ndhinhininnitanintiinnnriiinntinninedcbinntinninettdann enced AFRO-AMERICAN HISTORY by Hilda C. Wilson for FCM PARENTS AND TEACHERSINTRODUCTION This manual has been compiled to bring to the parents and teachers of FC! children some valuable information about the historical facts of the BLACK people. History helps us to understand who we are and how deep our roots have grown. It teaches us that we are a people with a glorious past that had its beginning in the dark corners of African civilizations centuries ago and spread to the lighted civilizations of today. In the following pages you will discover sone of the roots that have been planted and the beautiful flowers that have-been-produced.on yesterday's soil and left visible on the sands of time. In reading this manual, 1 am sure you will be delighted and encouraged to find out more about the rich heritage of today's BLACK peopic. Included in this manual is a short bibliography of related paperbacks to be used for your reading enjoyment.PART I THE BEGINNING OF AFRICAN CIVILIZATION The story about how people lived a long time ago and up to yesterday is called history. The people who wrote the history of the USA left out of the history books the part thet BLACK people played in the building of america. We cannot begin to tell you all the things that SLACK people have done in the building of this country or their great history in Africa. However, we shall try to tell what is true and some of the important things that happened. To look at the history of BLACK people, we shall start with where man began and then follow his journey. Let us start with a very learned man. Scientists tel] us the first man was Homo Hablis. This man lived two million years ago in a Stone Age Culture at Oldauvai Gorge in Tanzania, East Africa. Discoveries show that remains of this first man are also to be found in the Lake Chad region of Hest Africa. The great urban civilizations of Africa included those of Egypt, Kush and Sudanic Africa. The Egyptian civilization dates from 3000 B. C. (Before Christ). The Kush civilization is really a part of the sudanic urban civi- lization. Kush was always an indepéndent empire. The capital of Kush was Meroe, thus the capital of the world in 700 B.C. Meroe was the center of a big iron-making and smelting industry. This Black African society built reservoir s (places ofr storing water) and did fine stone carving. ridespread and was to be ivilization wes very W ‘The Sudanic urban civilization was very read ond ts ng fron found from Ethiopia on the Red Sea as far wes the starting point on the Nile River to the Congo and South Africa. This was a truly Black city civilization. It grew out of the coming together of stall farming groups and villages. These becane countries. These countries had strong political and money-making groups which traded ivory, sking, hides, gold, copper, and kola nuts. These were all products of things which were to later attract the Europian traders whe 2000 years later (in the 15th century) landed on the African Shore while trying £0 find a way by sea to India and China.The Sudanic urban civilization trained and tamed cattle, had artists, craftsmen, teachers, and other skilled people. The urban civilizations in West Africa were those of Kanem, Songhay, Ghana (north of the present Ghana), Nandingo and Hausa. Later civil~ izations in the region were those of Yoruba, Fulane, Guinea, Mali. Benin, Ashanti and Ife. These countries reached a high level of civilization with well planned cities, schools, and universities such as Sankore at Timbuctu. These schools and universities served al] the cultural countries of Africa and Asia up untiT 1500 A. D. In the south of Africa, urban civilizations are reported to have been ‘in Zimbabwe, Vakaronga and Sofala. People in this area were very early in digging and shipping gold and copper and sending ivory to India and China (present-day Katanga). Also, there was a center of an early Sudanic civilizaticn which carried on coper mining. Early Ethiopia had a Sudanic civilization. The Ethiopians, in ad- dition to trading incense, ivory and hides overland to Egypt, also ‘traded with Arabia by way of the Red Sea. In fact, Ethiopia controlled the southern part of Arabia until the Moslems ca e into power. Ethi- opia is the oldest continuing civilization in East Africa south of ‘the Sahara desert. Nandigo in West Africa 1s one of the oldest ongoing or continuing dynasties in the world. Two historians said."