before you
attempt the exercises. The exercises need to be completed in the order that they
appear, as they depend on objects 1 that have been created in previous exercise.

2 Some Theory
2.1 What is a Database?
A database is a simply structured collection of data, with the emphasis very much on
structured. Everyone encounters databases in their daily lives, even if they are not in
electronic form. Telephone books, diaries, and mailing order catalogues are all
instances of databases.
Computerised databases are created, stored, manipulated and maintained using
Database Management Systems (DBMS); DBMS are the programs or groups of
programs through which we gain access to databases. In the personal computer
world, DBMSs are often referred to as database packages or database applications.
Depending on the way data is modelled, we have relational, network, hierarchical, and
object-oriented data models. The data model defines how real-world data is
represented in the database. DBMSs are typically tied to one type of data model.

Database components in Access 2003 are referred to as objects.

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Introduction to Access 2003

Microsoft Access 2003 is based on the relational model and is therefore a relational
DBMS, or RDBMS.
Relational databases are built up of Tables. The column headers in the table are
called fields. The rows of data in the table are called records. RDBMSs are extremely
fussy and insist that each record is uniquely identified by one or more fields. We will
see when we design tables how a unique identifier or key is used.

2.2 Where does Microsoft Access 2003 fit in?

You should consider building your database with Microsoft Access 2003 if your
data structures can be represented by the relational model. This is true of most
business applications, and the sample databases provided with Microsoft Access
2003 demonstrate this. Microsoft Access 2003 can be used for quite large,
complex database applications. However, even if your data structures are quite
simple, and could be easily held in a card index, you may want to consider using
Microsoft Access 2003, as it works well with Word. If you frequently need to send
out mail shots then Microsoft Access 2003 is particularly suitable for use with the
mail merge tool in Word
There are more specialist databases available for bibliographic databases (ITS
supply Endnote in workstation rooms). Contact ITS Reception/Help Desk on
our website for information on available documentation
If the data contained in your tables is mostly numeric data, then you are probably
better off using a spreadsheet program such as Excel. Spreadsheet programs are
specifically designed to handle numeric data

2.3 Steps in Designing and Building a Database

Define the problem
Decide what real world things (entities) you need to store information about.
For example Employees, Products, Customers, Orders. Entities are represented
by tables in the database
Decide what facts (attributes) you need to know about each entity, e.g. an
Employees date of birth, salary. Attributes are represented by fields in the tables
Decide on the relationships between the entities in the database; i.e. what attributes
do they have in common. Relationships are formed in the database between
entities that have common attributes. They have common fields in the related
tables. For example, customer Fred Bloggs can place an order for product eggs.
So the Orders table has relationships with Customers table and Products table
Decide what information you need to extract from your data. This will allow
you to design the queries
Design Forms that will allow users to enter data values for running queries or
entering data
Design Reports that will print information extracted from the database
To illustrate what this means, we will examine a sample case study, and then build a
very simple database to provide the required functions.

3 Case Study
The database that you are going to build is to hold the records of the Software
Made Simple company. The company sells training material to educational

Introduction to Access 2003

Doc. 5.131

institutions. They need to keep details of the Institutions that they deal with and the
orders that they place.

3.1 About the Educational Institutions

The details SMS need to know about each institution are:
A unique identifier for each institution
The number of students in the institution this helps to know the potential size
of the market for their products
The educational sector whether pricing is covered by special deals for certain
types of institutions
The name, address, phone, fax, email of the institution. For simplicity we will
include only the institution name in our sample database
The company deals only with a named contact at each institution. SMS needs to
know who this person is

3.2 About the orders

The training material is provided either as printed books or on a CD-ROM. For each
order SMS need to know
The institution code. This links each order to the institution that placed it
The order number. This uniquely identifies the order
If the order is for books then they need to know the number. Since all the
books are the same price there is no need at this stage to break down the order
into book titles
The value of the order
The order type i.e. whether it is for books or CD-ROM
CD Renewal date. Sites buy an annual licence to make copies of the material on
the CD-ROM so SMS need to know the renewal date

3.3 Analysis
The important thing at this stage is not your knowledge of computers, but an
understanding of the problem. As this is not a course in Systems Analysis, the
analysis has been done for you, so that you can practise using Microsoft Access 2003
straight away. The Entities about which to keep information are Institutions and
Orders, so we will start with two tables in our database.
Since the institution is represented by the site contact, the table representing the
institution will be called Contacts. We will call our other table Orders. Tables are
structured into fields (columns) and records (rows). All records must have the same
fields, though as we shall see in this example there may be instances where a field is
redundant in some records but not in others.
The Attributes (i.e. the details that we need to know) of a Contact are the
institution code, the number of students, the name of the institution, the
educational sector and the contacts forename and surname. Since the contact is
representing an institution the institution code must be unique
The attributes of an Order are the order number, which must be unique, the
institution code, the value of the order and the order type (CD-ROM or books).
For book orders we need the number of books and for CD-ROM orders we

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Introduction to Access 2003

need the licence renewal date. For CD-ROM orders the number of books field
is redundant. For book orders the renewal date is redundant. However, we
must include the field for all records to maintain a consistent structure
In order to identify the Relationship between an institution (represented in the
database by its Contact) and its orders we will give each institution a unique
identifier in the Contacts table. We will include this identifier as a field in the
Orders table. It is good practice, when designing a database, to use unique
identifiers. In our example each contact is uniquely identified by the institution
code. There are good reasons for this. The contact might change in the future.
In order to link an institution to the orders it has placed we need to maintain
consistency. Even if the contact name changes the institution code remains the
same so we still know where to send the order. In addition, there may be
several institutions with contacts named (say) John Smith

3.4 Data Types

(SMS 2.10)
Having decided what tables we need, and what fields we need in the tables we need
to decide what type of data we are going to put in each field. Is it, for example, a
number, a date, or some text. When you are building a database from scratch you
will usually make use of the Microsoft Office 2003 autonumber to allocate a unique
identifier for each record. Note however that if you are building a database to
contain data that already exists with a unique identifier (e.g. Student number,
National Insurance number, bank account number), you should use your existing
unique number in preference to an autonumber.

)The field that uniquely identifies a record in a database is called the Primary Key
Table 1 Fields for Contacts table
Field Name
Surname
Forename
Edu Sector
Institution
Num Students
Institution Code

Data Type
Text
Text
Text
Text
Number
Autonumber

Table 2 Fields for Orders Table

Field Name
Institution Code
Order Num
Num Books
Value
Order Type
CD Renewal

Data Type
Number
Autonumber
Number
Number
Text
Date: dd/mm/yy

Introduction to Access 2003

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4 Creating a database
Microsoft Access 2003 also provides wizards. Wizards are software tools that help you
with a programmes features. However, in this document you will learn how to
create your database from scratch, so that you are better able to match the database
to the requirement. SMS guide 2.4 describes how to create a database using a
wizard.
Exercise 1 Starting Microsoft Access 2003 on ITS
workstations

At the Windows log in prompt, type your username in the Username box. Press
the TAB key to move to the Password box, and type your password. Then press
the ENTER key or click on OK Wait a few minutes while Windows 2000 checks
your username and password, and allocates your network resources
Click on the Start button on the taskbar at the bottom of the screen. The Start
Menu will appear
Click on Programs on the Start Menu
Click on Microsoft Office on the Program menu and then on Microsoft
Access 2003

Exercise 2 Create a new database

On the menus, choose File New

Select Blank Database from the task pane on the right-hand side of the screen
In the File New Database dialogue box make sure that you have selected the My
Documents folder on your N: drive, and replace db1.mdb in the Filename
box with sms contacts.
Click on Create

You have now created a file that will become the database. Unlike programs such as
Word and Excel, Access saves the objects that you create and the data that you enter
automatically to this file.