....4t is essential for @ proper understanding of the later periods (20th century) of African history....to face the fact that the parts of the continent where the first loose agricuitural societies were fashioned into states were in ‘the central regions, Kush, Senegal, Congo, South Africa, and Ethiopia and not on the eastern or western shores." It is this fact that gives the history of Africa a certain unity.PART IT 3 GREAT. LEADERS OF EARLY HISTORY PIANKHI (720 B.C.) He was the conquerer or Egypt. Piankhi, the Black of Nubia, angered by having to send tribute to the king of Egypt, Osorkin III, decided to conquer Egypt. if All of the years that he sent tribute to Egypt, he planned and plotted and built an army. Smug in their domination and Tulled into carlessness by the steady payment of tribute, the Egyptians paid no attention to Piankhi. When Piankhi decided that the time had come to attach Eaypt instead of filling the boats with the usual tribute of gold and slaves, he filled them with his soldiers. He took all of ‘the sma11 towns along the way to Memphis, the capital of Eaypt. “hile the Egyptians rushed to defent the west wall on the land side, Piankhi and his soldiers mounted the east sea wall from their boats and took the city. He went on to Heliopolis here King Osorkin waited. Years of ruling had made the king insolent and fat. He gave up without a fight. This time the boats of ite were going up river to the vaults of the new master of ‘gypt. SONNI ALI- ( -1492) Warrior King of Songhay. The old Frican empires Ghana, Mali and Timbuctu are Tittle known to the world today. They rivalled Europe both in size and sophis- tication. Their capital cities of Goa, Jenne, and Timbuctu were centers of trade cormerce and learning. Sonni Ali, was the last and greatest of all of the ffellestine and Songhaese rulers. By 1464 Sonni Ali controlled all of the land between Timbuctu and the Atlantic Ocean” Sonni Ali was a native of Songhay. He was forced into the army of the Hellestine king fiansa Nusa and was forced to fight his own people. He was able to influence enough soldiers to overthrow Mansa Musa. He encouraged intermarriage between the people of Mali and Songhay to strengthen his revolution. To prevent large amounts of wealth from going to the Mecca, Sonni, brought the priestly class of Moslems under his control and took 2 more direct control over the University of Sankore, ‘the Mecca for Sudanese and firabic scholars. Sonni Ali said, ‘with out learning, life would be neither pleasure or savour.” Sonni captured Jenne and Timbuctu, his armies marched as far as Lake Debo to capture the city of Chiddo, and was acknowledged the born soldier of the world.ASKIA THE GREAT (1494-1538) Builder of Timbuctu. Askia the Great ad been a former general in the army of Sonni Ali, Timbuctu the capital was built by him. He overthrew Abu Kebr, heir of Sonni Ali, Under Askia the Songhay became ene of the most enlightened and wealthiest countries of the sixteenth century. He consolidated and united the political and religious elements to strengthen his empire. Askia and his officers intermarried within the different trizes so that the fauilies would be rew Jated to each other. Askia got the Toyalty of his soldiers by making them partners wealth and glory of Songhay. Askia had canals dug and 2 merchant fiset created on the Niger River, to liandie trade and commerce. The economy depended on salt gold, woods, and Large caravans arrived and departed constantly. The University of Sankore vas a gathering place for scholars from all ever Africa and Arabia. For thirty-six years Askia ruled over Songhay, Timbuctu, an empire of culture, learaing and wealth. He died in 1838 and Songhay began to die fifty years ater. ABERRAHAMAN SADI EL TIMBUCTU (1596-1660) Aberrahaman Sadi E] Tim- uctu, an early seventeenth century historian made real the African kingdoms that flourished aicng the Niger River. The memories of such ancient names as Ghana, Mali, Kamen, and Songhay was the only consolation ar Africans forced into slavery in the Americas. These slaves were aivare