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Introduction to Access 2003

When you create a new database it will look something like Figure 4-1.
On the left of the window are buttons representing various database objects.
Select the class of object that you wish to work on by clicking on the button.
Tables are the foundation of the database; just as you start building a house by
laying the foundations you start building a database by creating the tables. The
first time that you use the database the table button is selected by default
On the right of the window you will see a list of tasks that you can perform on
the selected class of object. If a wizard matches your requirements, then it is the
simplest way to create a table (see SMS section 2.7). In this document we will
learn how to create a table from scratch
Figure 4-1 New database

Introduction to Access 2003

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5 Working with tables

5.1 Creating Tables
In the analysis section we looked at the tables needed, what fields should appear in
the tables and what data types those fields should have. It is important to realise
that we are talking about the data structures in the database. We are not talking
about the data values which will ultimately be contained in the tables. For example
the field forename is a part of the contacts table data structure. When we enter names
(Tony, Eleanor, Nurinder) we are entering data values into the table.
Exercise 3 Create a table

Select Create table in Design view and click on the New button
In the New Table window select Design View and click on OK
Enter the field names and data types that we discussed in the analysis section.
(Surname, Forename, Edu Sector, Institution, Num Students, Institution Code)
By default the field type is text. Use the TAB key to move between fields
To change the data type display the data type menu. To do this:
either click in the data type field, then click on the drop down arrow that
appears in the right of the
or press the ALT+DOWN ARROW keys together
Choose the data type that you require. Your table structure should look like
Figure 5-1

Figure 5-1 Contacts Table in Design View

Choose Save As from the File menu and save your table as Contacts
When Microsoft Access 2003 asks if you want to create a primary key now click
on Yes

Doc. 5.131

Introduction to Access 2003

5.2 Entering Data into a table

(SMS Section 3)
Exercise 4 Entering data into a table

Click on the datasheet view button (see right). It is situated at the right
hand end of the tool bar. You do not need to enter the Institution
Code as it is an autonumber Access will do it for you. Note that if you make a
mistake and delete a record Microsoft Access 2003 will not reuse a number; your
numbers may therefore be different to those given in the examples. You should
use your numbers in your database.
Enter the data values shown in Table 3. You can use the TAB key to move
between fields. Use the BACKSPACE or DELETE key to correct mistakes

Table 3 Data values for Contacts table

Edu
Surname Forename Sector
Taylor
Tony
School
Blake
Victor
University
Ambrose Guy
University
Patterson Peter
College
Keenan Penny
School
Wright
Eleanor College
Waverley David
University
James
Philip
School
Su Chi
Hong
School
Patel
Nurinder University
Clarke
Lenny
School
Patrick
Roger
School
Parkinson Helen
School
Mathews Karen
University
Quentin Terry
College
Walters Trudy
University
Peabody Ruth
University
Young
Alice
University
Lomar
Shireen University
Booth
Charlie
College
Cazinaska Dimen
College

Num
Institution
Students
Callow Grammar 500
Lermouth
120000
Mawley
8000
North Camber 8000
Abdul Kameer 600
Callow
1000
Newbridge
160000
Roberts High
700
Southfields Tech 700
Westchester
150000
Wyre High
800
Westmouth
800
Schofield Tech 900
Waverley
9000
Eastman
7000
Aberdare
100000
Bradbury City
9000
Folklands
140000
Pershore
12000
Truman
5000
Trowbury
5000

Institution
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Note that you do not have to save the data. Microsoft Access 2003 saves each record
automatically as you enter it

Introduction to Access 2003

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5.3 Sorting Data

(SMS Section 4.0)
Each record in the contacts table is stored in the order in which it was entered. You
will often want to view it in a different order for example sorted by date or
alphabetic order.
Exercise 5 Sorting Data

Click in the Surname field to select it

Click on the Sort Ascending button (see right) to sort the records in
ascending alphabetic order. What is the seventh surname in the list?

5.4 More Practice on working with tables

Now practice using the techniques that you have just learnt to create another table,
enter and sort data.
Exercise 6 Create Orders Table

Make the sms contacts database window the active window (either by clicking
on it or choosing it from the Window
menu)
Using the techniques that you learnt in
Exercise 3 create a table called
Orders, with the field names and data
types shown on the right
Note that the date for renewing CD licences (CD Renewal) needs to be
expressed in Short Date format. To change the format select the CD
Renewal field, click in the Format field in the Field Properties section of the
table design view window. Click on the down arrow to display the format menu
and choose the option that you want see Figure 5-2
Save the table as Orders

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Introduction to Access 2003

Figure 5-2 Field Property

Click to
display
menu

Exercise 7 Entering & Sorting Orders Data

Using the technique that you learnt in Exercise 4 enter the data shown in Table 4
into the Orders table. As Order Num is an autonumber there is no need to
enter it yourself

Table 4 Orders Data

Institution Order
Code
Num
8
1
14
2
11
3
17
4
20
5
16
6
13
7
4
8
5
9
1
10
2
11
9
12
10
13
15
14
12
15
7
16
3
17
6
18
21
19
19
20
18
21
12
22
3
23
1
24
8
25
12
26

10

Num
Books
200
540
0
0
0
0
0
3200
100
53
0
0
0
0
20
0
340
0
0
0
44
50
400
352
32
70

Order
Value
Type
1,190.00 Books
3,213.00 Books
170.00
CD
720.00
CD
720.00
CD
720.00
CD
170.00
CD
19,040.00 Books
595.00
Books
315.00
Books
720.00
CD
170.00
CD
720.00
CD
720.00
CD
119.00
Books
720.00
CD
2,023.00 Books
720.00
CD
720.00
CD
720.00
CD
261.00
Books
298.00
Books
2,380.00 Books
5,095.00 Books
190.00
Books
416.00
Books

CD Renewal

31/12/01
05/05/02
01/08/02
04/08/02
01/07/02

04/03/02
05/06/02
20/10/02
19/11/01
25/01/02
27/02/02
18/12/01

Introduction to Access 2003

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Sort the table in ascending order on the Value field. What is the fourth value?

6 Queries
6.1 What are Queries?
You use queries to view, change, and analyze data in different ways. You can also
use them as the source of records for forms and reports. The examples that we will
build today is called a Select Query because we are selecting fields and records from
the database.
The steps in designing a query are:

Decide on the type of query to design

Add the tables that contain the fields to be displayed
Add the fields which contain the data to be displayed
Add any criteria you want to use. Criteria are instructions that you use to tell
Access which records to display. When you come to design your own
databases you should use the on-line help to search for examples of criteria
expressions

6.2 Query Wizard

(SMS Section 4.3)
) A query creates a dynamic subset (called a dynaset in database terminology) of those
records in the underlying tables that satisfy the criteria specified in the query.
The next task is to create a query that finds all the records in the Contacts table.
We will then see how to apply criteria to the query to return dynasets.
Exercise 8 Create a simple select query

In the database window select the Queries button

Double click on Create query by using wizard. The query wizard starts
In the box labelled Tables/Queries select Table: Contacts from the drop
down menu
Click on >> to move all the fields from the Available fields list to the
Selected fields list
Click on Next >
In the next step select Open the query to view information (it should be
selected by default) and click on Finish. Your query will return data and should
display the data that you entered into the contacts table

In the above example you moved all the available fields from one table. However, if
you only need some fields
Click on the field name in the Available fields list
Click on > to move it to the Selected fields list
Repeat this for all the fields that you need
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Introduction to Access 2003

If you need fields from another table or query select the other table or query
from the Table/Query list
If you change your mind about a selected field, select it in the Selected fields list
and click on < to return it to the Available fields list.

6.3 Adding criteria to a query

(SMS Section 4.4)
You enter criteria in the criteria cell, that is the intersection of a row and a column.
You may use a text value as a selection criteria; e.g. a persons surname or you may
use mathematical values e.g. >=10
Exercise 9 Select a contact

In the query window switch to design view by clicking on the Design

view button on the tool bar (see right)
In the Criteria Row and Surname column type Parkinson. Your query
should look like Figure 6-1

Figure 6-1 Select Query example

Query by Example
(QBE) grid

Run the query by clicking on the Run button on the toolbar at the top of the
screen (see right)
Close your query by clicking on the close button (x) at the top right corner of
the query window. (When asked if you want to save changes click on No.)