of a high civilization of black men behind them in Africa. In one of his most famous books his Tarishk e1 Sudan, he writes "] shall speak of Timbuctu, of its foundation, of the princes who have had power in that city, { shall mention the learned and pious men who lived there." He wrote of Timbuctu as a busy-city where camel caravans came from al] over the Sudan, bearing items of trade. Arriving and leaving with t! vans were students and scholars coming or leaving the University of Sankore in Timbuctu. He made his pages of history abcut Timbuctu glow, as the hub of the Sudan. His one ambition was to preserve for future generations the memories of the graat African civilizations. CHAKA- (1787-1828) Chaka was the iTlegitinate son of an African warrier Prince Zenzangakona and Randi, a beautiful commoner. Chaka and his mother were forced into exile by his father and he grew up ine rival tribe. Ci d his mother indured these hardships. He developed a drive for power and revenge that carried him to be head of the Zuius. Dingiswayo, Tesdor of Chaka's tribe and his father's rival » took note of Chaka's courage and Iytelligence and. taught him to become a leader of the Wietwas: Dingiswayo successfully plottedthe death of Chaka's father. Then Zwide, who was a1so an aspirant for power caused the death of Dingiswayo, Chaka be- cane the leader of the itetwas and defeated Awide's army, Zwide was assassin ated. Chaka vas able to bring most of Natal under the control of the Mtetwas. He brought together many tribes of is region and they learned to live together. Chaka was assass- jnated in 1828. He left a proud, united people. PART EIT SLAVERY The first twenty blacks to be sold in this country, were not sold as slaves but as indentured servants. This meant that after they had served for a number of years, they would then be allowed to go free. These first twenty blacks were traded by the captain of a dutch ship for supplies at Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The first Africans that came to fmerica did not come as slaves, but as explorers as early as 1501. In 1513 thirty Africans were with Balboa when he discovered the Pacific Ocean. They helped him to build the First ships that were built on the Pacific coast. Africans were with Cortez when he explored Mexico. They also were with the explorer velas in 1520. Also with Alvarez and with Pizarro when he went to Peru in 1541. As early as 1651, there were free blacks in Virginia who owned their ‘conn farms and had indentured servants. By 1800 there were about 100,000 free blacks. By the time the civil war began there were about a half million blacks listed as non-slaves. Both Charleston and New Orleans had a large number of skilled free men, also a large number of educated persons. While the majority of blacks in this country were slaves, there were Jarge numbers who had gotten their freedom. Sone were born free, some had'bought their freedom, some were given menunission (freed by their asters). Some free black men boutht their women. Sone free men bought slaves and allowed them to work their way out of bondage. The majority of the blacks in this country were slaves that worked in the cotton, tobacco, rice, cane and indigo fields. Others worked ag house servants. Stil] others worked as skilled workers such as brick masons, carpenters anc workers in beautiful iron gril] work.” Some of‘this beautiful gril] work can stil] be seen on the beautiful mansions throughout the south. They were also employed in foundries, tobacco factories and textile mills. Thousands of slaves were used to duild the railroads. The first firenan on the first locomotive in American (1830) was @ slave. They were also used in gold, copper, and coal mines. Newly imported Africans were classed es heathens. The colony of Va. passed a law that all persons who did not believe in Christ, (Africans) in all christian conscience could be held as slaves. Governor McDuffie of South Carolina said tie "dowestic slavery is the corner stone of our political edifice.” Early in American history the black men were explorers, settlers, staves and served in the armed forces of America. Five thousand blacks served in the American Revolution. They served in the army and in the navy. REVOLTS Some of the earliest slaves