6.4 Joining tables in a query

You can also create a query that uses more than one table. For example, if we want
to find all the orders made for institutions with more than 10,000 students we need
to know the institution and number of students, which is held in the Contacts table,
and the order numbers which are held in the Orders table. The institution code in

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Doc. 5.131

both tables allows us to link together the information. In database terminology it

identifies a relationship between the tables.
When working with several tables, designers often use the Table.Field notation to
clarify the specification. In the following exercise you will see this notation used; for
example Contacts.Institution Code refers to the Institution code field in the
Contacts table.
Exercise 10 Joining tables in a query

In the database window double click on Create Query in Design view

In the Show Table window click on contacts, then click on add to add the
table to the query.
Do the same for orders, then click on Close
A query design window appears. Add the following fields by double clicking on
the field name
Contacts.Institution Code (i.e the institution code field from the contacts
table)
Contacts.Institution
Contacts.num students
Orders.Institution code
Orders.Order num
In the Criteria row, Num students column type >10000
Save as Large Institutions Query. Your query in design view should look like
Figure 6-2

Figure 6-2 Joining tables query

Run the query. The results should look like Figure 6-3

Figure 6-3 Results of Large Institution Query

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Introduction to Access 2003

Close Large Institutions Query

If you do not want to display a field then clear the check box in the Show row in
the designer view.

The records are sorted in ascending order by Institution code. In design view you can
choose to sort on a different field by clicking in the Sort row of the column for your
chosen field. You can select a sort order from the drop down menu.

6.5 Calculated criteria

You can group records based on fields that have the same value. You can calculate
mathematical functions such as totals or averages. To do this you need to add the
Totals row to the design view window.
Exercise 11 Calculate the sector Average

In the database window open a new query in design view

Using the techniques that you learnt in Exercise 10, add the contacts table, then
add the fields Edu Sector and Num Students

Click on the Totals button on the toolbar (hint: it looks like a ). A totals row
appears in the QBE grid
In the Edu Sector field choose Group By from the totals menu
In the num students field choose Avg (average) from the totals menu
Run the query
Save the query as Sector Average Query

Exercise 12 Calculate the sector totals

Use the technique that you learnt in Exercise 11 to calculate the total number of
students (sum) for each educational sector.

6.6 More practice at working with queries

You will find sample solutions to these exercises in the sample database
Q:\Samples\Access2k\sms contacts.mdb.

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Exercise 13 Create an Orders query

Use the technique that you learnt in Exercise 8 to create a select query titled
Orders Query, based on the Orders table, which will list all the fields in the orders
table. Experiment by using the criteria =Books and =CD in the Order Type
field to select all the book orders or all the CD orders.

Hint: In the following exercises include only those fields that are essential. For
example, in the next exercise you are interested only in those fields that define the
order type as books and the number of books purchased. You need to display the
totals row to locate the maximum function.
Exercise 14 Find maximum number of books

Create a query titled max book order query that finds the record for the
largest number of books.

Exercise 15 Select CD Renewal dates

Find all the CD orders with renewal dates after 31/12/01. Save the query as CD
Renewal Query.

Exercise 16 find average book order

Find the average number of books ordered. Save the query as avg book orders
query

Exercise 17 Find lowest value order

Find the order for books with the lowest value. Save the query as min book
value query. Hint you will need to include a criteria that displays only orders
for books.

7 Forms
7.1 What are forms?
Forms provide an alternative and more accessible way of presenting and entering
data than using a datasheet. The form permits the viewing of a single record at a
time, and the design of the form may be easily customised to suit your requirements.
Other advantages of forms are:
they are familiar, as they are similar to a paper form
it is often quicker to enter data using a form rather than the datasheet
data can be presented in a more attractive and accessible manner and can include
graphs and pictures

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Each form is based on either a table or a query. In order to create a form that uses
fields from more than one table you will need to create a query that contains all the
necessary fields. The quickest way to create a form is by using the form wizard.

7.2 Create a form with Form Wizard

(SMS section 5.1)
We will create a columnar form based on the contacts table, using the Form Wizard.
The contacts table is the record source of the form, i.e. the source from which it
retrieves data.
Exercise 18 Create a form with Form Wizard

In the database window select the Forms button

Double click on Create form by using wizard. The form wizard starts
In the box labelled Tables/Queries select Table: Contacts from the drop
down menu
Click on >> to move all the fields from the Available fields list to the
Selected fields list then click on Next >
Select columnar layout and click on Next >
Select standard style and click on Next >
Type Contacts Form in the title box, select Modify the form design and
click on Finish

7.3 Entering Data with a form

To enter data using the form you simply type the data into the boxes, using the
mouse or clicking on the TAB key to move to the next field.