revolts go back to 1663. Glouster County in Virginia less than 50 years after the first slaves were landed in Jamestown. In New York in 1712 and 1741. In 1800 Gabriel Prosser, had been able to gather 40,000 slaves together, near Richnond, Virginia. He was betrayed and many slaves were imprisoned, Gabriel Prosser was Jater publicly hanged. In 1822 Denmark Vesey of Charleston South Carolina, who had bought his freedom, planned one of the largest revoits ever recorded. He was betrayed by a frightened house Servant. Vesey used his knowledge of the Haiti and French Revolutions "...to foster among the slaves... ‘the principle of equality and the realization of thelr common power." The largest revolt of all took place in Virginfa in 1831. Tt was led by flat Turner. Deeply religious as were other Black Rebels, he felt that he had been called by God to free his “Black Brethen.” In spite of the fact that he, tco, had been betrayed, he along with five others who had sworn to massacre all of the whites on all of the nearby plantations killed 60 whites in Southhampton CountyPART IV BLACK OFFICERS IN THE UNION ARMY MAJOR WARTIN R. DELANY, loSth Regiment at Charleston. A graduate of. Harvard University Medical School. He was the first Black field officer in the Civil War. CAPTAIN P, B. S. PINCHBACK, Second Louisiana Volunteers. MAJOR A, T. AUGUSTA, Senior Surgeon at Camp Stanton, Maryland. COLONEL ROBERT GOULD SHAM, Commander of the 54th Massachussetts Regiment. LIEUTENANT W. H. DUPREE, 55th Massachussetts Volunteers. SERGEANT WILLIAM H. CARNEY, Declared the "Old Flag never touched the ground." CHARLES AND LEWIS DOUGLASS, Sons of Frederick Douglass served with the B4th Nassachusetts colored Regiment {not officers). PART Vv EDUCATORS WILLIAM SCARBOROUGH, (1852-1926) He was born February 16, 1862 in Wacom, Georgia. He earned his B.A. degree at Oberlin College. His MeA. degree in 1875 and his LL. D. in 1882 from Liberia College. In 1908 he became president of Wilberforce College. CHARLES S. JOHNSON, (1893-1956) He was named president of Fisk Univ. in 1946. He vas their first Black president. He was born in Bristol, Virginia. MORDECAT JOHNSON, (1890-___) He was born in Columbus, Tennessee ‘and earned his A. degree from Morehouse in 1911, his N.S.TH. from Harvard in 1923 and his D.D, degree from Gamnon Theological Seminary in 1928. He was president of Howard University in Washington, D.C. for thirty years. Under his presidency Howard University, founded in 1867 in an abandoned dance hall and beer saloon, grew up to nationally approved units of distinction. br. Johnson was very active in many religious and governmental bodies.MARY McLEOD BETHUNE, (1875-1955), She was a cotton picker, an educator, ‘and White House Advisor, Mary Bethune was born in South Carolina. Her parents were sharecroppers. She was the last of seventeen children, She vas only able to attend school three months a year. Mrs. Bethune later attended Scotia Seminary in Concord, North Carolina. She went to Moody Bible Institute in Chicago also. She returned south to teach at Haines Institute in Agusta, georgia. While there she heard that railroads were being constructed on the east coast of Florida. She went there to open a school for the fumdreds of children destined to grow up without any education. To build her school she wrote articles, distributed leaflets, rode Yong, dusty miles on her bicycle, invaded churches, clubs, lodges, and chambers of commerce. Siowly the school rose from crates and boxes and odd rooms of old houses near the Daytona Beach city dumps. The student body rose from five little girls to a co-ed jnstitution in the hrndreds. The Bethune-Cookman graduates numbers in the thousands today. CARTER G. WOODSON, (1875-1950) Carter G. Hoodson was born in Cantons Virginia in'1875. Because he did not have time or money he did not complete high school until he was 22. He went to Berea College and the University of Cricago. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1912, Dr. Woodson began the systematic treatment of Black History in 1915, when he organized the Association for the Study of Negro life and History. Among his books are The Education of the Negro prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The Nearo in Dae wietory, and The Story oP the Naaro Retold, and mally Others. In 1916 Dr. Woodson started the Journal of Negro History. He started the observance of flegro History Week in 1926. Dr. Woodson believed that the achievements of the Negro properly set forth will crown him as @ factor in early human progress and a maker of modern civilization. PART VI WRITERS PAUL LAWRENCE DUNBAR (1872-1905) Be proud my race, in mind and souls Thy name is writ on glory's scroll In characters of fire High ‘mid the clouds of fames bright sky Thy banners ‘biazoned folds now fly, And truth shal] Tift them higher. So wrote Paul Lawrence Dunbar in his "Ode to Ethiopia," written before he was 21 years old. His poetic gentus was apparent whenhe was in high school, He was class poet in Ohio's Central High School in Dayton. He was editor of the school paper and edited the yearbook of his graduation class. Several of his earlier poems were published by the Wright Brothers. He became one of Dayton's better known native sons. His first ‘two volumes of poetry sold out rapidly. CHARLES WADDEL CHESTHUT .(1858-1932) He was the first fimerican Black man to approach the short story and the novel as a professional artist fully aware of their artistic requirements. CLAUDE MCKAY, (1889-1948) He was born in Jamaica. He came to America to study at Tuskeegee Institute in 1912. He left after a few months and spent two years at the University of Kansas, He left there to go then to New York. Claude Mckay was perhaps the most outspoken of the "Harlem Renaissance" poets and novelists, In oe published his fist book of poems, "Songs of Jamaica." In 1920 he published his second book of poetry, "Spring in New Hampshire." In 1922 the publishing of “Harlem Shadows” made his reputation as a poet. His first novel “Home to Harlem” was published in 1926. This book was followed by two more novels “Banjo” in 1929 and “Banana Bottom" in 1933. COUNTEE CULLEN, (7903-1946) What is Africa to rez Copper sun or scarlet sea, Jungle star or jungle track, Strong bronzed men or regal black Women from whose loins I sprang Where the birds of Eden sang? Countee Cullen, one of the leading poets of the Negro Renaissance, very talented, won national acclaim at the age of twenty-one with the publication of his first book of poens, "Color" and in 1925 won him the Harmond award for high achievement in iterature. Other books published were "The Ballad of the Brown Girl", "¢opper Sun," and the Black Christ. and other poems. He pub- Vished one novel, "One Hay to Heaven ? He was encouraged while in high school and at New York University. He won the under-graduate Witter Bynner peotry prize and the Phi Beta Sigma key. He received his M.A. degree from Harvard University. QAMES WELDON JOHNSON, poet, novelist, and diplomat. He wrote "Lift Every Voice and Sing" which was set to music by his famous brother James Rosamond Johnson. RICHARD WRIGHT (1908-1960) He was born in Natchez, Mississippi. His formal education ended with high school. He worked at many odd jobs in Memphis and in Chicago. His experiences in the two cities Furnished the material for his fiction. In recognition ot hisio literary talents Richard received the Springarn Medal. | He wrote many books, among them "Uncle Tom's Children," Native Son," The Outsider", and the "Long Dream.” LANGSTON HUGHES, (1902-1967) Known primarily as a poet, Hughes has written poems, sonds, novels, plays, biographies, histories, and essays. Langston Hughes 1s one of the most honored of authors in fmerica. He has won the Witter Bynner prize for poetry. He has been a Rosenwalt and Guggenheim fellow, @ Grantee of the American Acadeny of Arts and Letters. He also received the Anisfield-Holfe Award and the Springarn Medal. T have known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. ty soul has grown deep Tike the rivers. GUENDOLYN BROOKS, (1917- ) Gwendolyn Brooks is one of America's Teading poets. She 1s the only black person to win a Pulitzer Prize. Her first voluma of poans, "A Street in Bronzeville" won for her the merit award of Madmoiselle Magazine as the outstanding woman of the year. She has received two quagenhein Fellowships, The American Acadeny of Arts and Letters ward, The Eunice Tietjeans Award from Poetry Magazine. For three con- secutive years, Miss Brooks won the Midwest