7.4 Modify the form design

(SMS Section 5.2)
In Access jargon everything is called an object. Tables, Forms, Queries and Reports are
all Objects. The labels, boxes, text boxes and other items on a form or report are a
special type of object known as a control. Before you can do anything with an object
you have to select it, by clicking on it when you are in design view. On Forms and
Reports you can make Multiple Selections; that is you can select several objects at
once.
All objects have properties that you can edit.
If you cannot see the
properties window then
click the right mouse button
and choose Properties
from the menu that drops
down. The properties window
is displayed (see right). In
the title bar is the name of
the object that you have
selected (the form in this
example).
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To change a property click in the relevant field. Some properties will display a
drop down arrow, allowing you to choose a value from a menu. For other
properties you will need to type a value.

To select several objects located next to each other, hold down the SHIFT key and
click on each object in turn.

To select several objects that are not next to each other hold down the CTRL key and
click on each object in turn

You may have used a similar technique when selecting files with Windows Explorer.
Windows applications use consistent techniques for performing tasks. The
techniques explained above work equally well for selecting emails in Outlook and
selecting files in Windows Explorer

All Windows applications require you to select an object before you try to do
anything with it. For example, you must select a block of text in Word before you
can copy it

Exercise 19 Modify a form

The form should now be in design view. If it is not then switch to design
view by clicking on the Design view button on the tool bar
Click on the label Surname. Hold down the SHIFT key and click on the other
labels (forename, edu sector, Institution, Num Students and Institution
code). Your form should now look like Figure 7-1

Figure 7-1 Selected objects on a form

Still holding down the SHIFT key display the properties window (as explained
above). The properties window should have the title Multiple Selection
If the Format tab is not on top click on it to select it
Click to select Fore Color
(scroll down the window if
you cannot see it). A
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continuation button (), appears (see right). Click on it to see the choice of
colours
Select a suitable shade of red and click on OK
Click on the form and you will see that the text labels are now red
Select Save from the file menu to save your design

7.5 Create an object on a form

(SMS section 5.2)
You can add objects such as labels to your forms. These objects are known as
controls.
You create controls by clicking once on an object from the Toolbox (see
right) and clicking and dragging the mouse pointer to draw it on the
form. When you point (do not click) to a control the name of the
control appears as a small yellow label. If you cannot see the Toolbox
then, in form design view, select toolbox from the view menu.
We will start by creating a simple label on the form. However, some
controls are more sophisticated. For example you can use a combo box
to display a menu of items that the user is allowed to select (see SMS
section 5.3). You can use a calculation as the control source from which a text box
takes its data.
Exercise 20 Add a control to a form

Make sure that you have the Contacts form open in design view. Position the
mouse pointer between the header section and the detail sections on the form
(see Figure 7-2). The pointer will change to a bar with a double arrow across it

Figure 7-2 Header/Detail sections

Position
cursor here

18

Drag the detail section down so that a gap of about 1cm appears between the
form header and detail sections.
Click on the label tool on the tool box to select it. To find the tool move the
cursor along the tool bar without clicking on the buttons. You will see a label
appear to indicate the function of the button. This is called Hover Help
Click in the space that you created between the header and detail sections, then
drag to draw a box. In the box type Software made Simple Contacts

Introduction to Access 2003

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In the Format section of the properties box set the Text align property to
center, font size to 10 and font weight to semi bold. Set the fore colour
to a colour of your choice
Save your changes

7.6 More practice at working with forms

Exercise 21 Create an orders form

Using the Orders table create a columnar form using the Form Wizard. Title the
form Orders Form

8 Reports
(SMS Section 6)
Reporting is the way in which you choose to present the contents of your database
as printed pages.
Reports enable you to select which fields will be printed out and what data
should be included. Reports can also summarise data in various ways
Microsoft Access 2003 gives you the opportunity to design the layout of a
particular report, including the position of headings, labels and the data itself
along with graphics such as pictures and logos
Reports can take their data from tables or existing queries or you may create a
query especially for the report
In order to create a report that uses fields from more than one table a query
should be created which contains all the necessary fields. For example you could
create a report based on the Large Institutions Query that you created, which
uses data from the contacts and orders tables
The best way to create a report is by using the report wizard
We will use the Contacts table to create a report grouping the fields by Edu
Sector. We will sort on Institution and Surname fields in ascending order, and
display the report in landscape format.
Exercise 22 Create a report

In the database window select the Reports button

Double click on Create report by using wizard. The report wizard starts
In the box labelled Tables/Queries select Table: Contacts from the drop
down menu
Click on >> to move all the fields from the Available fields list to the
Selected fields list
Click on Next >
In the grouping window select Edu sector from the list of fields & click on >
Your window should now look like Figure 8-1
Click on Next >

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Figure 8-1 Group by Edu Sector

In the sorting window select Institution in the box labelled 1 and Surname in
the box labelled 2. The sort buttons are already set for ascending order. Click
on next >
In the layout window select Stepped layout and landscape orientation. Click
on next >
Select a style that you like and click on Next >
Type the title Contacts Report in the title box and click on Finish

Your report will now appear as a Print Preview. You can print it by either clicking on
the print button on the toolbar or by selecting print from the file menu.

8.1 Modifying a report

(SMS Section 6.2)
A basic report is divided into three sections
Contain data that will appear at the top or bottom of each page of
Page Header
the report. You might use this to include information about the
source of the report, the date it was completed or the page
Page Footer
number.
The most important section since any fields added here display
Detail
the actual information from the database for every record in the
table or query on which the report is based.
You will usually need to refine some aspect of the report in order to present
information in the clearest possible way (SMS Section 6.2).
The techniques that you use for modifying the controls on a report are exactly the
same as for a form. You can click on controls to select them, and use the CTRL and
SHIFT keys to make multiple selections

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Exercise 23 Modify a report

Switch to design view by selecting it from the View button on the toolbar
Use the same technique you previously used to select labels in the contacts form
to select all the labels in the page header section of the Contacts Report
Change the Format property Text Align to Center
Save your changes
Preview your report by clicking on the view button on the toolbar

8.2 More practice at working with reports

Exercise 24 Create Value of Orders Report

Using the Orders table create a report, grouping the fields by Institution
Code
Sort the value field in ascending order
Use the Summary Options button on the sort window to display the Sum
option of the Value field
Select layout Align Left 1 and display the report in landscape format
Choose a suitable style for your report
Give your report the title Value of Orders Report

You may wish to experiment with different styles, layouts and summary options.
SMS section 6 gives you some ideas about what you can do with Microsoft Office
2003. In the following section we will consider how you can combine components of
Microsoft Office 2003 to produce customised documents.

8.3 Mail Merge

Although Microsoft Access 2003 is good for producing tabulated reports, there will be
occasions when you need something more flexible than Access. The Microsoft Office
suite of programs allows you to combine the data management features of Access
with the formatting and layout features of Word, using a feature called Mail Merge.
Exercise 25 Mail Merge with Word

Make sure that the Contacts table is not open

In the database window select the Contacts table by clicking on it once do not
open it
Move the cursor along the tool bar without clicking on the buttons. You will see a
label appear to indicate the function of the button. This is called Hover Help
When you have located the Office Links button click on it and select Merge it
with Microsoft Office Word
In the Mail Word Wizard dialogue box select Create New Document
and click on OK
When Microsoft Word starts type Dear followed by a space
You should be able to see the mail merge toolbar if not, choose View
Toolbars Mail Merge

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Figure 8-2

Click on the button Insert Merge Fields. You will see a list of fields from your
contacts table. Double-click on Forename (or click once and click insert). You
will see a place marker <<Forename>> in your document.
Type a space, then insert the merge field surname
Type the some text in your letter so that it appears as shown below:
Dear Forename Surname
Please find enclosed an evaluation copy of the latest version of
Software Made Simple material on CD-ROM. We can also supply
this material in book form.
Yours Sincerely
Simon Simple

Use Hover Help to locate the button Merge to New Document. When you
click on this button Word will generate a set of form letters, based on your Access
data source. The names of the people in the contacts table have been substituted
for the place markers in your master document. This document may be printed