Writers Conference Prize. PART VII THEATRE IRA ALDRIDGE, (1805-1867) Ira was the toast of the Eurppean ‘Continent and the leading Shakespearean actor of his day. He played the part of Othello in all of the leading cities of Europe. Dukes, Princes, and Kings honored him. The King of Prussia gave him the First Medal of the Arts and Sctences. The Emperor of Russia gave him the Cross of Leopold. He maintained a fashionable home near London, where he received nobility and Men of Arts and Letters. CHARLES GILPIN, (1878-1930) Charles played the star role in Eugene ‘O'Nleil's play, Emperor dones, for four years in New York. He won the Springarn Medal for his contribution to the theatre Gilpin lost his voice in 1926, and had to return to operating an elevator. BERT WILLIAMS, (1878-2922) He was perhaps the most famous black ‘entertainer in America. His talents as a comedian made him one of the highest paid performers in America, In 1910 Bert joined the Ziegield Follies and was the star for ten years.un ETHEL WATERS, (1900- ) She became one of the great stars and actresses of oUF time, was born to very poor parents, in Chester, Pennsylvania. She was married at the age of twelve and went to work in a Philadelphia hotel for $4.75 6 week. Twenty five years later she was earning $2,000 a week as-a stage and screen actresses and owned two apartment houses in Harvem. KATHERINE DUNHAM, (1910~ } She began to dance at the age of eight. As a student she paid for her education at the Univ. of Chicago by giving dance lessons. SHe went to New York in 1940 as a dance director. She appeared in Cabin in the Sky and Stormy Heather. In 1943 she appeared with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra and in 1945 with the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, She made several appearances at the Hollywood Bow! with her oun troupe and to almost all of the countries in the world. PART VIII MUSIC - JAMES BLAND, (1854-1911) Composer, Carry Ne Back to Old Virginia, eC. the official state song of Virginia was written by dames Bland, who was born free in Long Island, New York. Many, many songs were written by this untrained composer. He did a comand performance for Queen Victoria of England. HANDY, (1873-1958) Handy vas the first to introduce the “Blues” to the larger world. He wrote the "Memphis Blues", "The Beale Street Blues," and the most famous of all "The St. Louis Blues.” In Memphis he established his music company which was a big success. In Memphis a park vas named for him, a large theatre also was named for hin in Memphis. In Florence, Alabama, where he was born is the ¥. C. Handy Music School. PAUL ROBESON, who had never taken a singing lesson was one of the world's leading baritones. tot only was he a great singer but he becoame one of the world's greatest actors. He is noted for his Othello on stage, on the screen his Emperor Jones, and Show Boat among many others.12 PART IX INVENTORS ELIJAH McCOY born in Canada of runaway American slaves, later moved to Detroit, Michigan. In 1882 he perfected a cup to automati- cally lubricate locomotives and ocean steamer engines. This cup was highly Valued by machinist. He gained more than 75 patents in the late 19th century for various mechanical devices. JAN MATZELIGER in 1870 invented the lasting machine that revolution- ized the American shoe industry. In 1883 he patented his lasting machine. HENRY BLAIR of Naryland was the first free-born Black man that was granted a patent. He invented a corn harvester in 1834, NORBERT RILLIEUX patented a vacuum pan in 1846 that revolutionized the sugar refining process. JOHN J. PARKER set up his own foundry and machine company to manu- facture a screw for tobacco presses which he had invented. He built his factory in 1884. HYRAM 8, THOMAS invented the potato chip. AGUSTUS JACKSON invented ice cream. GEORGE F, GRANT invented the gold tee. THONAS W. STEWART invented the mop handle. J. H. AND S. L. DICKINSON invented the player piano. GRANVILLE T. WOODS began work on a series of inventions ranging from air brakes to electronics to steam boilers. His patents in- cluded several in telegraphy. He sold many of his inventions to such companies as the Anerican Bell Telephone Company, General Electric and Westinghouse Air Brake Company. BLACK