9 Relationships
9.1 Why use Relationships
In the first session we discussed the tables needed for the database and introduced
the idea of relationships between the entities (mapped to tables) in the database.
We have seen that by using the Institution Code as the primary key in the
Contacts table and as a foreign key in the Orders table, it is possible to join data
from the two tables into a dynaset using the Large Institutions Query.
In the small sample data base that youve worked with you may wonder why we did
not combine all the data in one table SMS Orders (Table 5)
Table 5 SMS Orders
Field Name
Order Num
Institution Code
Surname
Forename
Edu Sector
Institution
Num Students
Num Books
22

Data Type
Autonumber
Number
Text
Text
Text
Text
Number
Number

Introduction to Access 2003

Value
Order Type
CD Renewal

Doc. 5.131

Number
Text
Date: dd/mm/yy

Consider what would happen if an institution placed many orders. Institutions that
order books sell them on to the students and re-order each academic year. For
each order the SMS Orders table would have repeated fields for all the fields
shown above in italics.
Remember also that we simplified matters by omitting contact details such as
address, phone etc. which would otherwise have been repeated and you will see
how inefficient such a design would be. For example:
We would need to re-enter the data in italics every time an institution placed an
order time consuming, and with more scope for errors
The table would occupy more disk space
Our two table structure is more flexible. For example, if the institution contact
changes we need only change it in the Contacts table once.

9.2 Types of relationships

Microsoft Access 2003 can handle two types of relationships:
One to Many relationship a record in one table can be matched to many records
in the second table. However, the record in the second table can only be related
to one record in the first table. For example a site contact (identified uniquely
by the institution code) can place many orders. But each order is associated with
only one institution
One to One relationship a record in one table can be matched to no more than
one record in the second table, and vice versa
There is a third type of relationship between entities. That is a Many to Many
relationship. In a many-to-many relationship, a record in Table A can have many
matching records in Table B, and a record in Table B can have many matching
records in Table A. This type of relationship is only possible by defining a third
table (called a junction table) whose primary key consists of two fields the
foreign keys from both Tables A and B. A many-to-many relationship is really
two one-to-many relationships with a third table.

9.3 A sample database

We will now use a Microsoft Access 2003 database template to build a rather more
complicated database than the simple example that we have looked at so far.
Exercise 26 Create a database using a wizard

Open Access
Close any databases that you have open and select New from the File menu

under Templates
In the task pane, click on
Click on the Databases tab
From the database templates select Event Management and click on OK
In the File New Database dialogue box click on create

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As the database wizard takes you through the steps click on next > until it is
finished

After a few minutes Microsoft Access 2003 will create a database. From the Tools
menu select relationships. You will see that the relationships are rather
complicated! Let us look in more detail at the relationship between the Events,
Attendees and Registration tables.
Events.eventid is related to Registration.eventid by a one to many
relationship (shown as 1 to ).
Attendees.attendeeid is related to Registration.attendeeid by a one to
many relationship (shown as 1 to ).
The Registration table is the junction table used to model the many to many
relationship between Events and Attendees. Attendees can attend one or
more events, events are attended by one or more attendees. Registration
relates an employee to an event
Consider a similar situation. Students can attend one or more Classes; Classes are
attended by one or more Students. However, you can link students to classes by a
Registration table.
Exercise 27

Create a small database with the tables necessary to register students on classes.
(Hint you may want to look at the design of the attendees, events, and
registration tables in the Event Management database)
Create the appropriate forms & enter some test data for about 5 or 6 students
and about 3 or 4 courses. One of your courses should be Database Design.
You will need to remove the input mask from the postcode and phone number
field properties because Microsoft Access 2003 uses American masks
Create a query and generate a report to list the names of all the students who
are studying database design

There is a sample solution to this exercise in

Q:\samples\access2k\students in classes.mdb

9.4 Finding out More about Database Design

The critical factor for successful database design is to get the design of the tables and
relationships right. This takes practice. A recommended book on relational database
design is
Peter Domanski & Philip Irvine, A Practical Guide to Relational Database Design,
Domanski-Irvine Book Company, ISBN 9526043 02. See web page
http://www.personal.u-net.com/~dibookco/rdbms.htm

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