NEN WHO MERE NOT ALLOWED TO WORK IN SKILLED CAPACITIES IN FACTORIES CONTRIBUTED TO THE INCREASED MECHANIZATION OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURING THROUGH A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT INVENTIONS.13 PART X BLACK MEN IN POLITICS JOHN WILLIS MENARD was the first Black man to be elected to the House of Representatives. His seat was challenged and he never served. JEFFERSON P. LONG of Georgia was the first Black man to be seated in Washington. Ye served from 1869 to 1871. Between that time and 1876 thirteen other Black man were elected to serve in the House from Southern states. HIRAM RHODES REVELS was the U. S. Senator from Mississippi. Revels vas born in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Later he moved to Ohio wher> he attended school. He later graduated from Knox College in Illinois. He was also a teacher and a minister, He began his political career as an Alderman, later a Mississippi Congressman before going to the Senate. He served in the Senate from February 25, 1879 to 1881. BLANCHE KELCO BRUCE vas U, S. Senator. Bruce had been a Virginia slave. After escaping to the north he studied at Oberlin college and later became a planter in Mississippi. He had been a tax- collector in Natchez, a sheriff and superintendent of schools before becoming a Senator. He served from 1875 to 1861. BENIAMIN S. TURNER, Alabama; ROBERT C. DE LARGE, South Carolinas JOSEPH H. RAINEY, ROBERT BROWN ELLIOT, RICHARD CAIN and ROBERT SMALLS of South Carolina were among the Southern Black men who had been elected to Congress before 1901. Most of these men had served in their State Legislatures. Other high offices held were those of Municipal Judge of the United States, held by Mifflin Wl. Gibbs of Little Rock, Arkansas. C. C. ANTOINE, OSCAR J? DUNN and P. B. S. PINCHBACK all served as Lieutenant Governors of Louisiana. JONATHAN GI83S was Secretary of State in Florida; FRANCIS L. CARDOZA was State Treasurer of South Carolina from 1872 to 18763 A. K. DAVIS of Mississippi was Lieutenant Governor and JAMES HILL was Secretary of States J. d. EVANS served as a tax-collector. WILLIAY CAREY served as Postmaster. ALONZO J. RANSIER and RICHARD Hl. CLEAVES both served as Licutenant governors of South Carolina. Men who have served in the Congress in this century or are still serving ave; WILLIAM L. DAHSON, Illinois; CHARLES C. DIGGS, Michigans ROBERT N. C. NIX: Pennsylvania; AGUSTUS HAWKING, Calif.s ADAM CLAYTON POWELL, New York; Congressmen COYERS of Michigan and SHIRLEY CHISHOLM of New York weve the first black wonen to be elected to Congress. Through seniority, ADAM CLAYTON POMEL became the chairman of the House Education and Labor Conmittee. EDWARD M. BROOKE became Attorney General of Massachusetts. Later he was the first black man to be elected to the Senate since Re- construction.4 CARL T. ROWAN became an Assistant Deputy Secretary of State THURGOOD MARSHALL became Judge of the Second Circuit U. S. Court of Appeals in New York. He later became the first black man to serve on the U. S. Supreme Court. OTIS M. SHITH became Auditor General of the state of Michigan. GERALD A LAMB, became State Treasurer of Connecticut. EDWARD DUDLEY became Borough President of Manhattan. ROBERT CLARK was the first black man to be elected to the Mississippi Legislature since Reconstruction. CHARLES EVERS was the first black man to be elected mayor of a bi- racial town in Mississippi. PART XT AMBASSADORS MERCER COOK: U. S. Ambassador to itigeria. CLIFFORD R. WHARTON: U, S. Ambassador to Horvay CARL T. TOWAN: U. S. Ambassador to Finland. PARTRICIA HARRIS: U. 5. Ambassador to Luxembourgh. PART XII RULERS OF MODERN AFRICA Ethiopia HAILE SELASSI (1892- Since 1930 Lij Tefari Makonnen has been known to the world aS HIS MAJESTY HATLE SELASSI, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of Judea and the Elect Of God, Haile Selassi sits on the oldest throne in the world. The history of Ethiopia goes back to Solomon and Sheba. As Lig Tafari Makonnen, he was born to power and influence. He was a kinsman of the Great Nonelik II. At the age of fourteen he was successfully ruling @ section of Harar Province. After the death of Empress Zanditu, he was crowned Haile Sclassi (instrument of the Trinity) on November 2, 1930.16 Liberia WILLIAM V. S. TUBNAM (1895- ) In 1964 Tubman became ‘the 18th President of Liberia. When Tubman took office in 1944, Liberia's annual government budget was $750,000. By 1960 he had increased it to 30 million dollars. Besides rubber Liberia has begun to develop its mineral resources. Tubman held a variety of offices before becoming President. Court Recorder, Collector of Internal Revenue and County Attorney. He served as Senator for 14 years: before going to the Liberian Supreme Court as Deputy President. Kenya KONO KENYATTA (1893~_ At birth he was named Kanau we Ngengi. Scottish misstonaries nemed him Johnstone Kanau. His employers called him Nucibi we Kenyatta. He called himself Komo Kenyatta. In Swahili he is called Baba we Taifa "The Father of Nations." The struggle for freedom and independence of Kenya is definitely linked to his life and deeds. Komo Kenyatta became the first African Prime Minister of Kenya in June 1963. He first became active in politics in 1920. In 1931 he wrote his classic, "Facing Mt. Kenya," which relates ‘to the history of the Kikuyu people and their customs. While studying in London he became friends of both Paul Robeson and Kwame Nkrumah. His second Publication, “Kenya--Land of Conflict," told of the possibility of blood shed betreen Europeans and Africans unless there were land reforms In 1950 the land question did erupt with the reign of terror of the Mau Naus. Kenyatta was accused of being the leader of this underground movement and in 1952 was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment. Komo Kenyatta is revered by Kenya's millions of Africans today. His dream of Uhuru (Freedom) for Kenya has almost become a reality in his old age. TON MBOYA (1929-1969) fit the age of 29 Tom, the son of a sisal farm foreman, had become an international figure. Moving from the narrow politics of labor to wider issues, Tom gained a nation- wide political following. He was elected Chairman of the A1T~ African People's Conference in 1958. In 1960 he helped to draw outlines for a Kenya Republic to exist within the British Commonwealth. In 1955 he lad a successful dock strike. He decided early that the only way to help his people was to enter politics. Ghana KVAME NKRUMAH (2909-___)_ Francis Nwia Kwame Nkruman. World wide he is known as Kwame Nkrumah, He Finished government Training School in Ghana, In 1930 then he attended Lincoln University and later the Univ. of Pensylvania. He lived in America for 10 years.16 In 1952 Nkrumah became Prime Minister of Ghana and President of tHe Republic of Ghana in 1960. To his countrymen of six million people he was known as Osagyefo (The Redeemer). Nkumah was the first President of the emerging nations of Africa. The British had jailed him several tines for his beliefs in the independence of his country. He remained President until 1966 when his government was overthrown. Nkrumah took refuge in Guinea. TANGANYIKA Julius Nyerere (1921- President of Tanganyika. He is the son of the chief oF the Sanaki tribe. He attended school at home and abroad. He took a deep interest in politics during his student days, and organized the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) This organization became his springboard to power. He set up branches throughout the country. He also spoke strongly for independence of his country from the British. His motto has been Uhuru Na Kaazi (Freedom and Work). Guinea, SEKOU TOURE (1922- ) First President of the Republic of Guinea, His country voted a resounding "no" to remaining in the French Federation of former colonial states. When advised that Guinea would face economic collapse as a result of complete independence Toure said that "we prefer poverty in freedom to riches in slavery." He believed in African self help. He once said “Africans must work hard because in the underdeveloped countries, the only capital is human energy." He had a distinctive flair for organizing men. He is a spell- bound speaker in three languages. In 1950 he was a menber of the Guinean legislature. In 1953 he was territorial councilor for. the Province of Bayla. In 1955 he vas elected mayor of the capital city of Conakry. He took Guinea out of the French political community in 1958, the same year he became president of Guinea.